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1
Woinarski, JCZ, G. Connors, and B. Oliver. "The Reservation Status of Plant Species and Vegetation Types in the Northern Territory." Australian Journal of Botany 44, no. 6 (1996): 673. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt9960673.
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The terrestrial conservation reserve system of the Northern Territory comprises 83 reserves covering 3.79% of the land area. This system includes representation of only 63 of the 112 vegetation types recognised in the Northern Territory at 1:1000000 scale. Of these, only 31 are represented to at least 5% of their extent. The reserve system has a strong geographic bias, with very poor representation of vegetation types occurring across a broad band in the mid-latitudes of the Northern Territory. Broad vegetation categories which are particularly poorly reserved include tussock grasslands, chenopod shrublands, Acacia woodland and hummock grasslands: by contrast, closed forests and floodplains have > 20% of their extent reserved. In some contrast to the poor reservation extent of vegetation types, 80% of the 3632 named native vascular plant species known from the Northern Territory have been recorded from reserves. The distribution of the 743 unreserved plants is mapped, and coincides reasonably well with the pattern of unreserved vegetation types. The high proportion of the flora which is reserved is due in part to judicious (or fortuitous) reserve placement-for example, one reserve, Kakadu, contains almost half of the plant species known from the Northern Territory. There are substantial taxonomic and ecological biases in the reported reservation rates for NT plants. Rainforest plants tend to be reasonably well reserved (80% of 585 species), but designated threatened plants are poorly reserved(44% of 553 species). Due to its largely intact environment, the Northern Territory offers an unusually good opportunity for the establishment of a comprehensive reserve network. However, most of the unreserved plants and vegetation types occur on either freehold Aboriginal lands or pastoral leaseholds, suggesting that substantial enhancement of the existing reserve network may not be simple.
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TSARYK, Lyubomyr, and Ihor KUZYK. "RUSSIAN-UKRAINIAN WAR: ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECT." SCIENTIFIC ISSUES OF TERNOPIL VOLODYMYR HNATIUK NATIONAL PEDAGOGICAL UNIVERSITY. SERIES: GEOGRAPHY 53, no. 2 (November 17, 2022): 100–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.25128/2519-4577.22.2.13.
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According to the results of the study of the nature protection aspect of the russian-Ukrainian war, it was established that since 2014, the russian federation illegally captured and destroyed about 500 objects of the nature reserve fund of Ukraine, with a total area of over 1.2 million hectares. Came under occupation 3 Biosphere Reserves, 14 Nature Reserves, 19 National Natural Parks, dozens Regional Landscape Parks, hundreds Reserves, Sights Nature, Reserve Tracts, Botanical gardens, Dendrological parks, Zoological parks and Parks-sights of garden and park art. Famous protected objects suffered from russian military aggression: Biosphere Reserve «Askania-Nova», Chornomorskyi Biosphere Reserve, National Natural Parks «Slobozhanskyi», «Gomilshan Lisy», «Svyati Hory», «Meotida», «Oleshkivsʹki Pisky», Nature Reserve «Khomutovsky Step». Practically all types of biodiversity in the protected areas have been destroyed, unique landscapes are disturbed, the scientific achievements of specialists of nature-reserved objects were liquidated or exported. Cases of mining of protected areas have been recorded, uncontrolled deforestation, destruction of rare species of flora and fauna, etc.
At the first stage of military aggression, in 2014, russia illegally occupied 100% of the natural reserve fund of the Crimean peninsula, 25.2% of the nature reserve fund of Donetsk region and 23.8% of the nature reserve fund of Luhansk region. In the second stage of aggression and full-scale war against Ukraine, from February 24, 2022, the russian federation completely seized all territories and objects of the nature reserve fund of Donetsk and Luhansk regions, as well as a significant part of valuable nature conservation of Kyiv, Sumy, Chernihiv, Kharkiv, Zaporizhzhia, and Kherson regions. As of September 1, 2022, a large part of the territory of Ukraine, including nature conservation areas, is freed from occupation. But it is still quite difficult to assess the damage caused to the national nature reserve fund. Therefore, the prospect of further scientific-practical research remains the assessment of damage caused to protected objects and territories in the east and south of Ukraine.
Key words: war, russian aggression, national natural parks, nature reserves, biosphere reserves, flora, fauna.
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Novalia, Lisa, Dade Jubaedah, and Arum Setiawan. "STATUS MUTU AIR DI KAWASAN KONSERVASI PERIKANAN (RESERVAT) LEBUNG KARANGAN OGAN ILIR SUMATERA SELATAN." Jurnal Akuakultur Rawa Indonesia 10, no. 2 (December 27, 2022): 126–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.36706/jari.v10i2.19171.
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Water conservation areas are also known as fisheries reserves or reserves. Lebung Karangan is a fishery reserve in Ogan Ilir, South Sumatra. Community activities, either directly or indirectly, will produce waste in the form of organic and inorganic waste. This study aims to analyze the water quality status, and to identify the types of pesticides in Lebung Karangan reserve. The study was conducted in the Lebung Karangan reserve, located in Sejaro Sakti Village, Indralaya, Ogan Ilir, South Sumatra, in November 2019. The sampling location was carried out at 4 (four) stations based on considerations of conditions at the research location. Analysis of water quality parameters was carried out in situ and ex situ. The data obtained from water quality measurements were calculated using the Pollution Index (IP) method to determine the status of water quality. The results showed that the water quality status of the Lebung Karangan reserve was in a moderately polluted to heavily pollute state, with an IP value of 10-13,54. The Lebung Karangan reserve was identified as containing organochlorine pesticides. The results of this study are expected to be used as a reference for the government in order to make policies in managing the Lebung Karangan reservae considering the condition of the waters being lightly polluted and the discovery of pesticide compounds. Key words : Lebung Karangan, organochlorine pesticides, reserve, quality status
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Tolkachenko, E. V. "DEFINITION OF THE «BIOSPHERE NATURE RESERVE» AND «BIOSPHERE RESERVE» CONCEPT ACCORDING TO THE LEGISLATION OF UKRAINE." Constitutional State, no. 45 (April 20, 2022): 41–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.18524/2411-2054.2022.45.254365.
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The article is currently important due to the fact that nowadays there is no concept of the biosphere reserve in the legislation of Ukraine. There is no differentiation of the concepts «biosphere nature reserve» and «biosphere reserve». Although due to the official data of the Ministry of the environmental and natural resources protection, there are 9 biosphere reserves on the territory of Ukraine. Five of them are biosphere nature reserve, among them Chernobyl biosphere nature reserve, which does not have a status of biosphere reserve. It is also interesting, that 4 biosphere reserves do not have a status of biosphere nature reserves in Ukraine. It should be noted, that there is some confusion about the procedure of their creation. The study found that there are biosphere nature reserves in Ukraine, which were created in accordance with the procedure described in the legislation, but also biosphere reserves declared in accordance with separate international agreements. At the same time, as mentioned above, the national legislation does not regulate the concept of a biosphere reserve. After analyzing the legislation, we can conclude that biosphere nature reserves and biosphere reserves can be created not only on the territory of national natural parks, nature reserves and other categories of the natural reserve fund, but also on lands of special conservation value. In order to monitor the impact of human anthropogenic activity on the environment, it is proposed to include adjacent territories in biosphere nature reserves and biosphere reserves. For this, zoning of territories is carried out and certain functions are performed, including the function of sustainable development. After conducting a study, it was found that now in the country there are simultaneously two concepts of «biosphere nature reserve» and «biosphere reserve», which are not coordinated with each other. This creates uncertainty and confusion in the national legislation. Moreover, it should be noted that the Decree of the President «On Biosphere Nature Reserves of Ukraine» is not true today and therefore it is advisable to make certain changes that reflect the true state of affairs.
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Alcala, Angel C., Garry R. Russ, Aileen P. Maypa, and Hilconida P. Calumpong. "A long-term, spatially replicated experimental test of the effect of marine reserves on local fish yields." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 62, no. 1 (January 1, 2005): 98–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f04-176.
