Journal articles on the topic 'Reserve economy'
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Cheng, Gong. "A GROWTH PERSPECTIVE ON FOREIGN RESERVE ACCUMULATION." Macroeconomic Dynamics 19, no. 6 (March 10, 2014): 1358–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1365100513000862.
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Based on a dynamic open-economy macroeconomic model, this paper analyzes the motive for foreign reserve accumulation in fast-growing emerging economies. The demand for foreign reserves stems from the interaction between productivity growth and underdevelopment of the domestic financial market. As domestic firms are credit-constrained, domestic saving instruments are necessary to increase their retained earnings in order to invest in capital. The central bank plays the role of a financial intermediary and provides liquid public bonds while investing the bond proceeds abroad in the form of foreign reserves. Foreign reserve accumulation is thus part of a catching-up strategy in an economy facing financial frictions. During economic transition, foreign reserve accumulation is proved to be welfare-improving as long as private capital flows are controlled. This joint strategy enables the central bank to channel sufficient external funding to the domestic economy while keeping domestic interest rates under control to cope with positive productivity shocks.
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Zhang, Jiahao. "Analysis on the Impact of the Foreign Exchange Reserves of China on Its Macro Economy." E3S Web of Conferences 233 (2021): 01159. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202123301159.
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China has the largest foreign exchange reserve in the world, but the high foreign exchange reserve is a double-edged sword for the country. There are two kinds of analysis for this. First, China's foreign exchange reserves have far exceeded the reasonable scale, which will cause China to pay extremely high management costs. Second, China's foreign exchange reserves are considerable, but this is the objective demand of the economy. Sufficient foreign exchange reserves can make China occupy a favorable position in international development. Based on the data on China's foreign exchange reserve, foreign debt scale and GDP from 1985 to 2019, this paper analyzes the positive and negative effects of high foreign exchange reserve on China's economic development. By analyzing the current situation of China's foreign exchange, the author gives some policy suggestions: (1) appropriately reduce foreign exchange reserves; (2) promote the reform of the exchange rate system; (3) reform the foreign exchange system
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Li, Jin Kai, Li Yang, and Xi Ji. "Construct and Perfect the System of China’s Energy Policy." Applied Mechanics and Materials 40-41 (November 2010): 322–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.40-41.322.
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Based on sustainable energy development strategy，this article has a deep research on the energy policy and the corrective measure from five aspects such as energy demand, consumption, energy supply, energy reserves, energy structure and energy system. The article points out our country should establish the national economic system of energy conservation and the environmental protection，diversified energy supply system，energy reserve system includes of material object reserve, habitat reserve and technological strength. The author also indicate that the energy policy should initiate the energy structure optimization positively. Finally, the article puts forward the policy proposal to our country energy management system, the energy pricing economy, the investment system, the legal framework.
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Lemishovska, Olesia, and Iryna Yaremko. "CAPITAL RESERVE MANAGEMENT OF PUBLIC COMPANIES: ACCOUNTING TOOLS AS INFORMATION FUNCTION OF TARGET MECHANISM." Baltic Journal of Economic Studies 7, no. 3 (June 25, 2021): 150–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.30525/2256-0742/2021-7-3-150-158.
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The purpose of the article is to present the financial and economic content and purpose of capital reserves, insurance funds to ensure future costs and payments as the main components of the reserve system of public companies. The methods of theoretical and comparative analysis allowed to expand the view of the objects of reservation in the global space by comparing the norms of international standardization of financial reporting and the mandatory requirements of individual states in the field of reservation. The research methodology covers the analysis of reserved sources for Ukrainian and global companies in the context of the large-scale socio-economic crisis caused by the global COVID-19 pandemic. Based on a comparative assessment of the potential of reserve sources of surveyed companies, reservation in today’s crisis economy and in the foreseeable future is one of the most necessary and important means of ensuring the stable operation of socially significant companies. The study of regulatory norms of different states and principles and norms of standardization of public financial reporting led to the conclusion that for internal management purposes and market counterparties and public administration in the face of increasing unpredictability and depth of risk requires a more detailed and reliable information base on existing modern companies reserved funds to overcome the risks of loss (reduction) of capital. The practical consequences of weak imperatives on the obligation to create reservation facilities have been reflected in the allocation of subsidies from the state budgets of different countries to commercial structures in many areas of the economy. The existing issues actualize multi-vector developments in the system of interdisciplinary research, which substantiates the scientific legitimacy and relevance of our study. The results of analytical and logical approaches in assessing the state of backup support for Ukrainian and well-known international companies became the basis for obtaining evidence and arguments in formulating the parameters of adequate information for the current needs of targeted management of backup processes. The methods of verification of reserve system components proposed in this study can be used to establish general trends in the development of information parameters (accounting and public reporting system) in the field of reserve management and future losses (reduction) of capital of modern public companies.
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송종운. "The Political Economy of the Federal Reserve." MARXISM 21 8, no. 3 (August 2011): 221–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.26587/marx.8.3.201108.009.
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James, Harold, and Domenico Lombardi. "The political economy of global reserve assets." International Finance 20, no. 3 (December 2017): 243–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/infi.12115.
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Fischer, Stanley. "The Federal Reserve and the Global Economy." IMF Economic Review 63, no. 1 (May 2015): 8–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/imfer.2015.4.
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Nikolaychuk, Tetyana. "FACTORING IN THE NATURE RESERVE FUND OF UKRAINE AS A TOOL FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF SOCIALLY RESPONSIBLE BUSINESS." Innovation and Sustainability, no. 1 (April 7, 2022): 72–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.31649/ins.2022.1.72.83.
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Market changes in all fields of economy of Ukraine demand the creation of new institutions and mechanisms of cooperation between branches, including the sphere of environmental reserve affair requires transformations, which will be directed into the development not only environmentally protected, but also its ecological and economic components. The aim of the article is represented financial cooperation, as partnership, which can attribute economic privileges to the results of innovation activities. Business entities, operating in the format of reserved business, should form a separate segment of entrepreneurship, which requires a special form of cooperation with financial institutions in the face of banks and credit unions. Attracting of the investment flows in the industry of reserve affair is one of the most actual issues nowadays, as there are facilities of nature reserve fund of Ukraine have considerable economic and environmental potential for the development of innovative forms of conducting economic activity. Reserve areas cannot be considered only as a means of reserving and conservation of environmental resources, as thank to use of ecological oriented methods of management in the territories of the facilities of reserve fund, economic activity can be provided, that will contribute economic and ecological development of the region, formation of investing flows of the constant character, supporting the balance between bodies of state authority, local communities and representatives of private sector of economics. In the work the use of environmental factoring for the development of economic potential of protected areas is proposed. Reserve lending is considered, as a sectoral institution of crediting subjects of business activity, which carry out their economic activity in the protected areas or adjacent with them territories.
