Academic literature on the topic 'Reserve carbohydrates'
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Journal articles on the topic "Reserve carbohydrates"
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Cheng, Lailiang, and Leslie H. Fuchigami. "615 Growth Performance of Transplanted Young Apple Trees in Relation to Reserve Nitrogen and Carbohydrates." HortScience 34, no. 3 (June 1999): 553D—553. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.34.3.553d.
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Reserve N and carbohydrate levels of bench-grafted Fuji/M26 plants were altered by fertigation with seven N concentrations from 30 June to 1 Sept. in combination with or without 3% foliar urea application in mid-October. The plants were harvested after natural leaf fall and stored at 2 °C. One set of plants were destructively sampled in January for reserve N and carbohydrates analysis, and the remaining plants were transplanted into a N-free medium in the spring and supplied with or without 5 mM 15N-ammonium nitrate in a Hoagland solution for 60 days after budbreak. Plants fertigated with higher N concentrations had higher reserve N content and lower carbohydrate concentrations. Foliar urea application increased whole plant N content and decreased reserve carbohydrate concentration at each given N concentration used in fertigation. Regardless of N supply in the spring, total new shoot and leaf growth of plants fertigated with N was closely related to the amount of reserve N but not reserve carbohydrates. Plants treated with foliar urea had more new shoot and leaf growth than the fertigated controls. By pooling all the data concerning reserve N used for growth regardless of the spring N supply, a linear relationship was found between the amount of reserve N used for new shoot and leaf growth and the total amount of N. We conclude that the growth of apple nursery plants in the spring is mainly determined by reserve N, not reserve carbohydrates. The amount of reserve N used for new shoot and leaf growth in the spring is dependent on the total amount of reserve and is not affected by the current N supply.
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Bates, Terence R., Richard M. Dunst, and Paula Joy. "Seasonal Dry Matter, Starch, and Nutrient Distribution in 'Concord' Grapevine Roots." HortScience 37, no. 2 (April 2002): 313–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.37.2.313.
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Three-year-old field-grown 'Concord' (Vitis labruscana Bailey) grapevines were destructively harvested at eight growth stages during 1998 to quantify growth, carbohydrate distribution, and nutrient concentrations of different organs. The roots were the major storage organ for carbohydrates and nutrients, accounting for 84% of the starch and 75% of nitrogen stored in the vines at the beginning of the season. About 78% of the reserve starch in the vine was used for prebloom root and shoot growth. Early-season fine-root growth was a sink for stored vine nitrogen; however, the fine roots quickly became a nitrogen uptake source, providing at least 84% of the spring growth nitrogen. Total root biomass increased from bloom to leaf fall, but reserve carbohydrates and nutrients lost in the prebloom period did not begin to recover in roots until the end of rapid shoot development in late July. Crop removal at harvest, and a late-season root flush, further increased vegetative carbohydrate and nutrient reserves in the short postharvest period.
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Kaur, Manpreet, Yamini Tak, Surekha Bhatia, Bavita Asthir, José M. Lorenzo, and Ryszard Amarowicz. "Crosstalk during the Carbon–Nitrogen Cycle That Interlinks the Biosynthesis, Mobilization and Accumulation of Seed Storage Reserves." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 21 (November 6, 2021): 12032. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms222112032.
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Carbohydrates are the major storage reserves in seeds, and they are produced and accumulated in specific tissues during the growth and development of a plant. The storage products are hydrolyzed into a mobile form, and they are then translocated to the developing tissue following seed germination, thereby ensuring new plant formation and seedling vigor. The utilization of seed reserves is an important characteristic of seed quality. This review focuses on the seed storage reserve composition, source–sink relations and partitioning of the major transported carbohydrate form, i.e., sucrose, into different reserves through sucrolytic processes, biosynthetic pathways, interchanging levels during mobilization and crosstalk based on vital biochemical pathways that interlink the carbon and nitrogen cycles. Seed storage reserves are important due to their nutritional value; therefore, novel approaches to augmenting the targeted storage reserve are also discussed.
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Hatata, Mohammad, and Michel Farah. "Specific effects of certain salts on carbohydrate metabolism in young corn seedlings." Acta Societatis Botanicorum Poloniae 51, no. 1 (2014): 81–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.5586/asbp.1982.008.
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The effects of sodium and magnesium chlorides and sulphates on carbohydrate metabolism of corn seedlings and their component parts were studied. There was a decrease in the total carbohydrate content of seedlings with advance of time, in control and in different concentrations of salts. The decrease became less marked with increase of salt concentrations. The main effect of salinization, on the changes in carbohydrates, was strongest on the roots and grains. The roots contained the lowest proportion of the various carbohydrate fractions. This feature suggests that the mobilization of carbohydrates from grains to roots is greatly retarded by salinization. Both cations and anions exert an influence on the conversion of reserve carbohydrates.
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Mudau, Fhatuwani N., Ambani R. Mudau, Mpumelelo Nkomo, and Wonder Ngezimana. "Variation in Carbohydrate Reserves and Dry Matter Production of Bush Tea (Athrixia phylicoides) Grown under Different Environmental Conditions." HortScience 51, no. 12 (December 2016): 1537–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci11197-16.
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Reserve carbohydrates are critical for herbage yields, productivity as well as management strategies of bush tea (Athrixia phylicoides DC). This study was conducted to evaluate carbohydrate accumulation in response to pruning seasons (summer, autumn, winter, and spring) involving different organs grown under different conditions and to determine mean dry matter production of bush tea. Three separate parallel trials were conducted under wild, field, and glasshouse conditions. Seasons and different growing sites were considered as treatments. Treatments for all controlled trials (field and glasshouse) consisted of seasonal pruning (winter, spring, summer, and autumn). Trials were arranged using a randomized complete block design with 25 single plants as replicates per treatment. Seasonal responses revealed that winter had the highest starch (145.0 mg·g−1) in the stems and reserve carbohydrates (480.6 mg·g−1) in the roots, whereas in the roots sugar (400.6 mg·g−1) was highest in summer. The highest significant root reserve carbohydrates occurred in winter (594.6 mg·g−1) and the lowest in autumn (fall) (313.3 mg·g−1). Bush tea plants pruned during winter had the highest overall reserve carbohydrates in the stem (598.7 mg·g−1). Under glasshouse conditions, the highest dry matter production was observed in December (midsummer) (170 g per plant); while in field-grown plants in the same month dry matter production was 400 g per plant. Therefore, the best time to maximize production of bush tea is during the spring and summer seasons.
