Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Reserve'
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Bury, Patrick. "The transformation of the Army Reserve : the origins, evolution, and impact of future Reserves 2020 on Reserve logistics." Thesis, University of Exeter, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10871/26094.
Full textHopkinson, Paul. "Evaluating reserve networks." Thesis, Imperial College London, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.246666.
Full text張美娥 and Mei-ngor Connie Cheung. "Sustainable cemetery reserve." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1999. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31980703.
Full textCheung, Mei-ngor Connie. "Sustainable cemetery reserve." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1999. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B25951014.
Full textStewart, Romola R. "Systematic marine reserve design /." [St. Lucia, Q.], 2004. http://adt.library.uq.edu.au/public/adt-QU20050310.144920/index.html.
Full textWeißbecker-Klaus, Xenija. "Kognitive Reserve im Erwerbsalter." Doctoral thesis, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.18452/19732.
Full textThe increasing retirement date accompanied by an age-associated decline of cognitive functions poses growing challenges to employers and employees. The cognitive reserve (CR) promises a resilience to brain damage-associated cognitive deficits through intellectually stimulating lifestyle activities. The present study examines the role of CR relating to cognitive performance and neuronal information processing of healthy adults in working age. Using an electroencephalogram, subjects of middle and high working age (34-45 years and 46-62 years of age, respectively) completed tasks on three domains of executive functions: working memory, cognitive flexibility and inhibition control. Follow-up assessments were conducted after two years. High-CR subjects performed better across tasks than Low-CR subjects, with faster reaction times and lower error rates. Reduced performance in the Low-CR group tended to be more common among older participants and during the more challenging task conditions. In addition, after two years, Low-CR older workers showed a decreased working memory capacity while older High-CR individuals improved their higher performance. The P3 amplitude of the event-related brain potential varied systematically as a function of CR and age. High-CR younger individuals revealed higher P3 amplitudes compared to Low-CR younger individuals, while High-CR older individuals generated smaller P3 amplitudes than Low-CR older individuals. The shorter P3 peak-latencies of the High-CR group suggested moreover a difference in neural processing speed. When testing cognitive flexibility an anterior shift of the P3 was observed in older Low-CR subjects. The results were almost completely replicated after two years. Age-related performance variables and neuronal information processes revealed to be sensitive to CR already at working age. These findings recommend more research on early adulthood in the development and evaluation of CR-based programs to prevent cognitive deficits.
Thatcher, Laura M. "The influence of BMI on the relationship between heart rate reserve and VOb2s reserve." Virtual Press, 2005. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/1315177.
Full textSchool of Physical Education, Sport, and Exercise Science
Everett, William R. "Professionalizing the Estonian reserve component." Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 1998. http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA360039.
Full text"December 1998." Thesis advisor(s): Eyre, Dana P. ; Stockton, Paul N. Includes bibliographical references (p. 99-102). Also available online.
Ulker, Emine Buket. "Stochastic Approach In Reserve Estimation." Master's thesis, METU, 2004. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/2/1091669/index.pdf.
Full textO'Connor, Maria Thérèse. "Ashes without reserve PhD, 2007." Click here to access this resource online, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10292/393.
Full textBrodin, Thomas. "Ovarian Reserve and Assisted Reproduction." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala universitet, Obstetrik & gynekologi, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-192998.
Full text羅玉芬 and Yuk-fan Miranda Lo. "Nature reserve park Hong Kong." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1999. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31980764.
Full textKUBRUSLY, JESSICA QUINTANILHA. "ESTATISTICAL METHODS FOR RESERVE ESTIMATION." PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2005. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=7619@1.
Full textICATU HARTFORD
A Resolução CNSP no 18 de 25 de agosto de 1998 tornou obrigatória a provisão para sinistros ocorridos e não avisados, IBNR. Por causa disso, a estimativa da reserva de IBNR passou a fazer parte do cotidiano das seguradoras brasileiras. Algumas maneiras, tradicionais ou usuais, de determinar essa quantia serão expostas nesse trabalho. Assim como será apresentada uma nova forma para estimar o IBNR. Os diferentes caminhos para chegar à essa estimativa serão comparados com o objetivo de destacar as vantagens e desvantagens de cada um deles.