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Leftungun, Nicolaus Y., A. P. E. Widodo, and Ludia T. Wambrauw. "Persepsi dan Partisipasi Masyarakat Lokal terhadap Pemanfaatan dan Pengelolaan Kawasan-kawasan Cagar Alam Kabupaten Teluk Bintuni." Cassowary 4, no. 2 (June 27, 2021): 190–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.30862/casssowary.cs.v4.i2.89.
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This study aims to determine the level of perception and participation of the community around the Bintuni Bay Nature Reserve area and to provide recommendations with active community involvement. This study was conducted in Korano Jaya SP2 and Banjar Asoy SP4 Villages, Manimeri District, Teluk Bintuni Regency. In this study, based on the excessive use of nature reserves, it requires the views of the community around the nature reserve area, the approach used to obtain information by means of interviews or Forum Group Discussion and analyzed using a Likert scale. The results of this study indicate that community participation in order to be involved in the management of the nature reserve area is very high, the lack of public knowledge of the nature reserve area makes people often use the area as a place to catch crabs, shellfish (The Locals called as Bia) and fish for sale, sometimes for consumption As a recommendation from the results of this study is to provide an understanding for the community about the preservation of nature reserves and formulate several strategies that can be used as a support for the community's economy and community involvement in the nature reserve area.
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Sanusi, Gbenga Peter. "Macroeconomic Fundamentals and Budget Deficit Nexus: Evidence from a Developing Economy." Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences 12, no. 4 (July 8, 2021): 152. http://dx.doi.org/10.36941/mjss-2021-0036.
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The increasing budget deficit of the Nigeria’s government in the past few decades with its attendance impact on the economy is worrisome. This study examines the impacts of macroeconomic fundamentals on Nigeria’s fiscal deficit. An error correction model was specified and estimated. In terms of sign and size, the result showed that, there is an inverse relationship between budget deficit and the external reserve. This implies that an increase in the external reserve, leads to a decrease in budget deficits. A unit increase in external reserves resulted in 12.4 percent fall in budget deficit. In contrast, however, national income and interest rate showed a positive relationship with budget deficit. Increase in income expands the potential and propensity to spend. Lenders are equally more disposed to lend to the government because of the presupposed economic prosperity. The lagged value of the error correction term has the expected inverse sign of -0.42, and highly significant. The negative value of the error correction model further supports the co-integration relationship among the variables. Thus, macroeconomic variables influence budget deficits. Economic policies which minimizes macroeconomic fluctuations is paramount in curbing the negative impacts of increasing government deficit in the economy. Received: 2 May 2021 / Accepted: 15 June 2021 / Published: 8 July 2021
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Ahmad, Habibah, Hamzah Jusoh, Ah Choy Er, and Mushrifah Idris. "UNPACKING THE EXPERIENCE OF THE BIOSPHERE RESERVE TOURISM FROM THE ACADEMIC TOURISTS’ PERSPECTIVES: A CASE OF TASIK CHINI." Journal of Tourism, Hospitality and Environment Management 5, no. 21 (December 10, 2020): 163–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.35631/jthem.5210010.
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Biosphere reserves are well recognized as a ‘learning site’ for reconciling conservation, development, and learning functions. Being a learning site, the Biosphere reserves received many visitors, including academic tourists. This article aims at uncovering what academic tourists perceived as the biosphere reserve tourism of Tasik Chini Biosphere Reserve. Based on the academic tourists’ surveys conducted in 2012 and 2014, this study shows that the conservation, socio-ecological learning, and problem-solving experiences are key components of the Biosphere Reserve tourism. The context of entertainment, education, esthetic, and escapism experiences varied among academic tourists. While the academic tourists have ranked the first two components; entertainment and education at a high level of achievement, the esthetic and escapism components on the other part have been ranked at lower achievement. In bridging these contradictory achievements, the study suggests the holistic learning approach. The realistic integration of entertainment, education, esthetics, and escapism is meant to fulfil the needs of the academic tourist's needs during their visit to the Biosphere reserve sites, hence, responded to the rising of experiential tourism and experience economy.
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NIKOLAYCHUK, Tetyana. "ECO- ENVIRONMENTAL RISKS' INSURANCE AS SUPPORT AND INVESTMENT TOOL FOR ECO-ENTREPRENEURS IN NATURE RESERVE FUND." Economic innovations 23, no. 3(80) (August 20, 2021): 254–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.31520/ei.2021.23.3(80).254-268.
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Topicality. Market changes in all fields of economy of Ukraine demand the creation of new cooperation's institutions and mechanisms between branches, including the sphere of environmental reserve affair requires transformations, which will be directed into the development not only environmentally protected, but also its ecological and economic components. Nowadays, the eco-ecological's development is insufficient and requires the introduction of investment approach to the economic relations between Nature Reserve's administrations, private sector and local communities. Insurance of eco- environmental risks will stabilize market relations in of Nature Reserve's field, reduce the business risks. Aim and tasks. The aim of the article is representedeco- environmental insurance, as partnership, which can attribute economic privileges to the results of innovation activities. Our research focuses on the use of insuring eco-environmental risks'instruments, analysis of their advantages and disadvantages, both for nature reserves and for the private sector. Research results. The eco- environmental insurance, as financial and regalation institutions, can become tool for formation investment flows in the nature reserve fund industry. The instruments of eco-environmental risk's insurance will combine not only guarantees of business initiatives in theNature Reserve Fund, but also many financial and organizational benefits not only for businesses, but also for local communities, as well as for authorities and environmental institutions. Conclusion. Currently, the cooperation'smechanisms between the Nature Reserve Fund of Ukraine, private sector, authorities and local communities should be comprehensive, combining compliance with environmental objectives and the environmentally friendly economic activities. The eco-environmental risk's insurance tools can also become a form environmentally oriented business activities, a development vector of cooperation of naturally reserved fund institutions and representatives of the private sector, who want to carry out their activities taking into account environmental imperatives and produce truly ecologically pure products, but first of all corresponding contractual mechanism must be formalized into a legal structure and an independent object of normative-legal regulation.
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M. Badr, Osama, and Ahmed F. El-khadrawi. "Reserve Holdings and Macroeconomic Variables: An Empirical Dynamic Analysis in Egyptian Economy." International Journal of Trade, Economics and Finance 6, no. 2 (April 2015): 90–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.7763/ijtef.2015.v6.449.