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Do no-take marine reserves affect fishery yields? Manipulations of reserve status, and yield estimates, were made at two Philippine islands over two decades. Twenty-five percent and ten percent, respectively, of the coral reefs at Sumilon and Apo islands were made no-take reserves in 1974 and 1982. Biomass of target fish increased inside the no-take reserves 3- to 4.5-fold over 918 years. Biomass did not increase outside each reserve. Protection of the Sumilon reserve ceased in 1984. Biomass of targeted fish in the reserve and trap and gillnet catches of these fish declined by 42.7% and 40%, respectively, by 1985. The reserve was reprotected from 1987 to 1991 and from 1995 to 2001. Fish biomass increased in the reserve by 27.2%. Trap and gillnet catches outside the reserve increased 26.9% by 2001. The Apo reserve was protected from 1982 to 2001. Total catch of major fish families was significantly higher after (19852001) than before (1981) reserve establishment at Apo, increasing 41.3% between 1981 and 19982001. These experiments, plus spillover evidence, suggest that marine reserves may help maintain, or even enhance, local fishery yields in the long-term.
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Gerasimova, Larisa. "The formation of reserves of forthcoming expenses." Buhuchet v zdravoohranenii (Accounting in Healthcare), no. 8 (August 1, 2020): 11–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.33920/med-17-2008-01.
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The article discusses the reserves that the institution generates. The new standards on reserves are analyzed, for whom they are intended and what reserves are needed in what cases. It is shown that all reserves are divided into those that must be formed necessarily and those that are created when necessary. The General algorithm of actions for creating a reserve for vacation payment and checking reserves for the past year, as well as the situation when the vacation and the reserve did not coincide, is considered. Examples of calculations and accounting for vacation pay that the reserve does not fully cover and calculation of the reserve per employee are given. A new reserve for cost reduction is considered. It is created if the institution produces products intended for sale. It is shown that the reserve for claims and claims is formed if, as of the reporting date, the institution has already submitted claims or is involved in legal proceedings. The author analyzes the creation of a restructuring reserve, which is necessary if an institution restructures its activities or is liquidated. It is shown that the formation of a reserve for warranty repairs is carried out in cases where the institution has a production facility and the corresponding conditions in contracts with customers. A provision for unprofitable contractual obligations is formed if you cannot terminate the agreement unilaterally. The accounting of reserves is considered. Contingent liabilities and their differences from reserves are analyzed.
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Shubbar, Haidar Diphil, and Andrey Vladimirovich Girinsky. "Reserve assets as sources of replenishing resource base of banking sector and improving its stability." Vestnik of Astrakhan State Technical University. Series: Economics 2019, no. 4 (December 16, 2019): 130–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.24143/2073-5537-2019-4-130-136.
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The paper focuses on the importance of using reserve assets in order to increase the bank financial stability and the banking system as a whole. The essential requirements for reserving commercial banks have been presented. The methods of regulating the required reserves have been studied. The specific features of applying the required reserves in banking activities (reserve requirements and liquidity, monetary policy, reserve requirements as a monetary tool, reserve requirements as a fiscal tool) have been revealed. The schedule of averaging periods of required reserves for 2019 is being considered. The general principles which credit organizations are guided by when creating reserves are the following: obligatory availability of reserves for all credit organizations throughout their existence; forming reserves in relation to liabilities to legal entities and individuals; possibility of removing from the list obligations for which reserves have been created. It has been mentioned that the main objectives of the reserve requirement system are to provide banks with sufficient liquidity and to regulate the money supply. Particular attention is paid to the Central Bank as a reserve requirements regulator. In accordance with the changes of the Central Bank of July 1, 2019, the established standards on reserve requirements for deposits in national currency are set at 4%, in foreign currency at 14%. Manipulating the required reserve rate will provide the Central Bank with the opportunity to adjust the liquidity and solvency both of an individual bank and the entire banking system. The method of averaging required reserves includes the possibility for a commercial bank not to transfer reserves to the Central Bank based on a certain sum
of money. The averaging coefficient is set at 0.25 to the standard volume of required reserves
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HALPERN, BENJAMIN S., SARAH E. LESTER, and JULIE B. KELLNER. "Spillover from marine reserves and the replenishment of fished stocks." Environmental Conservation 36, no. 4 (December 2009): 268–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0376892910000032.
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SUMMARYNo-take marine reserves are widely recognized as an effective conservation tool for protecting marine resources. Despite considerable empirical evidence that abundance and biomass of fished species increase within marine reserve boundaries, the potential for reserves to provide fisheries and conservation benefits to adjacent waters remains heavily debated. This paper uses statistical and population models to evaluate published empirical data on adult spillover from marine reserves and shows that spillover is a common phenomenon for species that respond positively to reserve protection, but at relatively small scales, detectable on average up to 800 m from reserve boundaries. At these small scales, local fisheries around reserves were likely unsustainable in 12 of 14 cases without the reserve, and spillover partially or fully offsets losses in catch due to reserve closure in the other two cases. For reserves to play a role in sustaining and replenishing larger-scale fished stocks, networks of reserves may be necessary, but as few exist this is difficult to evaluate. The results suggest reserves can simultaneously meet conservation objectives and benefit local fisheries adjacent to their boundaries.
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Rajan, Ramkishen S., and Sasidaran Gopalan. "India's International Reserves: How Large and How Diversified?" Global Economy Journal 10, no. 3 (October 6, 2010): 1850202. http://dx.doi.org/10.2202/1524-5861.1623.
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Asymmetric foreign exchange intervention by the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) has resulted in a sustained accretion of India’s foreign exchange reserves. The reserve buildup in India has certainly been impressive, rising from around US$5-6 million in 1991, to nearly US$300 billion in mid 2008. In addition to addressing the issues of reserve adequacy, this paper examines the forms the reserves have taken (asset and currency composition), and the extent to which India’s reserve holdings are diversified. The issue of reserve adequacy was made apparent during the 1990s and early 2000 when rapid reserve depletion became a defining and determining feature of the series of currency crises that hit emerging economies. In order to assess the adequacy of India’s stock of international reserves, the paper considers a few standard measures used in literature and finds that India’s reserve stock is more than adequate, placing them in a much better position than many other emerging economies. The paper goes on to examine the asset and currency composition of such reserves. More than 50 percent of India’s reserve holdings have been in the form of foreign currencies and deposits as cash, followed by investments in foreign securities and gold deposits, in that order, reflecting a high degree of risk aversion by the RBI in the management of the reserves. While data on asset composition are available, the currency composition of reserves is a well-guarded secret. Hence the paper undertakes some simulation exercises to arrive at some reasonable guesstimates of such a composition. The paper also makes use of the Treasury International Capital Reporting System (TIC) data to track India’s investments in the U.S. securities, thereby assessing the weight of U.S. dollar assets in India’s reserve holdings.
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Gao, Hei, Yubing Weng, Yutian Lu, and Yan Du. "An Innovative Framework on Spatial Boundary Optimization of Multiple International Designated Land Use." Sustainability 14, no. 2 (January 6, 2022): 587. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14020587.
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The continuous improvement of international protection awareness has dramatically increased the number of protection organizations and promoted various reserve-naming methods. However, the existing global natural reserves have either fully or partially overlapped, thereby allowing the same region to hold various international titles, resulting in serious issues, which are especially manifested in the boundary delimitation process of natural reserves. Therefore, delimiting the titles of reserve borders will become an enormous challenge in protected-area governance worldwide. This study conducted an in-depth investigation of the technical methods for delineating the spatial boundaries of natural reserves. Taking Jiangshan Nature Reserve in China as the case object, the Candidate Area–Natural background–Heritage Resource–Construction (C-NHC) framework was constructed, and the boundaries of the new reserves were delineated. This study has changed the status quo of the spatial overlap of the reserve through the quantitative evaluation of the conflict patches and the triple optimization of the boundary of the reserve. The area of the new reserve is 150.524 km2, which is 6.682 km2 larger than the original one. The original reserves are all included within the scope of the new one. This study provides guidance and new insights into the boundary delineation of integrated nature reserves worldwide.
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Jiang, Zheng Ming, Qing Wan, and Jian Jun Miao. "Study on the Reserve of China’s Professional Relief Workers under Frequent Natural Disasters." Advanced Materials Research 433-440 (January 2012): 589–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.433-440.589.
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To ascertain the optimal reserve of the professional relief workers in China, the author defines and optimizes the reserve cycle of the professional relief workers in this paper. Based on the analysis of the optimal personnel reserve in a single cycle, the author gains the short-term and long-term security personnel reserves as well as the relevant optimal personnel reserves, and then analyzes and introduces the factors to influence the optimal reserve and the corresponding adjustment methods.