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Cheng, Lailiang, Sunghee Guak, Shufu Dong, and Leslie H. Fuchigami. "288 Effects of Foliar Urea on Reserve Nitrogen and Carbohydrates in Young Apple Trees with Different Nitrogen Background." HortScience 34, no. 3 (June 1999): 492A—492. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.34.3.492a.
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Bench-grafted Fuji/M26 plants were fertigated with seven nitrogen concentrations (0, 2.5, 5.0, 7.5, 10, 15, and 20 mM) by using a modified Hoagland solution from 30 June to 1 Sept. In mid-October, half of the fertigated trees were sprayed with 3% urea twice at weekly intervals, while the other half were left as controls. The plants were harvested after natural leaf fall, stored at 2 °C, and then destructively sampled in January for reserve N and carbohydrate analysis. As N concentration used in fertigation increased, whole-plant reserve N content increased progressively with a corresponding decrease in reserve carbohydrate concentration. Foliar urea application increased whole-plant N content and decreased reserve carbohydrate concentration. The effect of foliar urea on whole-plant reserve N content and carbohydrate concentration was dependent on the N status of the plant, with low-N plants being more responsive than high-N plants. There was a linear relationship between the increase in N content and decrease in carbohydrate concentration caused by foliar urea, suggesting that part of the reserve carbohydrates was used to assimilate N from foliar urea. Regardless of the difference in tree size caused by N fertigation, the increase in the total amount of reserve N by foliar urea application was the same on a whole-tree basis, indicating that plants with low-N background were more effective in using N from urea spray than plants with high-N background.
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Ranwala, Anil P., Beth Hardin, and William B. Miller. "Changes in Non-structural Carbohydrates in Tulip Bulb Scales during Cold Treatment and Greenhouse Forcing." HortScience 33, no. 3 (June 1998): 454c—454. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.33.3.454c.
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The energy and carbon needs for early shoot growth in tulips are mainly provided by reserve carbohydrates in bulbs. The cold-treatment of bulbs before greenhouse forcing enhances the breakdown and remobilization of reserve carbohydrates in bulb scales, and is necessary for proper shoot growth and flowering in tulips. Tulip bulbs are known to contain both starch and fructans as reserve carbohydrates. We evaluated several extraction solvents, including ethanol and distilled water, and several extraction temperatures to accurately determine the amounts of different types of non-structural carbohydrates in tulip bulb scales. Extraction with distilled water resulted in excessive solubilization of starch. For example, extraction at 70 °C solubilized more than 80% of starch to glucan polymers. On the other hand, 80% ethanol at 70 °C extracted all soluble sugars including fructans with no apparent solubilization of starch. The changes in non-structural carbohydrates in the outermost bulb scale of tulip (Tulipa gesneriana L. `Frankfurt') during 12 weeks of cooling at 8.8 °C followed by 5 weeks of greenhouse forcing were determined. Starch was the major carbohydrate in bulb scales consisting of ≈70% of the dry weight at the beginning of cold treatment. Starch content per scale decreased slightly during cold treatment, but rapidly after transferring to greenhouse. Sucrose and soluble fructan content per scale increased during cold treatment, then decreased after transferring to greenhouse. Glucose content per scale remained fairly constant during cooling and greenhouse forcing, while fructose content increased in the greenhouse.
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Wang, Z., K. Huang, H. Mahmoud, and B. Quebedeaux. "Effects of Decreasing Temperature and Photoperiod on Carbohydrate Reserve Accumulation and 14C-Photosynthate Partitioning in Apple." HortScience 33, no. 3 (June 1998): 452d—452. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.33.3.452d.
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Carbohydrate reserves are major substrates for cold hardiness and respiration during winter and for early growth during the following season for most woody plants. In apple, carbohydrate reserve accumulation occurs mainly in late summer and autumn as temperature and photoperiod decrease. However, information on the response of reserve carbohydrate accumulation and photosynthate partitioning into sorbitol, sucrose, and starch in apple to decreasing temperature and photoperiod is limited. One-year-old `Gala' apple plants were grown in controlled environments at 26 °C and 16-h photoperiod for 50 d and then either remained in 26 °C/16 h or were subjected to a lower temperature and shorter photoperiod for 28 d that resulted in four treatments of 26 °C/16h (HT/LD), 26 °C/8h (HT/SD), 13 °C/16h (LT/LD), 13 °C/8h (LT/SD). Newly fixed 14C-photosynthates and reserve carbohydrates were analyzed in leaves, stems, and roots. Leaf photosynthesis and plant growth parameters were also examined. The LT treatments inhibited plant shoot growth and leaf initiation rates while SD treatments had little additive effect. Plants with LD treatments had greater specific leaf weight, but decreased photosynthetic rates compared to SD regimes. A decrease in temperature altered partitioning of newly fixed 14C-photosynthates into sorbitol, sucrose, and starch and carbohydrate accumulation in various plant organs. Low temperature effects were modified by photoperiod.
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Tolsma, A. D., K. G. Tolhurst, and S. M. Read. "Effects of fire, post-fire defoliation, drought and season on regrowth and carbohydrate reserves of alpine snowgrass Poa fawcettiae (Poaceae)." Australian Journal of Botany 58, no. 3 (2010): 157. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt09186.
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Following defoliation, grasses regenerate foliage from basal buds. We used a combination of field, glasshouse and growth-room experiments to investigate the role of carbohydrate reserves in regrowth of Poa fawcettiae Vickery following fire or mock grazing, and the effect on reserve dynamics of post-fire defoliation, drought and seasonal factors. Fructan reserves of burnt plants were depleted during foliage regeneration, and remained below those of unburnt plants for up to 10 months in the field, and for up to 3 months in the glasshouse. Plants were resilient to occasional mechanical clipping of foliage, but experienced significant depletion in fructan reserves and high tiller mortality when clipped at frequent intervals. Cold treatment led to fructan concentrations almost double those in plants growing at a warm temperature, explaining peak autumn levels in field plants, whereas a short drought treatment doubled the concentration of ethanol-soluble carbohydrates. Taken together, these data show how the dynamics of carbohydrate reserves, and specifically tiller-base fructan reserves, explain the vegetative regeneration capacity of P. fawcettiae.