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Shlapentokh, Vladimir, and Vladimir Konto. "Organizational Innovation: Hidden Reserve in the Soviet Economy." Carl Beck Papers in Russian and East European Studies, no. 507 (January 1, 1986): 61. http://dx.doi.org/10.5195/cbp.1986.27.
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This paper explores those characteristics of the Soviet economy which help it survive and grow despite its well-known structural deficiencies: its ability to change itself, to adapt to new conditions, and to improve. This is accomplished through the introduction and diffusion of organizational innovations. Organizational innovations are changes in the ways individual efforts are coordinated and stimulated. Their introduction may serve the goals of improving economic efficiency, increasing political power, or promoting ideology.
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Mahnitko, A., J. Gerhards, T. Lomane, and S. Ribakov. "Creation of Power Reserves Under the Market Economy Conditions." Latvian Journal of Physics and Technical Sciences 45, no. 3 (September 1, 2008): 14–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10047-008-0011-9.
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Creation of Power Reserves Under the Market Economy Conditions The main task of the control over an electric power system (EPS) is to ensure reliable power supply at the least cost. In this case, requirements to the electric power quality, power supply reliability and cost limitations on the energy resources must be observed. The available power reserve in an EPS is the necessary condition to keep it in operation with maintenance of normal operating variables (frequency, node voltage, power flows via the transmission lines, etc.). The authors examine possibilities to create power reserves that could be offered for sale by the electric power producer. They consider a procedure of price formation for the power reserves and propose a relevant mathematical model for a united EPS, the initial data being the fuel-cost functions for individual systems, technological limitations on the active power generation and consumers' load. As the criterion of optimization the maximum profit for the producer is taken. The model is exemplified by a concentrated EPS. The computations have been performed using the MATLAB program.
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Stokes-Cawley, Owen, Hannah Stroud, Douglas Lyons, Peter Wiley, and Charles Goodhue. "Economic Contribution Analysis of National Estuarine Research Reserves." Water 13, no. 11 (June 5, 2021): 1596. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13111596.
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Increased attention to the value of protected natural areas has led to the proliferation of ecosystem service valuations for coastal habitats. However, these studies do not provide a full representation of the economic value of these habitats. Protected coastal environments, such as the National Estuarine Research Reserve System (NERRS), add jobs and revenue to their local communities. Institutions such as NERRS provide economic contributions that extend beyond their operational spending and jobs they provide. Spending by reserves and their partners ripples throughout the economy. We performed an economic contribution analysis at four pilot sites using input-output modeling through IMPLAN. Sites contributed millions in revenue and tens to hundreds of jobs in their respective regions. Each of the four sites had a different category of spending that was the largest contributor of revenue and jobs, which is likely due to the community context and location of the reserves. Understanding these contributions is helpful in validating funding for NERRS. Communicating these contributions along with ecosystem service values may increase support from community members who otherwise do not use or rely on NERRS as much as traditional reserve supporters.
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Joof, Foday, and Alieu S. Ceesay. "Impact of Foreign Reserves and Economic Growth on Money Supply: Evidence from the WAMZ Countries." Journal of Contemporary Research in Business, Economics and Finance 3, no. 4 (December 23, 2021): 158–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.33094/26410265.2021.34.158.167.
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This paper analyzes the impact of foreign currency reserve and economic growth on money supply using panel data from five West African Monetary Zone (WAMZ) member states from 2001-2019. The study employed the dynamic technique, fully modified ordinary least squares and dynamic ordinary least squares (FMOLS and DOLS), and the static method (fixed effect model) for the robustness check. The long run results showed that foreign currency reserves (FCR) have a positive impact on money supply, implying that a one percent increase in FCR augments money supply (M2) by 2.87%, 0.44% and 0.08%, respectively, in the long run. Similarly, economic growth is associated with an increase in money supply in both models. Furthermore, the Dumitrescu & Hurlin (2012) estimation revealed a feedback association between foreign currency reserve and money supply. This means that foreign reserves and money supply are complementary. Conversely, a unidirectional causality moving from economic growth to M2 is observed, demonstrating that economic growth causes M2. This outcome is explained by the quantity theory of money (QTM) in which the velocity of money is a positive function of total money supply. As money circulates in the economy as a result of a surge in investments, this consequently increases money stock. Similarly, investment opportunities that are being exploited day-by-day explains the growing money stock (WAMI, 2018). Central banks should endeavor to monitor the expansionary influence of net foreign assets (NFA) on money supply growth in the WAMZ by establishing suitable methods to sterilize foreign exchange infusions into the economy.
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Lainà, Patrizio. "Money creation under full-reserve banking: a stock–flow consistent model." Cambridge Journal of Economics 43, no. 5 (November 5, 2018): 1219–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cje/bey034.
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Abstract This paper presents a stock–flow consistent model of full-reserve banking. The paper investigates money creation through government spending in a full-reserve banking system. The results are contrasted against the cases in which government spending is increased under full-reserve banking without money creation and under endogenous money, that is, the current monetary system. It is found that output, employment and inflation evolve almost identically. In contrast to other cases, money creation in a full-reserve banking system leads to a permanent reduction in consolidated government debt. Monetary policy transmits effectively as an increase in central bank reserves translates into an almost equal increase in demand deposits. Furthermore, an unusually large change in the money supply induces only smooth and relatively small changes in interest rates. In addition, the paper compares three additional ways to create money. Money creation through tax cuts or citizen’s dividend generates roughly the same results as creating money through government spending. In contrast, money creation through quantitative easing affects only monetary aggregates and interest rates but not the real economy. Although in every money creation experiment banks are able to fully satisfy the demand for loans, temporary credit crunches can occur under full-reserve banking. The occurrence of credit crunches depends on changes in private behaviour and economic policy as well as safety margins adopted by banks.
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Gillani, Durdana Qaiser, and An ul Abdin. "Impact of Monetary Policy on Economic Growth in Pakistan Economy." Journal of Education and Social Studies 2, no. 3 (December 28, 2021): 95–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.52223/jess.20212305.
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Monetary policy aims to contribute to economic growth and stability in the economy. This policy also makes a balanced demand and supply by maintaining the domestic prices and exchange rate to decrease inflation, shapes the pattern of investment and production, and increases the financial institutions to manage the debt services very efficiently. The study analyzes how monetary policy affects inflation in a country. The Data sources are WDI and the State Bank of Pakistan from 1981 to 2014. The current study used Inflation rate as a dependent variable while independent variables of liquidity ratio, broad money supply and reserve ratio were used as independent variables. The study used ADF test to check the stationary of the variables used in the model. Data analysis was done by using the ARDL model. The findings highlight that monetary policy indicated by money supply shows a positive effect on the rate of inflation. Result also shows that the reserve ratio increases inflation in the economy. The study results suggest that monetary policy must provide a favorable atmosphere for investment by providing reasonable interest rates and liquidity management mechanisms.
