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Badri, Mohammed, Ali Yousif, and Maged Mabrook. "Multiscale reservoir surveillance and monitoring." Leading Edge 40, no. 5 (May 2021): 383–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/tle40050383.1.
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Geoscientists and reservoir engineers are challenged to integrate data of different scales to better understand fluid movement in oil reservoirs. Different technologies are capable of imaging fluid movement in the reservoir at different scales. Two-dimensional fluid imaging has been achieved recently through crosswell and surface-to-borehole electromagnetic (EM) measurements. Three-dimensional fluid movement imaging has shown potential by using surface seismic data volumes. The Multiscale Reservoir Surveillance and Monitoring Workshop, held virtually 7–9 December 2020, attempted to address the challenge of how to integrate these measurements obtained at different scales into a workflow to improve the understanding of fluid flow, which is critical for sweep efficiency and recovery.
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Lowther, S. A., T. Mir, M. K. Bile, and R. Abdul Hafiz. "Characteristics of districts in Pakistan with persistent transmission of wild poliovirus, 2000-2001." Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal 10, no. 4-5 (September 13, 2004): 582–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.26719/2004.10.4-5.582.
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We sought to identify factors associated with being a reservoir district for wild poliovirus in Pakistan. Differences between reservoir and non-reservoir districts were identified using acute flaccid paralysis surveillance data, population census statistics and data from a survey of district health officials [DHOs]. Of the 11 poliovirus reservoir districts identified, population density was significantly higher [median 550 persons/km2] than the non-reservoirs [median 175 persons/km2]. DHOs from reservoir districts more often reported that planning was affected by refugees and they had more frequent DHO transfers compared with non-reservoir districts. Multivariate analysis confirmed that reservoirs more often had high population density and frequent DHO transfers. Assessment of district-level and management characteristics can supplement surveillance methods to further improve health programmes
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Langaas, Kare, Knut I. Nilsen, and Svein M. Skjaeveland. "Tidal Pressure Response and Surveillance of Water Encroachment." SPE Reservoir Evaluation & Engineering 9, no. 04 (August 1, 2006): 335–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/95763-pa.
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Summary A review of the tidal response in petroleum reservoirs is given. Tidal response is caused by periodic changes in overburden stress induced by the ocean tide; the "tidal efficiency factor" is derived by two different approaches and is in line with a recent well test in the Ormen Lange gas field. For small geomechanical pertubations like the tidal effect, we show that a simplified coupling of geomechanics and fluid flow is possible. The coupling is easy to implement in a standard reservoir simulator by introducing a porosity varying in phase with the tide. Simulations show very good agreement with the theory. The observation of the tidal response in petroleum reservoirs is an independent information provider [i.e., it provides information in addition to the (average) pressure and its derivative from a well test]. The implementation of the tidal effect in a normal reservoir simulator gives us the opportunity to study complex multiphase situations and to evaluate the potential of the tidal response as a reservoir-surveillance method. The case studies presented here focus on the possibility of observing water in the near-well region of a gas well. Introduction The main objective of this work is to investigate whether the tidal pressure response in petroleum reservoirs can be used for reservoir surveillance, in particular to detect saturation changes in the near-well region (e.g., to detect water encroachment toward a gas well). The literature seems sparse in this area. Also, our approach of simplified coupling of geomechanics and fluid flow for small geomechanical effects, and the possibility to implement this in a normal reservoir simulator, has not (to our knowledge) been discussed in the literature. Several authors have derived a tidal efficiency factor, but a review and comparison study seems to be missing.
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Miller, Patrick. "Technology Focus: Reservoir Surveillance (September 2022)." Journal of Petroleum Technology 74, no. 09 (September 1, 2022): 52–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/0922-0052-jpt.
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When it comes to reservoir surveillance, subsurface professionals have a broad array of tools and techniques to understand what is happening in the reservoir. To ensure valuable information is gathered with surveillance, it’s important to first ask “what problem are we trying to solve?” Depending on the problem’s definition and scale, the appropriate surveillance technology will change significantly. Zooming far out, particularly if little data is available for a reservoir, we may be interested in tools and techniques to validate and refine the geological concept for a basin, along with the most likely deposition patterns for sediments. Zooming in to the level of interactions between wells, we need to use a different toolbox that often includes finer-resolution geoscience mapping and engineering methods such as analyzing production, pressure, and fluid-property trends from individual wells. But what’s really exciting is that many new approaches are being developed to understand reservoir behavior and well performance at incredibly high resolution—at the fracture scale or even the pore scale. In this feature, we will examine surveillance technologies that can be applied at the broad scale, midscale, and fine scale. The papers highlighted in this month’s feature apply forward stratigraphic modeling to improve geological models, classical reservoir engineering techniques to understand interwell connectivity in order to optimize waterflooding operations, and exciting new fiber-optic technology to characterize the performance of individual hydraulic fractures in unconventionals. I hope these articles help you to think about “framing” the problem you are trying to solve, like a photographer carefully selecting the right camera settings and lens for a specific shot, in order to select the right tools and methods to add value through surveillance. Recommended additional reading at OnePetro: www.onepetro.org. SPE 202319 - Utilizing Surface Microseismic Monitoring To Improve Understanding of Natural Fractures in Sichuan Shale Gas Play by Cui Jing, Sichuan Changning Natural Gas Development Company, et al. SPE 202837 - Modified Technique To Model Volatile Oil Reservoirs: Implications for Modern Software Programs by Mohamed Ibrahim, Shell Egypt, et al. SPE 201543 - Production Optimization Using a 24/7 Distributed Fiber-Optic DFO Sensing-Based Multiphase Inflow Profiling Capability by Teymur Sadigov, BP, et al.
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Wang, Cong, Lisha Zhao, Shuhong Wu, and Xinmin Song. "Predicting the Surveillance Data in a Low-Permeability Carbonate Reservoir with the Machine-Learning Tree Boosting Method and the Time-Segmented Feature Extraction." Energies 13, no. 23 (November 30, 2020): 6307. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13236307.
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Predictive analysis of the reservoir surveillance data is crucial for the high-efficiency management of oil and gas reservoirs. Here we introduce a new approach to reservoir surveillance that uses the machine learning tree boosting method to forecast production data. In this method, the prediction target is the decline rate of oil production at a given time for one well in the low-permeability carbonate reservoir. The input data to train the model includes reservoir production data (e.g., oil rate, water cut, gas oil ratio (GOR)) and reservoir operation data (e.g., history of choke size and shut-down activity) of 91 producers in this reservoir for the last 20 years. The tree boosting algorithm aims to quantitatively uncover the complicated hidden patterns between the target prediction parameter and other monitored data of a high variety, through state-of-the-art automatic classification and multiple linear regression algorithms. We also introduce a segmentation technique that divides the multivariate time-series production and operation data into a sequence of discrete segments. This feature extraction technique can transfer key features, based on expert knowledge derived from the in-reservoir surveillance, into a data form that is suitable for the machine learning algorithm. Compared with traditional methods, the approach proposed in this article can handle surveillance data in a multivariate time-series form with different strengths of internal correlation. It also provides capabilities for data obtained in multiple wells, measured from multiple sources, as well as of multiple attributes. Our application results indicate that this approach is quite promising in capturing the complicated patterns between the target variable and several other explanatory variables, and thus in predicting the daily oil production rate.
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Miller, Patrick. "Technology Focus: Reservoir Surveillance (September 2021)." Journal of Petroleum Technology 73, no. 09 (September 1, 2021): 36. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/0921-0036-jpt.
