Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Réseaux de connectivité du cerveau'
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Bellec, Pierre. "Etude longitudinale des réseaux cérébraux à large échelle en IRMf : méthodes et application à l'étude de l'apprentissage moteur." Paris 11, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006PA112011.
Full textSkill learning in human healthy volunteers is thought to induce a reorganization of cerebral activity. Such process of cerebral plasticity involves the modulation of functional interactions within networks of spatially distributed brain regions, or large-scale networks. Various measures of connectivity exist that allow one to quantify these functional interactions using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), which enables the non-invasive, yet indirect, measure of cerebral activity. I developed a series of methods that allows to characterize the reorganization of large-scale networks in the brain when considering an fMRI longitudinal study of a single subject or group of subjects, at various stages of a learning process. First, the regions of the network involved in the execution of the task under scrutiny are built and identified from the functional data in an exploratory way, by using a competitive region growing method, which segments the gray matter into functionally homogeneous regions, then followed by a statistical classification procedure. A statistical method is then designed to assess which interactions are significantly modulated within the network during the plasticity process. This method is based on a non-parametric bootstrap technique, taking the temporal auto-correlation of fMRI time series into account, and controling the false discovery rate. These methods have been validated and evaluated on both synthetic and real datasets. Two real datasets were studied, which involved learning of a sensorimotor adaptation task and of a motor sequence task, respectively
Karkar, Slim Ismael. "Parcellisation et analyse multi-niveaux de données : Application à l’étude des réseaux de connectivité cérébrale." Strasbourg, 2011. https://publication-theses.unistra.fr/public/theses_doctorat/2011/KARKAR_Slim_Ismael_2011.pdf.
Full textOver the last decade, functional MRI has emerged as a widely used tool for mapping functions of the brain. More recently, it has been used for identifying networks of cerebral connectivity that represent the interactions between different brain areas. In this context, a recent strategy is based on a preliminary parcellation of the brain into functional regions, and then identifying functional networks from a measurement of interactions between each area. The first part of this thesis describes a novel approach for parcellation that produces regions that are homogeneous at several levels. These regions are shown to be consistent with the anatomical landmarks of the processed subjects. In the second part, we propose a new family of statistics to identify significant networks of functional connectivity. This approach enables the detection of small, strongly-connected networks as well as larger networks that involve weaker interactions. Finally, within a classification framework, we developed a group-level study, producing networks that synthesize characteristics of functional networks across the population under study
Bertrand, Perrine. "Étude en IRM des modifications des connectivités cérébrales anatomique et fonctionnelle en fonction de l'âge chez le sujet sain." Toulouse 3, 2012. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/2021/.
Full textOur study was focused on the changes of anatomical and functional brain connectivity during aging. We acquired for each participant (47 male subjects, healthy, aged from 20 to 65) several MRI imaging (Philips 3T MRI): an anatomical sequence (T1 weighted image), a sequence of diffusion imaging in 32 directions and three sequences of functional imaging (at rest, during a motor task and an attentional). The anatomical image allows us to assess the brain atrophy and calculate the cortical thickness. With the diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) we have extracted fractional anisotropy and mean diffusivity and we have realized tractography. We used different software as SPM8 (Statistical Parametric Mapping), MATLAB (The MathWorks, Inc. ) and Statistica (Statsoft). We have analyzed the functional connectivity with the 3 sequences of fMRI using methods of Independent Component Analysis, and methods based on statistical analysis of networks (Network Based Statistics). Functional imaging has showed the role played by the Angular Gyrus (including many modifications on connections), and changes occurring in the Default-Mode Network and the Working Memory (decreases in the frontal lobe). Furthermore, we have demonstrated a decrease in fiber orientation in the anterior part of the Corpus Callosum, and in the cerebellum. Due to the study of anatomical connectivity, we have defined a set of sub-networks that resist structurally with age. Our contribution will allow a better characterization of the effect of normal aging on brain connectivity. Besides, benefits of this study may be useful for the comprehension of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer and Parkinson
Skeif, Hanadi. "Connectivité fonctionnelle des réseaux neuronaux intégratifs du système limbique étudiée en IRM fonctionnelle d'activation par stimuli olfactifs." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017SACLS537/document.
Full textThe precise mechanisms at the origin of the depression are not yet elucidated. The advent of functional neuroimaging techniques such as functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) has provided a powerful tool not only for defining the neurobiological circuits disturbed in depression, but also for better understanding the contribution of each region. The objectives of this work were to highlight: (i) the clusters involved in the hedonic evaluation of the smell (ii) the functional brain abnormalities underlying the olfactory deficits in the major depressive episode (MDE) and (iii) the modulations of these abnormalities following antidepressant treatment. Thirty-eight depressive patients and thirty healthy subjects were selected to perform a fMRI examination with three tasks: recognizing three smells which are the spearmint, sandalwood and wine lees. Based on our study, we can conclude that depressed patients have functional abnormalities in the thalamus, this region may be considered as a good marker for the prognosis of depression. In addition, fMRI could be a good tool to evaluate the treatment performance of antidepressant treatment
Obando, Forero Catalina. "Statistical graph models of temporal brain networks." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2018. https://accesdistant.sorbonne-universite.fr/login?url=https://theses-intra.sorbonne-universite.fr/2018SORUS454.pdf.