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MARTIENKO, A. I., H. O. TIUTIUNNYK, and K. KUZMOVA. "SUPPORTING OF SUSTAINABLE USE OF TERRITORIES AND OBJECTS OF THE NATURAL RESERVE FUND ON THE BASIS OF THE "GREEN ECONOMY"." Economic innovations 20, no. 4(69) (December 20, 2018): 112–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.31520/ei.2018.20.4(69).112-123.
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Topicality. "Green economy" is an integral part of sustainable development of society and aims at raising the standards of human life on the basis of preservation of the environment and more effective use and protection of natural resources. One of the economic and ecological priorities of the "green economy" is to ensure the sustainable use of the territories and objects of the nature reserve fund. In order to assess the results of implementation the "green economy"objectives for sustainable development of these territories, it is necessary to develop a system of indicators and determine the extent of their implementation in Ukraine.Aim and tasks. The purpose of the article is to develop a system of indicators for assessing the sustainable use of territories and objects of nature reserve fund and analysis of their achievements in Ukraine. The main tasks of the article are: definining the methodological approaches to the formation of assessment indicators system based on economic&ecological and technical indicators of the protected areas status; assessment the implementation of green economy model in Ukraine on the basis of developed indicators of sustainable development.Research results. The analysis of sustainable development indicators showed positive trends in the growth of the total area of protected areas, in particular in the mountainous regions (Lviv, Zakarpattia, Ivano-Frankivsk and Chernivtsi), and the ecological network for more than half during the last decades. The biodiversity of the natural reserve fund of Ukraine is characterized by more than four thousand species of plants in these territories, the economic development of which takes into account the features of natural objects and aimed at their conservation.Conclusions. In Ukraine, there are ongoing measures to achieve the objectives of the "Green Economy", in particular, there is a positive dynamics in increasing the territories and objects of nature reserve fund, including in mountainous regions and the ecological network. The results of solving the problem of preservation, restoration and sustainable use of terrestrial and inland freshwater ecosystems are practically closer to the target landmarks. The institutional environment and the system of public administration and administration of the formation of nature reserve fund should develop in the direction of ensuring the fulfillment of the priority goals of the "green economy". An analysis of allocation the financial resources for conservation, restoration and improvement of the territories and objects state of Ukrainian nature reserve fund showed that there are trends in increasing their volumes and prospects of achieving the "green economy" benchmarks in this area.
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Romer, Christina D., and David H. Romer. "Choosing the Federal Reserve Chair: Lessons from History." Journal of Economic Perspectives 18, no. 1 (February 1, 2004): 129–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/089533004773563476.
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This paper demonstrates that the key determinants of policy success have been policymakers' views about how the economy works and what monetary policy can accomplish. In the first major section of the paper, the authors analyze the narrative record of the Federal Reserve to discover what policymakers believed and why they chose the policies they did. The authors find that the well-tempered monetary policies of the 1950s and of the 1980s and 1990s stemmed from a conviction that inflation has high costs and few benefits, together with realistic views about the sustainable level of unemployment and the determinants of inflation. In contrast, the profligate policies of the late 1960s and 1970s stemmed initially from a belief in a permanent tradeoff between inflation and unemployment, and later from a natural rate framework with a highly optimistic estimate of the natural rate of unemployment and a highly pessimistic estimate of the sensitivity of inflation to economic slack. And the deflationary policies of the late 1930s stemmed from a belief that the economy could overheat at low levels of capacity utilization and that monetary ease could do little to stimulate a depressed economy.
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Ahmad, Zuriyati, and Abdul Ghafar Ismail. "Full reserve system and the Maqasid Shariah." Journal of Emerging Economies and Islamic Research 5, no. 2 (May 31, 2017): 58. http://dx.doi.org/10.24191/jeeir.v5i2.8804.
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The essence of the monetary system today is in using the fractional reserve banking system. Nonetheless, this system is not free of critics such as the fraud of making loans and creating deposits out of nothing which are argued to create distortion to the economy. Since 1930s, many economic scholars have debated the use of full reserve system as an alternative tool of monetary system.Islamic scholars also argue and reject the working of fractional reserve banking system and propose the idea of full reserve system. From the view of Islamic scholars, the full reserve system should be applied to avoid the riba’ in the monetary system. Hence, this study tries to assess whether the use of full reserve system can attain the Maqasid Shariah to support the alternative banking system. Using the argument on fractional reserve system, discussion on the concept of full reserve system, analysis of the impacts of full reserve system and the support from Quran and Hadith, this study concludes that the injustice and riba’ can be avoided under thefull reserve system, hence,attaining the Maqasid Shariah.
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Sun, Hong Fei, Li Dong Gong, and Lan Ping Zhou. "The Research of Power Grid Reserve Capacity Model Based on Equivalent Continuous Load." Applied Mechanics and Materials 459 (October 2013): 251–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.459.251.
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With economic development, power load is continuing to grow, power scale and install capacity have somewhat expanded. While there are some uncertain factors which lead to the power insufficient, and bring great losses to the development of national economy. This paper base on equivalent continuous load curve and curve fitting theory, establish mathematical model, and research the reasonable power reserve capacity and reserve rate.
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Laidler, David. "Meltzer's History of the Federal Reserve." Journal of Economic Literature 41, no. 4 (November 1, 2003): 1256–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/002205103771800031.
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This review argues that Allan Meltzer's account of the Federal Reserve between 1913 and 1951 complements Friedman and Schwartz's in their Monetary History. Meltzer emphasizes policy making within the system, rather than the evolution of the money supply and its effects on the economy. He stresses the uncertainty of the Fed's independence before the 1951 Accord, and the effects of economic ideas, notably the real bills and Riefler-Burgess doctrines, on policy. Many virtues in the book are noted, and one weakness, namely a failure to explain why inadequate ideas became dominant within the Fed when sounder alternatives were available in contemporary monetary thought.
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Dmitriev, A. N., Yu A. Chesnokov, and Galina Yu Vitkina. "The Reducibility of the Iron Ore Materials as Instrument of the Coke Consumption Decrease in the Blast Furnace Smelting." Defect and Diffusion Forum 334-335 (February 2013): 375–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ddf.334-335.375.