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Souza, A., CZ Sandrin, MFA Calió, ST Meirelles, VR Pivello, and RCL Figueiredo-Ribeiro. "Seasonal variation of soluble carbohydrates and starch in Echinolaena inflexa, a native grass species from the Brazilian savanna, and in the invasive grass Melinis minutiflora." Brazilian Journal of Biology 70, no. 2 (May 2010): 395–404. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1519-69842010000200023.
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Echinolaena inflexa (Poir.) Chase is an abundant C3 grass species with high biomass production in the Brazilian savanna (cerrado); Melinis minutiflora Beauv. is an African C4 forage grass widespread in cerrado and probably displacing some native herbaceous species. In the present work, we analysed seasonally the content and composition of soluble carbohydrates, the starch amounts and the above-ground biomass (phytomass) of E. inflexa and M. minutiflora plants harvested in two transects at 5 and 130 m from the border in a restrict area of cerrado at the Biological Reserve and Experimental Station of Mogi-Guaçu (SP, Brazil). Results showed that water soluble carbohydrates and starch amounts from the shoots of both species varied according to the time of the year, whilst in the underground organs, variations were observed mainly in relation to the transects. Marked differences in the pattern of the above-ground biomass production between these two grasses relative to their location in the Reserve were also observed, with two peaks of the invasive species (July and January) at the Reserve border. The differences in carbohydrate accumulation, partitioning and composition of individual sugars concerning time of the year and location in the Reserve were more related to the annual growth cycle of both grasses and possibly to specific physiological responses of M. minutiflora to disturbed environments in the Reserve border.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Reserve carbohydrates"
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Tozzi, Henrique Hespanhol [UNESP]. "Caracterização da mobilização das reservas das sementes do maracujá-amarelo (Passiflora edulis Sims f. flavicarpa O. Deg) durante a germinação." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/87860.
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O maracujá-amarelo é uma fruta de grande valor econômico e cultural no Brasil, país com a maior produção e consumo do fruto atualmente. Apesar da grande importância do fruto, a mobilização da reserva de suas sementes durante a germinação não é conhecida. Portanto, o objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar as alterações histológicas e bioquímicas ocorridas na semente durante os primeiros dez dias de germinação. Extrações de carboidratos, lipídios e proteínas foram realizadas juntamente com a análise histoquímica das sementes nos períodos de 0, 2, 4, 6, 8 e 10 dias de germinação tanto sob luz branca quanto no escuro. Os resultados mostraram que a principal reserva das sementes é lipídica, pois o seu consumo é alto durante a germinação, porém também há variações nos níveis de proteínas e carboidratos que podem estar envolvidas no processo de germinação.
The Yellow Passion fruit is of great economic and cultural value in Brazil, the country with the largest production and consumption nowadays. Despite its great importance, the mobilization of the seed reserves is unknown. Therefore, our objective was to evaluate the histological and biochemical changes that occur in the seed during the first ten days of germination. Carbohydrates, lipid and protein extractions were done along with seed histochemical analysis at 0, 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 days of germination under continuous white light and darkness. The results showed that lipids are the main reserve, for its consumption is high during germination, but there are also variations in protein and carbohydrates levels that may be involved in the germination process.
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Virgilio, Stela. "Regulation of reserve carbohydrates metabolism in Neurospora crassa : responses to pH, calcium and carbon source stresses and to the biological clock /." Araraquara, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/144268.
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Orientadora: Maria Célia BertoliniBanca: Nilce Maria Martinez Rossi
Banca: Rafael Silva Rocha
Banca: Carlos Takeshi Hotta
Banca: Iran Malavazi
Resumo: The fungus Neurospora crassa, a model organism in studies of gene expression, metabolism, photobiology and circadian rhythm, is able to respond and adapt to different environmental stresses, such as heat shock, pH changes, nutrient limitation, osmotic stress, and others. Besides that, N. crassa has the genome sequenced and collections of knocked-out strains are avalaible to the scientific community. A systematic screening analysis performed with mutant strains in genes encoding transcription factors led to identify proteins involved in the glycogen metabolism regulation in this fungus. Glycogen and trehalose are storage carbohydrates that functions as a carbon and energy reserve. Trehalose can also protect membranes and proteins, increasing the tolerance to adverse conditions. In this work, some transcription factors were functionally characterized regarding their role in glycogen and trehalose metabolism regulation. The first condition investigated was the influence of the circadian clock in the glycogen metabolism. We observed that the glycogen accumulation and the expression of genes encoding glycogen synthase (gsn) and glycogen phosphorylase (gpn) are rhythmic in a wild-type strain and dependent on the FREQUENCY (FRQ) oscillator, the core component of the N. crassa circadian clock. The VOS-1 transcription factor, that is controlled by clock and can act in the connection between clock and glycogen metabolism, binds to gsn and gpn promoters rhythmically. However, the expres... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Doutor
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Tozzi, Henrique Hespanhol. "Caracterização da mobilização das reservas das sementes do maracujá-amarelo (Passiflora edulis Sims f. flavicarpa O. Deg) durante a germinação /." Rio Claro : [s.n.], 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/87860.
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Orientador: Massanori TakakiBanca: Giuseppina Pace Pereira Lima
Banca: Lilian Beatriz Penteado Zaidan
Resumo: O maracujá-amarelo é uma fruta de grande valor econômico e cultural no Brasil, país com a maior produção e consumo do fruto atualmente. Apesar da grande importância do fruto, a mobilização da reserva de suas sementes durante a germinação não é conhecida. Portanto, o objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar as alterações histológicas e bioquímicas ocorridas na semente durante os primeiros dez dias de germinação. Extrações de carboidratos, lipídios e proteínas foram realizadas juntamente com a análise histoquímica das sementes nos períodos de 0, 2, 4, 6, 8 e 10 dias de germinação tanto sob luz branca quanto no escuro. Os resultados mostraram que a principal reserva das sementes é lipídica, pois o seu consumo é alto durante a germinação, porém também há variações nos níveis de proteínas e carboidratos que podem estar envolvidas no processo de germinação.
