Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Réseaux historiques'
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Letonturier, Éric. "Réseau et société : Emergence et avatars socio-historiques d'une notion polysémique." Paris 5, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000PA05H062.
Full textVu, Etienne. "Méthode d'évaluation des investissements intégrant une analyse de l'environnement de l'entreprise : application aux opérateurs historiques français de réseaux industriels et notamment à EDF." Paris 9, 2003. https://portail.bu.dauphine.fr/fileviewer/index.php?doc=2003PA090005.
Full textBonanni, Alexandra. "Les logiques de la diversification horizontale des opérateurs historiques de l'électricité en Europe : du produit-service au "multiservices"." Paris 9, 2004. https://portail.bu.dauphine.fr/fileviewer/index.php?doc=2004PA090036.
Full textPister, Alexis. "Visual Analytics for Historical Social Networks : Traceability, Exploration, and Analysis." Electronic Thesis or Diss., université Paris-Saclay, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022UPASG081.
Full textThis thesis aims at identifying theoretically and concretely how visual analytics can support historians in their social network analysis process. Historical social network analysis is a method to study social relationships between groups of actors (families, institutions, companies, etc.) through a reconstruction of relationships of the past from historical documents, such as marriage acts, migration forms, birth certificates, and censuses. The use of visualization and analytical methods lets social historians explore and describe the social structure shaping those groups while explaining sociological phenomena and individual behaviors through computed network measures. However, the inspection and encoding of the sources leading to a finalized network is intricate and often results in inconsistencies, errors, distortions, and traceability problems, and current visualization tools typically have usability and interpretability issues. For these reasons, social historians are not always able to make thorough historical conclusions: many studies consist of qualitative descriptions of network drawings highlighting the presence of motifs such as cliques, components, bridges, etc. The goal of this thesis is therefore to propose visual analytics tools integrated into the global social historians' workflow, with guided and easy-to-use analysis capabilities. From collaborations with historians, I formalize the workflow of historical network analysis starting at the acquisition of sources to the final visual analysis. By highlighting recurring pitfalls, I point out that tools supporting this process should satisfy traceability, simplicity, and document reality principles to ease bask and forth between the different steps, provide tools easy to manipulate, and not distort the content of sources with modifications and simplifications. To satisfy those properties, I propose to model historical sources into bipartite multivariate dynamic social networks with roles as they provide a good tradeoff of simplicity and expressiveness while modeling explicitly the documents, hence letting users encode, correct, and analyze their data with the same abstraction and tools. I then propose two interactive visual interfaces to manipulate, explore, and analyze this data model, with a focus on usability and interpretability. The first system ComBiNet allows an interactive exploration leveraging the structure, time, localization, and attributes of the data model with the help of coordinated views and a visual query system allowing users to isolate interesting groups and individuals, and compare their position, structures, and properties. It also lets them highlight erroneous and inconsistent annotations directly in the interface. The second system, PK-Clustering, is a concrete proposition to enhance the usability and effectiveness of clustering mechanisms in social network visual analytics systems. It consists in a mixed-initiative clustering interface that let social scientists create meaningful clusters with the help of their prior knowledge, algorithmic consensus, and interactive exploration of the network. Both systems have been designed with continuous feedback from social historians, and aim to increase the traceability, simplicity, and document reality of visual analytics supported historical social network research. I conclude with discussions on the potential merging of both tools, and more globally on research directions towards better integration of visual analytics systems on the whole workflow of social historians. Systems with a focus on those properties---traceability, simplicity, and document reality---can limit the introduction of bias while lowering the requirements for the use of quantitative methods for historians and social scientists which has always been a controversial discussion among practitioners
Borghino, Elisa. "Des voix en voie : les femmes, c(h)oeur et marges des avant-gardes." Thesis, Grenoble, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012GRENL041/document.
Full textVoices on the way. Women, heart / choir and fringe of the avant-garde explores the thick network of relations established by some female characters who have inspired projects and researches within the historical avant-garde in the French panorama of the early twentieth century. This study examines women – Sonia Delaunay, Claire Goll, Marie Laurencin, Hélène d'OEttingen, Valentine de Saint-Point and Elsa Triolet – who have worked closely with the main leaders of the emerging avant-garde movement, giving rise to projects and cooperations across Europe. These fecund female artists, who share multiculturalism and multilingual abilities, are the most active in the literary-artistic landscape of the early twentieth century. Traces of their works can be found in correspondence, excerpts, memoirs and other documents, both published and unpublished, that create the corpus of the thesis. The documentation presented here is a valid testimony to the authors' ability to put in place communicative strategies for an adequate recognition of their work into the national and international scene. The work is subdivided in three parts, each describing, explaining and dissecting the subject, in order to retrace the ways of these creators, to hear their voices at last. The appendix includes original documents and a chronology listing the examined works, together with those of the main exponents of the avant-garde movement
Guillon, Élodie. "Les arrière-pays des cités phéniciennes à l'époque héllénistique, IVe siècle - IIe siècle ap. J.-C : approches historiques et spatiales d'une aire géoculturelle." Phd thesis, Université Toulouse le Mirail - Toulouse II, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00991865.
Full textOliva, Jan. "Les réseaux de transports tchécoslovaques dans l'entre-deux-guerres : une approche historique multimodale." Thesis, Bordeaux 3, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012BOR30068.
Full textEven though they have been in the European Union since 2004, The Czech Republic and Slovakia remain relatively unknown, partly because of their limited presence on the international stage. Other factors are ignorance of their recent history and a long period of isolation during the Cold War, which allowed to appear and take root false ideas about the culture and identity of the people on both sides of the “Wall”.This doctorate thesis is dedicated to the First Czechoslovak republic (1918-1938), a time when the Czech and Slovak people made their first steps as an independent State on the international scene. It is paced under the perspective of contemporary economic history and analysis specifically the transport networks which formed the backbone of the new economy. Their role was essential for the economic survival of the new state, built on the ruins of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. In fact, the state launched a vast program of investment in transport infrastructures and, in parallel, founded a series of public or semi-public transport companies at the service of the republic. The period studied is relatively short and homogeneous, with intense political and economic activity. It was a period of transition. For these reasons it is of particular interest to the historian examining the specificities of public transport policy and the different concepts and solutions (a public transport monopoly, the commercial management of public companies…) adopted or rejectedThe thesis tries to bring to the French speaking world some tools for the comprehension of this part of Europe, difficult to pin down by Western historians because its geopolitical boundaries have seen several major upheavals during the 20th century, and because of the linguistic barrier. Its author is polyglot and has the ability to use original and library sources in Czech, Slovak and German, while writing and editing in French to the standards expected of a French doctorate
Raevskikh, Elena. "Genèse et renouvellements des formes institutionnelles de la culture : une étude des conservatoires de musique et de leurs ancrages territoriaux." Paris, EHESS, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014EHES0148.