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It is not unusual to compare a team of subsurface professionals to a team of detectives piecing together a sequence of events to solve a crime. To make sense of what is happening in a hydrocarbon reservoir, subsurface teams, like detectives, typically have incomplete, sparse data sets, sampled at different points in time and space. The data only provide a partial picture of what has happened and what is likely to happen in the future. In either case, surveillance is an essential tactic to build a mental model of the situation. Fortunately, both detectives and subsurface teams have growing surveillance toolboxes to help fill information gaps and narrow the range of possible scenarios. In the oil and gas industry, an endless set of questions can be asked to characterize the state and history of a hydrocarbon reservoir. Teams need to understand the capability of the reservoir to store fluids, stresses acting on the reservoir, what fluids exist and how they interact with each other and the rock, and how fluids are moving (or are likely to move) through the reservoir. Information, however, is rarely free, and different surveillance tools provide varying qualities of information, so it is essential for subsurface professionals to choose wisely in terms of which problems to solve and which tools to pull out of the toolbox. Ultimately, we need to apply the right tools to the right problems to maximize the value of the information we gather. In this feature, we will explore innovative approaches to help better understand the stress state of the reservoir, interactions between different fluids and rocks, and how to track the movement of specific fluid components throughout the reservoir. To do so, the authors of the papers highlighted in this month’s feature apply advanced log data analysis, experimental laboratory work, and compositional reservoir simulation, key tools that every subsurface team should have in its toolbox. Recommended additional reading at OnePetro: www.onepetro.org. SPE 201679 - A Fast Method To Estimate the Correlation Between Confining Stresses and Absolute Permeability of Propped Fractures by Faras Al Balushi, The Pennsylvania State University, et al. SPE 202224 - Downhole Surveillance During the Well Lifetime Using Distributed Temperature Sensing by Ludovic Paul Ricard, CSIRO, et al. SPE 201635 - Predicting Reservoir Fluid Properties From Advanced Mud Gas Data by Tao Yang, Equinor, et al.
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Magner, T. N. "ECONOMIC BENEFITS OF THE KUTUBU RESERVOIR MANAGEMENT STRATEGY." APPEA Journal 35, no. 1 (1995): 121. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj94008.
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In spite of all the of the studies and analyses conducted since the initial oil discovery in 1986, considerable uncertainty existed over the expected performance of the Kutubu reservoirs prior to initial production. Extensive use of reservoir simulation during the field development helped overcome technical challenges in the development phase. Continued modelling work has increased understanding of reservoir behaviour, identified additional development opportunities and further enhanced field economics.Since First Oil in June 1992, over 100 MMSTB of light, sweet Kutubu crude oil have been produced and exported {through October 1994). At present, the field produces approximately 120,000 STBO/D from 27 vertical wells and two horizontal wells. Reservoir pressure maintenance is provided by gravity-stable re-injection of produced gas into five wells.On the whole, the reservoirs have met or exceeded expectations to date. This is in part due to the effective planning and implementation of a strategy to manage the Kutubu reservoirs. This reservoir management strategy combines an aggressive program of reservoir surveillance, data collection, computer simulation and continuous reassessment of previous assumptions.
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JPT staff, _. "Techbits: Workshop Highlights Value of Reservoir Surveillance." Journal of Petroleum Technology 59, no. 05 (May 1, 2007): 34–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/0507-0034-jpt.
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Denney, Dennis. "Development of an Integrated Reservoir-Surveillance Process." Journal of Petroleum Technology 61, no. 09 (September 1, 2009): 67–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/0909-0067-jpt.
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Thakur, G. C. "Waterflood surveillance Techniques - A Reservoir Management Approach." Journal of Petroleum Technology 43, no. 10 (October 1, 1991): 1180–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/23471-pa.
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Batycky, Rod P., Marco R. Thiele, Richard O. Baker, and Shelin Chugh. "Revisiting Reservoir Flood-Surveillance Methods Using Streamlines." SPE Reservoir Evaluation & Engineering 11, no. 02 (April 1, 2008): 387–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/95402-pa.
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Tura, Ali. "Introduction to this special section: Reservoir surveillance." Leading Edge 25, no. 9 (September 2006): 1125. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.2349816.
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Arif Wijaya, Basuki, Heru Berian Pratama, Ali Ashat, Sutopo, and Abu Dawud Hidayaturrobi. "Reservoir Dynamics Monitoring in A Liquid Dominated Geothermal Field Based on Surveillance Data and Tracer Flow Test." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1014, no. 1 (April 1, 2022): 012007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1014/1/012007.
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Abstract Two common characteristics changes in the liquid-dominated reservoir because of exploitation are a decrease in temperature in the liquid reservoir zone (due to injection breakthrough) and the development of a steam zone (because of lower liquid water level). Both phenomena are observed by using the tracer flow test (TFT) technique. The comprehensive analysis using enthalpy from TFT data, combined with the data of chloride in brine, NCG in steam, and subsurface temperature (from PT logging), can be used to identify the dynamics of the reservoir processes. The application of the comprehensive analysis is selected for this study by taking those various monitoring of surveillance programs from a liquid-dominated geothermal system. In the selected geothermal field, which the operation began in 1994, an injection breakthrough occurred in the western part of the field. On the other side, the development of a steam reservoir was observed in the eastern part of the field. TFT monitoring is carried out every three months in each active production well as stated in the surveillance program. Other chemical monitoring and (PT) log data are also carried out periodically. Two wells from the studied field are selected, in which one well experience with injection breakthrough and the other one is in steam cap development. Comprehensive analysis results from TFT data, geochemical monitoring data (NCG and Cl), and subsurface temperature are used to understand the dynamics in geothermal reservoirs. Injection breakthrough in production well is indicated by changes in chloride content, decrease in enthalpy and NCG in the steam. Whereas the formation of steam cap will be characterized by an increase in enthalpy and NCG. With a thorough understanding of the changing conditions in the reservoir, recommendations for appropriate surveillance strategies can be formulated to maintain an optimal and sustainable generation process.
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Yang, Chen, Changsheng Zhao, Xiangjuan Meng, Pingchaun Dong, Junxian Chai, Xiaoming Wang, Qihai Nie, Janfang Yang, and Wenwen Yu. "Reservoir Characterization and an Integrated Approach of Reservoir Modeling for Miano Gas Field, Middle Indus Basin." Energies 16, no. 2 (January 11, 2023): 856. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16020856.
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The hydrocarbon-bearing formation of Miano gas field belongs to the Early Cretaceous and it is bounded by two shale intervals, which are considered as maximum flooding surfaces (MFS). The hydrocarbon-bearing interval includes two reservoir units: a tight gas reservoir and its overlying conventional reservoir. Core samples, borehole logs, and well production performance revealed that the two reservoirs present reversed trends in reservoir quality through the gas field without obvious barriers. The average shale volume of the tight gas reservoir changes from 24.3% to 12.2% and the average permeability changes from 32.65 mD to 0.02 mD from the south to north. However, the average effective porosity of the overlaying conventional reservoir increases from 20% to 26% and the average permeability increases from 10 mD to 300 mD. The reversed trends in the two reservoirs lead to challenges in production forecast and development well proposals in the tight gas reservoir. Therefore, reservoir characterization and a predictive reservoir model are essential for further exploitation of Miano gas field. The geological genesis analysis integrating cores, borehole logs, and three-dimensional (3D) seismic data reveals that the producing interval of the tight gas reservoir is tidal-influenced shore facies deposition with intergranular pore space reduced by mineral cementation during burial diagenesis, while the overlaying conventional reservoir is fluvial-influenced deltaic deposition with abundant, well-connected intergranular macropores, which leads to a better reservoir quality. A reservoir model containing both the tight gas reservoir and the conventional reservoir is constructed considering the reservoir nature understanding, and the accuracy of the model is confirmed by reservoir surveillance activities with the simulation model. The study will be critical to the further reservoir development and hydrocarbon production in Miano gas field.