Abstract: The Yellow Passion fruit is of great economic and cultural value in Brazil, the country with the largest production and consumption nowadays. Despite its great importance, the mobilization of the seed reserves is unknown. Therefore, our objective was to evaluate the histological and biochemical changes that occur in the seed during the first ten days of germination. Carbohydrates, lipid and protein extractions were done along with seed histochemical analysis at 0, 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 days of germination under continuous white light and darkness. The results showed that lipids are the main reserve, for its consumption is high during germination, but there are also variations in protein and carbohydrates levels that may be involved in the germination process.
Mestre
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Silva, Alysson Roberto da [UNESP]. "Respostas do capim-tifton 85 a doses de nitrogênio associadas a doses e fontes de boro." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/105244.
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O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar respostas do capim-tifton 85 a doses de nitrogênio (N) associadas a doses e fontes de boro (B). Em casa de vegetação, conduziu-se um experimento fatorial 3 ´ 3 ´ 3 {três doses de N (0, 100 e 200 mg kg–1), três doses de B (0, 1,3 e 2,6 mg kg–1) e três fontes de B [colemanita fundida ao termofosfato (CF), colemanita em mistura com termofosfato (CM) e ácido bórico (H3BO3)]} em delineamento inteiramente ao acaso. As plantas cresceram em vasos preenchidos com amostra de um Latossolo Vermelho distrófico. Elas foram avaliadas em três ciclos de crescimento. O N foi aplicado no início de cada ciclo e o B apenas antes do plantio. A aplicação de N aumentou a massa seca da parte aérea e o número de perfilhos do capim nos três ciclos. A aplicação de B, isolada ou associada à de N, não teve influência nesses atributos, embora o solo tivesse baixo teor de B disponível. O suprimento de N aumentou também os teores de carboidratos de reserva na raiz da planta nos dois ciclos em que foram avaliados (primeiro e terceiro). O suprimento de B aumentou o teor desses carboidratos na base do caule no primeiro ciclo. Os fornecimentos de N e B aumentaram seus respectivos teores na parte aérea do capim no três ciclos, exceto no caso do teor de B no terceiro ciclo. Todas as fontes de B aumentaram o teor de B disponível no solo, mas a CM e o H3BO3 aumentaram mais do que a CF. O efeito mais evidente da aplicação conjunta de N e B ocorreu no acúmulo de B na parte aérea da planta, aumentando mais com a combinação das duas aplicações. O teor inicial de B no solo (0,15 mg dm–3) foi suficiente para atender as necessidades do capim-tifton 85 nos três ciclos de crescimento.
The objective of this work was to evaluate responses of Tifton 85 bermudagrass to nitrogen (N) rates associated with boron (B) rates and sources. In greenhouse, it was carried out a factorial experiment 3 ´ 3 ´ 3 {three N rates (0, 100 and 200 mg kg–1), three B rates (0, 1.3 and 2.6 mg kg–1) and three B sources [colemanite fused to termophosphate (CF), colemanite in mixture with termophosphate (CM) and boric acid (H3BO3)]} in complete randomized design. The plants grew in pots filled with sample of a Typic Haplustox. They were evaluated during three growth cycles. The N was applied at the beginning of each cycle and the B just before the planting. The N application increased both top dry mass and tiller number of the grass in the three cycles. The B application, isolated or associated with N application, did not have influence on these attributes, though the soil had low available B content. The N supply increased reserve carbohydrates contents in plant root in the two cycles in which they were evaluated (first and third). The B supply increased the content of these carbohydrates in the stem base in the first cycle. The N and B furnishings increased their respective contents in top grass in the three cycles, except in the case of the B content in the third cycle. All the sources increased the available B content in soil, but CM and H3BO3 increased more than CF. The most evident effect of the N and B applications together occurred in the B accumulation in top plant, increasing more with the combination of the two applications. The initial B content in soil (0.15 mg dm–3) was enough to attend necessities of Tifton 85 bermudagrass in the three growth cycles.
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Hudgeons, Jeremy L. "The establishment, biological success and host impact of Diorhabda elongata, imported biological control agents of invasive Tamarix in the United States." Thesis, [College Station, Tex. : Texas A&M University, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/ETD-TAMU-1502.
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Silva, Alysson Roberto da. "Respostas do capim-tifton 85 a doses de nitrogênio associadas a doses e fontes de boro /." Jaboticabal : [s.n.], 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/105244.