Full textThis research aims to renew the sociological perception of institutions (conservatories, theaters, etc. ), related to the presence of practitioners (musicians, actors, etc. ) actively involved in their governance. The thesis is based on empirical observation: music conservatories, even those situated in proximity to each other, are not alike and assemble heterogeneous practices. The reflection is based on the following question: While the system that institutionalizes the transmission of musical knowledge is oriented towards formally homogenized practices, for which reasons do the institutional logics of the conservatories remain heterogeneous? Which differentiations explain the local particularities of the reproduction of musicians? This research is clearly bi-disciplinary, both sociological and historical. The epistemological approach is centered on the assumption of indeterminacy and heterogeneous diversity of (1) socio-historical processes that shape the institutional logics of conservatories, (2) networks of interdependence that pass through the conservatories, (3) their institutional perimeters. The sociological description is anchored to a differentialist approach. Following the comprehensive sociology of culture developed by Max Weber in the 1910s, the description starts from the definitions and perimeters familiar to the observer. By consequence, the cultural institutions that were supported and recognized by national bodies (e. G. The CRR Marseille) become a reference point to describe the contrasting and heteronymous cultural institutions and practices (supported by municipal political circles, European authorities, etc. )
Traore, Zakaria. "Dynamique d’évolution dans un secteur oligopolistique et capacités d’adaptation des opérateurs historiques d’industries de réseau : application de l’approche basée sur les capacités dynamiques à l’opérateur historique des télécommunications du Burkina Faso." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017SACLE023/document.
Full textThe telecommunications sector has evolved dramatically over the past decades with the diffusion of new technologies and it has become a key activity in the economy of developing countries. As a result, the dynamics of this sector are of interest not only to the telecom operators and their suppliers of equipment and related services but also to political authorities, regulators as well as financial institutions and other social actors.From a position of monopoly on the part of a historical operator, major reforms were undertaken in this sector in most African states from 1998 onwards to introduce controlled competition.The evolution of the relationships between the various actors of this industry and the performance of the historical operator, Onatel, are analyzed primarily from a strategic management perspective using the model of dynamic capacities of Teece (2007). This perspective is further enhanced by the use of a framework that focuses on institutional dynamics and combines political science and industrial economics approaches (Julien and Smith, 2008).A qualitative, exploratory study was conducted by combining secondary data analysis and interviews with industry executives and experts in order to analyze how the historical operator of telecommunications in Burkina Faso repositioned itself during this period. Despite economic and regulatory constraints, Onatel was found to have developed dynamic capacities that contributed to the improvement of its performance and helped it establish a sustainable competitive position in the new market and network configuration.Specific capacities developed include adapting to the legal framework, developing long-term financing capacity, acquiring and developing employee resources and competences, psychosocial and cultural adaptation, reconfiguring core competences as well as associated structures and processes and, finally, commercial and marketing competencies. These capacities were mobilized within three forms of relationships that were evolving in parallel between the different types of actors in the sector, compromise-convention relationships, conflict-coordination relationships and co-operation-coercion relationships
Pena, Luisa. "Instrumentation et diagnostic des pathologies structurelles des phares." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020TOU30037.
Full textLighthouses represent an invaluable cultural and technical heritage that must be preserved as long as possible. This manuscript thesis focuses on the case of masonry lighthouses built over the coast, which are exposed to environmental actions but not to the wave action. These lighthouses, mostly built during the 19th century and until the beginning of the 20th century, show structural disorders. The aim of the thesis is to formulate a structural diagnosis method based on a structural health monitoring implemented on the structure. The case study of the research is the Ile Vierge lighthouse, currently being the tallest stone masonry lighthouse in Europe due to its 80.0m high. It was built between 1897 and 1902 on an island located at the West of Finistère with two local construction materials (granite and kersanton stones). In 2011, Service des Phares et Balises notices the presence of a vertical cracking pattern in the upper part of the tower. The cracks prevail over the entire height of the lantern's basement wall, where the lantern support is fixed by 16 metal embedded anchors. This thesis focuses to find the origin of cracks by data analyses from the structural health monitoring implemented on the lighthouse and to formulate a diagnosis methodology for this type of buildings. The hypotheses studied are wind actions as well as thermal actions on the structure. The multidisciplinary research method considers the mechanical characterization of rocks, the calculation of mechanical actions presents on the structure, the collection of data from the health structural monitoring and the statistical analysis by multivariable correlation. The opening crack is analyzed according with the actions considered. In addition, the approach exposes how cyclic thermal actions and fatigue phenomena can generate stresses close to the tensile strength of kersanton and therefore explain the crack vertical pattern
Doualan, Gaëlle. "Étude historique, épistémologique et descriptive de la synonymie." Thesis, Paris 4, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA040149.
Full textThis thesis studies theoretical and epistemological aporia of synonymy. These problems are concentrated in the theoretical weakness of synonymy in comparison with its empirical success both in usage and dictionaries. This theoretical weakness originates in the history of the notion: at first, synonymy had been defined by Aristoteles and was afterwards subjected to transformations during the following centuries. With the beginning of modern linguistics, scientific definition of synonymy had been built from the distinctive synonymy of French synonymists. The fundamental notions of modern linguistics, such as the opposition between language and discourse, had been applied to synonymy whereas it had been elaborated before their conception. Synonymy can hardly be submitted to modern linguistics theoretical frameworks without generating theoretical difficulties. The distinctive approach centers the study of synonymy on semantic differences whereas synonymy is based on approximate semantic equivalence. History of synonymy sheds light on aporia and helps to distance from it and to center the notion on the semantic equivalence because they make synonymy possible and on discourse because that is where sense emerges. This breaks off with the synonymy which is solely based on semantic differences between synonymic lexical items. An onomasiological and textual approach is set up to propose a new scientific framework to synonymy: this approach consists in the detection of lexical networks showing semantic relations appearing in context. To test this approach, lexical networks of vice and virtue vocabulary are studied in seventeenth century French texts treating moral themes
Iglesias, Daniel. "Réseaux transnationaux et dynamiques contestataires en exil : sociologie historique des pratiques politiques des dirigeants des partis populaires apristes (1920-1962)." Paris 7, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA070002.