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Denney, Dennis. "Crosswell Technologies: New Solutions for Enhanced Reservoir Surveillance." Journal of Petroleum Technology 63, no. 09 (September 1, 2011): 56–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/0911-0056-jpt.
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Batycky, Rod P., and Marco R. Thiele. "Material Balance Applied to Dynamic Reservoir-Surveillance Patterns." SPE Reservoir Evaluation & Engineering 21, no. 03 (August 1, 2018): 566–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/185713-pa.
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Menezes, Paulo T. L., Jorlivan L. Correa, Leonardo M. Alvim, Adriano R. Viana, and Rui C. Sansonowski. "Time-Lapse CSEM Monitoring: Correlating the Anomalous Transverse Resistance with SoPhiH Maps." Energies 14, no. 21 (November 1, 2021): 7159. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14217159.
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The CSEM method, which is frequently used as a risk-reduction tool in hydrocarbon exploration, is finally moving to a new frontier: reservoir monitoring and surveillance. In the present work, we present a CSEM time-lapse interpretation workflow. One essential aspect of our workflow is the demonstration of the linear relationship between the anomalous transverse resistance, an attribute extracted from CSEM data inversion, and the SoPhiH attribute, which is estimated from fluid-flow simulators. Consequently, it is possible to reliably estimate SoPhiH maps from CSEM time-lapse surveys using such a relationship. We demonstrate our workflow’s effectiveness in the mature Marlim oilfield by simulating the CSEM time-lapse response after 30 and 40 years of seawater injection and detecting the remaining sweet spots in the reservoir. The Marlim reservoirs are analogous to several turbidite reservoirs worldwide, which can also be appraised with the proposed workflow. The prediction of SoPhiH maps by using CSEM data inversion can significantly improve reservoir time-lapse characterization.
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Vesnaver, Aldo L., Michael K. Broadhead, and Isidore J. Bellaci. "Geophysical reservoir monitoring feasibility study in a Central Saudi Arabian oil field." GeoArabia 11, no. 4 (October 1, 2006): 63–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/geoarabia110463.
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ABSTRACT The Central Arabian field of this study is part of a trend of oil fields primarily producing from Permian sandstone reservoirs. The most productive zone, in the upper part of the reservoir, is characterized with good porosity and permeability, an aeolian depositional environment, and producing zones that tend to be laterally and vertically heterogeneous. The reservoir sandstone lenses are interspersed with low porosity/permeability siltstones. We examined the feasibility of watersaturation surveillance by geophysical means that could help to better produce the field and unravel certain production challenges; hence, time-lapse seismic (4-D) was considered. Using modeling, we argue that time-lapse seismic is a low probability candidate for successful reservoir monitoring of water saturation in this field. We also discuss other techniques that are potential alternatives, such as micro-seismicity, magnetotellurics and borehole gravity, comparing the relative merits and limitations of these methods as applicable to this field. Finally, we conclude with the potential impact of improved reservoir characterization, via integration of more seismic information into the reservoir model.
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Izgec, Bulent, Myrt E. Cribbs, Shawn V. Pace, Ding Zhu, and C. Shah Kabir. "Placement of Permanent Downhole-Pressure Sensors in Reservoir Surveillance." SPE Production & Operations 24, no. 01 (February 1, 2009): 87–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/107268-pa.
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Denney, Dennis. "Proactive Surveillance Creates Value in Well and Reservoir Management." Journal of Petroleum Technology 62, no. 09 (September 1, 2010): 50–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/0910-0050-jpt.
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Carpenter, Chris. "Reservoir-Surveillance Data Creates Value in Fractured-Carbonate Applications." Journal of Petroleum Technology 70, no. 09 (September 1, 2018): 84–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/0918-0084-jpt.
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Feder, Judy. "Integrating Fractional Flow Into Reservoir Surveillance Improves GOM Production." Journal of Petroleum Technology 71, no. 09 (September 1, 2019): 73–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/0919-0073-jpt.
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Shi, Rena, Hooisweng Ow, Gawain M. Thomas, Sehoon Chang, Hsieh Chen, Wei Wang, and Bora Yoon. "Zwitterionic Dipicolinic Acid-Based Tracers for Reservoir Surveillance Application." Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research 60, no. 49 (December 2, 2021): 17804–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.iecr.1c03468.
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Worsley-Tonks, Katherine E. L., Luis E. Escobar, Roman Biek, Mariana Castaneda-Guzman, Meggan E. Craft, Daniel G. Streicker, Lauren A. White, and Nicholas M. Fountain-Jones. "Using host traits to predict reservoir host species of rabies virus." PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases 14, no. 12 (December 8, 2020): e0008940. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0008940.
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Wildlife are important reservoirs for many pathogens, yet the role that different species play in pathogen maintenance frequently remains unknown. This is the case for rabies, a viral disease of mammals. While Carnivora (carnivores) and Chiroptera (bats) are the canonical mammalian orders known to be responsible for the maintenance and onward transmission of rabies Lyssavirus (RABV), the role of most species within these orders remains unknown and is continually changing as a result of contemporary host shifting. We combined a trait-based analytical approach with gradient boosting machine learning models to identify physiological and ecological host features associated with being a reservoir for RABV. We then used a cooperative game theory approach to determine species-specific traits associated with known RABV reservoirs. Being a carnivore reservoir for RABV was associated with phylogenetic similarity to known RABV reservoirs, along with other traits such as having larger litters and earlier sexual maturity. For bats, location in the Americas and geographic range were the most important predictors of RABV reservoir status, along with having a large litter. Our models identified 44 carnivore and 34 bat species that are currently not recognized as RABV reservoirs, but that have trait profiles suggesting their capacity to be or become reservoirs. Further, our findings suggest that potential reservoir species among bats and carnivores occur both within and outside of areas with current RABV circulation. These results show the ability of a trait-based approach to detect potential reservoirs of infection and could inform rabies control programs and surveillance efforts by identifying the types of species and traits that facilitate RABV maintenance and transmission.
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Panda, Manmath, Derek Nottingham, and David Lenig. "Systematic Surveillance Techniques for a Large Miscible WAG Flood." SPE Reservoir Evaluation & Engineering 14, no. 03 (May 24, 2011): 299–309. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/127563-pa.
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Summary Miscible water-alternating-gas (WAG) flooding has proven to be an attractive enhanced-oil-recovery (EOR) method the world over. Successful WAG floods can yield significant additional oil recovery over waterflooding. WAG floods are complex in nature since reduction of residual oil in the pore spaces depends on mass transfer. Optimizing miscibile contact between the injected gas and the reservoir oil over a large rock volume is challenging. This challenge is more manageable in a small-scale pilot flood or a coreflood than in a large field implementation. Numerical-simulation efforts can provide guidance to designing an optimal flood. However, the field application will often reveal challenges that are not discovered in the pilot stage or by the full-field simulation model because the geologic properties and heterogeneity of the reservoir rock are not accurately represented. Integrated surveillance of a WAG flood is the only means to determine whether the flood is working efficiently and the planned additional recovery will be delivered. A well-implemented surveillance plan allows timely intervention to improve the efficiency of an underperforming WAG flood. This paper presents a systematic approach for applying EOR surveillance tools and methods in large miscible WAG floods in the Ivishak reservoirs at the Prudhoe Bay and Eileen West End (EWE) of the North Slope, Alaska. Highlights of these surveillance methods are (1) designed and implemented by a multidisciplinary team, (2) based on proven theory and corroborated with field data, (3) requires easily obtainable and relatively inexpensive field data and analysis, and (4) applied from fault block down to zone levels. Implementation of these tools has helped to identify the efficiency of flood patterns and areas of poor performance, which then can be modified through infill drilling, well recompletion, or WAG-ratio modification to maximize EOR recovery.
