Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Réseaux de régulation des gènes'
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Baptist, Guillaume. "Réseaux de régulation chez Escherichia coli." Phd thesis, Université de Grenoble, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00772446.
Full textVallat, Laurent. "Réseaux de régulation transcriptionnelle de la leucémie lymphode chronique." Paris 7, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006PA077174.
Full textChronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is a B lymphoproliferative disorder of unknown mechanism, characterized by a heterogeneous clinical outcome. Cells from the more aggressive CLL subtype show a specific B cell receptor (BCR). The resulting integrated signal from several pathways, such as BC stimulation and DNA damage response, is also impaired contributing to frequent genetic aberrations. CLL cells reveal a specific transcriptional profile compared to other hematopoietic neoplasms. Several transcriptional programs were then studied within different CLL cells subtypes, at the basal level or after cell stimulation. Gene expression comparison before and after DNA damage by ionizing irradiation showed a specific transcriptional response for the apoptosis resistant cells Functional gene product analysis of the more aggressive cells at the basal level or after cell stimulation showed complex disorder of multiple gene expression. Unsupervised gene expression analysis over 6hrs after BCR cross-linking revealed a transcriptional program specific for the more aggressive CLL cells. In order to understand the concerted action of these thousand of genes over time, temporal gene interaction models were inferred. The scale free architecture of these models revealed transcriptional nodes, suggesting rational targets to perturb these pathways in the more aggressive cells
Herbach, Ulysse. "Modélisation stochastique de l'expression des gènes et inférence de réseaux de régulation." Thesis, Lyon, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LYSE1155/document.
Full textGene expression in a cell has long been only observable through averaged quantities over cell populations. The recent development of single-cell transcriptomics has enabled gene expression to be measured in individual cells: it turns out that even in an isogenic population, the molecular variability can be very important. In particular, an averaged description is not sufficient to account for cell differentiation. In this thesis, we are interested in the emergence of such cell decision-making from underlying gene regulatory networks, which we would like to infer from data. The starting point is the construction of a stochastic gene network model that is able to explain the data using physical arguments. Genes are then seen as an interacting particle system that happens to be a piecewise-deterministic Markov process, and our aim is to derive a tractable statistical model from its stationary distribution. We present two approaches: the first one is a popular field approximation, for which we obtain a concentration result, and the second one is based on an analytically tractable particular case, which provides a hidden Markov random field with interesting properties
Wang, Woei-Fuh. "Trouver les gènes manquants dans des réseaux géniques." Thesis, Grenoble, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011GRENV080/document.
Full textWith the development of hight-throughput technologies, the investigation of the topologies and the functioning of genetic regulatory networks have become an important research topic in recent years. Most of the studies concentrate on reconstructing the local architecture of genetic regulatory networks and the determination of the corresponding interaction parameters. The preferred data sources are time series expression data. However, inevitably one or more important members of the regulatory network will remain unknown. The absence of important members of the genetic circuit leads to incorrectly inferred network topologies and control mechanisms. In this thesis we propose a method to infer the connection and expression pattern of these “missing genes”. In order to make the problem tractable, we have to make further simplifying assumptions. We assume that the interactions within the network are described by Hill-functions. We then approximate these functions by power-law functions. We show that this simplification still captures the dynamic regulatory behaviors of the network. The genetic control system can now be converted to linear model by using a logarithm transformation. In another word, we can analyze the genetic regulatory networks by linear approaches. In the logarithmic space, we propose a procedure for extracting the expression profile of a missing gene within the otherwise defined genetic regulatory network. The algorithm also determines the regulatory connections of this missing gene to the rest of the regulation network. The inference algorithm is based on Factor Analysis, a well-developed multivariate statistical analysis approach that is used to investigate unknown, underlying features of an ensemble of data, in our case the promoter activities and intracellular concentrations of the known genes. We also explore a second blind sources separation method, “Independent Component Analysis”, which is also commonly used to estimate hidden signals. Once the expression profile of the missing gene has been derived, we investigate possible connections of this gene to the remaining network by methods of search space reduction. The proposed method of inferring the expression profile of a missing gene and connecting it to a known network structure is applied to artificial genetic regulatory networks, as well as a real biologicial network studied in the laboratory: the acs regulatory network of Escherichia coli. In these applications we confirm that power-law functions are a good approximation of Hill-functions. Factor Analysis predicts the expression profiles of missing genes with a high accuracy of 80% in small artificial genetic regulatory networks. The accuracy of Factor Analysis of predicting the expression profiles of missing genes of large artificial genetic regulatory networks is 60%. In contrast, Independent Component Analysis is less powerful than Factor Analysis in extracting the expression profiles of missing components in small, as well as large, artificial genetic regulatory networks. Both Factor Analysis and Independent Component suggest that only one missing gene is sufficient to explain the observed expression profiles of Acs, Fis and Crp. The expression profiles of the missing genes in the △cya strain and in the △cya strain supplemented with cAMP estimated by Factor Analysis and Independent Component Analysis are very similar. Factor Analysis suggests that fis is regulated by the missing genes, while Independent Component Analysis suggests that crp is controlled by the missing gene
Wang, Woei fuh. "Trouver les gènes manquants dans des réseaux géniques." Phd thesis, Université de Grenoble, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00681864.
Full textBonnaffoux, Arnaud. "Inférence de réseaux de régulation de gènes à partir de données dynamiques multi-échelles." Thesis, Lyon, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LYSEN054/document.
Full textInference of gene regulatory networks from gene expression data has been a long-standing and notoriously difficult task in systems biology. Recently, single-cell transcriptomic data have been massively used for gene regulatory network inference, with both successes and limitations.In the present work we propose an iterative algorithm called WASABI, dedicated to inferring a causal dynamical network from timestamped single-cell data, which tackles some of the limitations associated with current approaches. We first introduce the concept of waves, which posits that the information provided by an external stimulus will affect genes one-byone through a cascade, like waves spreading through a network. This concept allows us to infer the network one gene at a time, after genes have been ordered regarding their time of regulation. We then demonstrate the ability of WASABI to correctly infer small networks, which have been simulated in-silico using a mechanistic model consisting of coupled piecewise-deterministic Markov processes for the proper description of gene expression at the single-cell level. We finally apply WASABI on in-vitro generated data on an avian model of erythroid differentiation. The structure of the resulting gene regulatory network sheds a fascinating new light on the molecular mechanisms controlling this process. In particular, we find no evidence for hub genes and a much more distributed network structure than expected. Interestingly, we find that a majority of genes are under the direct control of the differentiation-inducing stimulus. Together, these results demonstrate WASABI versatility and ability to tackle some general gene regulatory networks inference issues. It is our hope that WASABI will prove useful in helping biologists to fully exploit the power of time-stamped single-cell data
Ait-Hamlat, Adel. "Reconstruction de réseaux de gènes à partir de données d'expression par déconvolution centrée autour des hubs." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SORUS011.