Full textThis PhD essay concerns with the emergence and then the evolution of an anti-imperalistic, nationalist and democratic transnational network. The scientifïc interest and the originality of this historical sociology research lie in the uniqueness of this local and global collective action. This work tries to explain this network's way of functioning, distribution and organization, as well as the relational ties of this transnational experience ideologically close to the Alianza Popular Revolucionaria Americana (APRA). In the scope of a theoretical reflection about the nature of the transnational political phenomena, this thesis also claims to be an application of the tools of the social networks analysis on a double scale collective actions (local and global). Furthermore, this essay proposes a reconsideration of methodologies and classical readings on the popular Aprista parties. In this sense, we inted to demonstrate that the embeddeness of political partisan elites close to this trend in networks allowed the creation of an original political and organizational culture between 1924 and 1960. For this, and after examining the implications and the types of interpersonal ties in this network, and especially the influence of this circulation on the political game of the Partido Aprista Peruano and venezuelan Action Democratica, we propose a modelization of action-set as an interpersonal field where networks and the interaction between the different actors turn out to be central
Baptiste, Hervé. "Interactions entre le système de transport et les systèmes de villes : perspective historique pour une modélisation dynamique spatialisée." Tours, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999TOUR1801.
Full textGasperoni, Michaël. "De la parenté à l'époque moderne : systèmes, réseaux et pratiques. Juifs et chrétiens en Italie centrale." Paris, EHESS, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013EHES0052.
Full textThis PhD thesis focuses on family and kinship with the aim of comparing two populations from the north of Marches in Italy: the small Republic of San Marino and the Jewish minority which is scattered into small communitiestowards Ancona. A presentation of the fields of research and the issues at stake is followed by a discussion of these families' stories by way of anthroponymy. The genesis of patronymics has been particularly belated in this region and corresponds to the assertion of a specific conception of family and of a reinforcement of social control over the population. Particular at1;ention is given to the kinship 'system', Jewish or Christian, with regard to recent or more distant historiography. It is challenged by the empirical data col!ected in the field. Indeed, a large part of the work presented here is dedicated to a systematic gathering of genealogical data. This intense investigation led to the creation of two networks, the corpus Ebrei and San Marino, which have been analysed using different digital tools, including the Puck software, recently developed by Klaus Hamberger. This PhD thesis aims ultimately to show the extent to which kinship is in fact an efficient tool to gain a better understanding of a large number of past social practices
Bruand, Olivier. "Voyageurs et marchandises : les réseaux de communication entre Loire et Meuse aux VIIIe et IXe siècles." Paris 1, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992PA010504.
Full textThe purpose of that study is to show the regional and local economic organization of that part of the carolingian empire ; it has been achieved through the careful analysis of the most various sources : the scriptural, monetary and archeological ones. The result is the setting off of two distinct and complenentary networks : the first one shows the importance of the local economic life with a population of country people who hardly move, the other one is destined to the exchanges of secular and ecclesiastical aristocrats who sell and buy salt, wine and material. Then, four main routes appear : an axis Burgundy-Flanders, a busy river traffic along the seine and the loire and, at last, an important circulation on the coasts of the firth or the loire towards the north sea
Mohanna, Hachem. "Étude du mouvement des réseaux mobiles ad-hoc, estimation et prédiction de la qualité de lien par une méthode d'extrapolation historique utilisant les "Time Series"." Mémoire, École de technologie supérieure, 2006. http://espace.etsmtl.ca/513/1/MOHANNA_Hachem.pdf.
Full textMimeur, Christophe. "Les traces de la vitesse entre réseau et territoire : approche géohistorique de la croissance du réseau ferroviaire français." Thesis, Dijon, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016DIJOL028/document.
Full textThe interaction between space and network are frequently questioned in the academic literature, by asking the economical and demographical impacts of a new infrastructure, often studied at the scale of a project. This work aims to investigate the components of the interaction in both large spatial and temporal scales. The hypothesis is that the temporal depth and the national scale could bring new explanations. This work is based on the collect, the exploitation and the analysis of the large spatio-temporal database FRANcE (French Railway Network). It identifies all sections of the network since the 19th century and the population census. This database also contains the traces of the speed, which are novel information for network, and allows the accessibility to become a decisive variable in the explanations. Rather than acquisition new data with an intensive phase of collect, we aim to build a methodological chain to study the two senses of interaction between space and network. It requires the adaptation of data structuration and analysis. The approach of this thesis consists on the growing modelling of the phenomenon, from the comprehension to formalization of data to the analysis, which requires the use of other disciplines. This work uses the graph theory to investigate the two senses of the relationship. It permits to study the network effect in the long run by diversifying the data to identify spatial and temporal ranges. It permits to study the impact of a pre-existing structure in the morphogenesis of the network, by using a dynamic model of network evolution, between diffusion and hierarchical organization. This work aims to understand the link between space and network, where the methodological tools can be adapted to other networks, other times and actual questioning
Cattan, Nadine. "La mise en réseau des grandes villes européennes." Paris 1, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992PA010518.
Full textThe largest cities are privileged points for network setting and for spatial integration. They had the advantage of a faster qualitatif development and thus improved their position in their national urban system, developed their capacity and extended their role to the european scale. Their geographical situation is modified. Before analysing the dynamics which structure nowadays the european space, we define and delimitate, in a first step, homogeneous european urban units. We caracterize, in a second step, the relative situations of the European large cities in the economic and demographic structure of the network they constitute. We study finally the interurban relations, air and rail relations, which represent a sensitive indicator of change, of hierarchical resetting and of the dynamics which take place at this scale
Hazard, Benoit. "L' aventure des Bisa dans les ghettos de "l'Or rouge" (Burkina Faso-Italie) : trajectoire historique et recomposition des réseaux migratoires burkinabe dans la région des Pouilles." Paris, EHESS, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007EHES0296.