The CNSP number 18 bylaw promulgated on August 25, 1998 obliging payment has become mandatory when even not communicated, IBNR. Hence, estimates from IBNR have become routine in all brazilian insurance companies. Some ways to determine these compensations shall be clarified in this report. In addition, I shall try to outline a new formula to estimate the IBNR The different paths to reach the very same estimate can be compared with the purpose of underlying the pro's and the con's of each estimate.
LIMA, MARIANA MARQUES. "BRAZILIAN SOCIAL SECURITY BENEFIT RESERVE." PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2007. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=10193@1.
Full textNos últimos anos no Brasil algumas modificações paramétricas foram implementadas na Previdência Social para tentar diminuir o crescente déficit entre os pagamentos de benefícios e o recebimento de contribuições. Nesse trabalho, Previdência Social é estudada sob um ponto de vista diferente: ao invés de uma análise focada apenas nos déficits atuais, utiliza-se a reserva de benefícios concedidos como uma forma de medir o impacto futuro das atuais regras de concessão de aposentadorias e pensões. Dependendo dos parâmetros utilizados, o valor da reserva supera o PIB real de 2005. O resultado também mostra que decisões sobre o aumento real do salário mínimo têm impacto bastante significativo nos gastos com benefício da Previdência Social.
In the last few years the Brazilian Government had implemented some parametrical changes to the Social Security System so to try to diminish the growing deficit in between its benefits and contribution. In this work, the Social Security is studied under a different point of view: instead of looking at nowadays deficits, the necessary reserve to benefits already under payment will be calculated, so as to measure the future impact on the political decisions which are made today. Depending on the assumed parameters, the value of this reserve can be bigger than the GDP in 2005. This result shows also how the real value increase of the minimum wage impacts significantly this reserve.
McMahon, Marshall E. "Federal reserve behavior : 1923-1931 /." New York ; London : Garland, 1993. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb37404078x.
Full textBrown, Sylvester H. "Army Reserve training seat allocation." Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 2002. http://library.nps.navy.mil/uhtbin/hyperion-image/02Jun%5FBrown.pdf.
Full textLo, Yuk-fan Miranda. "Nature reserve park Hong Kong." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1999. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B25951178.
Full textChen, Huijun. "Automobile insurance claim reserve modeling." Thesis, McGill University, 2013. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=119758.
Full textCe mémoire décrit un modèle de prévision des coûts d'indemnisation des particuliers et l'estimation de la réserve de trésorerie du portefeuille automobile d'une grande compagnie d'assurance canadienne. Selon la nature d'une réclamation, son règlement peut comporter des frais médicaux, des frais de réadaptation, une compensation pour perte de revenus, le paiement d'avantages facultatifs, voire même une prestation pour décès. Toute combinaison de ces coûts est susceptible de se produire et leur dépendance doit être prise en compte. Une structure hiérarchique à deux niveaux est adoptée à cet effet. Un modèle logistique multinomial permet d'abord de prédire la structure decoût associée à une réclamation. La gravité des sinistres est ensuite modélisée en fonction de cette structure. Un modèle log-normal permet de prédire divers types de coûts ; des renseignements sur l'assuré, la nature du sinistre, les rapports légaux et médicaux servent de variables explicatives. Une copule de Gumbel caractérise la dépendance entre les frais médicaux, les frais de réhabilitation et la compensation pour perte de revenus. Un cadre bayésien avec échantillonnage par chaîne de Markov Monte-Carlo conduit à une estimation conjointe des paramètres du modèle de régression avec copule. Des simulations permettent de prédire le coût total d'une réclamation ou du portefeuille,ainsi que la réserve de trésorerie.
Fernandez, Beraud Leticia. "Master plan of the Mbaracaju nature reserve of Paraguay." Virtual Press, 1992. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/845972.
Full textDepartment of Landscape Architecture
Woods, William H. "Changing the VP reserve readiness system to match the crew-coordination requirements of reserve aircrews." Monterey, California. Naval Postgraduate School, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/10945/8073.