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Resumo: O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar respostas do capim-tifton 85 a doses de nitrogênio (N) associadas a doses e fontes de boro (B). Em casa de vegetação, conduziu-se um experimento fatorial 3 ' 3 ' 3 {três doses de N (0, 100 e 200 mg kg-1), três doses de B (0, 1,3 e 2,6 mg kg-1) e três fontes de B [colemanita fundida ao termofosfato (CF), colemanita em mistura com termofosfato (CM) e ácido bórico (H3BO3)]} em delineamento inteiramente ao acaso. As plantas cresceram em vasos preenchidos com amostra de um Latossolo Vermelho distrófico. Elas foram avaliadas em três ciclos de crescimento. O N foi aplicado no início de cada ciclo e o B apenas antes do plantio. A aplicação de N aumentou a massa seca da parte aérea e o número de perfilhos do capim nos três ciclos. A aplicação de B, isolada ou associada à de N, não teve influência nesses atributos, embora o solo tivesse baixo teor de B disponível. O suprimento de N aumentou também os teores de carboidratos de reserva na raiz da planta nos dois ciclos em que foram avaliados (primeiro e terceiro). O suprimento de B aumentou o teor desses carboidratos na base do caule no primeiro ciclo. Os fornecimentos de N e B aumentaram seus respectivos teores na parte aérea do capim no três ciclos, exceto no caso do teor de B no terceiro ciclo. Todas as fontes de B aumentaram o teor de B disponível no solo, mas a CM e o H3BO3 aumentaram mais do que a CF. O efeito mais evidente da aplicação conjunta de N e B ocorreu no acúmulo de B na parte aérea da planta, aumentando mais com a combinação das duas aplicações. O teor inicial de B no solo (0,15 mg dm-3) foi suficiente para atender as necessidades do capim-tifton 85 nos três ciclos de crescimento.Abstract: The objective of this work was to evaluate responses of Tifton 85 bermudagrass to nitrogen (N) rates associated with boron (B) rates and sources. In greenhouse, it was carried out a factorial experiment 3 ' 3 ' 3 {three N rates (0, 100 and 200 mg kg-1), three B rates (0, 1.3 and 2.6 mg kg-1) and three B sources [colemanite fused to termophosphate (CF), colemanite in mixture with termophosphate (CM) and boric acid (H3BO3)]} in complete randomized design. The plants grew in pots filled with sample of a Typic Haplustox. They were evaluated during three growth cycles. The N was applied at the beginning of each cycle and the B just before the planting. The N application increased both top dry mass and tiller number of the grass in the three cycles. The B application, isolated or associated with N application, did not have influence on these attributes, though the soil had low available B content. The N supply increased reserve carbohydrates contents in plant root in the two cycles in which they were evaluated (first and third). The B supply increased the content of these carbohydrates in the stem base in the first cycle. The N and B furnishings increased their respective contents in top grass in the three cycles, except in the case of the B content in the third cycle. All the sources increased the available B content in soil, but CM and H3BO3 increased more than CF. The most evident effect of the N and B applications together occurred in the B accumulation in top plant, increasing more with the combination of the two applications. The initial B content in soil (0.15 mg dm-3) was enough to attend necessities of Tifton 85 bermudagrass in the three growth cycles.
Orientador: Edson Luiz Mendes Coutinho
Coorientador: Edemo João Fernandes
Banca: Mara Cristina Pessôa da Cruz
Banca: Cassio Hamilton Abreu Junior
Banca: Takashi Muraoka
Banca: Renato de Mello Prado
Doutor
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Hackmann, Timothy John. "Responses of Rumen Microbes to Excess Carbohydrate." The Ohio State University, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1364922613.
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Links, Johannes. "Effect of shoot removal on bud fruitfulness and yield of Vitis vinifera cv. ‘Crimson Seedless’ in the Western Cape." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/46056.
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‘Crimson Seedless’ (Vitis vinifera L.) is an attractive, late season, red, seedless cultivar, which is currently a very popular table grape cultivar. It is one of the most planted cultivars in South Africa and third in terms of total area of table grape vineyards in production. Mature ‘Crimson Seedless’ grapes are characterized by outstanding eating quality, good flavour, firm and crisp berries. One of the key factors affecting the yield of table grape cultivars is bud fruitfulness. Low fruitfulness can have a significant effect on the yield of table grape cultivars and ‘Crimson Seedless’ is characterized by a fruitfulness problem. Summer pruning, such as the removal of shoots after harvesting grapes, is a cultivation practice widely used by some table grape producers in the Orange River region of South Africa. The first hypothesis of this study stated that the removal of shoots after harvest will increase the transmitted PAR through the canopy, increase carbohydrate reserve levels in canes and improve bud fruitfulness of ‘Crimson Seedless’. A second hypothesis of this study stated that the cut back of all main shoots and shoots developing from spurs to the nearest lateral shoot and the removal of all unproductive shoots after berry set will result in fruitful shoots the following season. The third and final hypothesis of this study stated that the removal of shoots after harvest and berry set will improve the yield and quality of Vitis vinifera cv. ‘Crimson Seedless’.
The study was conducted over three seasons (2010/11 to 2012/13) and aimed at investigating factors, including shoot removal, impacting bud fruitfulness of an 11-year-old commercial V. vinifera L. cv. ‘Crimson Seedless’ vineyard, grafted on ‘Ramsey’ (Vitis champinii) rootstocks in the Hex River Valley. The treatment design was a complete randomized design and involved five treatments, which included 33% shoot removal (S33) and 66% shoot removal (S66) after harvest, cutting of all main and lateral shoots developing from spurs to the nearest lateral shoot (LS), removal of all unproductive shoots (RSB) which was compared with the control, in which standard pruning practices were performed. The results obtained in this experiment showed that shoot removal after harvest and after berry set improves PAR transmission into the canopy, but there was no significant impact on bud fruitfulness. In addition, it was found that shoot removal reduced vegetative growth resulting in thinner canes that also led to the improvement in PAR transmission. Furthermore, bunch number per shoot in the LS treated vines was reduced when compared with S33 treated vines, illustrating that shoot removal at berry set can reduce bunch number per shoot due to defoliation after berry set. The significant decrease in bud burst in the S33 treatments compared with the control was expected due to less shoots, resulting in a reduction in cane mass during the 2010/11 season.
The significant effect of LS treatments after berry set on TSS and total red pigments compared with the S66 treatments and the control, respectively, clearly indicates that shoot removal after berry set improves grape colour. The positive effect of LS treatments on colour was supported by the significant improvement in class 4 bunches, representing an improvement in quality. Although shoot removal did not have a significant effect on the bunch mass per vine of ‘Crimson Seedless’, there was a significant reduction in total bunches for export and mass of the total export bunches in the LS treatments in the 2011/12 season.
A link between carbohydrate concentration in canes and bud fruitfulness was not found in this study, as S33 and S66 treatments did not have a significant effect on carbohydrate content in canes during the 2011/12 season. The question therefore arises whether the treatments applied during the growing seasons are worthwhile, because there was no significant impact on bud fruitfulness of Vitis vinifera L. cv. ‘Crimson Seedless’. This study illustrates that growers need to decide whether it is worthwhile to utilize labour for this practice and they must manage grapevines not only for the current seasons crop, but also for the next season and this can be accomplished by maintaining sufficient carbohydrates for fruitfulness and yield from season to season.Dissertation (MInst Agrar)--University of Pretoria, 2014.
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Plant Production and Soil Science
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Bennett, J. S. "Relationships between carbohydrate supply and reserves and the reproductive growth of grapevines (Vitis vinifera L.)." Lincoln University, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10182/1597.