Full textThis thesis describes the organization of migratory networks connecting the province of Boulgou (Burkina Faso) to Italy. Regarding the interactions between a local context, "bisaku", and the social group of "the sons of Italy", it questions a "travelling culture" by discussing, alternately, a framework proposed by the transnational studies and the network's analysis. Anchored on a multi-sited ethnography, it brings to light the redeployment of a circular migration within the frame of a transmigration operated from Ivory Coast towards Italy. This process leads to describe a local society through its multiple locations and more precisely through places representing an African Diaspora that the Burkinabé name as "ghetto". Altough Bisa perceives these camps of agricultural labourers as "etnoscape", the Mafia practices observed in the fields of tomatoes of the region of Pouilles, as that of the "caponeri" show that the agency of African do not resist to the orders of the local context
Pierré-Caps, Alexandra. "L'empereur et la cour de Dioclétien à Théodose Ier (284 - 395) : espace, réseaux, dynamiques de pouvoir en Occident." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LORR0271.
Full textThe present subject examines the processes of structuration and configuration of an imperial court. Those processes could be spontaneous or on the emperor’s initiative. As the German sociologist Norbert Elias reminds us, the court doesn’t owe its existence to the will of one person. This study takes place in a long 4th century and highlights the evolution of the court structure and the representation of the imperial dignity over the long term. The Western empire is a priviledged field of study due to the diversity of its political practices of power inherited from the old centrality of power settled in Rome. Our research hypothesis is about moderating the paradigm of the ‘decision-maker prince’. In that sense, the emperor of the Late Roman Empire would become an actor of the court again and not only the nodal point of this structure which is trying to become autonomous. We would like to better comprehend the evolution of a power usually regarded as autocratic, the making process of a court intended to serve the prestige of a restored imperial dignity and the autonomisation of an heavy administration. There is a paradox between the permanency of some political networks at court, the reinforcement of the imperial authority and the decision-making weakness of the emperors in some aspects of the political life. This contradiction creates new spaces of power in empire's territories because of the mobility of the senior officials. In that, the court appears more as a political abstraction than just a topographic reality. The ‘absolutism’ of that time deserves a new historiographical approach to understand those new political practices noticeable since the Tetrarchy
Grosjean, Bénédicte. "La "ville diffuse" à l'épreuve de l'histoire : urbanisme et urbanisation dans le Brabant belge." Paris 8, 2007. https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01523770.
Full textThis thesis shows that the way in which the history of urbanism is elaborated makes it possible neither to know the past of current "diffuse city" nor to suppose the existence of any "diffuse city" in the past ; it intends then to contribue to history of urbanization in the broad sense of the word by producing new sources (vol. 3), which are not the archives of urbanism (vol. 2). After analysing the way in which these territories "neither rural nor urban" are apprehended today (chap. 1), a physical field is studied in particular : the Belgian Brabant, on four different scales (chap. 2 -5). This study leads to a period of important urbanization (1885-1914) but never studied physically because it was not planned : original maps of it have been produced here. The comparison with the current "diffuse city" makes it possible to reconsider this phase of urbanization in Belgian historiography but also to criticize the idea of urban dispersion as the final phase of an urban growth process
Rittemard, Charlotte. "Identification d’espèce par micro-CT et reconstruction tridimensionnelle : méthodologie et applications aux sciences archéologiques, historiques et forensiques." Thesis, Paris Sciences et Lettres (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019PSLEP046.
Full textThe distinction between human and animal remains or between different animal species represents one of the most fundamental steps in the identification of bone remains discovered in archaeological and forensic contexts. Unfortunately, the frequent bone fragmentation makes this identification difficult or even impossible only based on anatomical osteology. The use of new identification criteria and a more accurate method of analysis are then necessary. In this perspective, the analysis of bone microstructural features, in particular, the canal cortical network (CCN) appears discriminating as its organization varies among species. This Ph.D. dissertation aims to define CCN microstructural parameters allowing the determination of the human or non-human origin of bone fragments and then the identification of the animal species concerned. In this research, we performed 3D qualitative and quantitative analysis of µCT images from long bones (Femur and humerus) of 3 species (H. sapiens, S. scrofa and B. taurus). The identification test, based on the random forests statistical method, results in a total correct identification rate of 88.82%. 100% of the human's samples were properly identified as well as 86.6% of S. scrofa and 79.51% of B. taurus samples. Canal’s mean length and connectivity appear to be the most discriminating parameters. The 3D observation and quantification of CCN proved to be a non-invasive and promising method for species identification, appropriate for the study of rare or fragile specimens. It can be useful in various science fields in case of important fragmentation. In order to confirm and improved theses first results, it is, however, necessary to enhance this identification method by testing other bones and animal species
Blaise, Jean-Yves. "Le formalisme objet appliqué à l'étude de l'édifice patrimonial : Problèmes de modélisation et d'échanges de données sur le réseau Internet." Phd thesis, Aix-Marseille 3, 2003. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00268228.
Full textNous montrons qu'une analyse a priori du corpus d'éléments physiques formant l'édifice peut grandement en faciliter l'étude. Mesure, représentations et documentation, trois exemples d'applications abordés, deviennent dans ce cadre des processus visant à renseigner le modèle et ses instances. Nous montrons que la compréhension globale de l'édifice bâti et de son évolution est mieux assurée.
Losier, Catherine. "APPROVISIONNER CAYENNE AU COURS DE L'ANCIEN RÉGIME: ÉTUDE ARCHÉOLOGIQUE ET HISTORIQUE DE L'ÉCONOMIE ET DU RÉSEAU COMMERCIAL D'UNE COLONIE MARGINALE, LA GUYANE (XVIIe ET XVIIIe SIÈCLES)." Thesis, Université Laval, 2012. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2012/29229/29229.pdf.
Full textLosier, Catherine. "Approvisionner Cayenne au cours de l'ancien régime : étude archéologique et historique de l'économie et du réseau commercial d'une colonie marginale, la Guyane (XVIIe et XVIIIe siècle)." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/24165.
Full textBoisvert, Étienne. "Îlots boisés en terre de grande culture : relictualité et biodiversité, l’exemple du Vexin français. Essai de biogéographie historique." Thesis, Paris 4, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA040147.
Full textThe purpose is to distinguish the relictual forest islands from the recent ones in an agricultural matrix; to inventory and characterize them and to assess their biodiversity, and eventually to develop a model. The method combines the resort to archives and aerial photographs with field studies (1996-2007). The mapping approach has been based on regression analysis (2004-1620). The time threshold has made it possible to identify 152 woodlots (<50ha) which presence was attested before 1620. The regression analysis to map the wood patches has been based on the path network, which is a fixed and structuring element of the landscape. There is a strong relation between the location of the relictual forest islands, the antique tracks and the medieval paths. The characterization and assessment of the relictual forest islands biodiversity have been carried out following a time and space pluri-scalar approach and from a comparison with recent forest islands. The analysis was based on the shapeless canopy, the texture and dynamics of the forest cover, the cuttings, the edges and the internal forest path network. The analysis of the internal structure focuses on the taxonomic diversity and the ecological diversity of the plant species and the indicator bird species. These analyses have stressed the specificity of the relictual forest islands, a model of which has been developed. They are either fragment of ancient forests, or, in most cases, secondary but old forest forms from the Gallo-Roman, Merovingian or medieval time
Montel, Aurélien. "Al-Andalus et le Maghreb à l'époque des Omeyyades de Cordoue : réseaux d'échanges et ambitions impériales (IXe-XIe siècles)." Thesis, Lyon, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LYSE2113.