Full textRecently, the VP community has been identified as a force area where reserves could be used more in peacetime contributory support. The subsequent increased interaction between reserve and active VP forces has led to a similar readiness system. The current VP readiness system promotes long-term, fixed crews with TACNUC rules. Adhering to these crew composition rules can cause considerable scheduling difficulties for reserve squadrons. Squadron readiness officers are often forced to change events, pick different crews, or turn the event into a practice session due to last minute civilian commitments of SELRES crewmembers. This thesis examines current crew-coordination research to determine the value of keeping crews together. The study proposes alternatives to the current TACNUC rules and analyzes their perceived impact according to SME interviews. This study recommends discarding the TACNUC rules in favor of a readiness system based on individual qualifications. The desired crew- coordination training can be accomplished through the ongoing TPC and ACT programs. Standardization of crew communication patterns and positional task expectancies should continue so that each individual crewmember can perform well on an crew
Newman, Carol E. "Core competency needs analysis for U.S. naval reserve training and administration Of reserve (TAR) officers." Thesis, Monterey, California. Naval Postgraduate School, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10945/6041.
Full textThis thesis identifies fundamental Reserve management-related core competencies required for Training and Administration of the Reserve (TAR) officers. In-depth interviews were conducted with 21 experienced TAR officers who defined and described essential competencies for TAR officers. Additionally, they identified competency gaps and offered recommendations as to how TAR officers could better develop the competencies. Based on the analysis of the interview data, nine core competencies were determined. Interview participants then prioritized the nine competencies by responding to an electronic survey. The thesis describes each competency, prioritizes the competencies, and discusses the skill gaps that currently exist among TAR officers. Recommendations for a TAR officer professional development program are provided that address billet- or career phase-based training needs.
Scoton, Luis Eduardo Brito. "A Cota de Reserva Ambiental no Novo Código Florestal Brasileiro: propostas para a efetividade." Universidade de São Paulo, 2017. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/107/107131/tde-07072017-174128/.
Full textThis paper discusses the concept and legal nature of the Environmental Reserve Quota (CRA) as an environmental policy instrument regulated by the New Brazilian Forest Code (Federal Law nº 12.651/12). The research problem seeks to identify if the current proposal for regulation of the CRA will allow the effectiveness of this institute. Theoretical aspects were discussed on the basis of documentary and bibliographic material collected in the sciences of law and economics. By the end, an exploratory research was conducted on the subject, based on interviews with environmental managers, analyzed from a dialectical qualitative method. The goal, in general, is to discuss the current regulatory framework on the subject with the intention to make proposals to its effectiveness.
Sinks, George W. "Reserve Policy for the Nuclear Age: The Development of Post-War American Reserve Policy, 1943-1955." Connect to resource, 1985. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1210099254.
Full textSoesmanto, Tommy. "Currency Composition of Foreign Exchange Reserves: A Comparative Study." Thesis, Griffith University, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/365601.
Full textThesis (PhD Doctorate)
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
Department of Accounting, Finance and Economics
Griffith Business School
Full Text
Litzenberg, Ward E. "An Army Reserve Manpower Planning model." Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 2001. http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA392073.
Full textThesis advisor(s): Lawphongpanich, Siriphong. "March 2001." Includes bibliographical references (p. 53-54). Also available online.
Ginther, Tricia A. "Army Reserve Enlisted Aggregate Flow Model." Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 2006. http://library.nps.navy.mil/uhtbin/hyperion/06Jun%5FGinther.pdf.
Full textThesis Advisor(s): Samuel E. Buttrey. "June 2006." Includes bibliographical references (p. 49-50). Also available in print.
Bayliss, Christopher. "Airline reserve crew scheduling under uncertainty." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2016. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/33054/.
Full textGarba, Abdullahi. "Operating reserve assessment with renewable generation." Thesis, University of Strathclyde, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.501667.
Full textChan, Yung-yung Christina, and 陳容蓉. "Nature Reserve Centre in Mai Po." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1998. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31983807.