Full textGene regulatory networks (GRNs) are graphs in which nodes are genes and edges represent causal relationships from regulator genes, towards their downstream targets. One important topological property of GRNs is that a small number of their nodes have a large number of connections whereas the majority of the genes have few connections. The highly connected nodes are called hubs ; they allow any two nodes to be connected by relatively short paths in sparse networks. HubNeD (Hub-centered network deconvolution) is a novel method that exploits topological properties of GRNs to reconstruct them from steady state expression profiles. It works in three steps : firstly, a clustering step extracts genes that are considered solely regulated by grouping them in highly homogeneous co-regulation communities. Secondly, hub are inferred from the remaining genes, by analyzing the similarities of their correlation profiles to the genes in the co-regulations communities. Thirdly, an adjacency matrix is computed by a hub-centered deconvolution of the Pearson correlation scores. This last step penalizes direct connections between non-hubs, thus reducing the rate of false positives. The original strategy of preceding GRN reconstruction by a hub selection step, allows HubNeD to habe the highest performances on expression datasets associated with the two well established experimentally curated GRNs of E. Coli and Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Mazurie, Aurélien. "Des gènes aux réseaux génétiques : exploitation des données transcriptomiques, inférence et caractérisation de structures de régulation." Paris 6, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005PA066030.
Full textMikol-Segonne, Sandrine. "Etude des réseaux de régulation de gènes qui gouvernent l'élaboration de la texture de la pomme." Thesis, Rennes, Agrocampus Ouest, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015NSARI073/document.
Full textApple fruit is one of the most consumed fruits in the world. Apple mealiness is an important textural deterioration which occurs during storage. This phenotype refers to a dry andgrainy sensory perception during mastication. Despite its significance, this phenotype is still rather poorly characterized, the few available results mostly depending on sensory analyses. Understanding the molecular mechanisms involved in the development of this unwanted character is essential for the improvement of fruit quality and fruit production.The work presented here is focused on the identification of key genes associated with apple mealiness through global transcriptome analyses. A first multiscale analysis combining transcriptomic, biochemical and phenotypic analyses was performed on pairs of individuals displayingcontrasted phenotypes for mealiness.This analysis led us to the identifi cation of one pectin methylesterase gene, MdPME2, which appears as an early molecular marker of mealiness in this genetic background. Next, a transcriptome analysis enlarged to 34 cultivars allowed the identification of the jasmonate hormonal pathway as a key driver of apple fruits ripening. By regulating ethylene and oxidative stress pathways, jasmonates appear as a fi ne-tuning regulator onthe postponement of apple mealiness. In addition, a new quantitative test of mealiness has also been developed to allow the validation of this model by means of pharmacological approaches. The main outcome of this work is to propose a new molecular model to explain apple mealiness development. This work shed
Vandel, Jimmy. "Apprentissage de la structure de réseaux bayésiens : application aux données de génétique-génomique." Toulouse 3, 2012. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/1913/.
Full textStructure learning of gene regulatory networks is a complex process, due to the high number of variables (several thousands) and the small number of available samples (few hundred). Among the proposed approaches to learn these networks, we use the Bayesian network framework. In this way to learn a regulatory network corresponds to learn the structure of a Bayesian network where each variable is a gene and each edge represents a regulation between genes. In the first part of this thesis, we are interested in learning the structure of generic Bayesian networks using local search. We explore more efficiently the search space thanks to a new stochastic search algorithm (SGS), a new local operator (SWAP) and an extension for classical operators to briefly overcome the acyclic constraint imposed by Bayesian networks. The second part focuses on learning gene regulatory networks. We proposed a model in the Bayesian networks framework taking into account two kinds of information. The first one, commonly used, is gene expression levels. The second one, more original, is the mutations on the DNA sequence which can explain gene expression variations. The use of these combined data, called genetical genomics, aims to improve the structural learning quality. Our different proposals appeared to be efficient on simulated genetical genomics data and allowed to learn a regulatory network for observed data from Arabidopsis thaliana
Lopez, Pierre fabrice. "De l'analyse de la régulation transcriptionnelle à la modélisation logique des réseaux géniques." Aix-Marseille 2, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009AIX22064.
Full textThis thesis report is about bioinformatic analysis of mechanisms involved in regulation of gene expression, an ubiquitous phenomenon in all life froms, notably at the root of cellular differenciation. The use of genomic large scale datasets motivated the creation of specific algorithms and methods. These approaches led to the development of tools and databases, namely the software BZScan for the quantification of DNA microarray images, the ATD database listing polyadenylation sites in human and mouse genomes, the sofware package TranscriptomeBrowser containing a transcriptional signatures database, and the logical simultaion and modellind software signatures database, and the logical simulation and modelling software GINsim. A modular programming approach allowed us to develop efficient communication between these different tools
Rouault, Hervé. "Réseaux génétiques et dynamique spatio-temporelle d'ensembles cellulaires." Paris 7, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PA077265.
Full textThis thesis presents a series of works dealing with some aspects of development and cellular differentiation. The first part exposes a bioinformatics algorithm, that we have developed, allowing to study the sequences from the genome responsible for the specific expression of genes in the various tissues constituting an organism. It aims at extracting the key components and some syntax of the cis-regulatory sequences. We present its application to the specification of sensory organ precursors in Drosophila melanogaster. A second part consists in the theoretical study of the structure of the networks of interactions between genes and proteins leading to cell fate specification. We have used a method of evolution in silico, to build genetic networks, needing or not cell-cell communication, mimicking cell differentiation. The underlying phenomena are responsible for the settlement and maintenance of the specialized functions of cells. Finally, in a third part, we propose a model of mechanical control of growth, likely to explain several surprising observation in the formation of organs. In particular, we have modeled the proliferation of cells constituting the Drosophila melanogaster wings and propose a mechanism which make the tissue growth rate uniform
Champion, Magali. "Contribution à la modélisation et l'inférence de réseau de régulation de gènes." Toulouse 3, 2014. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/2613/.
Full textThis manuscript intends to study a theoretical analysis and the use of statistical and optimization methods in the context of gene networks. Such networks are powerful tools to represent and analyse complex biological systems, and enable the modelling of functional relationships between elements of these systems. The first part is dedicated to the study of statistical learning methods to infer networks, from sparse linear regressions, in a high-dimensional setting, and particularly the L2-Boosting algorithms. From a theoretical point of view, some consistency results and support stability results were obtained, assuming conditions on the dimension of the problem. The second part deals with the use of L2-Boosting algorithms to learn Sobol indices in a sensitive analysis setting. The estimation of these indices is based on the decomposition of the model with functional ANOVA. The elements of this decomposition are estimated using a procedure of Hierarchical Orthogonalisation of Gram-Schmidt, devoted to build an approximation of the analytical basis, and then, a L 2 -Boosting algorithm, in order to obtain a sparse approximation of the signal. We show that the obtained estimator is consistant in a noisy setting on the approximation dictionary. The last part concerns the development of optimization methods to estimate relationships in networks. We show that the minimization of the log-likelihood can be written as an optimization problem with two components, which consists in finding the structure of the complete graph (order of variables of the nodes of the graph), and then, in making the graph sparse. We propose to use a Genetic Algorithm, adapted to the particular structure of our problem, to solve it
Moreno, Vega Aura Ileana. "Caractérisation des réseaux de régulation impliquant FGFR3 dans les cancers de vessie." Thesis, Université Paris sciences et lettres, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020UPSLT006.