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The technique of defining the minimum coke consumption in blast furnace smelting allows for the calculation of the reserve of coke economy on the basis of thermodynamic principles. In this reserve the constitutive role belongs to the reducibility of the iron ore materials (the agglomerate and pellets). In the present paper, the questions of the reduction kinetics of the iron ore materials and diffusion processes at reduction of iron from its oxides are considered. It is shown that the reducibility of the iron ore materials is the basic reserve of economy the scarce and expensive coke in the blast furnace smelting.
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Ilhéu, Fernanda. "Chinese Outward Foreign Direct Investment." International Journal of Asian Business and Information Management 1, no. 4 (October 2010): 43–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/jabim.2010100104.
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In past years, China recorded a fast sustainable economic growth with an estimated average GDP growth rate of 9.7% in the period of 1980-2008, turning China into the world’s second largest economy. With an export oriented economic model, China is the most attractive developing country for FDI flows, both short and long term. In this regard, China has been able to achieve a foreign exchange reserve of US$ 2.2 trillion, the world´s largest reserve currency. Around 50% of this huge reserve is being applied in American bonds, while the remaining supports Chinese health and social security systems, bank solvability, internationalization of their economy, investment in geostrategic positioning, and making foreign aid available to other developing countries. During the 2008 global crisis, China was able to resist better than other major world economies, benefitting from this downturn to implement policies to reduce its economic imbalances. One of these imbalances is the gap between Chinese FDI and OFDI, which is now progressively narrowing. In the near future, OFDI is expected to be larger than FDI, and in this paper, the authors research whether Chinese OFDI can be explained by existing theories or if a new theory is required.
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Volkov, A. V., and A. L. Galyamov. "Prospects for the development of major tin ore deposits in Chukotka." Arctic: Ecology and Economy 12, no. 2 (June 2022): 224–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.25283/2223-4594-2022-2-224-234.
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Tin is not mined in the Russian Arctic, despite the huge reserves and resources. In the Soviet period, the Arctic provided more than half of the USSR’s production. Currently, almost all tin mining is concentrated in China and other countries of the Asia-Pacific region, which deposits are gradually being depleted. Russia imports most of the tin products needed by the economy. The Arctic tin resources are the largest reserve not only of the domestic, but also of the world economy. Chukotka has significant proven reserves and resources of tin, until the 90s of the last century, tin and tungsten mining occupied leading positions in the region’s economy. Several major tin deposits have been discovered within the district, but have not yet been developed: Pyrkakayskoe, Ekugskoe, Lunnoe and Kukeney. The authors give a brief geological and economic characteristic of the deposits. In addition to tin, from the complex ores of the Chukchi deposits it is possible to mine tungsten, silver, gold, as well as indium, a valuable metal for the high-tech industry. The restoration of tin mining in Chukotka is among the most important tasks in the socioeconomic development of the Arctic, the solution of which will provide Russian consumers with domestic products and completely abandon imports.
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Hidayat, Ade Bagja, Rosadi Rosadi, and Y. Purwanto. "SUSTAINABILITY ANALYSIS OF CIBODAS BIOSPHERE RESERVE MANAGEMENT." Journal of Science Innovare 4, no. 1 (March 1, 2021): 01–05. http://dx.doi.org/10.33751/jsi.v4i1.6115.
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This study aims to formulate the sustainable management of the Cibodas Biosphere Reserve through the function of the Biosphere Reserve approach. Sustainable development in the Cibodas Biosphere Reserve requires sustainable analysis to become material for supporting periodic reviews document of the Cibodas Biosphere Reserve Management and the Indonesian Man and Biosphere Programme National Committee. The method uses the Multidimensional Scaling (MDS) method with the stages of determining the attributes in each dimension. Which are: ecological dimensions (carbon stock, environmental services, sustainability of natural resources and ecosystems, and reduction of disasters), economic dimensions (poverty reduction, strengthening of the community economy, opportunities employment and branding) and the social culture dimensions (access to SDA, sustainable development education, health services / services, as well as science and technology, and innovation). Based on the results of the Rap Analysis, Leverage Analysis and, Monte Carlo, both in the ecological, economic and socio-cultural dimensions, the CBC sustainability index (IK) value is above 75.01 on a scale of 0-100. So, it can be concluded that the management of Cibodas Biosphere Reserve is currently very sustainable.
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Bandura, Oleksandr, and Valeriia Tkachova. "Local Effects from the Monetary Policy Globalization." Scientific Papers NaUKMA. Economics 6, no. 1 (July 30, 2021): 21–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.18523/2519-4739.2021.6.1.21-27.
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Most central banks of developed countries realize the “quantitative easing” (QE) monetary policy that allows us to speak about globalization as for monetary policy, as for this policy effects. We identified some positive and negative effects from the QE policy for the US economy (as the issuing country) and for Ukraine (as a country that accept of this policy effects on local level) that can be taking into account when national economy economic planning.At the base of author’s CMI-model of macroeconomic dynamics we proposed possible explanation for this monetary policy effects for the US economy that have no satisfied explanation within well-known models: 1) comparatively low economic growth rate under the QE monetary policy; 2) phenomenon of low inflation under sharp rising of money supply as a result of the QE policy; 3) phenomenon of record employment under comparatively small economic growth rate. Also we identified some other effects of the QE monetary policy that can be explained within well-known models. There are the following ones: negative interest rates for bonds market, the US dollar weakening on FOREX market, price rising for gold and various digital assets. We proposed some possible ways to use global effects from the QE monetary policy to benefit Ukrainian economy. For example, we proposed to change the structure of part of the gold and foreign exchange reserves of the National Bank of Ukraine (NBU) in order to increase its value, actually, under the risk-free way. We can use periods of the US economy stimulus provided by Federal Reserve Bank to increase part of gold in the reserves with corresponding decreasing of foreign exchange part. When the stimulus will be stopped, we proposed to decrease part of gold with corresponding increasing of foreign exchange part. Conclusions, tied with impact of the cumulative market imperfections value (ΔР) on economic growth rate obtained for the US economy, are valid and for Ukrainian economy, because, beforehand, we proved the validity of our CMI-model for national economy, too. JEL classification: E30, E31, E32, E37
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Killian, Syaiful Anwar, Selvi Tebaiy, and Ishak Musaad. "Persepsi dan Partisipasi Masyarakat Adat atas Penetapan Kawasan Cagar Alam Teluk Bintuni di Distrik Wamesa Kabupaten Teluk Bintuni." Cassowary 4, no. 2 (June 27, 2021): 172–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.30862/casssowary.cs.v4.i2.102.