Full textMazza, Richard Charles. "Naval Reserve : an organization in transition." Thesis, Monterey, California. Naval Postgraduate School, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/10945/23982.
Full textNewton, Sherry R. "Establishing a Selected Reserve corporate database." Thesis, Monterey, California. Naval Postgraduate School, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/10945/30705.
Full textThe Director of Naval Reserve and Commander, Naval Reserve Force (CNRF) are totally dependent on the Commanding Officer, Naval Reserve Personnel Center (NRPC) and the Inactive Manpower Information System (IMAPMIS) automated information system for the control of all functions of Selected Reserve (SELRES) mobilization billet information, personnel billet assignments, personnel pay and tracking individual member retirement credit. Although recently converted from a flat file system to a relational database, IMAPMIS does not meet functional requirements for timely update and correction of critical data. IMAPMIS's poor responsiveness and lack of ad hoc query capability make it obsolete and virtually unusable for SELRES data. The purpose of this thesis is to examine the present functions of IMAPMIS and identify its shortfalls. This is followed by a recommended alternative to establish a separate SELRES database, administered by CNRF, that will internally process data and feel updated information to external systems such as IMAPMIS.
Wang, Yunyi. "Does Wall Street Love Federal Reserve?" Scholarship @ Claremont, 2017. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/1468.
Full textHolanda, Francisco Bruno de Lima. "Multidimensional score with reserve auction secret." Universidade Federal do CearÃ, 2012. http://www.teses.ufc.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=10137.
Full textIn this work, letâs apply auction theory to solve a parsimonious procurement model in a situation where there is a contracting firm by the Government. Itâs a natural extension of the bidimensional auction model proposed by Yeon-Koo Che (1993) to model actions of the Department of Defense (DoD) in United States. The extension will be made based in a secret reservation price model proposed by Laffont et at. (1994) to unidimensional case. At end, we will make a short numerical analysis of the model proposed in this work.
Neste trabalho, vamos aplicar a teoria dos leilÃes para resolver um modelo parcimonioso de uma licitaÃÃo pÃblica em uma situaÃÃo em que hà a contrataÃÃo de uma firma pelo Governo. Trata-se de uma extensÃo natural do modelo de leilÃo bidimensional proposto por Yeon-Koo Che (1993) para modelar leilÃes do Departamento de Defesa dos Estados Unidos. A extensÃo serà feita baseada em um modelo de preÃo reserva secreto proposto por Laffont et al. (1994) para o caso unidimensional. Por fim, faremos uma breve anÃlise numÃrica do modelo desenvolvido neste trabalho.
Elias, Vânia Isabel Ramos. "Reserve risk : an application to ORSA." Master's thesis, Instituto Superior de Economia e Gestão, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/6309.
Full textUnder Solvency II, insurance undertakings must have, as part of their risk management system, a regular practice of assessing their overall solvency needs with a view to their specific risk profile, known as 'Own Risk and Solvency Assessment' (ORSA). ORSA aims to identify whether the particular risk profile of an undertaking deviates from the assumptions underlying the regulatory capital calculation (i.e. European Standard Formula). In this context, this work aims at estimating the undertaking specific parameters (USP) for reserve risk, for Motor Vehicle Liability and Motor Others. In a long term perspective, alternative models were applied to the estimation of the ultimate reserve risk. For Solvency Capital Requirements, a short-term perspective, it is necessary to estimate the one-year reserve risk factors, which was done by applying the three different methods presented and allowed by the European Insurance and Occupational Pensions Authority (EIOPA). The results for the different models and methods in both perspectives were compared and the impact of the USP was assessed in terms of capital gains.
Rands, Sean Alexander. "Dynamic reserve allocation in breeding birds." Thesis, University of Bristol, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/1983/ec222c2b-4d29-4abf-8cc8-10dab9584007.
Full textSchrews, Alan K. "Optimizing active guard reserve enlisted manpower." Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 2002. http://library.nps.navy.mil/uhtbin/hyperion-image/02Jun%5FSchrews.pdf.
Full textChan, Yung-yung Christina. "Nature Reserve Centre in Mai Po." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1998. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B2595667x.