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Csercsik, Dávid, Ádám Sleisz, and Péter Márk Sőrés. "The Uncertain Bidder Pays Principle and Its Implementation in a Simple Integrated Portfolio-Bidding Energy-Reserve Market Model." Energies 12, no. 15 (August 1, 2019): 2957. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12152957.
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One reason for the allocation of reserves in electricity markets is the uncertainty of demand and supply. If the bias of the generation portfolio shifts from controllable generators to renewable sources with significantly higher uncertainty, it is natural to assume that more reserve has to be allocated. The price of reserve allocation in European models is dominantly paid by the independent system operator in the form of long-term paid reserve capacities and reserve demand bids submitted to various reserve markets. However, if we consider a scenario where the significant part of generation is allocated in day-ahead auctions, the power mix is not known in advance, so the required reserves can not be efficiently curtailed for the ratio of renewables. In the current paper we analyze an integrated European-type, portfolio-bidding energy-reserve market model, which aims to (at least partially) put the burden of reserve allocation costs to the uncertain energy bidders who are partially responsible for the amount of reserves needed. The proposed method in addition proposes a more dynamic and adaptive reserve curtailment method compared to the current practice, while it is formulated in a computationally efficient way.
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McGregor, Hugh, John Read, Christopher N. Johnson, Sarah Legge, Brydie Hill, and Katherine Moseby. "Edge effects created by fenced conservation reserves benefit an invasive mesopredator." Wildlife Research 47, no. 8 (2020): 677. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr19181.
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Abstract ContextFenced reserves from which invasive predators are removed are increasingly used as a conservation management tool, because they provide safe havens for susceptible threatened species, and create dense populations of native wildlife that could act as a source population for recolonising the surrounding landscape. However, the latter effect might also act as a food source, and promote high densities of invasive predators on the edges of such reserves. AimsOur study aimed to determine whether activity of the feral cat is greater around the edges of a fenced conservation reserve, Arid Recovery, in northern South Australia. This reserve has abundant native rodents that move through the fence into the surrounding landscape. MethodsWe investigated (1) whether feral cats were increasingly likely to be detected on track transects closer to the fence over time as populations of native rodents increased inside the reserve, (2) whether native rodents were more likely to be found in the stomachs of cats caught close to the reserve edge, and (3) whether individual cats selectively hunted on the reserve fence compared with two other similar fences, on the basis of GPS movement data. Key resultsWe found that (1) detection rates of feral cats on the edges of a fenced reserve increased through time as populations of native rodents increased inside the reserve, (2) native rodents were far more likely to be found in the stomach of cats collected at the reserve edge than in the stomachs of cats far from the reserve edge, and (3) GPS tracking of cat movements showed a selection for the reserve fence edge, but not for similar fences away from the reserve. ConclusionsInvasive predators such as feral cats are able to focus their movements and activity to where prey availability is greatest, including the edges of fenced conservation reserves. This limits the capacity of reserves to function as source areas from which animals can recolonise the surrounding landscape, and increases predation pressure on populations of other species living on the reserve edge. ImplicationsManagers of fenced conservation reserves should be aware that increased predator control may be critical for offsetting the elevated impacts of feral cats attracted to the reserve fence.
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Izotova, A. Yu. "Reserve funds of federal subjects: A comparative analysis of nature and practice in Russia and the U.S." Finance and Credit 26, no. 3 (March 30, 2020): 590–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.24891/fc.26.3.590.
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Subject. The article reviews four main types of budget reserves of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, the USA and Canada, i.e. reserve funds of constituent entities of the Russian Federation, reserve funds of supreme executive authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, Rainy Day Funds and Contingency Reserve Funds of the US and Canadian provinces. Objectives. In Russia, the greatest attention is paid to the budget reserve of the Federal budget, while the budget reserves at the level of subjects of the Federation are underexplored and require close scientific understanding, as they bear the greatest social burden. Methods. The fundamental research method is a comparative analysis of the theoretical representation of scientific articles, statutory documents of the subjects of the Federation and annual reports on reserve funds of the USA and Canada. Results. The results of the analysis of reserve funds of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, reserve funds of supreme executive authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, Rainy Day Funds and Contingency Reserve Funds of the USA and Canadian provinces are presented in the form of a matrix-characteristic of these four types of funds by eleven criteria. Conclusions. The performed theoretical and practical analysis of the four types of budget reserves is generalized in the form of directions for improving the Methodological Recommendations for subjects of the Russian Federation regarding the formation and use of regional funds of financial reserves of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation.
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Ballantyne, Brian, Steve Rogers, and Peter Sullivan. "A Fabrick of Moderate Bulk: Tenure Reform, Jurisdictional Bounds and Parcel Renewal on First Nations’ Lands." GEOMATICA 66, no. 3 (September 2012): 195–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.5623/cig2012-039.
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Land tenure reform on First Nations’ Reserves is linked with surveys. Entry by a First Nation into the existing First Nations Lands Management regime requires that the external boundary of each Reserve be described; 45% of 192 descriptions have required a survey. First Nations entering the conceptual First Nations Property Ownership regime will require such a description; in addition, parcel fabric within each Reserve will be measured and renewed. Fabric quality is assessed with a Parcel Fabric Index (PFI) equation that compares improvements on the ground to formal parcels. The PFI allows comparison across Reserves and with off-Reserve communities. The median PFI of 0.72 calculated for a sample of 118 Reserves was lower than for non-Reserve communities; PFI for each Reserve correlates negatively with remoteness and positively with community well-being. Pilots at five Reserves reveals that parcel fabric renewal is primarily a social—not a measuring—exercise; that low costs per parcel can be achieved owing to economies of scale; and that long time-frames are necessarily a function of community structure, consultation and acceptance.
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Gerber, Leah R., Selina S. Heppell, Ford Ballantyne, and Enric Sala. "The role of dispersal and demography in determining the efficacy of marine reserves." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 62, no. 4 (April 1, 2005): 863–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f05-046.
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Marine reserves are rapidly becoming an important tool for protection and recovery of depleted marine populations. However, the relative value of reserves to particular species is strongly dependent on its life history and behavior. We present a general conceptual framework for considering dispersal in simple demographic models. This framework includes transition matrices that consist of two age-structured models connected by transition probabilities for general migration, ontogenetic shifts, and recruitment in both a reserve and an unprotected area. We show that life history characteristics and perturbation analysis can be used to predict changes in growth rate due to a decrease in adult mortality resulting from a marine reserve for different levels and types of dispersal. Reserves enhanced growth rate for all species irrespective of net dispersal between the reserve and surrounding matrix habitat, but the efficacy of reserves relative to catch reduction depended significantly on the magnitude and sign of net dispersal across the reserve boundary. Patterns of reserve efficacy across different dispersal types were strongly species specific. Given the paucity of spatially explicit data for many marine systems and species, this simple approach represents a first step in applying life history information to advance current theory and provide practical considerations for marine reserve management.
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Icton, Mike, and Devan Mescall. "Policy Forum: Establishing an Urban Reserve—Property Tax Challenges and Opportunities." Canadian Tax Journal/Revue fiscale canadienne 69, no. 3 (November 2021): 835–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.32721/ctj.2021.69.3.pf.icton.
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Urban reserves offer a unique economic development tool for First Nation governments by providing access to markets and infrastructure unavailable on most reserve lands in Canada. Asimakiniseekan Askiy is Canada's first urban reserve established on land previously owned by a city. The urban reserve was established in Saskatoon by the Muskeg Lake Cree Nation in 1988. Asimakiniseekan Askiy provides an example of the economic potential of urban reserves for First Nations and their members, as well as municipal governments and their citizens. The urban reserve is currently home to 60 First Nation and non-First Nation businesses and their 700 employees. In 2020, the urban reserve contributed $465,662 to the city of Saskatoon in service fee payments. However, before this economic potential could be realized, property taxation presented a sizable barrier in the path of taking Asimakiniseekan Askiy from an innovative idea to a successful reality. Establishing an urban reserve has significant property tax implications, since the process requires the transfer of property from the taxing authority of a municipal jurisdiction to the tax jurisdiction of a First Nation government. Agreements providing for the transfer of tax authority also include negotiations relating to the continued provision of services to the urban reserve by the municipality. This article first provides a summary of the statutory environment surrounding the formation and taxation of an urban reserve. A case study of the establishment and 33 years of operation of Asimakiniseekan Askiy is then provided, to illustrate the property tax implications and municipal service agreement process necessary for Canadian communities to achieve the economic benefits of urban reserves. The authors identify property tax challenges inherent in the establishment of an urban reserve and offer recommendations to improve access to urban reserves as an innovative economic development tool.