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Becker, Daniel J., Daniel E. Crowley, Alex D. Washburne, and Raina K. Plowright. "Temporal and spatial limitations in global surveillance for bat filoviruses and henipaviruses." Biology Letters 15, no. 12 (December 2019): 20190423. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2019.0423.
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Sampling reservoir hosts over time and space is critical to detect epizootics, predict spillover and design interventions. However, because sampling is logistically difficult and expensive, researchers rarely perform spatio-temporal sampling of many reservoir hosts. Bats are reservoirs of many virulent zoonotic pathogens such as filoviruses and henipaviruses, yet the highly mobile nature of these animals has limited optimal sampling of bat populations. To quantify the frequency of temporal sampling and to characterize the geographical scope of bat virus research, we here collated data on filovirus and henipavirus prevalence and seroprevalence in wild bats. We used a phylogenetically controlled meta-analysis to next assess temporal and spatial variation in bat virus detection estimates. Our analysis shows that only one in four bat virus studies report data longitudinally, that sampling efforts cluster geographically (e.g. filovirus data are available across much of Africa and Asia but are absent from Latin America and Oceania), and that sampling designs and reporting practices may affect some viral detection estimates (e.g. filovirus seroprevalence). Within the limited number of longitudinal bat virus studies, we observed high heterogeneity in viral detection estimates that in turn reflected both spatial and temporal variation. This suggests that spatio-temporal sampling designs are important to understand how zoonotic viruses are maintained and spread within and across wild bat populations, which in turn could help predict and preempt risks of zoonotic viral spillover.
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He, Jincong, Jiang Xie, Pallav Sarma, Xian-Huan Wen, Wen H. Chen, and Jairam Kamath. "Proxy-Based Work Flow for a Priori Evaluation of Data-Acquisition Programs." SPE Journal 21, no. 04 (August 15, 2016): 1400–1412. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/173229-pa.
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Summary Data-acquisition programs, such as surveillance and pilot, play an important role in reservoir management, and are crucial for minimizing subsurface risks and improving decision quality. Optimal design of the data-acquisition plan requires predicting the performance (e.g., in terms of the expected amount of uncertainty reduction in an objective function) of a given design before it is implemented. Because the data from the acquisition program are uncertain at the time of the analysis, multiple history-matching runs are required for different plausible realizations of the observed data to evaluate the expected effectiveness of the program in reducing uncertainty. As such, the computational cost may be prohibitive because the number of reservoir simulations needed for the multiple history-matching runs would be substantial. This paper proposes a framework on the basis of proxies and rejection sampling (filtering) to perform the multiple history-matching runs with a manageable number of reservoir simulations. The work flow proposed does not depend on the linear Gaussian assumption that is a common, yet questionable, assumption in existing methods. The work flow also enables both qualitative and quantitative analysis of a surveillance plan. Qualitatively, heavy-hitter alignment analysis for the objective function and the observed data provides actionable measures for screening different surveillance designs. Quantitatively, the evaluation of expected uncertainty reduction from different surveillance plans allows for optimal design and selection of surveillance plans.
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Holbrook, Myndi G., Simon J. Anthony, Isamara Navarrete-Macias, Theo Bestebroer, Vincent J. Munster, and Neeltje van Doremalen. "Updated and Validated Pan-Coronavirus PCR Assay to Detect All Coronavirus Genera." Viruses 13, no. 4 (April 1, 2021): 599. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v13040599.
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Coronavirus (CoV) spillover events from wildlife reservoirs can result in mild to severe human respiratory illness. These spillover events underlie the importance of detecting known and novel CoVs circulating in reservoir host species and determining CoV prevalence and distribution, allowing improved prediction of spillover events or where a human–reservoir interface should be closely monitored. To increase the likelihood of detecting all circulating genera and strains, we have modified primers published by Watanabe et al. in 2010 to generate a semi-nested pan-CoV PCR assay. Representatives from the four coronavirus genera (α-CoVs, β-CoVs, γ-CoVs and δ-CoVs) were tested and all of the in-house CoVs were detected using this assay. After comparing both assays, we found that the updated assay reliably detected viruses in all genera of CoVs with high sensitivity, whereas the sensitivity of the original assay was lower. Our updated PCR assay is an important tool to detect, monitor and track CoVs to enhance viral surveillance in reservoir hosts.
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Furer, O., I. Dor, N. Ben-Yosef, and A. Adin. "Remote Sensing of Water Quality in Waste-Water Reservoirs: Pilot Plant Studies." Water Science and Technology 27, no. 7-8 (April 1, 1993): 29–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1993.0531.
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A German-Israeli program is currently being carried out at the Hebrew University, applying infrared imaging for the monitoring of waste-water reservoirs. The images were processed together with surface sampling data, in order to develop regression equations. Limnological parameters selected for the study were related to hypertrophic conditions existing in waste-water reservoirs, such as chlorophyll concentration and water turbidity. Regression equations were established and proved reliable for pilot plant performance. Additional field work is needed in order to validate pilot plant models. The long-term goal of this project is developing on-line reservoir surveillance for the monitoring of water quality.
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Terrado, Rodolfo Martin, Suryo Yudono, and Ganesh C. Thakur. "Waterflooding Surveillance and Monitoring: Putting Principles Into Practice." SPE Reservoir Evaluation & Engineering 10, no. 05 (October 1, 2007): 552–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/102200-pa.
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Summary This paper illustrates how practical application of surveillance and monitoring principles is a key to understanding reservoir performance and identifying opportunities that will improve ultimate oil recovery. Implementation of various principles recommended by industry experts is presented using examples from fields currently in production. Practices in processing valuable information and analyzing data from different perspectives are presented in a methodical way on the following bases: field, block, pattern, and wells. A novel diagnostic plot is presented to assess well performance and identify problem wells for the field. Results from the application of these practices in a pilot area are shared, indicating that the nominal decline rate improved from 33 to 18% per year without any infill drilling. The change in the decline rate is attributed primarily to effective waterflood management with a methodical approach, employing an integrated multifunctional team. Although the suggested techniques can be applied to any oil field undergoing a waterflood, they are of great value to mature waterfloods that involve significant production history. In these cases, prioritization is a key aspect to maintain focus on the opportunities that will add the most value during the final period of the depletion cycle. Case studies illustrating the best surveillance practices are discussed. Introduction Surveillance and monitoring techniques were first discussed in SPE literature in the early 1960s (Kunkel and Bagley 1965). Since then, several highly recognized authors have published related materials (Thakur 1991; Thakur and Satter 1998; Talash 1988; Gulick and McCain 1998; Baker 1997, 1998; SPE Reprint 2003). Industry experts recommend the following valuable principles:The key ingredients of any surveillance program are planning and accurate data collection.To understand reservoir flows and reduce nonuniqueness in interpretations, it is crucial to implement a multilevel surveillance effort.A single technique in isolation is not generally indicative because different parameters can cause similar plot signatures.Controlled waterflooding through the use of pattern balancing requires time and technical efforts —engineering and geological—during the life of the project.Valuable insights into the performance of the waterflood can be gained from individual-well plots such as Hall plots.Surveillance techniques should always be a precursor to in-depth studies, including numerical simulation. A process to consistently evaluate the performance of a reservoir—from field to block to pattern to well level—is discussed with the help of real-life examples. Type plots and maps are used to identify opportunities and promote team discussions to effectively manage a reservoir undergoing waterflood. Production history and basic reservoir characterization serve as primary input variables for the recommended analysis.