Full textThe objective of this dissertation was to investigate the circumstances surrounding the construction of a space linking al-Andalus and the Maghrib. Traditionally, historians hold the view that integration of the Muslim West took place mostly during the Almoravid and Almohad periods (5th-7th/11th-13th centuries). The starting point of this research was that too little attention had been paid to the reign of the Umayyads of Cordoba (2nd-5th/8th-11th centuries), yet representing a major step in this process.In the first place, it appeared to be a political process. In fact, the Umayyad state of Cordoba progressively developed imperial ambitions towards the other side of the Strait of Gibraltar. Consequently, the Andalusian power initiated the development of a coherent territory that spread from the Pyreneans to the northern edges of the Sahara. The second major finding was that trade increased significantly in the whole period, allowing the connection of all littoral zones of the Western Mediterranean, including its Christian banks. Hence, the Muslim West was included in larger economical areas. Also, many scholars travelled within this space, especially between al-Andalus, Ifrīqiya, and nowadays northern Morocco. As a result of this, some of the cities they visited progressively became the poles of an intellectual space that was shared both by Andalusi and Maghribi scholars.Overall, I was able to reconstitute the structure of exchanges networks connecting the Iberian peninsula and the Maghrib, and their evolution through time. Based on a nuanced understanding of the spatial phenomenon and the territorial issues, this research therefore contributes to existing knowledge by providing a new historical geography of the Muslim West during the first centuries of the Islamic period
Pellen, Nadine. "Hasard, coïncidence, prédestination… et s’il fallait plutôt regarder du côté de nos aïeux ? : analyse démographique et historique des réseaux généalogiques et des structures familiales des patients atteints de mucoviscidose en Bretagne." Versailles-St Quentin en Yvelines, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012VERS004S.
Full textThe population at the root of this study is composed of patients clinically diagnosed as suffering from cystic fibrosis and having lived in Brittany some time in the course of the past fifty years. Their ancestry was traced back with the help of genealogy centres and brought together more than 250 000 kinspeople. The resulting data base, built up from these patients’ genetic and genealogical characteristics, was then used to study how the demographic patterns of the past could explain the frequency and geographical distribution of cystic fibrosis as it appears in today’s Brittany. The carriers who share the same CF mutation are kindreds. The mapping of their common ancestors’ living places shows a differential distribution, depending on specific CF mutations. These genetic relatednesses enable us to trace back the route followed by the CF gene. At the ancestors’ level, we observed marital unions at an early age, particularly for women, and frequent remarriage, particularly for men. As a consequence, married couples were prolific, thus allowing more genetic transmissions. And the geographical stability that prevailed at the time of the wedding does not seem to produce genetic diversity. Moreover, we reckoned that in terms of life expectancy there might be some selective advantage to being a healthy carrier. Inbreeding - a cause frequently referred to as an explanation for the large number of CF affected patients in Brittany - was in no way a key factor in this study. Only 0,8 % were born from first or second cousin unions. At the ancestors’ level, we must go back to the 7th generation to see a higher proportion of close kinship. Therefore, more often than consanguinity, endogamy tends to carry on a certain degree of genetic homogeneity. CF frequency of occurrence and its Breton distribution today can be accounted for by the presence of a harmful gene combined with high fertility, a relatively settled population with a limited availability of possible partners, and the selective advantage this harmful gene was for healthy carriers. This study helps to increase historical, geographical and social knowledge of CF throughout successive generations. Lt enables us to have a collective more than individual approach of the CF mutation. Lt also has t a prospective effect as a tool for the testing center and the staff
Ndiaye, Madické Mbodj. "La gouvernance des organisations de microfinance rurales au Sénégal : analyse historique et institutionnelle des mutuelles et coopératives du Remec Niayes." Thesis, Bordeaux 4, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012BOR40014/document.
Full textIn microfinance, the success of the major networks is closed to constant failures of rural cooperative organizations which are struggling to remain after their institutionalisation and their autonomy. The failure of rural mutual or cooperative organizations is related to the problem of governance. Considering the types of governance to reduce transaction costs and conflicts caused by the relations between agencies do not reflect exactly the dynamic aspect of governance in microfinance. This limit is raised by the heterodox theory that combines the genesis of new executives from the interaction of stakeholders and trade-offs which come out of that in order to stabilize organizations. We chose an approach by stakeholders and to justify this choice, we have used the model of Gérard Charreaux analysis, the Daniel Côté cooperative balance model and the Christian Cadiou theoretical model of the stakeholders. On the field, we have mobilized analysis tools of governance of the cherry in the case of the Niayes Remec. So, we bear in mind that cooperatives and rural mutual are the result of the melting between resources and superposition of associative and entrepreneurial practices. They are more able to endure the withdrawal of the external support when they benefit from that after their setting up by members. External participation strengthens resources and threatens the democratic balance, and it triggers a process of repatriation of authorities from leaders to the wage-earning staff. When the co-operative organizations are disconnected from their base (members), the social mechanisms do not play their auto-enforcement role efficiently
Berrier-Lucas, Céline. "Emergence de la dimension environnementale de la RSE : une étude historique franco-québécoise d'EDF et d'Hydro-Québec." Thesis, Paris 9, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA090039/document.