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Ren, Zhong Bao, Tian Ke Liu, and Ying Gui Cao. "The Regulation Mechanism Study on Mineral Resource Reserves." Advanced Materials Research 868 (December 2013): 224–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.868.224.
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Deposit reserves have a role in regulating the development and utilization of mineral resources. Its core is to secure the supply of mineral resources by selecting the right sequence and optimizing the layout of mineral resources E&D. this paper devised a measuring model for the deposit reserves . Following the principle of store up in bumper years to be in ready for hard ones, and considering the particularities of deposit reserves. we concluded that: For the advantage of mineral resources, regulating reserve can realize resource advantage to economic advantage, therefore the reserve object should focus on mining right reserves. Finally, we incorporated three recommendations for the nations effort in deposit reserves: make special plans for deposit reserves, establish an organizing and leading body for deposit reserves and structure a mineral reserve system.
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Pender, Brendan, Graham Currie, Nirajan Shiwakoti, and Alexa Delbosc. "Economic Viability of Bus Bridging Reserves for Fast Response to Unplanned Passenger Rail Disruption." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2537, no. 1 (January 2015): 13–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/2537-02.
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A new approach explores the economic viability of dedicated bus reserves purely for bus bridging purposes. The approach estimates feet costs and user benefits of reduced delay by improving the response to unplanned rail disruption. The feasibility of dedicated bus reserves has not been considered in previous research. Sourcing buses for bus bridging purposes is problematic during weekday peak periods, which coincide with the highest demand for rail travel. At all other times spare buses are available. Consequently, a dedicated bus reserve would exist mainly to provide bus bridging in the peak. Results suggest that a dedicated bus bridging reserve can be economically viable. Of 18 corridors studied, a dedicated reserve was feasible for 78%. Economically viable corridors have a benefit–cost ratio ranging between 1.5 and 9.7 (average, 4.5). Reserves were not feasible where existing rail demand, disruption likelihood, or both were low. Sensitivity tests explored viability with more conservative assumptions. In each test, the dedicated bus reserve in most corridors remained economically viable. The research suggests that a dedicated bus reserve should be considered by rail operators worldwide because of strong net economic benefits. However, reserves are a net cost (with no income), so investment must be based on economic, not financial, benefits. This aspect suggests that government authorities, rather than commercial operators, may find a dedicated reserve more feasible. This approach illustrates where reserves might best be allocated to maximize investment returns.
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Kaplan, David M., and Louis W. Botsford. "Effects of variability in spacing of coastal marine reserves on fisheries yield and sustainability." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 62, no. 4 (April 1, 2005): 905–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f04-243.
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The size and configuration of marine reserves best suited to reaching fisheries and conservation goals are poorly understood. It has been suggested that variable spacing between reserves is essential to the success of a system of marine reserves. We used numerical models to examine the effect of variable spacing on the efficacy of marine reserves for managing a fish species with sedentary adults and planktonic larvae. Variability in reserve spacing affected catch and recruitment relative to values for a uniform configuration of reserves only for populations near collapse even in the presence of a system of reserves. For species with low fishing rates or large marine reserves, variability in spacing had only a minor effect. At high fishing rates and small reserve sizes, variable reserve placement had a positive local effect on catch and recruitment when several reserves fell close to each other. These configurations led to uneven spatial distributions with greater catch and recruitment in areas with a higher concentration of reserves. Variable reserve spacing can offer additional protection to overfished populations along certain sections of the coastline, but concern for spatial homogeneity will argue for a uniform distribution of reserves covering an adequate proportion of the entire coastline.
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KAY, MATTHEW C., and JONO R. WILSON. "Spatially explicit mortality of California spiny lobster (Panulirus interruptus) across a marine reserve network." Environmental Conservation 39, no. 3 (March 2, 2012): 215–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0376892911000695.
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SUMMARYStudies of marine reserves typically focus upon differences in the size and abundance of target organisms inside versus outside reserve borders, but they seldom provide spatially explicit measurements of how reserves influence mortality rates. This study investigated mortality rates for female California spiny lobster (Panulirus interruptus) at multiple sites inside and outside of three marine reserves at the Santa Barbara Channel Islands, California, USA. Mean total mortality (Z) of female lobsters was lower at sites inside reserves (Z = 0.22 [± 0.05 SE]) than at sites outside reserves (Z = 0.59 [± 0.02 SE]). Mean mortality at all sites inside reserves, and among sites near reserve centres (where Z = 0.17 [± 0.05 SE]), was similar to estimates of natural mortality for other temperate spiny lobster species. Among sites inside reserves, there was a positive relationship between mortality and proximity to reserve borders, but this relationship was absent among sites outside reserves. Mortality estimates were much more variable among sites inside reserves than at sites in fished areas. This variation is probably due to differential emigration rates from the three reserves, as well as site-specific ecological factors that influence population structure, demonstrating the importance of spatially explicit reserve sampling and understanding how ecological heterogeneity influences fisheries models.
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Vinokurov, E. Y., and M. V. Grichik. "New concept of international reserve assets: Security, diversification and nonconventional approaches." Voprosy Ekonomiki, no. 12 (December 2, 2022): 24–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.32609/0042-8736-2022-12-24-43.
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The freezing of Russia’s international reserve assets, the world’s seventh largest, despite not being the first case of its kind, will have systemic impact on the way countries around the world treat their reserves. Financial sanctions have undermined confidence in traditional reserve currencies. A systemic and complete revision of the conceptual approaches to managing international reserve assets is due. The current framework of the international financial system does not offer any off-the-shelf solutions to enable safeguarding the integrity of reserves and maintaining macroeconomic stability. The paper proposes potential new approaches to the safety of reserve assets. It could be implemented through the diversification of instruments and operators. The paper examines several possible solutions that might complement/replace reserves in traditional reserve currencies, ranging from compromise solutions to unconventional ones: (1) expanding the use of existing tools which carry less risk, (2) introducing new instruments, and (3) changing the paradigm. The authors conclude that the resulting system will be more volatile, decentralized, complicated and expensive to manage. However, this is the price many countries would be willing to pay for the security of their reserves.
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Zhang, Jiahao. "Analysis on the Impact of the Foreign Exchange Reserves of China on Its Macro Economy." E3S Web of Conferences 233 (2021): 01159. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202123301159.
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China has the largest foreign exchange reserve in the world, but the high foreign exchange reserve is a double-edged sword for the country. There are two kinds of analysis for this. First, China's foreign exchange reserves have far exceeded the reasonable scale, which will cause China to pay extremely high management costs. Second, China's foreign exchange reserves are considerable, but this is the objective demand of the economy. Sufficient foreign exchange reserves can make China occupy a favorable position in international development. Based on the data on China's foreign exchange reserve, foreign debt scale and GDP from 1985 to 2019, this paper analyzes the positive and negative effects of high foreign exchange reserve on China's economic development. By analyzing the current situation of China's foreign exchange, the author gives some policy suggestions: (1) appropriately reduce foreign exchange reserves; (2) promote the reform of the exchange rate system; (3) reform the foreign exchange system
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Biesiadka, Eugeniusz, Witold Kowalik, and Radosław Ścibor. "Water mites (Acari, Hydrachnidia) in three forest and landscape reserves in Roztocze." Annales Universitatis Mariae Curie-Sklodowska, sectio C – Biologia 70, no. 1 (September 7, 2015): 29. http://dx.doi.org/10.17951/c.2015.70.1.29.
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The materials of water mites collected in 1973–1974 in aquatic environments of three nature reserves in Roztocze were characterized. The collections comprised 995 Hydrachnidia belonging to 49 species. Twenty-eight species were collected in the Nad Tanwią Reserve, 30 species – in the Czartowe Pole Reserve, and 24 species – in the Szum Reserve. The analyzed reserves cover short river sections, therefore, the evaluated fauna can be regarded as relatively rich. The fauna of the examined reserves included widely distributed species as well as species typical of montane and submontane areas. In the analyzed reserves, the water mite fauna was dominated by rheobionts and rheophiles, and it was characteristic of upland rivers in the Lublin Region. One species new to Poland was identified: Atractides albaruthenicus Cich. et Bies. A comparison of the water mite fauna from the Nad Tanwią Reserve with the materials collected in 2001–2002 points to a significant reduction in the number of water mite species and considerable changes in the structure of synecological groups.