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Zhdanov, I. A., E. S. Pakhomov, A. M. Aslanyan, R. R. Farakhova, D. N. Gulyaev, L. I. Gainutdinova, M. Yu Garnyshev, and R. V. Guss. "INTEGRATED TECHNOLOGY OF BROWN FIELD STUDY TO INCREASE PRODUCTION AND OIL RECOVERY." Энергия: экономика, техника, экология, no. 2 (2020): 61–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.7868/s2587739920020081.
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Paper presents the results of integrated analysis of historically available data and additional field studies at the brown field. The results of the analysis increase the reliability of the geological and hydrodynamic reservoir model, current recovery and identification of areas, which are most promising for production enhancement operations for production increase and recovery increase. The integrated analysis of available data includes such tools as prelaminar data analysis of production and pressure changes (Prime) for high level reserves localization, multiwell retrospective testing (MRT) and pulsecode testing (PCT) for evaluation of reservoir geology, sweep efficiency and current reservoir saturation, geological and hydrodynamic reservoir modeling including petrofacies and model adaptation to the production logging, MRT, PCT and well-testing findings, multi-scenario development planning (MSDP) for the most economically profitable operations recommendation and supervision of their implementation. MSDP is based on the usage by several teams of reservoir engineers web-facility PloyPlan, which automatically translates the field activities (like drilling, workover, conversion, surveillance, etc.) into the model runs and reverts back with production and surveillance results and financial statements, based on which it is easy to choose the most profitable field operations. Up to today Prime analysis, field studies and reservoir model calibration on their results are finished.
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Li, Bo Wen, Zhi Yong Lu, Xuan Kun Peng, Yu Qiong Peng, and Jun Wei Yi. "Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Maritime Surveillance System of River Reservoir Area." Applied Mechanics and Materials 236-237 (November 2012): 948–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.236-237.948.
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At present, in the processing of ship hazardous chemical accident, rescuers get directly into the scene of the accident for information access, which threaten rescuers’ safety. In order to solve the disadvantages, this paper designs a remote control aircraft carrying camera into the scene. Through the remote control system, with the video image information collection, thereby avoiding the sampling personnel directly exposed to the dangerous chemicals accident condition, which reduce the risk of injuries.
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Dalimunthe, Y. K., A. Hanifah, and R. Setiati. "Application hall plot method for surveillance waterflood in oil reservoir." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1402 (December 2019): 055104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1402/5/055104.
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YU, P. B., H. Y. TIAN, C. F. MA, C. A. MA, J. WEI, X. L. LU, Z. WANG, et al. "Hantavirus infection in rodents and haemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome in Shaanxi province, China, 1984–2012." Epidemiology and Infection 143, no. 2 (May 1, 2014): 405–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268814001009.
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SUMMARYThe transmission of haemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) is deeply influenced by the reservoir and hantavirus prevalence rate. In this study, a surveillance on human HFRS cases, relative rodent abundance, and hantavirus infection prevalence was conducted in Shaanxi province, China, during 1984–2012. A generalized linear model with Poisson-distributed residuals and a log link was used to quantify the relationship between reservoir, virus and HFRS cases. The result indicated that there was a significant association of HFRS incidence with relative rodent density and the prevalence rate. This research provides evidence that the changes of infection prevalence in the reservoir could lead directly to the emergence of a new epidemic. It was concluded that the measurement of a number of these variables could be used in disease surveillance to give useful advance warning of potential disease epidemics.
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Santamaria, C., and R. Fish. "IMPROVING RECOVERY IN A THIN OIL COLUMN RESERVOIR—TUNA M–1 RESERVOIR EXPERIENCE IN THE GIPPSLAND BASIN, SOUTHEAST AUSTRALIA." APPEA Journal 43, no. 1 (2003): 175. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj02008.
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The Tuna M–1 reservoir was developed in 1997 from both the new West Tuna platform and the existing Tuna A platform in the Gippsland Basin. The M–1 reservoir is contained within an anticlinal closure with an approximate gross hydrocarbon column of 85 metres. The oil column was originally 12 m thick and is supported by a large gas cap and a strong flank aquifer.Performance from the M–1 reservoir has been good, due to excellent reservoir properties. The combination of conventional and geo-steered horizontal wells has performed well with recovery efficiencies of 70% observed in many parts of the field. Lower than expected performance from the northwestern edge of the oil rim was, however, a significant anomaly, with recovery efficiencies 10% lower than from comparable rock in the southern and eastern parts of the field. The underlying cause of this lower performance was believed to be the result of an anisotropic aquifer response allowing greater pressure support along the northwestern flank of the fieldA re-entry well was drilled from a watered out horizontal well on the Tuna A platform in December 2000. This well was drilled as an oil production opportunity and as a key surveillance data point for the northwestern flank of the field. Results led to further surveillance including contact monitoring and production logging in horizontal wells. In addition to this, simulations were updated to reflect actual performance and surveillance data. Subsequent analysis supported development of a work program for new M–1 drainage points, including additional drill wells and the conversion of existing, watered out horizontal wells to conventional wells. The M–1 redevelopment work has been highly successful with production rates increasing by about 20,000 barrels per day in the first nine months of the program.
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Zhang, Yanhui, Femke C. Vossepoel, and Ibrahim Hoteit. "Efficient Assimilation of Crosswell Electromagnetic Data Using an Ensemble-Based History-Matching Framework." SPE Journal 25, no. 01 (November 6, 2019): 119–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/193808-pa.
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Summary An ensemble-based history-matching framework is proposed to enhance the characterization of petroleum reservoirs through the assimilation of crosswell electromagnetic (EM) data. As an advanced technology in reservoir surveillance, crosswell EM tomography can be used to estimate a cross-sectional conductivity map and associated saturation profile at an interwell scale by exploiting the sharp contrast in conductivity between hydrocarbons and saline water. Incorporating this information into reservoir simulation in combination with other available observations is expected to enhance the forecasting capability of reservoir models and to lead to better quantification of uncertainty. The proposed approach applies ensemble-based data-assimilation methods to build a robust and flexible framework in which various sources of available measurements can be integrated. A comparative study evaluates two different implementations of the assimilation of crosswell EM data. The first approach integrates the crosswell EM field components in their original form, which entails forward simulation of the observed EM responses from the simulated reservoir state. In the second approach, formation conductivity is derived from the EM data through inversion and is subsequently assimilated into the reservoir model. An image-oriented distance parameterization of the fluid front assimilates the conductivity field in an efficient and robust manner and overcomes issues with data size, errors, and their correlation. Numerical experiments for different test cases with increasing complexity provide insight into the performance of the two proposed integration schemes. The results demonstrate the efficiency of the developed history-matching workflow and the added value of crosswell EM data in enhancing the reservoir characterization and reliability of dynamic reservoir forecasts.
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Akhtar, Ribqa, Nayab Mahmood, Muhammad Masroor Alam, Muhammad Naeem, Syed Sohail Zahoor Zaidi, Salmaan Sharif, Zainab Khattak, et al. "Genetic Epidemiology Reveals 3 Chronic Reservoir Areas With Recurrent Population Mobility Challenging Poliovirus Eradication in Pakistan." Clinical Infectious Diseases 71, no. 7 (October 26, 2019): e58-e67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciz1037.