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The indigenous peoples who live and live in the Bintuni Bay Nature Reserve Area in Wamesa District, consist of three villages, namely Mamuranu, Anak Kasih and Wasari. The economic activities carried out by indigenous peoples in the Bintuni Bay Nature Reserve conservation area are very high. This is related to the type of work or livelihood that the community is engaged in, namely fishermen (fish, shrimp and crab) at 43.75% and farming or gardening at 37.5%. Meanwhile, the public perception of the determination of the Bintuni Bay nature reserve area is quite varied. For example, the perception regarding the desire for community involvement in forest conservation in the Bintuni Bay nature reserve is very high (83.75%). Meanwhile, the perception of socialization or counseling from the Forestry Service / Agencies related to the management of the Bintuni Bay Nature Reserve is low (26.25%). Regarding the management of the Bintuni Bay nature reserve area, in general the community hopes to be actively involved in activities related to the Bintuni Bay Nature Reserve Area. In addition, the community wants to be allowed to carry out economic activities in the area, such as labor, gardening, fishing and others. Meanwhile, for the Government, the community hopes that there will be efforts to improve the community's economy and increase infrastructure and other public facilities, but while maintaining environmental sustainability forest in the Bintuni Bay nature reserve area.
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Афанасьев, Valentin Afanasev, Куканова, and N. Kukanova. "Scientific School “Real Economy Management”." Administration 2, no. 3 (September 17, 2014): 12–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/5631.
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A concept of formation of scientific school "Real Economy Managing", revealing activity’s basic directions,
based on fundamental knowledge, and representation of SUM’s scientific school founders have been
done in this paper. The scientific school head has been characterized in detail, his achievements, awards,
prizes and activities have been listed. The research team structure, united in the scientific school under
direction of V.Ya. Afanasiev, has been represented. New scientific schools emerged from the SUM’s base
scientific management school under the guidance of scientists who agree with founders’ scientific positions,
have been also marked. As practitioners followers have been marked persons on leadership positions in
real economy’s large organizations, such as State Corporation "Rosatom", LLC "NIIgazekonomika", JSC
"NK Rosneft". An amount of doctoral candidates and graduate students who have defended their thesis
in different specialties and who are scientific reserve for scientific school human resource reproduction
has been depicted on diagrams. The main directions of team’s research, its results, patents and licenses,
scientific reserve, major publications have been listed further in this article. The team’s research mix with
particular purpose mark, justification and problems’ specification has been disclosed in conclusion.
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Barrell, Ray, Nigel Pain, Dirk te Velde, Dawn Holland, and Florence Hubert. "The world economy." National Institute Economic Review 169 (July 1999): 38–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002795019916900106.
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The short-term prospects for the world economy appear to have brightened since the beginning of this year. Growth has continued at a rapid pace in the North American economies, helped by the prompt monetary response of the Federal Reserve to the turbulence in the global financial and currency markets in the latter half of last year and renewed vigour in equity prices. GDP in the United States is expected to rise by close to 4 per cent for the third year in succession. Some improvement in growth prospects now appears likely in Europe. After the marked slowdown at the turn of the year economic activity in the Euro Area and the UK appears set to return towards trend rates from the second half of this year, helped by relaxed monetary conditions.
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Pankhurst, Donna. "Similar but different? Assessing the reserve economy legacy of Namibia." Journal of Southern African Studies 22, no. 3 (September 1996): 405–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03057079608708502.
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Clements, R. T., C. D. Hansen, and M. J. Hames. "The Reserve Bank econometric model of the New Zealand economy." Economic Modelling 5, no. 2 (April 1988): 83–132. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0264-9993(88)90014-4.
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Hoque, Md Ariful, Afzal Ahmad, Mustafa Manir Chowdhury, and Mohammad Shahidullah. "Impact of Monetary Policy on Bank’s Profitability: A Study on Listed Commercial Banks in Bangladesh." International Journal of Accounting & Finance Review 5, no. 2 (October 11, 2020): 72–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.46281/ijafr.v5i2.796.
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Monetary policy is the policy by which the government of a country control supplies of money in an economy which is announced by the central bank for every six months. Central Bank carries out monetary policy by the banking system of a country. Central Bank uses Bank rate; Cash reserve ratio and open market operation to control the availability of funds in an economy. Within these three instruments, the cash reserve ratio is directly linked to the commercial bank's profitability. Every commercial bank maintains a cash reserve ratio against their demand & time deposits. Being changes in the cash reserve ratio banks profit level may increase or decrease. The prime intention here is to show the impact of monetary policy, especially Cash Reserve Ratio on the commercial bank's profitability. This study covers only listed commercial banks in Bangladesh. As sample researcher purposively selected 15 listed commercial banks that have available information. Results revealed that CRR negatively related to Return On Assets (-0.1133), Return On Equity (-0.0577) as well as Return On Investment (-0.0504). This means the bank's profitability declined due to the increase in cash reserve ratio (CRR). Again regression analysis outlined that the cash reserve ratio negatively impacts on the profitability of studied commercial banks in Bangladesh, which is statistically significant at the 10% level. Researchers proposed that Bangladeshi commercial banks will design their profitability plan by considering monetary policy tools, particularly the Cash reserve ratio.
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Narkevich, S., and P. Trunin. "Causes and Consequences of the Crisis in the Eurozone." Voprosy Ekonomiki, no. 12 (December 20, 2012): 84–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.32609/0042-8736-2012-12-84-97.
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In recent years the discussion of the role played by reserve currencies in the world economy has reached a new level. Problems caused by the domination of the single reserve currency have not yet been resolved and it remains unclear when and how they will be solved in the future. At the same time quite often the discussion doesn’t include theoretical foundations of different alternatives. In this article we try to develop a strict foundation of the regional reserve currency concept, present theoretical arguments for the factors of reserve currencies’ formation and estimate the potential of the Russian ruble as a regional reserve currency.
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Liu, Rui, and Yingzhu Yin. "Federal Reserve's Monetary Policy and Its Impact on China's Economic Development." Frontiers in Business, Economics and Management 4, no. 1 (June 13, 2022): 100–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/fbem.v4i1.511.
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The global financial crisis in 2008 caused great trauma to the economy and financial markets all over the world. Following the onset of the financial crisis, the monetary authorities of various nations implemented a range of monetary policies to deal with the crisis's negative impact on the real economy. The United States, as the world's largest country, the implementation of the Fed's monetary policy has a significant impact not only on its own macro-economy, but also on the world macro-economy. Following the onset of the financial crisis in 2008, the Federal Reserve implemented a series of monetary policy operations, including lowering the federal fund interest rate and the money market re-discount interest rate, to address the financial crisis' impact on the domestic economy of the United States. Unconventional monetary policy mainly includes reducing the federal funds rate to the zero range boundary. Based on previous studies, this paper finds that the monetary policies of the Federal Reserve mainly affect other countries' economies through four channels: asset price, exchange rate, interest rate and credit. At the same time, in view of the negative spillover effects brought by the Federal Reserve, China should adopt proactive financial policies to resist risks.