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Takashina, Nao. "On the spillover effect and optimal size of marine reserves for sustainable fishing yields." PeerJ 8 (August 25, 2020): e9798. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.9798.
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Marine reserves are an essential component of modern fishery management. Marine reserves, which represent a management tradeoff between harvesting and conservation, are fundamental to maintenance of fisheries. Finding optimal reserve sizes that improve fishing yields is not only of theoretical interest, but also of practical importance to facilitate decision making. Also, since the migratory behavior of some species influences the spillover effect of a marine reserve, this is a key consideration when assessing performance of marine reserves. The relationship between optimal reserve size and migration rate/mode has not been well studied, but it is fundamental to management success. Here, I investigate optimal reserve size and its management outcome with different levels of spillover via a simple two-patch mathematical model. In this model, one patch is open to fishing, and the other is closed. The two-patch model is aggregated by single-population dynamics when the migration rate is sufficiently larger than the growth rate of a target species. At this limit, I show that an optimal reserve size exists when pre-reserve fishing occurs at fishing mortality larger than fMSY, the fishing mortality at the maximum sustainable yield (MSY). Also, the fishing yield at an optimal reserve size becomes as large as MSY at the limit. Numerical simulations at various migration rates between the two patches suggest that the maximum harvest under management with a marine reserve is achieved at this limit. This contrasts with the conservation benefit which is maximized at an intermediate migration rate. Numerical simulations show that the above-mentioned condition for an optimal reserve size to exist derived from the aggregated model is necessary when the migration rate is not sufficiently large, and that a moderate migration rate is further necessary for an optimal reserve size to exist. However, high fishing mortality reduces this requirement.
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Zheng, Zhi Rong, Shi Hai Lv, Jun Jing Gao, and Chao Yang Feng. "Assessment of Nature Reserve Management Effectiveness - A Case Study of Huihe Nature Reserve." Advanced Materials Research 726-731 (August 2013): 1093–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.726-731.1093.
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To protect natural resources and biodiversity, nature reserves have been established worldwide. However, the inadequate management is becoming a widespread problem in the development of nature reserves. Therefore, assessing management effectiveness of nature reserve is not only one of the important means to improve and promote the sustainable management level of nature reserve, but also a hotspot in recent research of biodiversity conservation. But until now, there isnt a quantitative assessment approach accepted widely. According to literature survey and the Delphi method, this study set up an index system, including (A) management behavior, (B) protective effect and (C) social influence. Based on this, Huhe nature reserve was selected to verify the applicability of this index system. The results showed that various problems and prioritization of nature reserve management could be identified effectively using this index system, which offers policy makers a tool for a rapid assessment of management effectiveness. In addition, this study will provide a theoretical basis and practical guidance for nature reserve management in China.
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Ishaka, Audu Jimoh, and Joseph Adavani Adam. "MODELING THE IMPACT OF EXTERNAL RESERVES ON ECONOMIC GROWTH IN NIGERIA: AN APPLICATION OF AUTOREGRESSIVE DISTRIBUTED LAG." Business and Economics in Developing Countries 1, no. 1 (April 18, 2023): 34–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.26480/bedc.01.2023.34.39.
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The article investigates the effect of foreign exchange reserves on Nigerian economic growth from 1970 and 2022. The methodology used to confirm the presence of a correlation between Nigeria’s external reserves and economic growth was the Autoregressive Distributed Lag Model Bounds Test and Error Correction Model. It was revealed that an increase in the gross domestic product was positively and significantly correlated with external reserve. The findings suggest that, over the long term, Nigeria’s external reserve, currency rate, export, import, and money supply all have a significant and beneficial impact on the country’s gross domestic product growth. However, during the study period, import, money supply, and export had more positive effects on GDP growth than external reserve and exchange rate. At a 5% level, the coefficients are statistically significant. These findings have a key consequence that external reserves are crucial for economic growth in Nigeria since they have a positive and significant link with both short- and long-term GDP growth. Given that these macroeconomic indicator variables have a large impact on GDP development, the government and other relevant organizations should develop policies that would help Nigeria increase its external reserve and achieve a stable and favorable exchange rate. Government, however, ought to concentrate on maximizing reserve building. As a result, optimal reserve is recommended in relation to the shocks the economy will experience and the debt’s existing value. The accumulation of reserves makes it necessary to pay for the importation of goods and services, infrastructural needs, agricultural needs, servicing of the country’s external debt, and financing domestic fiscal expenditure. As a result, optimal reserves will balance both economic growth and external reserves.
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Cohen, B. "Multiple Use and Nature Conservation in South Australia's Arid Zone." Rangeland Journal 14, no. 2 (1992): 205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rj9920205.
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Public interest in the arid zone has led to a huge expansion of South Australia's arid conservation reserve system since the early 1980s. As the arid reserve system expanded, there was accommodation of other land users under existing legislation. Other uses are tourism and recreation, exploration and mining, Aboriginal land uses and grazing. Expansion of the reserve system into the State's rangelands and into the oil and gas rich Cooper Basin led to the designation of a new reserve category, known as the Regional Reserve, which explicitly affords resource exploitation a place alongside conservation. The multiple use concept has allowed some key areas to be brought into South Australia's reserve system with relative ease. Innamincka was the first Regional Reserve and, to date, is the most complex of the multiple use reserves; tourism, petroleum exploration and production, and grazing take place in it. The multiple use concept assumes that more than one use can be managed in space and time without significant detriment to conservation values. It implies an acceptance of human-induced changes to natural systems, but does not resolve concerns about the acceptable limits to change. The question of who bears the cost of management and monitoring of multiple use reserves remains unresolved. There is an opportunity for conservation objectives to play a more central role in the management of arid lands which fall outside the reserve system. Careful, conservative management regimes in multiple use reserves will greatly increase the chances of a favourable outcome for nature conservation.
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Pustovalov, V. "Comparative characteristic of the ways of development of the Kaniv natural reserve and “Khortytsia” national reserve." Culture of Ukraine, no. 74 (December 20, 2021): 7–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.31516/2410-5325.074.01.
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The purpose of the article is to assess the degree of development of the Kaniv reserve from the point of view of the modern concept of development of the reserve management.
The methodology. In the research we used a historical approach, a systematic approach, a comparative method was used as a main one. It is the comparative method that makes it possible to assess the state of reserves and their development prospects, to determine their strengths and weaknesses.
The results. On the example of the Kaniv natural reserve, there are significant gaps in the systemic development of the organization of the work of the reserve. Kaniv reserve was founded on July 30, 1923, and Khortytsia national reserve — much later, in 1965. Both reserves are characterized by the presence of a significant number of both natural and historical and cultural sites. However, the history of the creation of the two institutions was different. If the initial stage of their existence in both cases was characterized by the complexity of nature conservation and works on the protection of monuments, then in further history one can find differences in attitudes towards historical and cultural monuments and their research.
The scientific novelty of the article lies in the identification of shortcomings and omissions in the vector of development of nature reserves in Ukraine, in particular, Kaniv natural reserve.
The Khortytsia national reserve retains its complexity and constantly improves the forms of study and popularization of historical and cultural monuments and their museums. Unfortunately, there is no museum in the Kaniv reserve and in general archaeological monuments are not used in the excursion work of the reserve. This article studies this problem and suggests the ways to resolve it.
The practical significance of the article is to determine the possibilities of intensifying and improving the work of the reserve, in particular, increasing the level of tourism potential.
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Boyer, M. Martin, Elijah Brewer, and Willie Reddic. "The Association between Complexity and Managerial Discretion in the Property and Casualty Insurance Industry." Quarterly Journal of Finance 09, no. 03 (July 2019): 1950008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2010139219500083.
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This paper investigates whether the setting of loss reserves depends on an insurer’s complexity, which is defined by the number of business lines an insurer underwrites and on the insurer’s expertise in those lines. Our results suggest that insurers with higher levels of complexity tend to over-reserve. We also find that, as complexity increases, insurers that are financially weak and smooth their earnings, tend to under-reserve (i.e., bias their loss reserves upward). Further, we find that as complexity increases, insurers with high tax liabilities tend to bias their loss reserves downward (i.e., over-reserve), suggesting that tax strategies are important issues for insurers. An insurer’s degree of complexity is particularly salient when determining the extent to which loss reserves can be aggressively set.