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Abstract Background Pakistan is among 3 countries endemic for wild poliovirus type 1 (WPV1) circulation that are still struggling for eradication of poliomyelitis. Active clinical and environmental surveillance with meticulous laboratory investigations provide insights into poliovirus transmission patterns and genomic diversity to inform decisions for strategic operations required to achieve eradication. Methods We analyzed epidemiological and virological data to comprehend the current epidemiological status of WPV1 in Pakistan during 2015–2017. Stool specimens of patients with acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) and sewage samples collected from 60 environmental sites were tested. Viral culturing, intratypic differentiation by real-time polymerase chain reaction, and nucleic acid sequencing of the VP1 region of the poliovirus genome to determine genetic relatedness among WPV1 strains were applied. Results Poliovirus isolates were grouped into 11 distinct clusters, which had ≥95% nucleotide homology in the VP1 coding region. Most of the poliovirus burden was shared by 3 major reservoirs: Karachi, Peshawar, and Quetta block (64.2% in 2015, 75.4% in 2016, and 76.7% in 2017). Conclusions Environmental surveillance reveals importations and pockets of unimmunized children that dictate intensive target mop-up campaigns to contain poliovirus transmission. A decrease in the number of orphan isolates reflects effective combination of AFP and environmental surveillance in Pakistan. The genetic data reflect sustained transmission within reservoir areas, further expanded by periodic importations to areas of high immunity reflected by immediate termination of imported viruses. Improved immunization coverage with high-quality surveillance is vital for global certification of polio eradication.
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Yokote, Ryosuke, Mohammad Albarzanji, Yohan Suhardiman, Andrew Tran, Erni Dharma Putra, and Nelson Jose Rodriguez Gonzalez. "Fully integrated dynamic reservoir and well simulation model: Blacktip gas field case study." APPEA Journal 58, no. 1 (2018): 412. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj17052.
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This paper describes an experience of integrating a dynamic reservoir simulation model with a dynamic well simulation model, resulting in an integrated dynamic model from the reservoir to the surface that enhances reservoir and well surveillance capability for the Blacktip gas field. Multiphase transient flow simulation is used to support daily well and pipeline operations for the project. The limitation of the standalone well model using a multiphase transient simulation software was its inability to reproduce pressure build up response during shut-ins, and pressure drawdown during start-ups. The fluid inflow from the reservoir to the well bore is modelled using the Inflow Performance Relationship (IPR) and accordingly the transient pressure behaviour near the well bore is not captured. This makes it difficult to estimate an accurate static reservoir pressure during shut-ins, as the predicted pressure instantaneously builds up to reservoir pressure specified in the IPR. The integrated dynamic model overcomes this limitation. The history matching of production intervals including shut-ins and start-ups using the integrated dynamic model along with high frequency data demonstrates that this integrated modelling approach can be used as a reliable surveillance tool to understand dynamic flow conditions from the reservoir to the surface, including liquid loading and unloading scenarios. The evolution of the history match and subsequent outcomes are discussed in the paper, along with the lessons learnt. Results of a liquid loading and unloading scenario for a gas well are also discussed in the paper.
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Cross, Nigel, Ian Goodall, Cathy Hollis, Trevor Burchette, Hussain Z. D. Al-Ajmi, Imelda Gorman Johnson, Raja Mukherjee, Mike Simmons, and Roger Davies. "Reservoir description of a mid-Cretaceous siliciclastic-carbonate ramp reservoir: Mauddud Formation in the Raudhatain and Sabiriyah fields, North Kuwait." GeoArabia 15, no. 2 (April 1, 2010): 17–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/geoarabia150217.
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ABSTRACT The mid-Cretaceous Mauddud Formation is the main producing carbonate reservoir in the Raudhatain and Sabiriyah fields of northern Kuwait. Historical field information and results from waterflood pilots indicate that reservoir performance in these reservoirs is controlled by geological complexity at several scales. A detailed, integrated sedimentological and biostratigraphic investigation of the reservoirs, combined with dynamic reservoir data, have provided an understanding of Mauddud reservoir heterogeneity and of the principle controls on reservoir matrix behaviour. The largely carbonate Mauddud Formation overlies the Upper Burgan Member, a thick succession of fluvio-deltaic deposits, and consists of a diverse suite of carbonate facies deposited in low to high-energy, shallow-marine ramp settings. The basal part of the reservoir comprises mixed carbonate and siliciclastic sediments and reflects the establishment of a carbonate-dominated regime during waning supply of Burgan siliciclastic sediment. This system was eventually drowned and covered by the Wara Formation, a shaly offshore succession that is also the reservoir seal. Sedimentary facies associations and microfossil assemblages within the reservoir are organised in a broadly upward-shallowing succession constructed of several transgressive-regressive cycles, which are defined by prominent, widely-correlatable flooding surfaces. Each cycle exhibits a characteristic internal stacking pattern of minor depositional cycles. Field-wide mapping and interpretation of facies within each cycle reveals a SW to NE, proximal to distal, trend consistent with regional seismic and palaeogeographic interpretations. The high-energy, inner to mid-ramp carbonate succession in the lower portion of the Mauddud reservoir is punctuated by siliciclastic incursions. Abrupt lateral facies changes, thickness variations, and local intra-reservoir erosion surfaces in this section suggest that deposition was influenced by subtle syndepositional tectonism. The upper part of the reservoir, in contrast, lacks significant siliciclastic influence and is made up of widely-correlatable, lower-energy carbonate facies, although local subtle facies variations show that the Raudhatain-Sabiriyah structures continued as palaeohighs during deposition. The contrast in quality between grain-dominated facies at the crests of the two structures and less grainy facies along their flanks was accentuated by carbonate cementation in the water legs of the reservoirs, largely in the form of calcite concretions of variable abundance. Cementation is most pronounced in low-energy wackestone facies, particularly in proximity to flooding surfaces where nodules may be amalgamated to form laterally continuous, cemented layers which are commonly fractured. Another significant, but contrasting, diagenetic modification within the reservoir was the generation of secondary macroporosity through dissolution of aragonitic skeletal components in a shallow to intermediate burial environment. The stratigraphic evolution of the Mauddud reservoir, and its diagenetic overprint, in addition to post-depositional fracturing and faulting, created reservoir heterogeneities, which are critical to reservoir performance; one of the most significant of these is the relationship between horizontal and vertical permeability. Parasequences dominated by high-energy inner ramp grainstones, thin inner ramp rudist-bearing tempestites, and vuggy and fractured rudist floatstones and rudstones constitute thief zones that represent major challenges to reservoir management. In contrast, some cemented layers and flooding surfaces support pressure differentials of up to several hundred pounds/square inch (psi), thus complicating sweep and promoting reservoir compartmentalisation. The strong facies, diagenetic and stratigraphic controls on the distribution of thief zones and intra-reservoir baffles demonstrates how important it is to comprehensively understand reservoir sedimentology and stratigraphy when devising long-term development plans for reservoirs of this deceptively simple character. More recent 3-D seismic data, production surveillance, and horizontal development wells show faults and fractures to be important heterogeneities in both reservoirs. Due to the immaturity of the water flood in the Mauddud reservoirs, the impact of these features on field and well behaviour is as yet unclear, but it is anticipated that the impact of such features on well and field performance will become more pronounced during later development.
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Zett, Adrian, Mike Webster, Chris Davies, Pinggang Zhang, and Parijat Mukerji. "Integrated Surveillance Enhancing Quality of Decisions and Reservoir Description in the Harding Field." SPE Reservoir Evaluation & Engineering 13, no. 05 (October 11, 2010): 805–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/123811-pa.
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Summary A key factor in managing mature fields is to establish adequate surveillance in each phase of their life. The complexity increases when the field is developed with horizontal wells. Differences in data quality and resolution should be taken into consideration when planning such surveillance. Current uncertainties in Harding field relate to unreliable well conformance data using conventional production logs (PL) and assumptions in the reservoir description, which are subseismic resolution. We describe the learning from a horizontal well in Harding, where appropriate surveillance enhanced reservoir understanding and quality of decision making. Based on the initial understanding from the reservoir model, an insert string well work option was proposed to reduce water cut. Historically in this field, conventional PLs provided unreliable well conformance data in horizontal multiphase flow. To improve the characterization at the well scale, an array PL was deployed for the first time on this field. The flowing results revealed that the insert string solution was inappropriate and would result in lost oil production. The shut-in data identified crossflow between two zones separated by a shale section. In the initial model, this shale was mapped only at local level. Post surveillance, it was remapped on seismic as an extensive baffle having an impact on an area with more mobile oil to recover. There is a potential upside with a new infill target being identified toward the toe of this well. Most of the initial decisions about the insert string were based on seismic and modeling work. The new array PL data brought additional information into the model, increasing confidence in the results. Data resolution at the well level matters and this highlights the need to take more PL measurements to calibrate the seismic response and improve the reservoir model.