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Viticultural practices such as trunk girdling and shoot topping along with defoliation, shading and node number per vine treatments were used to alter the carbohydrate physiology of mature Chardonnay grapevines growing in the cool climate of Canterbury, New Zealand. The timing of vine defoliation in the season previous to fruiting decreased concentrations of over-wintering carbohydrate reserves (mostly starch) in both the trunks and roots of grapevines. Roots were particularly sensitive, with defoliation as early as 4 weeks after bloom in the previous season reducing starch concentrations to 1.5%Dwt at bud burst compared with 17%Dwt in non-defoliated vines. In contrast, partial vine defoliation as early as bloom in the previous season reduced root starch concentrations to 4-7%Dwt at bud burst compared with 15%Dwt in non-defoliated vines. Vine shading and trunk girdling treatments at bloom in the previous season, resulted in small reductions in root starch concentrations (16%Dwt) compared with non-shaded and non-girdled vines (19%Dwt), but shoot topping did not. Study across three growing seasons established that higher concentrations of over-wintering trunk and root carbohydrate reserves were associated with warmer and sunnier weather in the previous growing season. Individual shoot leaf removal at either the beginning or towards the end of the inflorescence initiation period, reduced shoot starch concentrations to 3-6%Dwt compared with 11 %Dwt for no leaf removal, such reductions persisted through to the following season. Shoot topping at the start of the initiation period had no effect on shoot carbohydrate accumulation, but trunk girdling temporarily increased shoot starch concentrations during the first 31 days after treatment. Reductions in over-wintering trunk and root carbohydrate reserves were associated with a reduction in inflorescences per shoot and flowers per inflorescence in the following season, the reduction as much as 50% compared with non carbohydrate stressed vines. While there were strong linear or curvilinear relationships between the concentration of starch in trunks and roots at bud burst and inflorescences per shoot and flowers per inflorescence, in case the of inflorescences per shoot, there was not an immediate cause and effect because inflorescences were initiated in the previous season. Individual shoot leaf removal during the inflorescence initiation period illustrated that leaf removal directly inhibited the initiation of inflorescences in latent buds. Shoot carbohydrate measurements showed a strong curvilinear relationship to the number of inflorescences per shoot, with a threshold starch concentration of 10-12%Dwt during the inflorescence initiation period required for a maximum number of inflorescences per shoot. Furthermore, examination of individual node positions emphasised the importance of the subtending leaf on the initiation of inflorescences within the latent bud. The number of inflorescences per shoot post bud burst was reduced on vines that were both carbohydrate reserve stressed (by previous season's defoliation) and had a high node (108) number retained per vine after winter pruning compared with little or no reduction in inflorescences per shoot on carbohydrate reserve stressed vines that had a low (20) node number per vine. The reduction in inflorescences per shoot on high node vines was associated with reduced carbohydrate reserves and reduced shoot vigour (thinner and lighter shoots). Flowers per inflorescence were reduced by as much 50% in response to lower overwintering carbohydrate reserves. Fewer flowers per inflorescence were attributed to a reduction in primary branching of the inflorescence and also a reduction in flowers per branch. Strong linear relationships between the concentrations of starch in trunks and roots and flowers per inflorescence indicate that the determination of flowers per inflorescence, unlike inflorescences per shoot, may be dependent on the level of overwintering carbohydrate reserves. This is most likely due to changes in branching of the inflorescence and individual flower formation occurring during the bud burst period. Per cent fruitset was not affected by reductions in carbohydrate reserves, so fewer inflorescences per shoot and flowers per inflorescence resulted in reduced vine yield. The findings of this thesis indicate that changes in the level of carbohydrate production and partitioning in response to a range of viticultural management practices and seasonal weather contribute to seasonal variation in grapevine flowering and yields in New Zealand's cool climate environment. The relationships between carbohydrate reserves and flowering illustrate the potential to use this information to predict grapevine flowering and forecast yields. The practical implications of this research illustrate that the viticulturist must manage grapevines not only for the current crop, but also for subsequent crops by maintaining sufficient carbohydrate reserves for balanced growth flowering and fruiting from season to season.
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Vrzal, Erin Michelle. "The effects of various carbohydrate sources on longevity and nutritional reserves of Culex quinquefasciatus Say, Culex nigripalpus Theobald and Culex salinarius Coquillett." [Gainesville, Fla.] : University of Florida, 2009. http://purl.fcla.edu/fcla/etd/UFE0024830.
Full textBooks on the topic "Reserve carbohydrates"
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Bender, David A. 2. Energy nutrition. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780199681921.003.0002.
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Apart from water, the body’s first requirement under all conditions is for an energy source to perform physical and chemical work. ‘Energy nutrition’ explains that the metabolic fuels to provide this energy are derived from fats, carbohydrates, protein, and alcohol in the diet. The constituents of a meal provide these fuels directly for a few hours. Simultaneously, reserves of fat and carbohydrate are laid down for use during fasting between meals. Only about one-third of the average person’s energy expenditure is for voluntary activity; two-thirds is required for maintenance of the body’s functions, metabolic integrity, and homeostasis of the internal environment. Energy expenditure, energy balance, and physical activity are all discussed.
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K, Gupta A., and N. Kaur. Carbohydrate Reserves in Plants - Synthesis and Regulation. Elsevier Science & Technology Books, 2000.
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Carbohydrate Reserves in Plants - Synthesis and Regulation. Elsevier, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0378-519x(00)x8001-4.
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(Editor), A. K. Gupta, and N. Kaur (Editor), eds. Carbohydrate Reserves in Plants - Synthesis and Regulation (Developments in Crop Science). Elsevier Science, 2000.
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A, Kennedy Debora, and Intermountain Research Station (Ogden, Utah), eds. Carbohydrate reserves in nursery stock--effects of cultural practices. [Ogden, UT]: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station, 1987.
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Carbohydrate reserves in nursery stock--effects of cultural practices. [Ogden, UT]: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station, 1987.
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A, Kennedy Debora, and Intermountain Research Station (Ogden, Utah), eds. Carbohydrate reserves in nursery stock--effects of cultural practices. [Ogden, UT]: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station, 1987.