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Rajanbabu, R., and A. Srilaka. "Analysis on Growth of Foreign Exchange Reserves in India Since 1960-61 to 2017-18." Asian Journal of Managerial Science 8, no. 2 (May 5, 2019): 69–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.51983/ajms-2019.8.2.1549.
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This paper is primarily concerned with an analysis of the growth and trends in the foreign exchange reserves of India. It is based on secondary data and the data reliable for analysis are collected from handbook of statistics on Indian economy and the website of Reserve Bank of India. The study covers the period of 58 years from 1960-1961 to 2017-18. The collected data have been used for analysis with the help of compound growth rate. The analysis of the data reveals that foreign exchange reserves have significantly changed over the years. All the indicators noticed notable growth rate during the period under review. From the overall analysis showed that India holds adequate level of foreign exchange reserves.
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Salter, Alexander William. "A Theory of the Dynamics of Entangled Political Economy with Application to the Federal Reserve." Journal of Public Finance and Public Choice 30, no. 1 (April 1, 2012): 77–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1332/251569212x15664519360489.
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Abstract This paper develops the theory of entangled political economy by outlining a process by which the political-economic order can become increasingly entangled. The theory posits that a Big Player polity organization, a key feature of which is a lack of a hard budget constraint, exports this feature to the economy organizations it oversees. The channel through which it does so is the repeated interactions of economy and polity organizations' agents during times of crisis. The actions of the Federal Reserve, in particular its bailing out of large financial houses in the latter part of die 20th century and the most recent financial crisis, are used as a historical illustration of this theory. The paper also discusses die possibility of constitutional craftsmanship as a solution to the undesirable consequences that accompany increased economy-polity entanglement.
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Davidson, Laura, and Walter E. Block. "Rozeff on free banking: a critique." Journal of Economic and Administrative Sciences 34, no. 2 (July 2, 2018): 123–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jeas-07-2017-0067.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to correct Rozeff (2010). He contends that fractional-reserve banking is legitimate and efficacious. The authors demonstrate that it is not. Design/methodology/approach The design of this paper is to quote widely from Rozeff (2010) and then to expose his errors of analysis. Findings The authors demonstrate that fractional-reserve banking is neither legitimate nor efficacious. Originality/value Money is the lifeblood of the economy. If so, then banking is the marrow of the economy, since it is from that sector that money arises in the first place. It is crucially important, then, that the monetary system be based on sound principles. Fractional-reserve banking is a violation of these sound principles. Therefore, it is valuable to demonstrate that this is indeed the case.
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Bacchetta, Philippe, Kenza Benhima, and Yannick Kalantzis. "Capital Controls with International Reserve Accumulation: Can this Be Optimal?" American Economic Journal: Macroeconomics 5, no. 3 (July 1, 2013): 229–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/mac.5.3.229.
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Motivated by the Chinese experience, we analyze an economy where the central bank has access to international capital markets, but the private sector does not. The central bank is modeled as a Ramsey planner who can choose the domestic interest rate and the level of international reserves. Consumers are credit-constrained as in Woodford (1990). We find that a rapidly growing economy has a higher welfare without capital mobility. In the Chinese context, we argue that the domestic interest rate should be temporarily above the international rate and that there should be more foreign asset accumulation than in an open economy. (JEL E58, E62, F32, F41, O19, O24, P33)
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Li, Tian Ran, Yun Hu Luo, and Lin Sun. "Risk Management of Virtual Power Plant Reserve Allocation." Applied Mechanics and Materials 448-453 (October 2013): 2695–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.448-453.2695.
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Virtual Power Plant (VPP) is a new entity in power systems that manages a set of various distributed energy resources (DERs). One of the functions of VPP is to determine the allocation of reserve to solve the problem of renewable generation uncertainty. In this paper, the reserve resources of VPP are classified into non-renewable distributed generation (NRDG), energy storage device (ESD), interruptible load (IL) and reserve bought from the market (RBFM). Their complementary properties should be utilized to improve the economy of reserve allocation. An optimal coordination model for risk management of NRDG configuration of VPP reserve allocation is proposed. Simulation results are presented to validate that an optimal value of NRDG configuration should exist.
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Yan, Jun, Yuheng Sha, Tiezheng Wang, Yanlai Zhang, Ziwei Zhu, Wenlong Li, Yannan Guo, Wenqi Li, Jing Zhang, and Yuqian Zhang. "Research on Evaluation and Mechanism of Power Grid Reserve Project Based on Matter Element Model." E3S Web of Conferences 257 (2021): 02002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202125702002.
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In view of the increasing number of power grid reserve projects, how to reasonably evaluate power grid reserve projects and formulate power grid reserve project management mechanisms is of great significance for improving project management levels, optimizing resource allocation, and realizing the sustainable development of power grid enterprises. This paper proposes an evaluation method for power grid reserve projects based on the matter-element model. First, considering the influence factors of technology, economy, environment, etc., this paper constructs an evaluation index system for reserve projects considering policy, safety, and benefits; The method of weighting determines the index weight, and evaluates the project in combination with the matter-element model, laying a foundation for the research of the project reserve mechanism, and finally uses examples to verify the effectiveness of the method.
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Maelani, Puspita, Agustiawan Agustiawan, and Euis Suhartini. "Gerakan Pelestarian Cagar Alam berbasis Masyarakat untuk Meningkatkan Income Masyarakat Desa Sawahluhur Kota Serang." Batara Wisnu : Indonesian Journal of Community Services 2, no. 2 (August 30, 2022): 359–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.53363/bw.v2i2.109.
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This service is carried out because of the potential for nature reserves owned by the village of sublime rice fields. However, the condition of public awareness is still less concerned in preserving nature. So the purpose of this service is to socialize the movement for preserving the island's two nature reserves, and increasing people's income. The method is carried out through 4 stages, namely the preparation, implementation, implementation and evaluation stages. The result of this service is the participation of the community in preserving the nature reserve, awareness of protecting the environment and taking advantage of business opportunities such as the development of a local creative economy that is owned, from the existence of tourism business products
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Nikolaychuk, Tetyana. "Dealing with the economic and psychological consequences of war: experience economy in local communities." Eastern European Journal for Regional Studies 8, no. 2 (December 2022): 122–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.53486/2537-6179.8-2.09.