Full textThis dissertation studies the environmental dimension of CSR. Current issues raised by sustainability need to deconstruct the concept of CSR to reveal the underlying structure of the Business & Society academic field. Through historical and comparative approaches, this research follows the trail that socio-Environmental issues leave in the controversies they deploy, in the relationships they forge and in compromises they establish with human and non-Humans through the construction of four energy facilities in France (Tignes’ hydroelectric dam and La Rance’ tidal power plant) and Quebec (Bersimis’ hydroelectric dam and Gentilly’ nuclear plant) during the 1945th until the 1970th. In the line of work that develop non dichotomous understanding of the nature and culture by taking the refusal of Modern ontology (Latour; Descola; Gladwin, Kennely and Krause, and Banerjee etc.) as a base, it sheds light on associations/dissociations performed within heterogeneous group of allies and revisits "environmental turn" thanks to the precise analysis of the work of the founding father of CSR, Howard R. Bowen Social Responsibilities of the Businessman (1953), illuminating its theoretical legacies. This research aims at making three contributions. First, it refines the "naturalistic" approach or "Modern" in two empirical and cognitive perspectives and two modes of relating to collective: realism and nominalism. Then it entered the literature of CSR into the Modern ontology by showing theoretical legacies in wilderness conservation. Finally, it mobilizes the Amodern approach to analyze the socio-Environmental issues, and proposes an alternative understanding of CSR based on a dynamic and relational view of responsibility where the traditional boundaries of the business environment are broken in favor of socio-Environmental networks
Volkov, Roman. "La Russie de Vladimir Poutine : sociologie politique d'un Etat néopatrimonial." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017BORD0808.
Full textWhat is the nature of the political model in Vladimir Putin’s Russia ? This work aims at making sense of the Russian case through a comprehensive approach and the concept of neopatrimonialism. Inspired by the sociology of elites, the historical sociology and the political economy our work presents the logic of actors acting in an interdependence system which tends to the idealtype of a Neoparimonial State. It is structured through two dimensions that legitimate its domination: institutionalized autocracy reflects the political side of it while crony capitalism illustrate the role of the State-enterprise and the business-politics networks in the redistribution of resources process. Despite its stability, this model creates emerging effects such as “institutional depoliticization” that prevents political pluralism to institutionalize while the political-economic nexus creates a new ruling class which dominant position locks elite renewal
Waberi, Abdourahman Ali. "Fragments d'un discours africain : Approches critique et historique des littératures subsahariennes, francophones et transnationales de 1980 à aujourd'hui." Thesis, Paris 10, 2012. http://bdr.parisnanterre.fr.faraway.parisnanterre.fr/theses/intranet/2012PA100096.pdf.
Full textThis work is examined through the paradigm of the double consciousness, as it was unveiled by Paul Gilroy, and remains inscribed in the historical period synonymous of the discredit of African independences on one hand and at the end of migration policy in France on the other hand. Besides, it explores the contexts that have given birth to new literary and artistic expressions, transnational and diasporic, coming from Francophone Africa. These new literary and artistic expressions are characterized by constant reconfigurations that challenge the national framework in Africa while seriously questioning the notions of racial, social and policy issues taken care of by previous generations in the name of the Negritude and cultural nationalism. These new literary, cinematographic and visual productions are also powerful ways of imagining the future of our world scarred by the vagaries of the late age of capitalism. Finally, they raise fundamental questions concerning the fate of immigrant populations in France and Europe while heralding the advent of new, more egalitarian, inclusive and cosmopolitan ways of living together
Mekki, Ali. "Sociologie historique de l'émigration et de l'immigration kabyles : les Ath Waghliss dans les deux vallées de la Soummam et de la Durance." Paris, EHESS, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015EHES0047.
Full textPlutniak, Sébastien. "L’opération archéologique. Sociologie historique d’une discipline aux prises avec l’automatique et les mathématiques. France, Espagne, Italie, 2e moitié du XXe siècle." Thesis, Paris, EHESS, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017EHES0045.
Full textDuring the second half of the 20th century, attempts were made to operationally redefine various social activities, including those related to science, the military, administration and industry. These attempts were aided by scientific and technical innovations developed in the Second World War, and subsequently by the increase in use of automation in various domains. This Ph.D. thesis addresses these attempts from a sociohistorical perspective, focusing on the specific case of archaeology. During this period, the domain of archaeology underwent a process of disciplinarisation and professionalisation. The same occurred in applied mathematics and then computer science: this thesis focuses on the relationships between these three domains. In France, during the 1950's and 1960's, there were significant methodological and conceptual innovations. Their subsequent scientific recognition, was, however, relatively minor. In archaeology, innovations related to applied mathematics and automatics did not lead to the emergence of an archaeological speciality based on computation. This situation was in striking contrast to what happened in other scientific domains and in archaeology in other countries, where new theoretical and methodological Anglophone definitions in ‘New Archaeology’ were spreading worldwide.This thesis explores three collective attempts to redefine the conceptual and methodological basis of archaeology, led by Georges Laplace, Jean-Claude Gardin and Jean Lesage, across France, Spain and Italy. These cases are completed by other people who had significant careers in both engineering and archaeology. In general, this thesis studies a scientific activity by investigating the cognitive and social aspects of peoples’ methodological contributions. Three models of the relationships between experts in a scientific domain and experts in an applied science (here mathematics and computing) are empirically identified and described. The effects of introducing mathematical and automation procedures on the division of labour and the distribution of recognition are analysed. The success or failure of the methodological propositions are discussed with reference to several factors and models of scientific innovation. This thesis generates new information on the development of rescue and preventive archaeology and on the use of digital technologies in human sciences.The analysis draws on 82 interviews, 23 archives and several bibliometric datasets (extracted from pre-existing databases or constructed for the purpose of this research). Mirroring the archaeological propositions under study, this research also intends to illustrate the possible use of computing and formalised procedures in social sciences. The documentation and demonstrative principles underlying this work, implemented by using Wiki, the methods of literate programming and reproducible research, are themselves analysed
Paulin, Fabienne. "L'épistémologie contemporaine de la Théorie de l'évolution dans l'enseignement secondaire français : état des lieux et conséquences didactiques." Thesis, Lyon 1, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LYO10254/document.
Full textThe science of evolution englobes two complementary scientific fields. First, there is the historical science that aims to reconstitute the history of life on earth. Then there is the ‘functional’ domain that aims to elucidate the mechanisms of evolution. The centrality of the concept of evolution in the life sciences makes it an indispensable subject in the school curriculum and its importance is underlined in all the official texts concerning the life sciences in French secondary education. Nevertheless, numerous studies in the didactics of the life sciences have highlighted different problems with the teaching of evolution. We propose the hypothesis that certain of these problems are due, on one hand, to the lack of clarity in the philosophy of evolution in the official school program and, on the other hand, to teachers’ limited engagement with the philosophical issues in evolution when they teach the subject. The first part of this thesis offers a detailed philosophical analysis of the field of evolution in which we pay close attention to the philosophical conceptions of the researchers in different areas of the field. The analytical grid that we develop based on this research is then used to classify the institutional choice of programs as well as the concepts of teachers and their approach to teaching evolution. The examination of our results leads to the conclusion that the historical science and the associated philosophical concepts exercise an implicit influence on the teaching of evolution. This result explains certain tensions that exist in the teaching of evolution and allows us to engage a wider reflection on the need to integrate this kind of philosophical analysis into studies in science education
Mohamed, Drissi. "Un modèle de propagation de feux de végétation à grande échelle." Phd thesis, Université de Provence - Aix-Marseille I, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00931806.