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McNabb, Kenneth Lee. The relationship of carbohydrate reserves to the quality of bare-root Pinus elliottii var. elliottii (Engelm.) seedlings produced in a northern Florida nursery. 1985.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Reserve carbohydrates"
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Pan, Hongli, Yu Tian, Sangen Wang, Zhong Du, Xingliang Liu, and Maihe Li. "Responses of the Non-structural Carbohydrates in Fargesia nitida to Elevation in Wolong Nature Reserve." In Advances in Computer Science, Environment, Ecoinformatics, and Education, 380–85. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-23324-1_61.
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Oliveira, Cristina M., and C. Austen Priestley. "Carbohydrate Reserves in Deciduous Fruit Trees." In Horticultural Reviews, 403–30. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118060834.ch10.
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Holzapfel, Bruno P., Jason P. Smith, Stewart K. Field, and W. James Hardie. "Dynamics of Carbohydrate Reserves in Cultivated Grapevines." In Horticultural Reviews, Volume 37, 143–211. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470543672.ch3.
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Black, C. C., J. Q. Chen, R. L. Doong, M. N. Angelov, and S. J. S. Sung. "Alternative Carbohydrate Reserves Used in the Daily Cycle of Crassulacean Acid Metabolism." In Crassulacean Acid Metabolism, 31–45. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-79060-7_3.
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Klimeš, Leoš, and Jitka Klimešová. "The effects of mowing and fertilization on carbohydrate reserves and regrowth of grasses: do they promote plant coexistence in species-rich meadows?" In Ecology and Evolutionary Biology of Clonal Plants, 141–60. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-1345-0_8.
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Archana, Preetam Verma, and Nalini Pandey. "Impact of Inadequate Concentration of Boron in Seed Storage Proteins Content in Oilseed Crops." In Grain and Seed Proteins Functionality. IntechOpen, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.95873.
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For the estimation of Impact of inadequate concentration of boron in seed storage proteins content in oilseed crops, a sand culture experiment was designed and all the three crops i.e. soyabean, mustard and linseed were grown under sufficient and insufficient boron treatment till maturity. Seed germination and seed storage protein concentration was determined in seeds after the harvesting of crops. Earlier oilseed crops like soyabean, mustard and linseed are cultivated for oil production but at this time these crops are reliable source of protein also and are real asset for human dietary protein. The storage protein present in seeds varies from ~10% (in cereals) to 40% (in certain legumes and oilseeds) of dry weight. Seeds contain one or more groups of proteins that are present in high amounts and that serve to provide a store of amino acids and sulfur required during germination and seedling growth. Quality of seeds is driven by the total protein content present in the form of storage reserve in seeds. There are major four types of storage proteins known as- globulins (insoluble in water), albumins (soluble in water), prolamins (soluble in alcohol) and glutelins (soluble in dilute acid and alkaline medium). Globulins and albumins are the major storage seed proteins of legumes and oilseed crops whereas prolamins and glutelins are mostly found in cereal seeds. Functionally boron is crucial micronutrient for a considerable amount of agricultural yield. Seed reserves (proteins, carbohydrates, starch, lipids) of post harvested seeds are depended on the appropriate boron supply during cropping. Boron insufficiency in oilseed crops found to be an inhibitory factor for seed vigor and seed quality. So this chapter deals with the effect of boron deprivation on seed quality in terms of germination capacity and seed storage protein reserves in the post harvested seeds of soybean, mustard and linseed.
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Buckeridge, M. S., S. M. C. Dietrich, and D. U. de Lima. "Galactomannans as the reserve carbohydrate in legume seeds." In Developments in Crop Science, 283–316. Elsevier, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0378-519x(00)80015-x.
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Keefer, Robert F. "Soil Organic Matter." In Handbook of Soils for Landscape Architects. Oxford University Press, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195121025.003.0018.
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Soil organic matter (SOM) is probably the most important constituent of soils. The effect of SOM on soil properties far exceeds the relative percentage of this material in soils. The small amount of organic matter in soils, usually from 1 to 5%, is very important in providing a reserve food source for microorganisms and higher plants. Almost all properties of SOM are beneficial for plant growth. Soil organic matter can be defined as a complex, heterogeneous mixture of plant and animal remains in various stages of decay, microbial cells—both living and dead—microbially synthesized compounds, and derivatives of all of the above through microbial activity. Soil organic matter is probably the most complex of all naturally occurring substances. Some compounds in SOM are distinctive to soil and are not present in plants or animals. By examining the composition of SOM, one can see why it is such a complex material. The following compounds have been isolated from chemical SOM extracts: . . . 1. Carbohydrates (sugars, polysaccharides)—about 75% of dry weight 2. Lignin (a plant polymer of phenyl propane units) 3. Proteins (combinations of amino acids) 4. Hydrocarbons—fats, waxes, resins, and oils 5. Tannins (phenolic substances) 6. Pigments (chlorophyll) 7. Organic acids (many in the biochemical Krebs cycle) 8. Miscellaneous compounds—includes organic P, organic S, polynuclear hydrocarbons, nucleic acid derivatives, alcohols, aldehydes, esters, etc. . . . Whenever organic materials are added to a soil the physical properties of soil structure, water-holding capacity, and soil color are changed. The extent of change in these properties depends on the amount and type of organic material added, the soil microorganisms present in the soil, and the speed at which decomposition occurs. Aggregation and granulation (crumb formation) is increased by polysaccharides produced by microorganisms during decomposition. This improves soil tilth (ability to work the soil) and helps stabilize the soil crumbs. The ability of a soil to hold water is greatly increased by addition of SOM. This results in greater infiltration (water moving into the soil) and adsorption of water by the SOM, with consequently less erosion and loss of soil particles and fertility.
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Moing, A. "Sugar alcohols as carbohydrate reserves in some higher plants." In Developments in Crop Science, 337–58. Elsevier, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0378-519x(00)80017-3.
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Medjekal, Samir, and Mouloud Ghadbane. "Sheep Digestive Physiology and Constituents of Feeds." In Sheep Farming - An Approach to Feed, Growth and Health. IntechOpen, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.92054.