Full textJakobsson, Karin. "Time and being at Trenerry Reserve." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/12722.
Full textÅberg, Julia, and Jesper Svensson. "Warranty reserve forecast for complex products." Thesis, Blekinge Tekniska Högskola, Institutionen för industriell ekonomi, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:bth-18252.
Full textGaranti är ett kontrakt mellan en säljare och en köpare. En garanti används ocks. för att signalera kvalitet vilket kan vara användbart för både säljaren och kunden. Även då garanti främst är något positivt innebär garanti ockå. en risk för den som erbjuder garantier då kostanden att erbjuda garanti kan sträcka sig mellan 2–15% av nettoresultatet av försäljningen va en produkt vilket betyder att garanti kan påverka företaget mycket. Man anv.nder sig av prognostiseringar för att kunna hantera den risken garantin bär med sig. Prognostisering är svårt och det är omöjligt att prognostisera det exakta framtida värdet på grund utav osäkerhet. Faktorer så som kvaliteten av produkten påverkar antalet och kostnaderna på garantianspr.ken men oförutsägbara faktorer så som bedrägeri, mänskliga beteenden och fördröjning av försäljning av produkter måste också tas i akt. Prognostiseringsfel på verkar den part som erbjuder garantin då prognosen används för att lägga undan monetära medel till garantireserven för att täcka garantianspråk. Underestimat och överestimat har negativa konsekvenser för företaget. Ändamålet med denna studie är att prognostisera garantireserven med hjälp av kvantitativa metoder för att få en inblick i vilka modeller som fungerar bra för en komplex produkt. Modeller som har testat kommer fr.n tidsserie metoder och kausala metoder, då de olika metoderna tar hänsyn till olika aspekter i data. Primärdata som används kommer från arkivdata och för att kunna bestämma felen på de prognoser som gjorts används fel mått. Tidsserie metoden exponential smoothing Holt’s-Winter’s var den som gav bäst resultat på fel måtten. Resultatet av modellerna som testats visar på att en mer komplex modell inte behöver vara den som ger bäst resultat. För att kunna minska på prognostiseringsfelen kan en modell som tar hänsyn till oförutsägbara faktorer så som bedrägeri vara lösningen vilket är en intressant sak att undersöka.
Silveira, Yume Kikuda [UNESP]. "Sobre quilombos e territórios: um estudo na comunidade Mandira." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/152735.
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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
O presente trabalho teve como objetivo realizar um estudo sobre a comunidade quilombola Mandira, que se localiza no Vale do Ribeira, na zona rural do município de Cananéia, litoral sul de São Paulo. Com o intuito de conhecer, compreender e interpretar as transformações e mudanças que estão em processo na comunidade, decorrentes do reconhecimento oficial da Terra de Quilombo e da criação da Reserva Extrativista, ambas no ano de 2002, a partir das experiências e percepções dos moradores de Mandira. Essa pesquisa visa colaborar com o debate sobre populações quilombolas e a sua relação com o território. Além de contextualizar a formação e a transformação dos quilombos brasileiros, e contribuir para a valorização da identidade cultural quilombola dessa importante comunidade. Para a realização desta pesquisa foram necessários levantamentos bibliográficos para aprofundamento na temática, levantamento de dados secundários no IBGE, ISA, ITESP entre outros. A realização dos trabalhos de campo foi fundamental para a efetivação da pesquisa, o primeiro trabalho de campo realizado em 2014, foi possível conhecer a comunidade e ver que seria possível a realização desta pesquisa. Já o segundo trabalho de campo, realizado em 2015, foram realizadas seis entrevistas e no terceiro, e último trabalho de campo, realizado em 2017, foram realizadas mais 3 entrevistas, por meio de um roteiro semiestruturado, com lideranças e moradores do Mandira. Como resultados, a transformação que salta aos olhos, é referente as construções físicas, desde 2014, o primeiro contato com a comunidade, até 2017, várias construções e mudanças estruturais surgiram e que mudaram a configuração da comunidade. Como a construção do Restaubar Ostra Cataia, dos banheiros de uso público, a reforma e construção da extensão do galpão do centro cultural, muito utilizado em festas e eventos, a piscina, entre outras. Essas novas construções e reformas estão sendo motivadas especialmente pelo turismo de base comunitária que tem se fortalecido em toda a comunidade Mandira. Também foi possível perceber, uma transformação da comunidade no quesito ambiental, no manejo e cuidado do mangue e da extração das ostras, houve uma tomada de consciência no quesito do mangue, pois a extração de ostras estava desenfreada, afetando a capacidade de produção do manguezal. Depois da criação da Cooperostra, seguem um plano de manejo da reserva extrativista, para mitigar o impacto no mangue, que foi causado no passado e hoje já foi revertido. Outra transformação essencial para a comunidade Mandira, foi relacionada a sua identidade cultural, durante muitos anos os moradores sentiam vergonha de serem reconhecidos como mandiranos, pois sofriam racismo e preconceitos, por serem negros, da zona rural e extratores de ostras no manguezal. O quilombo de Mandira deve ser valorizado tanto por sua história, quanto por sua identidade quilombola, como também pelas práticas de conservação da natureza, da Mata Atlântica e do Manguezal.