Full textOrtiz, Suarez Pedro. "A Data-driven Approach to Natural Language Processing for Contemporary and Historical French." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022SORUS155.
Full textIn recent years, neural methods for Natural Language Processing (NLP) have consistently and repeatedly improved the state of the art in a wide variety of NLP tasks. One of the main contributing reasons for this steady improvement is the increased use of transfer learning techniques. These methods consist in taking a pre-trained model and reusing it, with little to no further training, to solve other tasks. Even though these models have clear advantages, their main drawback is the amount of data that is needed to pre-train them. The lack of availability of large-scale data previously hindered the development of such models for contemporary French, and even more so for its historical states.In this thesis, we focus on developing corpora for the pre-training of these transfer learning architectures. This approach proves to be extremely effective, as we are able to establish a new state of the art for a wide range of tasks in NLP for contemporary, medieval and early modern French as well as for six other contemporary languages. Furthermore, we are able to determine, not only that these models are extremely sensitive to pre-training data quality, heterogeneity and balance, but we also show that these three features are better predictors of the pre-trained models' performance in downstream tasks than the pre-training data size itself. In fact, we determine that the importance of the pre-training dataset size was largely overestimated, as we are able to repeatedly show that such models can be pre-trained with corpora of a modest size
Querbes-Revier, Adrien. "Émergence et évolution de l’industrie des services numériques pour téléphones mobiles." Thesis, Bordeaux 4, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012BOR40001/document.
Full textThe telecommunications industry currently undergoes a dramatic evolution. Faced with thedevelopment of new uses on mobile phones, incumbents of the mobile phone industry (networkoperators and devices manufacturers) must adapt to a new technological and competitive environment.This new environment technologically relies on expansions of uses of digital objects (software andcontents that can be either of professional, personal or leisure use) and thereby serves as a launchingpad for actors more or less mature coming from software industries, copyright-based industries or theInternet industry. Based on this observation, our thesis rests on the idea that incumbents of the mobilephone industry must adapt to this new environment in order to maintain their position, and must learnto coordinate with those new actors as coordination is required for this market to emerge. We thereforestart with a historical analysis of the emergence of the mobile services industry so as to position theissues at stake regarding coordination. We then focus on “open source” projects for smartphoneoperating systems in order to analyse the interest of an open strategy. Last, we design an evolutionistsimulation model so that to analyse the actors’ strategies linked with the structure of the industry andits effects on the technological structure
Vorsanger, Adèle. "Routes et territoires dans la Grèce des cités de l’époque archaïque à l’époque hellénistique." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022SORUL142.
Full textThis thesis analyses the role of roads in the organisation of territories in continental Greecefrom the Archaic to the Hellenistic period. The study is based on archaeological, epigraphicand literary evidence. The first section highlights the function of land routes in the movement of people and goods in ancient Greece. Roads play a major role in the shaping and control of civic territories: this is the central idea of this research. Characteristics of road construction are first presented in relation to different means of transport. A lexical study considers the hierarchy of roads. Roads and land mobility, especially walking, are instrumental in shaping ancient Greeks’ perception of space. The second section brings together case studies on the road networks of Attica, Laconia, Epidaurus and Delphi. The subsequent section explores the role of road networks in the territorial construction of city-states. After a chapter on the legal and administrative management of roads, road networks are examined in reference to the defence of territory and the control of borders, to economic life and the exploitation of rural areas, and to extra-urban sanctuaries. Based on these elements, a reflection on the structure of road networks in Ancient Greece is outlined. This framework maintains a privileged relationship with the organisation of civic territories, while functioning to a certain extent to the supra-civic and regional scales
Amisse, Sylvain. "Dynamiques de cluster : logiques coévolutives et séquences de proximités, le cas du végétal spécialisé." Phd thesis, Université d'Angers, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00982693.
Full textDeveney, Guillaume. "Complexe auctorial et nouvelles textualités : approches anthropologique et philologique de la création dans les musiques actuelles." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016AIXM3084.
Full textThe research in this dissertation tries to renew composition's definition. Considered for many years as the result of the composer and performer's encounter, this approach shows musical's performance as a search of composer's truth. In view of our investigation around pop music practices, it seems obvious that this vision of the compositional process is outdated. Indeed, production mechanism overtakes this two-individual model (i.e. composer and performer) and embrace a wide range of contributors of various skills, such as producer, arranger, sound engineer, light engineer or choreographer. From this observation rises our research about musical creation, of what we call the auctorial complex. After listing the different actors who support the creation's process, our work focus on the study of this phenomenon throughout numerous research fields related to musicology.First we have tried to apprehend creation through its rooting in its original society. Therefore, the Historical Musical Anthropological appeared to be totally relevant. Secondly, we have looked upon the relational dynamics and the communication and reception phenomenon in the auctorial complex. What are its characteristics? Which psychological mechanism are involved during the production's phase? We have answered this inquiring by confronting it to hermeneutical philosophy, questioning consequently different notions such as artistic truth (artistic work truth, performance and collective creation) in popular music research's field
Frini, Marouane. "Diagnostic des engrenages à base des indicateurs géométriques des signaux électriques triphasés." Thesis, Lyon, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LYSES052.