Full textBladder cancer is the fourth most common cancer in men in Europe and is a deadly disease once it invades the muscle (MIBC). In spite of this, it is only in the last few years that improvement has been made in patient treatment. Recent clinical trials have shown promising results for MIBC following the inhibition of FGFR3 (with a pan-FGFR inhibitor), a receptor tyrosine kinase altered in 20% of MIBC by activating mutations. These alterations are enriched in the luminal papillary subtype of MIBC. The aim of this project was to characterize the poorly-studied FGFR3 gene regulatory network in bladder cancer, allowing for a better understanding of the role of such receptor in bladder tumorigenesis, an improved interpretation of patient outcome from clinical trials (positive response and resistance) and the identification of new therapeutic targets. During the first part of this project we constructed a bladder-cancer-specific gene regulatory network using a data mining algorithm (H-LICORN) as well as transcriptomic data coming from: (1) bladder cancer cell lines and bladder tumors expressing a mutated FGFR3 and (2) different preclinical models where the expression or activity of FGFR3 was modulated. Secondly, the predicted network was functionally validated through the use of large and small gene invalidation screens followed by analysis of cell viability. Such results allowed for the identification of p63, a transcription factor previously described as important in the basal aggressive subtype of MIBC that present a low rate of FGFR3 mutation. Further functional investigation allowed us to confirm that TP63 mediates cell viability, proliferation, differentiation and migration in FGFR3 mutated bladder cancer cell lines in vitro and in vivo. These findings point to a similar yet slightly different role of p63 in basal MIBC and in luminal papillary tumors mutated for FGFR3.In parallel to the construction and validation of the FGFR3 gene regulatory network, we characterized a mutated FGFR3 transgenic mouse model of bladder carcinoma, that shows for the first time the oncogenic role of an altered FGFR3 in vivo. Reinforcing the potential use of the model for translational research, we confirmed that tumors derived from FGFR3 transgenic mice were at the histologic and transcriptomic levels close to their human counterparts. Additionally, our murine model enabled us to pinpoint a male-dominant tumor incidence in FGFR3 mutated human tumors, observed in all molecular subtypes of bladder cancer. As a possible mechanism explaining such phenomenon, we observed that the androgen receptor (AR) was more active in FGFR3-mutated human tumors (both male and female) compared to FGFR3-wildtype tumors
Touleimat, Nizar. "Méthodologie d'extraction et d'analyse de réseaux de régulation de gènes : analyse de la réponse transcriptionnelle à l'irradiation chez S. cerevisiæ." Phd thesis, Université d'Evry-Val d'Essonne, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00877095.
Full textTouleimat, Mohamed Nizar. "Méthodologie d'extraction et d'analyse de réseaux de régulation de gènes : analyse de la réponse transcriptionnelle à l'irradiation chez S. cerevisiæ." Thesis, Evry-Val d'Essonne, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008EVRY0044/document.
Full textThe cellular response to the DNA damage provoked by irradiation (IR) is relatively well studied, however, many observations show the involvement of the expression of many genes. We propose to identify the different potential patterns of the transcriptional response to IR and to reconstruct a gene regulatory network involved in its control. The first point of this work lies in the exploitation of the gene expression dynamics in conditions of genetic perturbations. The second point lies in the integration of systemic biological informations. We define an approach composed of one step of automated logical deduction of regulations from a strategy of perturbations and two induction steps that allow the analysis of the gene expression dynamics and the extraction of potential regulation from additional data. This approach allowed to identify, for the yeast, a complex response to IR and allowed to propose a regulation model which some relations have been experimentally validated
Pons, Nicolas. "Réseau de régulation de l'expression des gènes : Détection de motifs et intégration de données génomiques et post-génomiques : Application chez les streptocoques." Paris 11, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007PA112062.
Full textModelling the transcriptional regulatory networks allow to set insights in the adaptation mechanisms of living organisms to environmental changes. Here, we propose to build the topological structure of gene expression regulatory networks through the characterization of DNA binding sites. The motif detection is based on bioinformatic approaches combining transcription global analyses (intragenomic approach) and genome comparisons (intergenomic approach). The intragenomic approach consists of comparing upstream sequences of coregulated genes according to transcriptomic data. On the other intergenomic approach, the upstream sequences of orthologous genes are compared. This lies on the expectation that regulatory schemes are conserved between orthologous genes of phylogenetically close bacteria. To build up the orthologous classification, we have developed an original algorithm called Scissors. The algorithm has been optimized to exclude paralogous genes. Scissors has been validated on synthetic genome banks as well as by biological expertise. In order to facilitate the integration of these two approaches, we developed the plateform called iMOMi composed of relational database and a set of software dedicated to the detection of regulatory motifs. The plateform has been used in the experimental studiefds of regulation of several metabolisms in Lactococcus lactis IL1403 as well as Streptococcaea and Firmicutes. The biological relevance of iMOMi has been validated by the DNA binding site characterization of CodY, FruR and FhuR regulators
Taffin, de Tilques Mathilde de. "Contrôle transcriptionnel de l'identité musculaire chez la drosophile : modules cis-régulateurs et gènes cibles directs de Collier." Toulouse 3, 2013. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/2232/.
Full textThe COE (Collier/Early B cell Factor) family is a metazoan-specific family of transcription factors (TF) that are involved in the control of numerous biological processes, including hematopoiesis, neurogenesis and muscle identity. Mutant analysis of COE TFs across several organisms showed defects in the specification of different cell types, like neuron subtypes or, in mammalians, B lymphocytes and brown adipocytes. However, the COE target genes are mostly unknown. Drosophila (fruit fly) is an excellent model to study the functional diversity of COE TFs. The core of my PhD work was the identification of Collier direct target genes in the DA3 muscle lineage, and the characterization of the corresponding CRM to better understand how COE proteins activate specific target genes in a tissue-dependent manner. I performed chromatin immuno-precipitation on whole embryos followed by systematic sequencing of the immuno-precipitated fragments (ChIPseq). By bio-informatics, I identified Col in vivo binding motif and showed that Col binding in vivo is context-dependent. Several candidate genes were validated by in situ hybridizations and functional analysis of the Col binding CRM. TF are over-represented among these targets. All together, the results reveal an unexpected complexity of gene regulatory networks that control muscle identity in Drosophila and confirm the critical role for Col in several transcription regulatory networks in the embryo. Considering the evolutionary conservation of COE proteins and their in vivo DNA binding properties, these results bring new insight into the complexity of COE function in other organisms, including mammals
Vasseur, Yann. "Inférence de réseaux de régulation orientés pour les facteurs de transcription d'Arabidopsis thaliana et création de groupes de co-régulation." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017SACLS475/document.
Full textThis thesis deals with the characterisation of key genes in gene expression regulation, called transcription factors, in the plant Arabidopsis thaliana. Using expression data, our biological goal is to cluster transcription factors in groups of co-regulator transcription factors, and in groups of co-regulated transcription factors. To do so, we propose a two-step procedure. First, we infer the network of regulation between transcription factors. Second, we cluster transcription factors based on their connexion patterns to other transcriptions factors.From a statistical point of view, the transcription factors are the variables and the samples are the observations. The regulatory network between the transcription factors is modelled using a directed graph, where variables are nodes. The estimation of the nodes can be interpreted as a problem of variables selection. To infer the network, we perform LASSO type penalised linear regression. A preliminary approach selects a set of variable along the regularisation path using penalised likelihood criterion. However, this approach is unstable and leads to select too many variables. To overcome this difficulty, we propose to put in competition two selection procedures, designed to deal with high dimension data and mixing linear penalised regression and subsampling. Parameters estimation of the two procedures are designed to lead to select stable set of variables. Stability of results is evaluated on simulated data under a graphical model. Subsequently, we use an unsupervised clustering method on each inferred oriented graph to detect groups of co-regulators and groups of co-regulated. To evaluate the proximity between the two classifications, we have developed an index of comparaison of pairs of partitions whose relevance is tested and promoted. From a practical point of view, we propose a cascade simulation method required to respect the model complexity and inspired from parametric bootstrap, to simulate data under our model. We have validated our model by inspecting the proximity between the two classifications on simulated and real data
Monneret, Gilles. "Inférence de réseaux causaux à partir de données interventionnelles." Thesis, Sorbonne université, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SORUS290/document.