The present work had as objective to carry out a study on the quilombola community Mandira, that is located in the Ribeira Valley, in the rural zone of the municipality of Cananéia, south coast of São Paulo. With the purpose of knowing, understanding and interpreting the transformations and changes that are in process in the community, due to the official recognition of Quilombo Land and the creation of the Extractive Reserve, both in the year 2002, based on the experiences and perceptions of the inhabitants of Mandira. This research aims to collaborate with the debate about quilombola populations and their relation with the territory. In addition to contextualizing the formation and transformation of Brazilian quilombos, and contributing to the appreciation of the cultural identity of this important community. For the accomplishment of this research it was necessary bibliographical surveys for deepening in the thematic, survey of secondary data in the IBGE, ISA, ITESP among others. The accomplishment of the fieldwork was fundamental for the accomplishment of the research, the first fieldwork conducted in 2014 was possible to know the community and see that it would be possible to carry out this research. The second fieldwork, conducted in 2015, was conducted six interviews and in the third, and last field work, held in 2017, three more interviews were conducted, through a semi-structured script, with leadership and residents of Mandira. As a result, the transformation that jumps to the eye, refers to the physical constructions, since 2014, the first contact with the community, until 2017, there were various constructions and structural changes that changed the configuration of the community. Like the construction of the Restaurate Ostra Cataia, of the bathrooms of public use, the reform and construction of the extension of the shed of the cultural center, much used in parties and events, the swimming pool, among others. These new constructions and reforms are being especially motivated by community-based tourism that has been strengthened throughout the Mandira community. It was also possible to perceive a transformation of the community in the environmental issue, in the management and care of the mangrove and the extraction of the oysters, there was an awareness of the mangrove as the extraction of oysters was unrestrained, affecting the mangrove production capacity. After the creation of Cooperostra, they follow a plan of management of the extractive reserve, to mitigate the impact in the mangrove, that was caused in the past and today has already been mitigated. Another essential transformation for the Mandira community was related to their cultural identity, for many years the residents were ashamed to be recognized as mandiranos, because they suffered racism and prejudice, because they were black, from the countryside and extractors of oysters in the mangrove. The Mandira quilombo should be valued both for its history, as well as for its quilombola identity, as well as for the conservation practices of nature, Atlantic Forest and Mangue.
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Full textThis project offers a model useful for estimating the social cost of U.S. Reserve Forces and National Guard employment alternatives in support of the Global War on Terrorism (GWOT). We consider two specific alternatives in this report: (1) the operational force (status quo) and (2) increasing Active Duty Force end strength and keeping Reserve Forces as a strategic reserve. We assume both alternatives are equal in effectiveness. Each alternative provides certain benefits and costs to American society. We also accept a budgetary cost estimate of $533 billion from the Congressional Budget Office's (CBO) Assistant Director for Budget Analysis. We then focus on the social costs of these alternatives. We conclude that the social cost of Alternative 1 exceeded Alternative 2 by nearly $50 billion from 2001 to 2006.
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