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Apostolaki, P., E. J. Milner-Gulland, M. K. McAllister, and G. P. Kirkwood. "Modelling the effects of establishing a marine reserve for mobile fish species." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 59, no. 3 (March 1, 2002): 405–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f02-018.
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We present a model of the effects of a marine reserve on spawning stock biomass (SSB) and short- and long-term yield for a size-structured species that exhibits seasonal movements. The model considers the effects of protecting nursery and (or) spawning grounds under a range of fishing mortalities and fish mobility rates. We consider two extremes of effort redistribution following reserve establishment and analyze the effects of a reserve when the fishery targets either mature or immature fish. We apply the model to the Mediterranean hake (Merluccius merluccius) and show that a marine reserve could be highly beneficial for this species. We demonstrate benefits from reserves not just for overexploited stocks of low-mobility species, but also (to a lesser extent) for underexploited stocks and high-mobility species. Greatly increased resilience to overfishing is also found in the majority of cases. We show that a reserve provides benefits additional to those obtained from simple effort control. Benefits from reserves depend to a major extent on the amount of effort redistribution following reserve establishment and on fishing selectivity; hence, these factors should be key components of any evaluation of reserve effectiveness.
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Guo, Pu, Qi Lu, and Shuai Li. "Productivity and Species Diversity of Plant Communities Are Higher inside than outside the West Ordos National Nature Reserve, Northern China." Plants 13, no. 5 (February 27, 2024): 660. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants13050660.
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Nature reserves play an important role in the protection of biological habitats and the maintenance of biodiversity, but the performance and mechanisms of desert steppe nature reserves in improving plant community productivity, biodiversity and soil nutrient content are still largely unknown. To investigate the conservation effects of desert steppe nature reserve management on plant productivity and biodiversity, we compared the plant biomass, diversity and soil nutrient content inside and outside the West Ordos National Nature Reserve through sample survey, biomass determination, diversity index calculation and soil nutrient content determination. We found the following: (1) The aboveground biomass and belowground biomass of plant communities in the nature reserve were significantly larger than those outside the reserve; and the aboveground biomass of plant communities in shrub–steppe was significantly larger than that of herb grassland in both the nature reserve and the outside of the reserve. (2) The Margalef richness index, Shannon–Wiener index and Simpson index were significantly greater in the reserve than outside the nature reserve. In the desert steppe, the establishment of the nature reserve increased the α-diversity of the plant community. (3) The soil organic carbon (SOC) and soil total nitrogen (STN) were greater in the nature reserve than outside the reserve, and for the 10–20 cm and 20–40 cm soil layers, the SOC and STN were significantly greater in the core protected zone of the reserve than outside the reserve. The reserve significantly increased the nutrient content of the deeper soil layers. (4) The aboveground biomass of the plant community had a significant positive linear relationship with the species richness index, the Shannon index, and the Simpson index. There was a positive correlation between the diversity of the plant community and the soil nutrients. In summary, the nature reserve improved local plant productivity, biodiversity and the soil nutrient content, and the soil nutrient content in deeper soil layers may be the driving factor for the increase in productivity and biodiversity, which deepens our understanding of the conservation effectiveness of the nature reserve and its mechanisms.
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Маiorova, О. Yu, N. M. Yurkevych, and M. Z. Prokopiak. "ПРИРОДНО-ЗАПОВІДНИЙ ФОНД ТЕРНОПІЛЬСЬКОЇ ОБЛАСТІ: СТАН, ПРОБЛЕМИ ТА ШЛЯХИ ЇХ ВИРІШЕННЯ." Scientific Issue Ternopil Volodymyr Hnatiuk National Pedagogical University. Series: Biology 79, no. 1-2 (June 6, 2020): 73–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.25128/2078-2357.20.1-2.10.
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The development of the nature reserve fund of Ternopil region over the last 30 years has been analyzed and the current situation has been assessed. A significant increase in the number (by 236 units) of protected areas and an insignificant increase of area of the nature reserve fund (by 21.34 kha) have been showed. There are 643 objects in the nature reserve fund of Ternopil region (January 1, 2020). The nature reserve fund of this region includes all categories of protected areas except for biosphere reserves. The nature reserve fund of Ternopil region is able to ensure rational and effective reproduction and preservation of landscapes, unique natural objects, valuable and rare species of flora and fauna. The problems in the formation of the nature reserve fund of this region have been identified. There are such problems as low percentages of nature reserves and strict nature reserves; high insularization index, low degree of landscape representativeness; unregulated and unauthorized anthropogenic activities. The measures of effective functioning of the protected areas network has been suggested. The action points include such measures as an increase of the area of the nature reserve fund of Ternopil region to the average level in Europe (15 %); increasing the area of ecologically unstable areas to 50 ha; creating the conditions necessary for the preservation, restoration and balanced use of protected areas; reducing the anthropogenic load on protected objects; raising public awareness of tourist and educational services provided by protected areas.
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Chovniuk, Yurii, Aleksey Priymachenko, Luydmula Zolotar, Olena Mischenko, and Oleksandra Cherednichenko. "MODELING IN INVENTORY MANAGEMENT PROBLEMS UNDER UNCERTAINTY AND TAKING INTO ACCOUNT (INFLATION) RISKS." Spatial development, no. 7 (February 23, 2024): 506–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.32347/2786-7269.2024.7.506-531.
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A model that can be used in the problems of inventory management under uncertainty and taking into account various types of risks, in particular, inflation risks, is presented and substantiated. The strategy of stock management under uncertain (stochastic) demand usually requires the creation of a certain reserve of a predetermined volume, and then the next deliveries of stocks are made. If at a certain point in time the total stock is reduced to the size of the reserve, then an urgent order for delivery of a new batch is made. If the fulfillment of the request requires a certain time (this process is not instantaneous!), then the request for its replenishment is submitted when the stock decreases to a level exceeding the predetermined amount of the reserve. The study provides one of the simplest ways to solve the reserve problem, namely, applying the principle of guaranteed result, i.e. electing a large enough reserve that guarantees minimum risk, namely, compensation of any random deviations, which requires large costs for their storage and the like. This also leads to the so-called opportunity risk as large reserves are associated with the diversion of significant funds. In this connection, additional hypotheses are introduced in the paper, and the concept of acceptable risk - the probability that the need for reserves will not exceed the available reserve - is used as the basis for calculating the required reserve. The concept of risk coefficient is introduced, which expresses the probability that the need for reserves will be unsatisfactory due to the insufficiency of the reserve and will exceed its volume. The value of the risk coefficient can be equal to 5% or 1%. The paper uses a modified formula for calculating the nominal rate of interest with inflation interest rate risk, which includes the following components: 1) real safe rate of interest; 2) inflation premium; 3) inflation risk premium; 4) investment project risk premium (reserve creation is a kind of investment); 5) synergistic premium for investment project and inflation risk; 6) synergistic premium for investment project and inflation risk; 7) liquidity premium (in fact, it is an assessment of liquidity risk). In the study the volumes of raw materials (components) reserve are determined, which leads to the reduction of risk degree; within the framework of M. Miller and D. Orr's model the volumes of cash reserves are determined, where inflation risks are taken into account in the value of missed opportunities (which is related to the content of cash reserves balance); in the task of reserves management under uncertainty and the risk caused by it, the total costs of maintaining the reserve per unit of time are minimized and the value of the optimal reserve together with the reserve is determined (within the framework of the modified model of V. Miller and D. Orr). The paper provides a rather simple method of accounting for possible risks arising in the creation of stocks (raw materials, cash, etc.), solved the problem of selecting a specific rational value of the risk coefficient (based on expert procedures and utility theory), which allows to reflect and take into account the attitude of decision-making subjects to risk.
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Rodwell, Lynda D., Edward B. Barbier, Callum M. Roberts, and Tim R. McClanahan. "The importance of habitat quality for marine reserve fishery linkages." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 60, no. 2 (February 1, 2003): 171–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f03-009.