Full textThe purpose of this thesis is the use of current transcriptomic data in order to infer a gene regulatory network. These data are often complex, and in particular intervention data may be present. The use of causality theory makes it possible to use these interventions to obtain acyclic causal networks. I question the notion of acyclicity, then based on this theory, I propose several algorithms and / or improvements to current techniques to use this type of data
Enriquez, Jonathan. "Contrôle transcriptionnel de l'identité musculaire chez la Drosophile." Toulouse 3, 2009. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/734/.
Full textThe complex muscle patterns laid during development of complex animals allow coordinated, stereotyped movements such as those we all make during our daily life. Each muscle develops through the fusion and differentiation of myoblasts to form syncitial myofibres. Myofibres then connect to the skeleton via specific tendon cells. Once formed, each muscle of the body can be uniquely identified by its position, shape, size and skeletal attachments, properties grouped under the term "identity". While the transcriptional control of myogenesis has been extensively studied, the control of muscle identity remains largely unknown. Most of our present knowledge comes from studies on the Drosophila embryonic musculature, where it has been proposed that muscle identity was reflecting the expression of specific combinations of Transcription Factors (TF) in muscle founder myoblasts. Several years ago, our laboratory showed that the TF Collier (Col), the Drosophila ortholog of mammalian Early-B Cell Factor (EBF), was expressed and required in a single somatic muscle, the DA3 (Dorsal Acute 3) muscle, making this muscle a paradigm for investigating the genetic and cellular bases of muscle identity. During the first part of my thesis work, I contributed to show that formation of the DA3 muscle was dependent upon the combinatorial activity of Col and another muscle identity TF, Nautilus/D-MyoD. D-MyoD is the single Drosophila ortholog of the MyoD family of vertebrate b-HLH muscle regulatory factors (MRFs), Myo-D, Myf-5, Myogenin and MRF4. My results showing that D-MyoD and Col each control specific properties of the DA3 muscle represent a first experimental confirmation of the combinatorial control of muscle identity by TFs expressed in founder myoblasts, an hypothesis formulated almost 20 years ago. .
Morant, Pierre-Emmanuel. "Réseaux de régulation génétique : dynamique d'un gène autorégulé et modélisation de l'horloge circadienne de l'algue unicellulaire Ostreococcus tauri." Thesis, Lille 1, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010LIL10161.
Full textNetworks of genes interacting via regulatory proteins modulating their activities are highly nonlinear systems wich display a variety of dynamical behaviour, such multistability or oscillations. The development of systemic approaches in biology has put emphasis on identifying genetic modules whose behavior can be modeled quantitatively so that their function and structure can be studied and understood. Our experience in nonlinear systems and modeling of experimental systems has led us to study minimal oscillating networks. First, we have revisited the dynamics of a gene repressed by its own protein in the case where the transcription rate does not adapt instantaneously to protein concentration but is a dynamical variable. Indeed, burst-like gene transcription has been monitored with new in vivo technique for tracking single-RNA molecule. We have derived analytical criteria for the appearance of sustained oscillations and found that they require degradation mechanisms much less nonlinear than for infinitely fast regulation. Deterministic predictions are confirmed by stochastic simulations of this minimal genetic oscillator. Secondly, we have studied a minimal mathematical model of a circadian oscillator, wich is in surprisingly good agreement with expression profiles of two central clock genes TOC1 and CCA1 of the microscopic green alga Ostreococcus tauri. We not only found that this two-gene transcriptional loop model can reproduce almost perfectly transcript and protein profiles but observed that excellent adjustment of data recorded under light/dark alternation is obtained when no model parameter depends on light intensity. Furthermore, we have shown that this paradoxical behaviour is in fact compatible with a coupling to light that is confined to short temporal windows and judiciously scheduled during the day. This circadian clock is robust in that the oscillator is both sensitive to phase shifts when resetting is required and insensitive to daylight fluctuations
Makhlouf, Mélanie. "Etude du réseau de régulation de Xist/XIST : caractérisation d'un rôle conservé de YY1 dans la supression mono-allélique de ce gène." Paris 7, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA077142.
Full textIn female mammals, early embryonic development is accompanied by the transcriptional inactivation of one of the two X chromosomes. The latter process strictly relies on the monoallelic upregulation ofXist, a long non-codinig RNA. Although several Xist activating elements have been recently identified in mouse, the molecular mechanisms underlying Xist differential allelic regulation remain poorly understood. My PhD project aimed at identifying factors directly involved in the control of Xist/XIST asymmetric expression in both mouse and human. Using chromatin immunoprecipitation and RNA interference, I uncovered a key role for YY1 in the transcriptional activation ofXist. I also showed that YY1 was necessary for the proper initiation of inactivation as well as for the maintenance of Xist expression in differentiated cells. YY1 binds exclusively the active Xist alle le. This monoallelic binding appears to be DNA-methylation dependent. Importantly, the characterization of YY1 binding profiles in human cells, in addition to knockdown experiments revealed a conserved function of YY1 in human. Ultimately, our bioinformatics analysis predicted that this conservation broadens to other eutherian mammals. My PhD work allowed thé characterization of thé first transcriptional activator of Xist/XIST involved in an allelic régulation. It defines the molecular basis of a common regulatory network between placental mammals, which appeared up to now to adopt divergent strategies for achieving the establishment of a same dosage compensation mechanism
Sun, Honglu. "Identifying and Analyzing Long-term Dynamical Behaviors of Gene Regulatory Networks with Hybrid Modeling." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Ecole centrale de Nantes, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023ECDN0043.
Full textUsing dynamical models to reveal dynamical properties of gene regulatory networks can help us better understand the nature of these biological systems and develop new medical treatments. In this thesis, we focus on a class of hybrid dynamical systems called Hybrid Gene Regulatory Network (HGRN) and aim to analyze long-term dynamical properties. We propose methods to find limit cycles and analyze their stability, and to analyze the reachability in HGRNs. This is followed by a deeper study of some networks of interest for Systems Biology: The repressilators, and we find conditions for the existenceof sustained oscillations in the 3-dimensional canonical repressilator, and conditions, which are described by topological features of the networks, for the existence of a periodic attractor in discrete 4-dimensional repressilators. In summary, this thesis proposes new methods to analyze some properties of HGRNs that were not investigated before, for instance, the stability of N-dimensional limit cycles, the reachability, etc. The results can be further developed in the future to study other large complex networks
Louis, Krystel. "Caractérisation des réseaux de gènes activés dans les fibroblastes associés aux tumeurs : étude de la régulation de l'expression de la stromélysine 3, un marqueur stromal universel des carcinomes invasifs humains." Nice, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004NICE4069.