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Supranelfy, Yanelza, Nungki Hapsari S, and Reni Oktarina. "ANALISIS FAKTOR LINGKUNGAN TERHADAP DISTRIBUSI JENIS TIKUS YANG TERKONFIRMASI SEBAGAI RESERVOIR LEPTOSPIROSIS DI TIGA KABUPATEN DI PROVINSI SUMATERA SELATAN." Vektora : Jurnal Vektor dan Reservoir Penyakit 11, no. 1 (June 27, 2019): 31–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.22435/vk.v11i1.1144.
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The role of rats as a potential reservoir of the disease remains negative impacts on the routine life, safety, welfare and economic communities. Rattus tanezumi, R. norvegicus, R. exulans, R. hoffmani, R. argentiventer and Maxomys bartelsi have been confirmed as leptospirosis reservoirs in Indonesia. Some rat species suspected as leptospirosis reservoirs were reported in Lahat, Banyuasin and Ogan Komering Ilir (OKI) districts. It puts those three districts on high risk of leptospirosis transmission in the community. The aim of the study was to identify the environmental factors associated with the distribution of the leptospirosis-confirmed rats in the three districts of South Sumatera Province. Data used in this study were obtained from surveillance of the Specific Research on Vector and Reservoir Diseases Special Research" (Rikhus Vektora) conducted in 2015. A total of 308 captured rats was tested for leptospirosis using MAT and PCR methods. The environmental variables were recorded during the surveillance. Data were analysed using chi-square. The laboratory results demonstrated that 44 of 308 rats captured in the three districts were positive for leptospirosis. In addition, there was a significant correlation between the distribution of the positive leptospirosis-confirmed rats with ecosystem variables, trap location, altitudes and temperature. However, they were not correlated to the weather variables and pH. Unfortunately, the topographic variables could not be analysed because all rats were found in the lowlands. The early warning of leptospirosis transmission should be addressed to the three districts due to the presence of the positive leptospirosis-confirmed rats in those areas.
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Mollentze, Nardus, and Daniel G. Streicker. "Viral zoonotic risk is homogenous among taxonomic orders of mammalian and avian reservoir hosts." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 117, no. 17 (April 13, 2020): 9423–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1919176117.
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The notion that certain animal groups disproportionately maintain and transmit viruses to humans due to broad-scale differences in ecology, life history, and physiology currently influences global health surveillance and research in disease ecology, virology, and immunology. To directly test whether such “special reservoirs” of zoonoses exist, we used literature searches to construct the largest existing dataset of virus–reservoir relationships, consisting of the avian and mammalian reservoir hosts of 415 RNA and DNA viruses along with their histories of human infection. Reservoir host effects on the propensity of viruses to have been reported as infecting humans were rare and when present were restricted to one or two viral families. The data instead support a largely host-neutral explanation for the distribution of human-infecting viruses across the animal orders studied. After controlling for higher baseline viral richness in mammals versus birds, the observed number of zoonoses per animal order increased as a function of their species richness. Animal orders of established importance as zoonotic reservoirs including bats and rodents were unexceptional, maintaining numbers of zoonoses that closely matched expectations for mammalian groups of their size. Our findings show that variation in the frequency of zoonoses among animal orders can be explained without invoking special ecological or immunological relationships between hosts and viruses, pointing to a need to reconsider current approaches aimed at finding and predicting novel zoonoses.
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Maleki, Masoud, Shahram Danaei, Felipe Bruno Mesquita da Silva, Alessandra Davolio, and Denis José Schiozer. "Stepwise uncertainty reduction in time-lapse seismic interpretation using multi-attribute analysis." Petroleum Geoscience 27, no. 3 (February 25, 2021): petgeo2020–087. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/petgeo2020-087.
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Recently, time-lapse seismic (4D seismic) has been steadily used to demonstrate the relation between field depletion and 4D seismic response, and, subsequently, to provide more efficient field management. A key component of reservoir monitoring is the knowledge of fluid movement and pressure variation. This information is vital in assisting infill drilling and as a reliable source of data to update reservoir models, and, consequently, in helping to improve model-based reservoir management and decision-making processes. However, in practice, varying levels of uncertainty are inherent in the 4D seismic interpretation of reservoirs that uses a multipart production regime. The complex nature of some 4D seismic signals emphasizes the role of the competing effects of geology, rock and fluid interactions. Hence, a reliable 4D interpretation requires an interdisciplinary approach that entails data analysis and insights from geophysics, engineering and geology. In this study, a stepwise workflow was introduced to reduce the uncertainties in the 4D seismic interpretation and to identify the improvements required in order to perform better reservoir surveillance. In parallel, the workflow demonstrates the use of engineering data analysis in conducting a consistent interpretation, and encompasses the 3D and 4D seismic attributes with engineering data analysis. This study was carried out in a Brazilian heavy-oil offshore field where production started in 2013. The field experienced intense production activity up to 2016, making the deep-water field an ideal candidate to explore the challenges in interpreting complex 4D signals. Beyond these challenges, a significant understanding of reservoir behaviour is obtained and improvements to the reservoir simulation model are suggested that could assist reservoir engineers with data assimilation applications.
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Mihindukulasuriya, Kathie A., Guang Wu, Judy St. Leger, Robert W. Nordhausen, and David Wang. "Identification of a Novel Coronavirus from a Beluga Whale by Using a Panviral Microarray." Journal of Virology 82, no. 10 (March 19, 2008): 5084–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.02722-07.
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ABSTRACT The emergence of viruses such as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus and Nipah virus has underscored the role of animal reservoirs in human disease and the need for reservoir surveillance. Here, we used a panviral DNA microarray to investigate the death of a captive beluga whale in an aquatic park. A highly divergent coronavirus, tentatively named coronavirus SW1, was identified in liver tissue from the deceased whale. Subsequently, the entire genome of SW1 was sequenced, yielding a genome of 31,686 nucleotides. Phylogenetic analysis revealed SW1 to be a novel virus distantly related to but most similar to group III coronaviruses.
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FULLER, T. L., M. F. DUCATEZ, K. Y. NJABO, E. COUACY-HYMANN, A. CHASAR, G. L. APLOGAN, S. LAO, et al. "Avian influenza surveillance in Central and West Africa, 2010–2014." Epidemiology and Infection 143, no. 10 (December 22, 2014): 2205–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268814003586.
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SUMMARYAvian influenza virus (AIV) is an important zoonotic pathogen, resulting in global human morbidity and mortality and substantial economic losses to the poultry industry. Poultry and wild birds have transmitted AIV to humans, most frequently subtypes H5 and H7, but also different strains and subtypes of H6, H9, and H10. Determining which birds are AIV reservoirs can help identify human populations that have a high risk of infection with these viruses due to occupational or recreational exposure to the reservoir species. To assess the prevalence of AIV in tropical birds, from 2010 to 2014, we sampled 40 099 birds at 32 sites in Central Africa (Cameroon, Central African Republic, Congo-Brazzaville, Gabon) and West Africa (Benin, Côte d'Ivoire, Togo). In Central Africa, detection rates by real-time RT–PCR were 16·6% in songbirds (eight passerine families,n = 1257), 16·4% in kingfishers (family Alcedinidae,n = 73), 8·2% in ducks (family Anatidae,n = 564), and 3·65% in chickens (family Phasianidae,n = 1042). Public health authorities should educate human cohorts that have high exposure to these bird populations about AIV and assess their adherence to biosecurity practices, including Cameroonian farmers who raise small backyard flocks.