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We model marine reserve fishery linkages to evaluate the potential contribution of habitat-quality improvements inside a marine reserve to fish productivity and fishery catches. Data from Mombasa Marine National Park, Kenya, and the adjacent fishery are used. Marine reserves increase total fish biomass directly by providing refuge from exploitation and indirectly by improving fish habitat in the reserve. As natural mortality of the fish stock decreases in response to habitat enhancement in the reserve, catches increase by up to 2.6 tonnes (t)·km2·year1 and total fish biomass by up to 36 t·km2. However, if habitat-quality improvement reduces the propensity of fish to move out of the reserve, catches may fall by up to 0.9 t·km2·year1. Our results indicate that habitat protection in reserves can underpin fish productivity and, depending on its effects on fish movements, augment catches.
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Hasriati, Hasriati. "Dwiguna Life Insurance Zilmer Reserves With The Cox-Ingersoll-Ross (CIR) Interest Rate." Komputasi: Jurnal Ilmiah Ilmu Komputer dan Matematika 20, no. 1 (December 2, 2022): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.33751/komputasi.v1i1.6229.
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This article discusses Zilmer's reserve of dual purpose life insurance. Zillmer reserve is one type of modified premium reserve that is calculated using prospective reserves and Zillmer level of , which is the difference from gross premium and net premium in the 1st policy year is greater than standard loading, so it is necessary to find a way for the loading to be smaller than standard loading. Furthermore, in determining Zilmer's reserves using cox-ingersoll-ross interest rate (CIR) which will be expressed in the form of discount vaktor by estimating two parameters through variance.
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SANZHEEV, Erdeni, Nima RADNAEV, Tatyana TSYRENDORZHIEVA, and Sendema SHIRAPOVA. "Prospects of ecological tourism development in Northern Asia protected natural areas. The case of Dzherginsky Reserve (Republic of Buryatia)." Sustainable Development of Mountain Territories 14, no. 4 (December 30, 2022): 521–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.21177/1998-4502-2022-14-4-521-528.
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The purpose of the study is to explore the current state of tourism development in natural protected areas Republic of Buryatia using the case of Dzherginsky Reserve and to identify favorable and negative factors influencing the development of tourism, to determine the main directions for the development of ecological tourism on its territory. Research methods. The main research method was the comparative geographical method. This method helped reveal the features of the development of tourism in Dzherginsky Reserve in comparison with Baikalsky and Barguzinsky Reserves. The statistical method using the dynamics of visitors in the reserves the Republic of Buryatia was determined. In article shown the number of visitors in Dzherginsky reserve is less than in other reserves. The main prerequisites analyzed for the development of tourism in the reserve and factors identified hindering its development. The cartographic method applied in the analysis of the economic-geographical and transport-geographical position of the reserve. On the method of analogies based, identified and substantiated promising directions for the development of ecological tourism in Dzherginsky Reserve. Research results. In the course of the work carried out, that the main factors revealed hindering the development of tourism in Dzherginsky Reserve are the transport inaccessibility of the territory, the lack of access roads with a hard surface, and the environmental and educational nature of the activity. The analysis showed that since 2008 observed the positive dynamics of the number of reserve visitors. Due to the coronavirus pandemic, there has been a decrease in the number of tourists, which is a temporary phenomenon. The reserve has developed five ecological tours designed for tourists with physical training. The reserve has an ethnotourist complex to accommodate tourists. Conclusions. The development of ecological tourism is a promising area of activity for Dzherginsky reserve, for which there are all prerequisites. However, in order for ecological tourism to be profitable, cooperation with government agencies, representatives of the tourist industry and the local population is necessary. In this regard, it is important to use the existing experience of Baikalsky reserve in training the local population and attracting tourists to serve. At the present stage, it is necessary to develop program documents in which it is necessary to provide for measures to mitigate adverse factors.
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Yap, Joseph Marmol. "Introduction of e-reserves at the De La Salle University – Manila libraries." Library Management 36, no. 4/5 (June 8, 2015): 270–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/lm-08-2014-0092.
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Purpose – In introducing e-reserves as an added service of the De La Salle University (DLSU) libraries, the purpose of this paper is to identify the best practices of handling e-reserves and its legal implications as one of the factors that might affect the introduction, development and implementation of such service. Design/methodology/approach – Four universities were considered based from the 2013 Quacquarelli Symonds (QS) university rankings in Asia. Only one academic library was maintaining an e-reserve system. It was consulted to know more about their e-reserve practices. Findings – The paper recommends to prepare the relevant e-reserve guidelines before it fully operates. Moreover, the Libraries should also collaborate with the office handling learning management systems so as to decide on how to manage the e-reserves. A needs assessment survey for faculty members is also being prepared so as to solicit responses from the teaching faculty if e-reserves is possible for DLSU to be established. Originality/value – The paper attempts to document the existing e-reserve system in Philippine academic libraries.
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Elsayed, Mahmoud, and Amr Soliman. "Prediction of Technical Reserves Based on Grey Model — GM(1,1): Evidence from Non-life Egyptian Insurance Market." Journal of Business and Economics 10, no. 9 (September 22, 2019): 852–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.15341/jbe(2155-7950)/09.10.2019/006.
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Grey system theory is a mathematical technique used to predict data with known and unknown characteristics. The aim of our research is to forecast the future amount of technical reserves (outstanding claims reserve, loss ratio fluctuations reserve and unearned premiums reserve) up to 2029/2030. This study applies the Grey Model GM(1,1) using data obtained from the Egyptian Financial Supervisory Authority (EFSA) over the period from 2005/2006 to 2015/2016 for non-life Egyptian insurance market. We found that the predicted amounts of outstanding claims reserve and loss ratio fluctuations reserve are highly significant than the unearned premiums reserve according to the value of Posterior Error Ratio (PER).
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PARSHINA, Lyubov' N., and Nina V. BORISOVSKAYA. "Gold in the international reserves of countries." Finance and Credit 27, no. 4 (April 29, 2021): 763–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.24891/fc.27.4.763.
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Subject. The article addresses the enhanced position of gold as the main international reserve asset of countries. Objectives. The purpose is to prove the increasing role of gold as the main financial asset in the international reserves of countries throughout periods of economic volatility. Methods. The study rests on economic analysis, statistical, economic, and systems approach. Results. Annual changes in the structure of international reserves of the Russian Federation show a decrease in reserve assets denominated in foreign currency. The reserve position in the IMF makes up about 1% of the country's total assets, and SDR-denominated reserve accounts – from 1 to 2 percent. The share of monetary gold has increased; the overall increase in Russian gold reserves amounts to over 14%, in USD. Conclusions and Relevance. Currently, the reserves of six largest leading countries in terms of gold reserves amount to over 20 thousand tonnes of the precious metal. However, the presence of large gold reserves does not always allow the gold to occupy a leading position in the structure of international reserves of countries. This is evidenced by statistics from China, Switzerland and other countries. The U.S. reserves contain the largest amount of physical gold, its value at the official price that was established after the dollar devaluation in 1973 is as follows: one Troy ounce of the precious metal (31.1 grams) is equivalent to 42.2 USD.
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Wang, Huiwen. "Co-movement Analysis of Foreign Exchange Reserve Volatility in BRICS Countries." Frontiers in Business, Economics and Management 11, no. 3 (October 26, 2023): 95–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/fbem.v11i3.13195.
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Foreign exchange reserves are an important component of a country's official reserve assets and an important indicator of a country's international liquidity. As representatives of emerging market countries and developing countries, the volatility of the foreign exchange reserves of the BRICS countries is crucial to the world. Studying whether there is volatility of foreign exchange reserves among the five countries is conducive to adjusting the direction of foreign exchange reserve management within the country, better exploring ways to promote the development of the foreign exchange reserve market, and is also of great significance to the future economic cooperation among the five countries. This study uses the correlation coefficient method, Granger causality test and cluster analysis to prove that there is indeed co-movement in the volatility of foreign exchange reserves among the BRICS countries.
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Xu, Hongfei. "An Empirical Analysis of the Influencing Factor of International Reserve." Advances in Economics, Management and Political Sciences 24, no. 1 (September 13, 2023): 84–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.54254/2754-1169/24/20230420.