Full textRecent advances in the littérature indicate that tumor microenvironment influences the different steps of cancer development. In particular, heterotypic interactions between tumor cells and fibroblasts play a crucial role in tumors, cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) representing notably the main source of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), a family of proteases largely involved in cancer. The main goal of my thesis was to better understand the molecular events occurring at the tumor-stroma interface in human carcinomas. First, I have analyzed the signalling pathways involved in the induction of stromelysin-3 (ST3), a particular MMP expressed in virtually all invasive carcinomas. We have demonstrated using various approaches (pharmacology, cellular imaging, inducible expression models, short interfering RNAs) the implication of protein kinase C (PKC) alpha and epsilon in the early traduction events leading to ST3 expression in fibroblasts and the downstream participation of stress-associated kinases. Second, we have established the gene expression profile of these cancer-associated fibroblast using cDNA microarrays. We could identified around 30 modulated genes, four which corresponding to known cancer-associated markers of lung adenocarcinomas. This project has contributed to better characterize the molecular modulations of tumor stroma that play an important role in the establishment and the progression of the disease and which may indicate potential targets for diagnosis and/or therapeutic intervention
Wucher, Valentin. "Modélisation d'un réseau de régulation d'ARN pour prédire des fonctions de gènes impliqués dans le mode de reproduction du puceron du pois." Thesis, Rennes 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014REN1S076/document.
Full textThis thesis aims to discriminate between embryos development towards either sexual or asexual reproduction types in pea aphids, Acyrthosiphon pisum, at the genomic level. This discrimination involves the creation of a post-transcriptional regulation network between microRNAs and mRNAs whose kinetic expressions change depending on the embryogenesis. It also involves a study of this network's interaction modules using formal concept analysis. To do so, a three-step strategy was set up. First the creation of an interaction network between the pea aphid's microRNAs and mRNAs. The network is then reduced by keeping only microRNAs and mRNAs which possess differential kinetics between the two embryogeneses, these are obtained using high-throughput sequencing data. Finally the remaining network is analysed using formal concept analysis. Analysing the network allowed for the identification of several functions of potential interest such as oogenesis, transcriptional regulation or even neuroendocrine system. In addition to network analysis, formal concept analysis was used to create a new method to repair a bipartite graph based on its topology and a method to visualise a bipartite graph using its formal concepts
Drulhe, Samuel. "Identification de réseaux de régulation génique à partir de données d'expression : une approche basée sur les modèles affines par morceaux." Phd thesis, Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00380505.
Full textLa méthode que nous présentons se concentrent sur le problème de la détection des transitions entre les différents modes dynamiques à partir des données d'expression génique et sur la reconstruction des seuils de transition associés avec les interactions régulatrices. En particulier, notre méthode prend en considération les contraintes géométriques spécifiques aux modèles APM de RRGs. Une telle méthode d'identification est conçue pour des systèmes à erreur sur la sortie où les observations sont des séries temporelles de mesures bruitées de niveaux de concentration à l'intérieur d'une cellule.
Les données sont d'abord classées en modes dans lesquels le comportement dynamique est considéré comme étant complètement décrit par une équation différentielle linéaire. À partir de la classification résultante, une technique de reconnaissance de forme est utilisée pour reconstruire toutes les combinaisons de seuils de transition qui sont cohérentes avec les données mesurées. Pour chaque combinaison de seuils, il est alors possible de fournir un réseau de régulation et les paramètres dynamiques de chaque mode.
Les performances de notre approche ont été analysées en utilisant des données artificielles simulées pour un modèle simplifié de la réponse à un manque de carbone pour le bactérie Escherichia coli. En particulier, nous avons évalué l'influence du niveau du bruit et du pas d'échantillonnage sur les systèmes identifiés. Nos résultats montrent que la méthode, en association avec des séries temporelles de mesures suffisamment précises, lesquelles peuvent être obtenues avec des systèmes à gène rapporteur, permettent une identification quantitative de modèles APM de RRGs.
Duportet, Xavier. "Developing new tools and platforms for mammalian synthetic biology : From the assembly and chromosomal integration of complex dna circuits to the engineering of artificial intercellular communication systems." Paris 7, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA077262.
Full textMammalian synthetic biology may provide novel therapeutic strategies, help decipher new paths for drug discovery and facilitate synthesis of valuable molecules. Yet, our capacity to program cells is currently hampered both by the lack of efficient approaches to streamline the design, construction and screening of synthetic gene networks, and also by the complexity of mammalian systems and our poor understanding of cellular processes context¬dependencies. To address these problems, I proposed and validated a number of concepts and approaches during my PhD. First, I created a framework for modular and combinatorial assembly of functional (multi)gene expression vectors and their efficient and specific targeted integration into a well-defined chromosomal context in mammalian cells. Second, I developed a platform to identify and characterize new serine reconnbinase systems from Mycobacteriophage genomes in order to extend the toolbox of genome engineering techniques available for mammalian cells progranning. To overcome the apparent limitations in our single-tell rational engineering capacity, I also engineered two new artificial intercellular communication systems for mammalian cells, in order to facilitate the spatial decoupling of different modules of a synthetic circuit. Even though we are still years away from therapies using engineered cells carrying synthetic circuits to repair damaged or non-functional organs or to create de-novo tissues, I believe the contributions developed during the course of my PhD could potentially be used to help fasten the development of therapeutically relevant DNA circuits or to provide new means to understand mechanisms of cellular processes.
Berthoumieux, Sara. "Méthodes pour l’identification des modèles de réseaux biochimiques." Thesis, Lyon 1, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012LYO10073/document.
Full textBacteria manage to constantly adapt their molecular composition to respond to environmentalchanges. We focus on systems of both metabolic and gene regulation that enablesuch type of adaptation, notably in the context of diauxic growth of Escherichia coli, when itshifts from glucose to acetate as a carbon source. To model a metabolic network, we use anapproximate kinetic formalism called linlog and address methodological issues encounteredwhen performing parameter estimation. We propose a maximum-likelihood method basedon Expectation Maximization for parameter estimation from incomplete datasets. We then apply it to the linlog model of central carbon metabolism. We also propose a method foridentifiability analysis and reduction of nonidentifiable models that we then apply to bothsimulated and experimental datasets. Moreover, we monitored gene expression patterns for agene network involved in the control of diauxie and highlight, by means of kinetic models developedin this study, the role of the global physiological state of the cell in regulation of geneexpression. By addressing methodological challenges encountered with models of metabolicand gene networks, this thesis contributes to future efforts integrating both types of networksinto quantitative models
Trinh, Duy Chi. "Propriétés du réseau de gènes contrôlant l'organisation du primordium de racine latérale chez Arabidopsis thaliana." Thesis, Montpellier, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019MONTG003/document.