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Sheep have a gastrointestinal tract similar to that of other ruminants. Their stomach is made up of four digestive organs: the rumen, the reticulum, the omasum and the abomasum. The rumen plays a role in storing ingested foods, which are fermented by a complex anaerobic rumen microbiota population with different types of interactions, positive or negative, that can occur between their microbial populations. Sheep feeding is largely based on the use of natural or cultivated fodder, which is exploited in green by grazing during the growth period of the grass and in the form of fodder preserved during the winter period. Ruminant foods are essentially of plant origin, and their constituents belong to two types of structures: intracellular constituents and cell wall components. Cellular carbohydrates play a role of metabolites or energy reserves; soluble carbohydrates account for less than 10% dry matter (DM) of foods. The plant cell wall is multi-layered and consists of primary wall and secondary wall. Fundamentally, the walls are deposited at an early stage of growth. A central blade forms the common boundary layer between two adjacent cells and occupies the location of the cell plate. Most of the plant cell walls consist of polysaccharides (cellulose, hemicellulose and pectic substances) and lignin, these constituents being highly polymerized, as well as proteins and tannins.
Conference papers on the topic "Reserve carbohydrates"
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Morais, Maria C., Helena Ferreira, and Berta Gonçalves. "Dynamics of Non-Structural Carbohydrates Reserves in Leaves of Two Perennial Woody Species, Hakea sericea and Pinus pinaster." In International Electronic Conference on Plant Sciences. Basel Switzerland: MDPI, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/iecps2021-12012.
Full textReports on the topic "Reserve carbohydrates"
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Uni, Zehava, and Peter Ferket. Enhancement of development of broilers and poults by in ovo feeding. United States Department of Agriculture, May 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2006.7695878.bard.
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The specific objectives of this research were the study of the physical and nutritional properties of the In Ovo Feeding (IOF) solution (i.e. theosmostic properties and the carbohydrate: protein ratio composition). Then, using the optimal solution for determining its effect on hatchability, early nutritional status and intestinal development of broilers and turkey during the last quarter of incubation through to 7 days post-hatch (i.e. pre-post hatch period) by using molecular, biochemical and histological tools. The objective for the last research phase was the determination of the effect of in ovo feeding on growth performance and economically valuable production traits of broiler and turkey flocks reared under practical commercial conditions. The few days before- and- after hatch is a critical period for the development and survival of commercial broilers and turkeys. During this period chicks make the metabolic and physiological transition from egg nutriture (i.e. yolk) to exogenous feed. Late-term embryos and hatchlings may suffer a low glycogen status, especially when oxygen availability to the embryo is limited by low egg conductance or poor incubator ventilation. Much of the glycogen reserve in the late-term chicken embryo is utilized for hatching. Subsequently, the chick must rebuild that glycogen reserve by gluconeogenesis from body protein (mostly from the breast muscle) to support post-hatch thermoregulation and survival until the chicks are able to consume and utilize dietary nutrients. Immediately post-hatch, the chick draws from its limited body reserves and undergoes rapid physical and functional development of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) in order to digest feed and assimilate nutrients. Because the intestine is the nutrient primary supply organ, the sooner it achieves this functional capacity, the sooner the young bird can utilize dietary nutrients and efficiently grow at its genetic potential and resist infectious and metabolic disease. Feeding the embryo when they consume the amniotic fluid (IOF idea and method) showed accelerated enteric development and elevated capacity to digest nutrients. By injecting a feeding solution into the embryonic amnion, the embryo naturally consume supplemental nutrients orally before hatching. This stimulates intestinal development to start earlier as was exhibited by elevated gene expression of several functional genes (brush border enzymes an transporters , elvated surface area, elevated mucin production . Moreover, supplying supplemental nutrients at a critical developmental stage by this in ovo feeding technology improves the hatchling’s nutritional status. In comparison to controls, administration of 1 ml of in ovo feeding solution, containing dextrin, maltose, sucrose and amino acids, into the amnion of the broiler embryo increased dramatically total liver glycogen in broilers and in turkeys in the pre-hatch period. In addition, an elevated relative breast muscle size (% of broiler BW) was observed in IOF chicks to be 6.5% greater at hatch and 7 days post-hatch in comparison to controls. Experiment have shown that IOF broilers and turkeys increased hatchling weights by 3% to 7% (P<0.05) over non injected controls. These responses depend upon the strain, the breeder hen age and in ovo feed composition. The weight advantage observed during the first week after hatch was found to be sustained at least through 35 days of age. Currently, research is done in order to adopt the knowledge for commercial practice.
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Yuval, Boaz, and Todd E. Shelly. Lek Behavior of Mediterranean Fruit Flies: An Experimental Analysis. United States Department of Agriculture, July 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2000.7575272.bard.
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The Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata (Diptera: Tephritidae), is a ubiquitous pest of fruit trees, causing significant economic damage both in the U.S. and in Israel. Control efforts in the future will rely heavily on the sterile insect technique (SIT). Success of such operations hinges on the competitive ability of released males. The mating system of the medfly is based on leks. These are aggregations of sexually signaling males that attract females (who then select and copulate a courting male). A major component of male competitiveness is their ability to join existing leks or establish leks that are attractive to wild females. Accordingly, we identified leks and the behaviors associated with them as critical for the success of SIT operations. The objectives of this proposal were to determine 1. what makes a good lek site, 2. what are the energetic costs of lekking, 3. how females choose leks, and finally 4. whether the copulatory success of sterile males may be manipulated by particular pre-release diets and judicious spatial dispersal. We established that males choose lek sites according to their spatial location and penological status, that they avoid predators, and within the lek tree choose the perch that affords a compromise between optimal signalling, micro-climatic conditions and predation risk (Kaspi & Yuval 1999 a&b; Field et al 2000; Kaspi & Yuval submitted). We were able to show that leks are exclusive, and that only males with adequate protein and carbohydrate reserves can participate (Yuval et al 1998; Kaspi et al 2000; Shelly et al 2000). We determined that females prefer leks formed by protein fed, sexually experienced males (Shelly 2000). Finally, we demonstrated that adding protein to the diet of sterile males significantly enhances their probability of participating in leks and copulating wild females (Kaspi & Yuval 2000).