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International reserve refers to the assets that a country 's monetary authority can use to intervene in the foreign exchange market and pay the balance of payments at any time. With the development of China 's foreign economy, China 's foreign exchange reserves have grown rapidly since 1995, reaching a peak of $ 3.84 trillion in 2014.For a long time, international reserves have become one of the important academic topics actively studied and discussed by many economists at home and abroad. The purpose of this paper is to study the impact of various macroeconomic indicators on the scale of international reserves, in order to find out the most significant indicators that affect the scale of international reserves, and to provide a theoretical basis for optimizing international reserve management. By using Eviews to conduct a regression analysis on the data of the China statistic yearbook from 1981 to 2021, this paper attempts to find out the factor that influences the international reserve and put forward advice for improving international reserve management. According to the investigation of international reserves, economic scale, average import tendency and exchange rate, the final conclusion is that the impact of economic scale and average import tendency on the scale of international reserves is significant.
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Jeon, Wooyoung, and Jungyoun Mo. "Estimating the Operating Reserve Demand Curve for Efficient Adoption of Renewable Sources in Korea." Energies 16, no. 3 (February 1, 2023): 1426. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16031426.
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As the proportions of variable renewable sources (VRSs) such as solar and wind energy increase rapidly in the power system, their uncertainties inevitably undermine power supply reliability and increase the amount of operating reserve resources required to manage the system. However, because operating reserves have the characteristics of a public good and their value is related to the social cost of blackouts, it is difficult to determine their market price efficiently, which leads to inefficiencies in procuring operating reserves. This study estimates the operating reserve demand curve (ORDC) of the Korean power system to provide an effective basis for measuring the proper value and quantity of operating reserves needed to meet the reliability standard. A stochastic dynamic optimization model is applied to incorporate the probabilistic characteristics of VRS and the inter-hour constraint, which is necessary for analyzing load-following reserves. An econometric model and the Monte Carlo simulation method are used to generate the forecast profiles of solar and wind generation. The results indicate that the proper amount of hourly operating reserves needed in 2034 is approximately 4.4 times higher than that in 2020 at the current reserve offer price. The ORDC of 2020 has a price-inelastic shape, whereas the ORDC of 2034 has a price-elastic shape because the reserve requirement varies considerably with its offer price level in the high-VRS penetration case. This variability is due to alternatives, such as VRS curtailment or load shedding, which can replace the reserve requirement. This study also showed that VRS curtailment is an effective balancing resource as an alternative to reserves.
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Felice, Massimo De, and Franco Moriconi. "Claim Watching and Individual Claims Reserving Using Classification and Regression Trees." Risks 7, no. 4 (October 12, 2019): 102. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/risks7040102.
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We present an approach to individual claims reserving and claim watching in general insurance based on classification and regression trees (CART). We propose a compound model consisting of a frequency section, for the prediction of events concerning reported claims, and a severity section, for the prediction of paid and reserved amounts. The formal structure of the model is based on a set of probabilistic assumptions which allow the provision of sound statistical meaning to the results provided by the CART algorithms. The multiperiod predictions required for claims reserving estimations are obtained by compounding one-period predictions through a simulation procedure. The resulting dynamic model allows the joint modeling of the case reserves, which usually yields useful predictive information. The model also allows predictions under a double-claim regime, i.e., when two different types of compensation can be required by the same claim. Several explicit numerical examples are provided using motor insurance data. For a large claims portfolio we derive an aggregate reserve estimate obtained as the sum of individual reserve estimates and we compare the result with the classical chain-ladder estimate. Backtesting exercises are also proposed concerning event predictions and claim-reserve estimates.
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Nalle, Darek J., Jeffrey L. Arthur, and John Sessions. "Designing Compact and Contiguous Reserve Networks with a Hybrid Heuristic Algorithm." Forest Science 48, no. 1 (February 1, 2002): 59–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/forestscience/48.1.59.
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Abstract Conflicting opinions from environmental advocates and economic interests on the best strategy for management of public lands often leaves land managers in a difficult position. Since ecosystem sustainability is in the long-term interest of each group, the establishment of nature reserves could simultaneously address both views. To promote sustainability, fragmentation of existing natural habitats should be avoided, since it is commonly recognized as being disruptive to the species adapted to these habitats. Therefore, when designing an efficient nature reserve, the compactness and contiguity of the land reserved is an essential consideration. A new formulation of the reserve selection problem is presented that explicitly addresses these issues; specifically, the model minimizes a weighted combination of compactness and contiguity measures subject to constraints on the minimal representation of each habitat class. Motivated by the ongoing reserve efforts in the large and diverse Klamath-Siskiyou region of southwestern Oregon and northwestern California, common heuristic search techniques are implemented and results compared on various simulated test problems. From these findings a new heuristic is developed that reduces solution time and increases solution quality. When applied to the Klamath-Siskiyou region, results are promising. FOR. SCI. 48(1):59–68.
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Kimeev, V. M. "PROBLEMS OF CREATION OF THE HISTORICAL AND CULTURAL MUSEUM “SHESTAKOVO COMPLEX”." Bulletin of Kemerovo State University, no. 2 (July 8, 2016): 25–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.21603/2078-8975-2016-2-25-30.
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The paper discusses the history of the discovery, the various project proposals for the conservation and use of the unique natural and historical complex for the further creation of the historical and natural reserve or the historical-cultural and natural museum-reserve “Shestakovo” or natural national park.Since 1998, Kuzbass has a long experience in the development of such projects and the creation of “Tomskaya Pisanitsa”, “Krasnaya Gorka”, “Historical Mariinsk”, “Tyulbersky town”, “Kuznetsk fortress” museums-reserves, ecomuseum “Tazgol” as part of “Trekhrechye” reserve. The reserves were designed and built by professional architects and historians, museum workers on the basis of many years of research.The most promising may be considered a museum-reserve project proposed by archaeologist A. M. Kulemzin. The final step before the creation of the Museum-Reserve is approving a project of protection zones and a master plan made by licensed laboratory, taking into account the available data of paleontological research and the opinions of historians, museum staff and biologists.
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Li, Xing, and Tianhai Tian. "A New Cost-Profit Model for Measuring the Optimal Scale of China’s Foreign Exchange Reserve." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2016 (2016): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/9261279.
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The fast increase of foreign exchange reserve in developing countries has raised a number of important financial questions in recent years. The analysis of the optimal scale of the foreign exchange reserve can provide important indicator to measure the strength and stability of country’s financial standing. In this work we propose a cost-profit model and use the financial data during 2000 to 2008 to analyze the optimal scale of China’s foreign exchange reserve. We identify a number of financial factors to measure the cost and profit of holding the reserves. Our prediction suggested that China’s foreign exchange reserves were still within the moderate range in 1999–2001. However, during 2002–2008 the foreign exchange reserve began to exceed the appropriate scale, and this upward trend was accelerated each year.
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Dutkowsky, Donald H., and David D. VanHoose. "Interest on reserves and Federal Reserve unwinding." Journal of Economics and Business 97 (May 2018): 28–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jeconbus.2018.02.002.
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Liu, Huijuan, and Richard Verrall. "A Bootstrap Estimate of the Predictive Distribution of Outstanding Claims for the Schnieper Model." ASTIN Bulletin 39, no. 2 (November 2009): 677–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.2143/ast.39.2.2044653.
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AbstractThis paper considers the bootstrapping approach for measuring reserve uncertainty when applying the model of Schnieper for reserves which separate Incurred But Not Reported (IBNR) and Incurred But Not Enough Reserved (IBNER) claims. The Schnieper method has been explored in Liu and Verrall (2009), and the Mean Square Errors of Prediction (MSEP) derived. This paper takes this further by deriving the full predictive distribution, using bootstrapping. Numerical examples are provided and the MSEP from the bootstrapping approach are compared with those obtained analytically.
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Malcolm, Jay R. "Small mammal abundances in isolated and non-isolated primary forest reserves near Manaus, Brazil." Acta Amazonica 18, no. 3-4 (1988): 67–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1809-43921988183083.
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Abundances of msmall terrestrial mammals were estimated in 10 and 100-ha, isolated and non-isolated primary forest reserves near, Manaus, Brazil between October 1983 and March 1984. The smalt mammal abundance pattern In a 10 ha reserve isolated fan appoximately three years differed significantly from that in othen reserves, primarily due to higher capture rates of Marmosa cinerea, Rhipidomys mastacalis, and Onyzomys paricola in the isolated reserve. Viet type and re-invasion potential may be important factors the small mammal communities in forest patches. Variation the small mammal community among othen reserves was pnimanlty due to variatton In the abundances of Proechimys and 0. capito. At least pant of this vantation was attributable to temporal efects, but variation due to reserve effects also was suggested. Small mammals were much more abundant in the reserves during the present study than in 1982.