Full textPost-embryonic lateral root organogenesis plays an essential role in defining plant root system architecture, and therefore plant growth and fitness. The aim of the thesis is to elucidate the gene regulatory network regulating lateral root development and de novo root meristem formation during root branching in the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana by combining a system-biology based analysis of lateral root primordium transcritome dynamics with the functional characterization of genes possibly involved in regulating lateral root organogenesis.The first part of the thesis deals with the identification the target genes of PUCHI, an AP2/EREBP transcription factor that is involved in controlling cell proliferation and differentiation during lateral root formation. We showed that loss of PUCHI function leads to defects lateral root initiation and primordium growth and organisation. We found that several genes coding for proteins of the very long chain fatty acid (VLCFA) biosynthesis machinery are transiently induced in a PUCHI-dependent manner during lateral root development. Moreover, a mutant perturbed in VLCFA biosynthesis (kcs1-5) displays similar lateral root development defects as does puchi-1. In addition, puchi-1 loss of function mutant roots show enhanced and continuous callus formation in auxin-rich callus induction medium, consistent with the recently reported role of VLCFAs in organizing separated callus proliferation on this inductive growing medium. Thus, our results show that PUCHI positively regulates the expression of VLCFA biosynthesis genes during lateral root development, and further support the hypothesis that lateral root and callus formation share common genetic regulatory mechanisms.A second part of the thesis specifically addresses the issue of identifying key regulators of root meristem organization in the developing lateral root primordium. Material enabling the tracking of meristem cell identity establishment in developing primordia with live confocal microscopy was generated. A gene network inference was run to predict potential regulatory relationships between genes of interest during the time course of lateral root development. It identified potential regulators of quiescent center formation, a key step in functional organization of the lateral root primordia into a new root apical meristem. The characterization of some of these candidate genes was initiated.Altogether, this work participated in deciphering the genetic regulation of lateral root formation in Arabidopsis thaliana
Lavarenne, Jérémy. "Adaptation des céréales au déficit hydrique : recherche de gènes maîtres du développement racinaire par une approche de biologie des systèmes." Thesis, Montpellier, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018MONTG028.
Full textIn this thesis, we aimed at identifying the gene regulatory network (GRN) acting downstream of CRL1 and involved in the formation of crown root (CR) primordia in rice. We used this information to identify candidate genes to modulate root system architecture of rice and maize. To do so, we generated a time-series transcriptomic dataset that was used to infer the GRN at play during the 45 hour following CRL1 induction, covering early steps of CR primordia formation. This network was partially validated using a database describing predicted transcription factor (TF) target genes and literature on available regulatory interactions. From this, a regulatory cascade linking genes involved in CR initiation to genes involved in CR primordia patterning and maintenance was proposed and tested using transient protoplast transactivation assays. Obtained data mostly confirmed the predicted regulatory cascade demonstrating the usefulness of systems biology approaches to better understand the mechanisms involved in CR development. Another transcriptomic dataset obtained from laser capture microdissection of CR primordia at three later developmental stages analysed against adjacent stem cortex tissue, provided insight to the transcriptional regulation occurring after CR initiation and primordia organization. From cross-analysis between time series and microdissected primordia transcriptomic data set, other published gene lists related to root development in rice, formal GRN analysis and literature curation, we computed four rankings according to different scoring strategies to identify the most important genes in the GRN. From this meta-ranking, two candidate genes were identified. Their impact on CR formation and root system architecture will be further studied via the generation of over- or down-expressing lines in maize and rice
Cerutti, Franck. "Evolution et coévolution des petits ARNs régulateurs et des gènes codants chez les bactéries." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018TOU30010/document.
Full textNon coding RNAs (ncRNA) are main actors of gene expression regulation and are found ubiquitously in all domains of life. In bacteria, ncRNAs play key roles in a wide range of physiological and adaptive processes. These "small non coding RNAs" (sRNAs) are identified by high-throughput experimental methods (microarray, tilling-array, ...) in several bacteria species of interest. They mainly act at post-transcriptional level through physical interactions with one or several mRNA(s). Nevertheless, the available informations about mRNA targets and sRNAs functions, remain very limited. In addition, evolutionary patterns of sRNAs have been poorly studied in pathogenic bacteria. The main hypothesis of my PhD work is therefore that analysis of evolution and coevolution between sRNAs and other functional elements in a given genomes set, may allow to understand their evolutionary histories, to better characterize their putative functions, and may also help to identify their potential mRNA(s) target(s). For this purpose, we designed and developed a robust and generic phylogenomic approach to analyze evolution and coevolution between sRNAs and mRNA from their presence-absence profiles, in a set of annotated bacterial genomes. This method was thereafter used to analyze evolution and coevolution of 154 Listeria monocytogenes EGD-e trans regulatory sRNAs in 79 complete genomes of Listeria. This approach allowed us to discover 52 accessory sRNAs, the majority ofwhich were present in the Listeria common ancestor and were subsequently lost during evolution of Listeria strains. We then detected significant coevolutions events between 23 sRNAs and 52 mRNAs and reconstructed the coevolving network of Listeria sRNA and mRNA. This network contains a main hub of 12 sRNAs that coevolves with mRNA encoding cell wall proteins and virulence factors. Among them, we have identified 4 sRNAs coevolving with 7 internalin-coding genes that are known to group important virulence factors of Listeria. Additionaly, rli133, a sRNA that coevolve with several genes involved in Listeria pathogenicity, exhibits regions compatible with direct translational inhibitory physical interactions for most of its coevolution partners
Romilly, Cédric. "Fonctions de nouveaux ARN non codant dans la régulation de l'expression des gènes chez Staphylococcus aureus : adaptation à l'environnement et virulence." Phd thesis, Université de Strasbourg, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00829094.
Full textMordelet, Fantine. "Méthodes d'apprentissage statistique à partir d'exemples positifs et indéterminés en biologie." Phd thesis, École Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Paris, 2010. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00566401.
Full textDe, Dieuleveult Maud. "Implication des factures de remodelage de chromatine de la famille CHD dans les réseaux de régulation transcriptionnelle des cellules souches embryonnaires." Phd thesis, Université Paris Sud - Paris XI, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00555030.
Full textSeyres, Denis. "Identification et analyse d'éléments cis-régulateurs impliqués dans les mécanismes de régulation transcriptionnelle des gènes au cours de la cardiogénèse chez la drosophile." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015AIXM4068.
Full textUnderstanding how gene expression is spatio-temporally regulated remains a crucial step in our understanding of organogenesis. Identification of transciptional cis-regulatory elements in a tissu-specific manner could allow to understand logical rules leading regulatory network organisation and to identify new actors (in particular transcription factors). Analysis of chromatin marks (H3K27ac and H3K4me3) specifically in cardiac cells (104 cells) during differentiation allowed the identification of transcriptional cis-regulatory regions. Via a machine learning approach, new cardiac specific regulatory regions and two transcription factors (bagpipe and hamlet) have been identified. Multiple sequence alignment of regulatory regions suggests that regions associated to H3K27ac in cardiac cells during these steps of organogenesis share a consensus sequence. These new regulatory elements integrate and complete the gene regulatory network underlying late steps of cardiogenesis
Sindikubwabo, Fabien. "Réseau régulatoire de HDAC3 pour comprendre les mécanismes de différenciation et de pathogenèse de Toxoplasma gondii." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017GREAV047/document.