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Bouska, Jack. "Advantages of wide-patch, wide-azimuth ocean-bottom seismic reservoir surveillance." Leading Edge 27, no. 12 (December 2008): 1662–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.3036972.
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Le, Duc H., and Albert C. Reynolds. "Estimation of Mutual Information and Conditional Entropy for Surveillance Optimization." SPE Journal 19, no. 04 (January 30, 2014): 648–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/163638-pa.
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Summary Given a suite of potential surveillance operations, we define surveillance optimization as the problem of choosing the operation that gives the minimum expected value of P90 minus P10 (i.e., P90 – P10) of a specified reservoir variable J (e.g., cumulative oil production) that will be obtained by conditioning J to the observed data. Two questions can be posed: (1) Which surveillance operation is expected to provide the greatest uncertainty reduction in J? and (2) What is the expected value of the reduction in uncertainty that would be achieved if we were to undertake each surveillance operation to collect the associated data and then history match the data obtained? In this work, we extend and apply a conceptual idea that we recently proposed for surveillance optimization to 2D and 3D waterflooding problems. Our method is based on information theory in which the mutual information between J and the random observed data vector Dobs is estimated by use of an ensemble of prior reservoir models. This mutual information reflects the strength of the relationship between J and the potential observed data and provides a qualitative answer to Question 1. Question 2 is answered by calculating the conditional entropy of J to generate an approximation of the expected value of the reduction in (P90 – P10) of J. The reliability of our method depends on obtaining a good estimate of the mutual information. We consider several ways to estimate the mutual information and suggest how a good estimate can be chosen. We validate the results of our proposed method with an exhaustive history-matching procedure. The methodology provides an approximate way to decide the data that should be collected to maximize the uncertainty reduction in a specified reservoir variable and to estimate the reduction in uncertainty that could be obtained. We expect this paper will stimulate significant research on the application of information theory and lead to practical methods and workflows for surveillance optimization.
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Ipatov, Andrey I., Mikhail I. Kremenetsky, Ilja S. Kaeshkov, Mikhail V. Kolesnikov, Alexander A. Rydel, Venjamin V. Milokumov, Renat M. Gilemzyanov, and Danila N. Guliaev. "Horizontal wellbore production profile evaluation by distributed fiber-optic temperature surveillance." PROneft’. Proffessional’no o nefti 6, no. 4 (December 24, 2021): 81–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.51890/2587-7399-2021-6-4-81-91.
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The main goal of the paper is demonstration of permanent downhole long-term monitoring capabilities for oil and gas production profile along horizontal wellbore in case of natural flow. The informational basis of the results obtained is the data of long-term temperature and acoustic monitoring in the borehole using a distributed fiber-optic sensor (DTS + DAS).
Materials and methods. At the same time, flowing bottom-hole pressure and surface rates were monitored at the well for rate transient analysis, as well as acoustic cross-well interference testing [1], based on the results of which “well-reservoir” system properties were evaluated, the cross-well reservoir properties of the were estimated, and the possibility of cross-well testing using downhole DTS-DAS equipment was justified.
The research results made it possible to assess reliability of DTS-DAS long-term monitoring analysis results in case of multiphase inflow and multiphase wellbore content. In particular, DTS-DAS results was strongly affected by the phase segregation in the near-wellbore zone of the formation.
Conclusions. In the process of study, the tasks of inflow profile for each fluid phase evaluation, as well as its changes during the well production, were solved. The reservoir intervals with dominantly gas production have been reliably revealed, and the distribution of production along the wellbore has been quantified for time periods at the start of production and after production stabilization.
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Clarkson, C. R. R., and R. M. M. Bustin. "Coalbed Methane: Current Field-Based Evaluation Methods." SPE Reservoir Evaluation & Engineering 14, no. 01 (February 7, 2011): 60–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/131791-pa.
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Summary Coalbed methane (CBM) produced from subsurface coal deposits has been produced commercially for more than 30 years in North America, and relatively recently in Australia, China, and India. Historical challenges to predicting CBM-well performance and long-term production have included accurate estimation of gas in place (including quantification of in-situ sorbed gas storage); estimation of initial fluid saturations (in saturated reservoirs) and mobile water in place; estimation of the degree of undersaturation (undersaturated coals produce mainly water above desorption pressure); estimation of initial absolute permeability (system); selection of appropriate relative permeability curves; estimation of absolute-permeability changes as a function of depletion; prediction of produced-gas composition changes as a function of depletion; accounting for multilayer behavior; and accurate prediction of cavity or hydraulic-fracture properties. These challenges have primarily been a result of the unique reservoir properties of CBM. Much progress has been made in the past decade to evaluate fundamental properties of coal reservoirs, but obtaining accurate estimates of some basic reservoir and geomechanical properties remains challenging. The purpose of the current work is to review the state of the art in field-based techniques for CBM reservoir-property and stimulation-efficiency evaluation. Advances in production and pressure-transient analysis, gas-content determination, and material-balance methods made in the past 2 decades will be summarized. The impact of these new methods on the evaluation of key reservoir properties, such as absolute/relative permeability and gas content/gas in place, as well as completion/stimulation properties will be discussed. Recommendations on key surveillance data to assist with field-based evaluation of CBM, along with insight into practical usage of these data, will be provided.
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Jabal, Arif Rahman, D. Mutiasari, H. Akbar, M. Arfah, M. Marhani, R. Rini, N. Sobak, A. J. Pisu, A. I. Toemon, and A. Ratnasari. "Type of cercaria in freshwater snails at Tunggu Pampang Reservoir, Makassar City, Indonesia." Russian Journal of Infection and Immunity 12, no. 4 (September 9, 2022): 765–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.15789/2220-7619-tci-1700.
Full textAbstract:
The Tunggu Pampang Reservoir is one of the reservoirs located in the city of Makassar. The functions of the reservoir area was tourist attractions and fish farming locations so that the local community uses them for swimming, fishing, selling, and gardening. The existence of various types of freshwater snails in the reservoir has the potential to act as intermediate hosts for trematodes in animals and humans. This study aimed to analyze the type of cercariae in freshwater snails. This research is a descriptive survey to determine the distribution of trematode larvae. The stages of this research began with the snails were collected from Tunggu Pampang Reservoir, Makassar City. Freshwater snails were collected at several points in the reservoir. Freswater snail collection using hand collecting method. The snails were put into a plastic bag with different types of snails and site of collection. The collected samples and cercariae were examined in the Tropical Disease Laboratory of the Study Program of DIII Medical Laboratory Technology, Megarezky University, South Sulawesi, Indonesia. Freshwater snails are placed on a petri dish and their shells were gently crushed with a stamper. Dropped with aquadest on the crushed snail shell. The next step was observed using a microscope to determine the presence of cercariae. Cercariae found then identified according to morphological classification as previously study. A total number of 500 freshwater snail were collected in Tunggu Pampang Reservoir. The results showed that overall snails infected with cercariae was 33,4%. The highest prevalence of cercariae in Indoplanorbis exustus was 94.3%. Total of Echinostoma cercariae found (n = 224) compared to furcocercous cercariae (n = 5). Cercariae of Echinostoma sp., Fasciola gigantica, Fasciolopsis buski living in Tungu Pampang Reservoir can cause diseases in humans and animals. Larval trematodes can be controlled in snails using reducing parasite contamination, monitoring surveillance, information dissemination, and preventive education.