Full textThe emerging area of complex networks has led to a paradigm shift in neuroscience. Connectomes estimated from neuroimaging techniques such as electroencephalography (EEG), magnetoencephalography (MEG) and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) results in an abstract representation of the brain as a graph, which has allowed a major breakthrough in the understanding of topological and physiological properties of healthy brains in a compact and objective way. However, state of the art approaches often ignore the uncertainty and temporal nature of functional connectivity data. Most of the available methods in the literature have been developed to characterize functional brain networks as static graphs composed of nodes (brain regions) and links (FC intensity) by network metrics. As a consequence, complex networks theory has been mainly applied to cross-sectional studies referring to a single point in time and the resulting characterization ultimately represents an average across spatiotemporal neural phenomena. Here, we implemented statistical methods to model and simulate temporal brain networks. We used graph models that allow to simultaneously study how different network properties influence the emergent topology observed in functional connectivity brain networks. We successfully identified fundamental local connectivity mechanisms that govern properties of brain networks. We proposed a temporal adaptation of such fundamental connectivity mechanisms to model and simulate physiological brain network dynamic changes. Specifically, we exploited the temporal metrics to build informative temporal models of recovery of patients after stroke
Treserras, Sébastien. "Études sur la connectivité cérébrale : aspects méthodologiques et applications au cerveau au repos, à la motricité et à la lecture." Toulouse 3, 2008. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/1244/.
Full textThe cerebral connectivity implemented in functional neuroimagery, allows to better understand the relations between cortical areas. Two approaches may be used to study these relations: functional and effective connectivity. The present thesis deals about both theory of these methods and theirs applications to various cognitive situations using fMRI. Functional connectivity was chosen to study modification of cerebral activity during the transition from the resting to an activated state. We showed that two networks (resting state network and motor system network) that were independent during the resting state happened to be connected during a movement readiness state. This result suggests that default-mode network plays a role triggering the cognitive network dedicated to perform the task (motor). Effective connectivity was used to describe influences among brain regions. We applied structural equation modeling (SEM) on two different studies: one focused on motor learning and the other on the reading skill. For the first one, we showed that different learning strategies correspond to different modulation of connexions between solicited areas; for the second one we demonstrated that the linguistic load of presented items wad correlated with the connexion weight between Broca area and the left superior parietal lobule. As well as methodologic aspect, this thesis work confirms the potential of an cerebral connectivity analysis in functional neuroimagery studies
Guillon, Jérémy. "Multilayer Approach to Brain Connectivity in Alzheimer’s Disease." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SORUS305.
Full textAlzheimer’s disease causes alterations of the brain networks structure and function that can be modelized by a brain connectivity analyse. We proposed a multi-layer approach to analyse multi-frequency and multimodal brain networks built from magnetoencephalographic (MEG) recordings, functional (fMRI) or diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (DWI). Main results showed the existence of previously undefined type of hubs that are inter-frequency hubs; identified thanks to their multi-participation coefficient (MPC) computed from a brain connectivity network with a multi-frequency multiplex topology. These hubs are impacted by Alzheimer’s disease, which reduces their naturally high ability to integrate information propagating through different frequency bands. We also generalized the concept of core-periphery structure to multilayer networks to be able to apply it to a multimodal brain connectivity model that combines structural and functional networks in a single multiplex topology. Hence, we could identify, from a systemic point of view, the most important regions at the scale of the entire brain and study their alteration in patients with Alzheimer’s disease. Therefore, this thesis expose how multilayer networks applied to brain connectivity can help in understanding neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease
Malherbe, Caroline. "Imagerie des faisceaux de fibres et des réseaux fonctionnels du cerveau : application à l'étude du syndrome de Gilles de la Tourette." Phd thesis, Université Paris Sud - Paris XI, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00980572.
Full textRoquet, Daniel. "Etude et application de la connectivité fonctionnelle cérébrale chez le sujet sain et dans la pathologie." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014STRAJ100/document.
Full textBrain areas are functionally connected in networks, even at rest. Since such connectivity networks could be impaired in several pathologies, they could potentially serve for diagnosis and treatment. Based on four studies, spatial independent component analysis has shown sufficient sensitivity, reproducibility and specificity to produce reliable healthy as well as pathological networks at the individual level. Therefore, the network underlying auditory hallucination could define the brain areas to treat by transcranial magnetic stimulation. Among the common resting-state networks, the ones involving the posterior cingular cortex and the precuneus seem deeply altered in disorders of consciousness, and so could be used as a diagnostic tool to distinguish the locked-in syndrome from the vegetative state. We can now map, at the individual level, the functional relationships between brain areas. Further studies on the dynamic and on the level of activity of the functional connectivity networks might provide relevant information about their functions and their involvement in the pathology
Arefin, Tanzil Mahmud. "Signatures du récepteur GPR88 sur la connectivité fonctionnelle et structurelle du cerveau chez la souris : implications pour le développement de la dépendance à l’alcool." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017STRAJ101/document.