Full textApicomplexan genome architecture is typified by a binary chromatin structure, with a major fraction of the bulk genome packaged as transcriptionally permissive euchromatin while few loci are embedded in silenced heterochromatin. There is evidence that histone modifications occurring at the lateral surface of the nucleosome play a substantial role in shaping chromatin structure, yet our understanding of the exact mechanism of action is poor. Here, we address how versatile modifications at Lys31 within the globular domain of histone H4 contribute to genome organization and expression in Apicomplexa. H4K31 acetylation was found at the promoter of active genes. The residue lies where the DNA wraps around the histone and its acetylation may enhance nucleosome disassembly, thereby favoring a more relaxed, open chromatin state. This residue tends also to be monomethylated and depending of the parasite examined different patterns were found. H4K31me1 was enriched in the core body of Toxoplasma active genes, yet its occupancy was inversely correlated with transcripts levels likely because the mark by reducing histone turnover impedes RNA polymerase progression across transcribed units. In contrast to the methylation of H3, it is the first time that a methylated residue of H4 has been clearly associated with transcriptional regulation. In Plasmodium, H4K31me1 was exclusively enriched at transcriptionally inactive genomic regions and peculiarly at pericentromeric heterochromatin, likely to replace the missing H3K9me3 that commonly decorated pericentric nucleosomes in other species
Le, Thi Van Anh. "Recherche de gènes régulés par Crown Root Less 1, un facteur de transcription contrôlant le développement des racines adventives chez le riz." Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013MON20113.
Full textIn order to understand better the mechanisms involved in crown root initiation in rice we researched the genes regulated by the CROW ROOT LESS 1 (CRL1) transcription factor that controls their initiation in response to auxin. Several transcript profiling approaches have been used. The first was to look for the genes differentially expressed in crl1 stem bases relatively to the wild type. The second one was to research genes that are CRL1-dependant auxin responsive. The last one consisted to research genes that are up-regulated in crl1 stem bases just after the inducible ectopic expression of CRL1. Among identified genes RT-qPCR experiments allowed to validate 11 CRL1-dependant auxin responsive genes and in situ hybridization experiments ten genes that are specifically expressed in crown root primordia. Most of these genes encodes transcription factors or components of transduction signal patways. Some of them encode chromating modulling factors or auxin transporters. These results give new knowledge about the gene regulatory network acting down-stream CRL1 and about the molecular mechanisms involved in crown root initiation in rice
Gnimpieba, Zohim Etienne. "Modélisation bioinformatique des réseaux de régulation génétique et métabolique : application à l'étude du comportement des cellules exposées au déficit en folates et à des contaminants alimentaires en cause dans la génèse du cancer." Compiègne, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011COMP1954.
Full textBiological networks analysis is faced with the complexity of regulations between the different entities involved (genes, metabolites, enzymes, transcription factors). We propose here a general approach to better integrate the regulation of gene expression in the study of the behavior of metabolic networks. The goal of the three parts of our approach is to facilitate the identification of potential targets for the deregulation of specific biological processes. Thus our approach has been applied to the study of one carbon metabolism (MMC). The _rst part of our approach is to design mathematical models based on the theory of dynamical systems with integration of experimental conditions in the model parameter identify cation. In this section, we built a continuous metabolic network model by integrating the experimental conditions by using logic programming. This part allows us to complete the usual process of continuous modeling of metabolic networks by integrating the biological knowledge based on experimental conditions. An application of our method on the MMC has allowed us to study the folate deficiency, the genetic mutation of MTHFR to isolate the metabolites that are modulated by these biological processes. The second part focuses on bioinformatics analysis of gene expression data (ADE). We propose in this part an integrated approach in 12 steps for analyzing gene expression data from microarray and PCR technologies. This approach was applied to 4 experimental datasets to study the impact of food contaminants (arsenic and fumonisin B1) on the regulation of a biological process. The results were used to experimentally validate some assumptions of the first part and understand the impact of food contaminants on the genes of MMC in the presence or absence of folate. The third part of this work consists in formalizing the relationship between gene and metabolite. We built a fuzzy based network model using the results of gene expression analysis from the previous part. The network was built using the fuzzy logic theory and constraints based on literature knowledge and the metabolic network in the first part. Once the gene network model built, we integrated the transcription factors influence and the metabolic model of our first part to obtain the model of gene-metabolite regulation. The application of our approach to the study of MMC allowed us to understand the influence of folate deficiency (5-methyltetrahydrofolate as methyl group donor) and the influence of the presence of food contaminants (arsenic and fumonisin). The simulation results show that the methyl group deficiency causes transcriptional changes in transmethylation and remethylation pathways. This was confirmed experimentally with the gene expression data analysis
Gonin, Mathieu. "Etude fonctionnelle de gènes régulés par le facteur de transcription CROWN ROOT LESS1 impliqués dans l’initiation et le développement des racines coronaires chez le riz." Thesis, Montpellier, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018MONTG039.
Full textThe aim of this thesis is to specify the molecular mechanisms acting downstream of the CROWN ROOT LESS 1 transcription factor (CRL1) that regulates coronary root (CR) formation. We were able to identify at first a new CRL1 recognized DNA sequence named CRL1-box different from the LBD-box which was the only cis-regulatory motif previously described for the LATERAL ORGAN BOUNDARIES DOMAIN (LBD) transcription factor (TF) family. We then identified a group of genes regulated by CRL1, and showed the involvement of two of them, OsROP and OsbHLH044, in the development of CR. OsbHLH044 is a repressive transcription factor and appears to be also involved in cell senescence as well as stress response. Finally, we demonstrated a regulatory cascade linking CRL1 with QUIESCENT-CENTER-SPECIFICHOMEOBOX (QHB), a gene involved in the differentiation and maintenance of the quiescent center, via the OsHOX14 transcription factor. In addition we have demonstrated a negative feedback loop of QHB on its activators CRL1 and OsHOX14, which could be involved in structuring the coronary root primordia
Rosspopoff, Olga. "Evolution of the human & mouse X-chromosome inactivation regulatory network." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018USPCC295.
Full textLong non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have emerged as the major output of mammalian transcriptomes. As of today, the function of the majority of lncRNAs remains largely enigmatic and importantly may be mediated by various entities such as the transcript itself, the act of transcription or key regulatory elements within the locus. A remarkable characteristic of lncRNAs is their poor evolutionary conservation, which raises the question of their contribution to species-specific regulatory mechanisms.X chromosome inactivation (XCI) is a paradigm for epigenetic processes mediated by lncRNA genes (LRGs) and a powerful model to explore their functional, mechanistic and evolutionary aspects. XCI is a process initiated early during embryonic development, which ensures the dosage compensation of X-linked genes between male and female in mammals. In the mouse, XCI is triggered by the combined action of several LRGs, among which Xist is the key regulator of the process. Xist is produced from a genomic region, the X-chromosome inactivation center (Xic), that is enriched for LRGs described either as positive or negative XCI regulators. In the present study, we investigated the evolutionary conservation of two candidate LRGs, JPX and FTX, and their contribution to XIST regulation in both human and mouse.In the mouse, we demonstrated that the Jpx RNA is required for proper Xist expression and acts as a post-transcriptional regulator of Xist, most likely by affecting its accumulation or stability. In striking contrast, in human, it is JPX transcription, but not the transcript itself, that controls the RNA Polymerase II (RNAPII) recruitment at XIST promoter. Accordingly, the two genes are interacting through local chromosome conformation, emphasized by RNAPII bridges in between the two loci. While the function of JPX/Jpx in promoting XIST/Xist accumulation is conserved between human and mouse, the underlying mechanisms diverge markedly. On the other hand, preliminary results on FTX function in human, suggest that it might be involved in XCI maintenance in human in very specific cellular contexts. Altogether, these results shed a new light on the functional evolution of XIST regulatory network between mouse and human that might be specifically adapted to XCI requirements in each species. This work highlights the functional plasticity of lncRNAs in evolution and how it might play important roles in species-specific mechanism of gene regulation
Vandermoëre, Constant. "Exemples d'oscillateurs génétiques : le gène auto-réprimé à dynamique transcriptionnelle lente et l'oscillateur central de l'horloge circadienne de l'algue Ostreococcus Tauri." Thesis, Lille 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011LIL10118/document.