Full textAlthough they are widely used, classical vibration measurements have several limitations. Vibration analysis can only identify about 60% of the defects that may occur in mechanical systems. However, the main drawbacks of vibration measurements are the difficult access to the transmission system in order to place the sensor as well as the consequent cost of implementation. This results in sensitivity problems relative to the position of the installation and the difficulty to distinguish the source of vibration because of the diversity of mechanical excitations that exist in the industrial environment.Hence, the Motor Current Signatures Analysis (M.C.S.A.) represents a promising alternative to the vibration analysis and has therefore been the subject of increasing attention in recent years. Indeed, the analysis of electrical signatures has the advantage of being a technically accessible method as well as inexpensive and non-intrusive to the system. Techniques based on currents and voltages only require the motor’s electrical measurements which are often already supervised for the purposes of the control and the protection of the electrical machines. This process was mainly used for the detection of motors faults such as rotor bars breakage and eccentricity faults as well as bearings defects. On the other hand, very little research has been focused on gear faults detection using the current analysis. In addition, three-phase electrical signals are characterized by specific geometric representations related to their waveforms and they can serve as different indicators providing additional information. Among these geometric indicators, the Park and Concordia transforms model the electrical components in a two-dimensional coordinate system and any deviation from the original representation indicates the apparition of a malfunction. Moreover, the differential equations of Frenet-Serret represent the trajectory of the signal in a three-dimensional euclidean space and thus indicate any changes in the state of the system. Although they have been previously used for bearing defects, these indicators have not been applied in the detection of gear defects using the analysis of electrical current signatures. Hence, the innovative idea of combining these indicators with signal processing techniques, as well as classification techniques for gears diagnosis using the three-phase motor’s electrical current signatures analysis is established.Hence, in this work, a new approach is proposed for gear faults diagnosis using the motor currents analysis, based on a set of geometric indicators (Park and Concordia transforms as well as the properties of the Frenet-Serret frame). These indicators are part of a specifically built fault signatures library and which also includes the classical indicators used for a wide range of faults. Thus, a proposed estimation algorithm combines experimental measurements of electrical signals with advanced signal processing methods (Empirical Mode Decomposition, ...). Next, it selects the most relevant indicators within the library based on feature selection algorithms (Sequential Backward Selection and Principal Component Analysis). Finally, this selection is combined with non-supervised classification (K-means) for the distinction between the healthy state and faulty states. It was finally validated with a an additional experimental configuration in different cases with gear faults, bearing faults and combined faults with various load levels
Helal, Bechara. "Les laboratoires de l’architecture : enquête épistémologique sur un paradigme historique." Thèse, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/19061.
Full textArchitectural sites and practices are commonly described in terms borrowed from the arts (studio, creation, masterpiece) and yet, the architectural field relies increasingly on scientific terms (laboratory experimentation, research). This contemporary interest in activities related to scientific research appears to coalesce around the now common notion of "architectural laboratory". Its first materialization dates back to the late nineteenth century and its presence has greatly increased since the recent "digital turn", although this term remains, to this day, still not properly defined. What is an "architectural laboratory"? What elements form its theoretical model? What are the issues related to the emergence of the figure of the "architectural laboratory"? Why and for what purpose do architects refer to the figure of the laboratory? The thesis is organized into two parts, each part being structured around a series of additional questions in order to access the complex nature of the architectural laboratory. The first section provides a historical perspective on the appearance of the figure of the architectural laboratory and concludes with an analysis of the major components of the architectural laboratory model. The case studies are the Architectural Laboratory of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), the numerous architectural laboratories of the 1920s Russian avant-gardes and the remarkable case that is the Laboratory for Design Correlation founded and directed by Frederick J. Kiesler at Columbia University (1937–1942). This case study results in the formulation of the three major components of a model of architectural laboratory: 1. the material instrumentation, 2. the working method, and 3. the social exchanges. The second part will clarify each of these three axes, showing how they have structured three major categories of architectural laboratories, being 1. the laboratory as a set of instruments, 2. the laboratory as application of a method, and 3. the laboratory as social exchange flows. The conclusion of the thesis tackles the multiple issues raised by the architectural laboratory by considering the impact of this notion both within the discipline of architecture and outside of its limits. The thesis concludes with the formulation of a theoretical model of the architectural laboratory. Through the clarification of what appears to be a "paradigm of the laboratory", this epistemological research is a contribution to the theory of contemporary architecture.
Cyr, Frédéric. "Les impacts de la dispersion historique sur la variabilité génétique à différentes échelles spatiales : connaître l'histoire pour mieux comprendre le présent." Thèse, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/9763.
Full textCurrent genetic variability depends on a complex combination of historical and contemporary factors. Therefore, an unbiased interpretation of the impact of current processes requires a deep understanding of historical processes that shaped genetic variability. Based on the premise that spatially close populations should share a common recent history, many studies conducted at small spatial scale do not take into account the effect of historical processes. This thesis aims to verify the validity of this assumption by estimating the effect of historical dispersion at large and small spatial scales. The aim of the first part of this thesis was to evaluate the impact of the historical dispersion on the distribution of organisms, at large spatial scale. The freshwater mussels of the genus Floater (Pyganodon spp.) were used as biological model. The dispersal of freshwater mussels occurs when larvae parasitize fish. Also, a series of null models has been developed to evaluate the co-occurrence between parasites and their hosts. The distinct associations of the Newfoundland floater (P. fragilis) with euryhaline fish species can explain its distribution. These associations also promoted differentiation with its sister taxon: the Eastern floater (P. cataracta). This study demonstrated the effects of historical biological associations on the current distribution of species at a large spatial scale. The aim of the second part of this thesis was to evaluate the impact of historical dispersal on the genetic variability, at small spatial scale. This time populations of rock bass (Ambloplites rupestris) and sunfish (Lepomis gibbosus) in adjacent drainages were used as biological model. The striking differences observed between the two species suggest opposing colonization patterns. Rock bass have colonized the drainage from a downstream source, resulting in low genetic diversity upstream and a strong differentiation between drainages. However, the sunfish have colonized the system from upstream, resulting in a high genetic diversity and low differentiation upstream, inducing at the same time a false signal of gene flow between drainages. The present study shows that the historical dispersion may hinder the ability to estimate the actual connectivity at small spatial scale, thus invalidating the premise tested in this thesis. The impacts of historical processes on genetic variability are not easy to demonstrate. The aim of the third part of this thesis was to develop a method to facilitate their detection. The proposed method is very flexible and facilitates the comparison between genetic variability and multiple dispersal hypotheses. The method could be used to compare dispersal hypotheses based on the historic or the current landscape and allow the assessment of historical and contemporary processes on genetic variability. The performances of the method are presented in several simulation scenarios, of increasing complexity. Despite an overall impact of differentiation, the number of individuals or the number of loci sampled, the method is highly effective. To illustrate the potential of the method, two contrasted data sets from previously published studies, were re-analyzed. This thesis demonstrates the impacts of historical dispersal on genetic variability at different spatial scales. Potential historical effects must be taken into account before assessing the impacts of ecological processes on genetic variability. In short, we must bridge the gap between ecology and evolution.