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Protected areas and other natural territories are very important part of the Ukrainian economy. Due to the numerous possibilities of protected areas, it can occupy a significant part of the post-war reconstruction's destinations.The methodological approaches of protected areas development are considered as tools of economic and innovative regional development and expansion of investment flows. The post-war market of Ukraine depends on the the recovery level of the country's population, because the innovative forms of economic activity launching presupposes the existence of a healthy society ready of reforms and changes.Taking into account given the above, it is actualized the necessity to find out the essence and role of the facilities of nature reserve fund in the system of balanced economically efficient use of nature, their place in the financial and market infrastructures, the definition of the investment potential of reserve areas. The investigation of the market without inter-study differences was conducted by a quantitative literature review (a meta-analysis). Forming indicators of the most vulnerable society groups were analyzed by the systematization method. The main vectors of innovative growth in the EU countries and the adapting possibility of these tools to the Ukrainian economy were formed by the comparative method. As a result of research, the author analyzed economic, organizational, environmental and social principles protected areas increasing, it is established is considered the protected areas as a code of multitask development and economic stimulation to coperate with business entities.
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Ilchuk, Pavlo, Olha Kots, Daryna Martynyuk, and Viktoriya Prokopchuk. "THE REQUIRED RESERVE RATIO AND ITS INFLUENCE ON MACROECONOMIC INDICATORS." International Journal of New Economics and Social Sciences 7, no. 1 (June 29, 2018): 14–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0012.2548.
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The world practice of using such a tool of monetary policy as a regulation of required reserve ratio by central banks has been researched and analyzed. The influence of regulation of required reserve ratio on macroeconomic indicators has been identified. The hypothesis of the possibility of using the long-term money supply law for monetary regulation of the economy and the effectiveness of the instrument for regulating required reserve ratio for achieving the monetary policy objectives of the central banks is proved.
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Sihombing, Lukertina, Eko Tama Putra Saratian, Mochamad Soelton, Dudi Permana, and Noermijati Noermijati. "FULL RESERVE REQUIREMENT BANKING SYSTEM FOR THE COMMUNITY ECONOMIC SUSTAINABILITY." ICCD 2, no. 1 (November 28, 2019): 542–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.33068/iccd.vol2.iss1.265.
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This is a community service related to the development of economic society through socialization on one of the three main pillars and principle in the economics and financial problems. Nowadays, people in the world have begun to care about the dangers of three pillars and its impact on the economy. They are interest, fiat money and fractional reserve requirement in the banking system. Ironically, there are still many ordinary people do not understand the general rules of the fractional reserve requirement in the banking system. In returning the economic and monetary to riba-free system, it is necessary to learn deeply about this subject. For this reason, there is a need for socialization to the wider community to increase good understanding of the three pillars, especially about the fractional reserve requirement in the banking system. This community service is expected to the community get finance literacy well and certainly can be considered in family financial planning.
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Wong, Hock Tsen. "Real exchange rate misalignment and economy." Journal of Economic Studies 46, no. 1 (January 7, 2019): 211–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jes-07-2017-0181.
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PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to examine the impact of real exchange rate misalignment on economy and economic sectors, namely construction, manufacturing and mining and quarrying in Malaysia.Design/methodology/approachThe equilibrium real exchange rate and economic models are estimated using the autoregressive distributed lag approach.FindingsAn increase in productivity differential or reserve differential will lead to an appreciation of real exchange rate in the long run. An increase in positive (negative) real exchange rate misalignment will lead to an increase (decrease) in economy. An increase in long-run real exchange rate misalignment will lead to a decrease in economy. Real exchange rate misalignment or long-run real exchange rate misalignment can influence the manufacturing sector in Malaysia. More specifically, undervaluation will promote whereas overvaluation will hurt the manufacturing sector.Originality/valueReal exchange rate misalignment can be a policy to influence economy but may not be the best choice.
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Haider, D. "Economic Development: Changing Practices in a Changing US Economy." Environment and Planning C: Government and Policy 4, no. 4 (December 1986): 451–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/c040451.
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In this paper, economic development is viewed in the context of a rapidly changing US economy. It is argued that economic development is no longer a policy or functional reserve of the national government, nor even an activity exclusively public. All sectors and governmental levels are currently engaged in its practice. Economic development, in effect, has become everyone's business although obvious inadequacies exist in defining what it is, let alone results. The paper provides an historical overview of national involvement in economic development and covers the recent debates over the federal government's appropriate role in fostering development. The remainder of the article traces the evolving and dynamic functioning of US States in the development arena, and the strategies and actions they are taking for strengthening their individual economic foundations. Yet, it is concluded that promising and creative as these ventures may be, it is unclear how much of a measurable impact they have had set against broader economic forces and trends. What is more clear, however, is that US States have emerged at the center of public, private, and intergovernmental activities aimed at responding to changes in the US economy.
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NIKOLAYCHUK, TETYANA. "FRANCHISING AS AN INTEGRAL PART OF THE NATURALLY RESERVE FUND'S ECONOMY." Economic innovations 21, no. 3(72) (September 20, 2019): 98–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.31520/ei.2019.21.3(72).98-106.
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Topicality. The franchising tool can become a form environmentally oriented business activities, a development vector of cooperation of naturally reserved fund institutions and representatives of the private sector, who want to carry out their activities taking into account environmental imperatives and produce truly ecologically pure products, but first of all corresponding contractual mechanism must be formalized into a legal structure and an independent object of normative-legal regulation. Aim and tasks. The aim of the article is represented the main tendencies and realities the franchising's law nature problem. Also few questions are being discussed, concerning the specification of franchising like a unique law phenomena. Therefore, the relevant article is devoted to the problems of the formation and use the franchising tool in the field of conservation work, advantages and disadvantages of implementing the mechanism of franchising contracts are considered both for the NRF institutions, and for representatives of the private sector of the economics. Research results. In this article we have reviewed the public and social elements of "natural reserve franchising's", which engulfs the narrow sphere of relations than other kinds of franchising. Designing a proper franchise system is a creative activity and entails developing a strategic plan, which needs to be written and have a logical flow of information. The strategic plan provides management with a road map for the company, with defined tactical actions that achieve the company�s objectives. Conclusion. Nowadays, franchisors are looking today to leverage the advantages inherent in the multi-unit developer relationship by modifying the terms of their offerings for developers, by requiring the franchisee to internalize and share in some of the unit support obligations typically provided to single-unit franchisees and reduce the franchisor�s per-unit cost of support. Today�s educated investors are not only looking at what it takes to get into the business, but also the ROI and exit strategy when it�s time to get out. And capitalizing on one�s hard work can be exponentially rewarding in franchising by way of resales. The original franchise model was built on the premise that the franchisor would continue to operate a material number of its own units and therefore would set system goals and operational imperatives that were mutually beneficial.