Full textGenes located on the DNA macromolecule inside our cells do not onlycarry hereditary information. They also contribute dynamically tobiological functions by synthesizing proteins at a variable rate.Proteins are subject to many nonlinear interactions with other actors,forming vast biochemical networks which may display a number ofcomplex behaviors. In particular, regulation of gene activity (i.e.,of their transcription rate) by specific proteins creates feedbackloops. These loops form genetic networks where a set of genes regulatetheir expressions reciprocally. Recent experimental studies have shown that gene regulation is notalways instantaneous. We have thus studied the influence of anintrinsic transcriptional dynamics in the simple circuit where a geneis repressed by its own protein. We have obtained an analyticalcriterion for the appearance of oscillations, which allows us to showthat oscillations are favored when gene response time is close to acharacteristic value. The time scale thus identified is relevant bothin a deterministic and a stochastic description. Gene regulatory networks are also at work in some biological rhythms,inducing oscillations in the concentrations of some key proteins.These networks then serve as endogeneous clocks, which allow manyliving organisms to anticipate periodic changes in the environment. Inparticular, the circadian clock is used by organisms to adapt to thediurnal cycle by being entrained by the day/night cycle. Using experimental data, we have constructed a mathematical model ofthe circadian clock of the unicellular alga Ostreococcus tauri.This model is based on a transcriptional negative feedback loop, whichinvolves two genes regulating each other. Agreement between numericalsimulations and experimental data is excellent and unveils the factthat there is no signature of coupling in data when the clock is ontime. This reveals a strong robustness to daylight fluctuations
Marchand, Gwenaëlle. "Gene regulatory networks involved in drought stress responses : identification, genetic control and variability in cultivated sunflower, Helianthus annuus and its relatives." Toulouse 3, 2014. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/2597/.
Full textDrought is a major stress that affects growth, physiology and therefore yield of crops as sunflower. To become more tolerant, plants develop complex morpho-physiological responses. Various genes interacting between them and with the environment are involved in the genetic control of those responses. They form together a gene regulatory network (GRN). Here, we focused on these drought GRN, its different gene groups and their interactions in the cultivated sunflower. First, we highlighted three genes reflecting the environmental signal. From their expression we built a plant water status biomarker. Then through an association study, we built the GRN connecting drought responsive genes and we deciphered their genetic control. Finally, thanks to a systems biology approach we inferred the GRN linking regulatory and drought responsive genes. Studying this network, we examined how it could drive phenotypic changes and how it was related to Heliantus evolution and sunflower breeding
Jung, Nicolas. "Modélisation de phénomènes biologiques complexes : application à l'étude de la réponse antigénique de lymphocytes B sains et tumoraux." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014STRAJ067/document.
Full textSystem biology is a well-suited context for interdisciplinary. In this thesis, statistical models and theories closely meet biological models and experiments. We focused on a specific complex system model: the chronic B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia disease which is a cancer of the blood cells. We started by modeling the genetic program which underlies this disease and we compared it to the healthy one. This conduced us to introduce the concept of cascade networks. We then showed our ability to control this complex system by predicting with our mathematical model the effects of a gene inhibition experiment. This thesis ends with the perspective of oriented modulation, i.e. targeted interventional experiments on genes allowing to “reprogram” the cancerous genetic program toward a healthy normal state
Taha, May. "Probing sequence-level instructions for gene expression." Thesis, Montpellier, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018MONTT096/document.
Full textGene regulation is tightly controlled to ensure a wide variety of cell types and functions. These controls take place at different levels and are associated with different genomic regulatory regions. An actual challenge is to understand how the gene regulation machinery works in each cell type and to identify the most important regulators. Several studies attempt to understand the regulatory mechanisms by modeling gene expression using epigenetic marks. Nonetheless, these approaches rely on experimental data which are limited to some samples, costly and time-consuming. Besides, the important component of gene regulation based at the sequence level cannot be captured by these approaches. The main objective of this thesis is to explain mRNA expression based only on DNA sequences features. In a first work, we use Lasso penalized linear regression to predict gene expression using DNA features such as transcription factor binding site (motifs) and nucleotide compositions. We measured the accuracy of our approach on several data from the TCGA database and find similar performance as that of models fitted with experimental data. In addition, we show that nucleotide compositions of different regulatory regions have a major impact on gene expression. Furthermore, we rank the influence of each regulatory regions and show a strong effect of the gene body, especially introns.In a second part, we try to increase the performances of the model. We first consider adding interactions between nucleotide compositions and applying non-linear transformations on predictive variables. This induces a slight increase in model performances.To go one step further, we then learn deep neuronal networks. We consider two types of neural networks: multilayer perceptrons and convolution networks. Hyperparameters of each network are optimized. The performances of both types of networks appear slightly higher than those of a Lasso penalized linear model. In this thesis, we were able to (i) demonstrate the existence of sequence-level instructions for gene expression and (ii) provide different frameworks based on complementary approaches. Additional work is ongoing, in particular with the last direction based on deep learning, with the aim of detecting additional information present in the sequence
Morel, Adrien. "Régulation épigénétique des gènes précoces d'HPV16." Thesis, Besançon, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016BESA3005.
Full textHigh risk Human Papillomaviruses (HPV) are responsible for cervical cancer. HPV genome consists in a double-strand circular DNA harboring early "E" and late "L" genes and a Long Control Region (LCR). The E2 protcin binds to E2 Binding Sites (E2BS) present on the LCR and represses E6 and E7 transcription. The loss of E2 expression after HPV DNA integration induces an overexpression of E6 and E7 that thus favor p53 and pRb degradation. Since CpG dinucleotides are present in HPVl6 E2BS, we investigated whether E6 HPV16 expression was also submitted to epigenetic regulation. We developed a HRM PCR to study the methylation status of E2BS in precanccrous and canccrous lesions. We observed methylated CpG only in cancer samples. Otherwise, we proved that E2BS methylation prevented E2 binding and probably permitted E6 and E7 overexpression. Finally, we showed that the treatment ofHPV16 cervical cancer cell lines with a demethylating agent (SazadC) decreased the E6 expression. This regulation was independent of E2 and we proved that the up-regulation of miR-375, which targets E6/E7 transcripts, was involved in E6 repression after SazadC treatment. Taken as a whole, our data demonstrate that HPV 16 oncoprotein expression is regulated in an epigenetic manncr via viral and cellular factors
Tabariès, Sébastien. "Gène Hoxa5 : régulation et mutation conditionnelle." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/18482.
Full textKerlan-Candon, Sophie. "Régulation transcriptionnelle de l'expression des gènes HLA-DRB." Montpellier 1, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994MON11141.
Full textLouis-Plence, Pascale. "Régulation transcriptionnelle de l'expression des gènes HLA-DR." Montpellier 1, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994MON1T026.
Full textAymeric, Jean-Luc. "Etude et régulation des gènes "cel" d'Erwinia chrysanthemi." Aix-Marseille 1, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988AIX11164.
Full text