Full textPathological agitations of the brain and the expression or mutation of single gene affect overall brain connectivity. Here we combined mouse mutagenesis with functional and structural MRI and explored mouse whole brain connectivity maps non-invasively in response to the inactivation of Gpr88 gene. We perceived robust modifications in the default mode network which is considered a hallmark of many psychiatric conditions, followed by sensori-motor network allied to sensorimotor gating deficiency underlying hyperactivity phenotype in Gpr88-/- mice. In addition, hippocampal and dorsal striatum functional connectivity perturbations might underlie learning deficiency and weakened amygdala connectivity with cortex and striatum might suggest triggering of risk-taking behavior previously observed in these animals. Moreover, Gpr88 deletion strongly modifies the reward network leading Gpr88-/- mice vulnerable to alcohol intake. This is the first evidence of Gpr88 involvement in reshaping the mouse brain connectome. The concordance between connectivity alterations and behavior deficits posits Gpr88 as a potential target for psychiatric disorders
Ben, Messaoud Rémy. "Low-dimensional controllability of complex networks and applications to the human brain." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023SORUS537.
Full textControllability and optimal control are specific fields of mathematics that have been developed since the industrial revolution in order to command engineered systems. Nowadays, many systems are interconnected and form networks like the world wide web, transportation networks, or power grids. The biological world is also full of networks: vascular networks, gene regulation, and brain connectivity networks. Gaining control over these large and complex interconnected systems is challenging. During the last decade, there has been an explosion of studies applying controllability theory to networks. Some breakthroughs were made in characterizing the minimum number of controlled nodes and their placement. However, practically controlling networks and steering them toward specific configurations remains challenging mainly when a small fraction of nodes are controlled which is a common constraint, especially for biological networks. This dissertation aims to explore the limit where only one single driver is allowed as it would certainly be the case for brain stimulation perspectives. We observed in practice that one driver node can only control five target nodes. This practical limit was previously observed and documented so we developed a way to aggregate the states of large networks onto a few representative components. For that, we decided to take advantage of the Laplacian eigenmaps method that was already successfully applied in graph embedding and dimensionality reduction techniques. By controlling a few output components, we drastically reduce the number of terminal constraints and ensure that the problem is well-conditioned. We called our method low-dimensional network control. We tested and validated it with synthetic networks. We found that it can be adapted to build a controllability metric that is well-scaled and which does not suffer from numerical issues that arise in high dimension. We applied our method to a large cohort (N > 6k) of healthy participants deriving a detailed map of single-driver controllability for 9 large-scale networks that support human cognition
Ridley, Ben. "Characterizing brain networks in focal epilepsies in the interictal "resting-state"." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016AIXM5042/document.
Full textThe concept of networks – the idea that two or more distributed nodes may interact to produce a phenomenon – has long been of utility in research into and the treatment of epilepsy. Indeed, even in epilepsies deemed ‘focal’, clinical and theoretical insights underline the importance of the questions 1) how can we localize, partition and characterize networks involved in epilepsy, and 2) to what extent do such networks interact with the brain network at large? Recently, the notion of pathological network effects in epilepsy has been reinvigorated with input from neuroimaging, especially a ‘resting-state’ paradigm that recognizes the systemic information inherent in the ongoing activity of the brain in addition to that provided when it is disturbed by transient exogenous events and endogenous paroxysms. By leveraging these techniques, this work provides novel insights into 1) the multimodal relationships and coupling between haemodynamic- and electrophysiologically-defined functional connectivity, both in epileptic and unaffected cortices 2) pathological processes affecting ionic homeostasis and neural dysfunction in epileptic networks 3) group-level interactions between epileptic networks and brain network topological properties and 4) how interactions between epileptic pathology and unique brain network properties may contribute to produce to clinical effects at the network level. This work opens up new perspectives on the understanding of network effects in epilepsy, sources of variance in their analysis, the biological processes occurring in parallel and contributing to them and their role in an individualized understanding of pathology
Mignot, Coralie. "Modulation des activations cérébrales par des odeurs subliminales : une étude en IRM fonctionnelle." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019STRAJ023/document.
Full textSome studies showed that subliminal odours – odours of very low intensity which activate the olfactory system but are not consciously perceived – can impact food behaviours. However, the sensory and cognitive mechanisms involved in subliminal odours processing remain poorly known. This work aims exploring cerebral activity induced by subliminal odours by the means of functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging. During MRI acquisitions, participants were unknowingly exposed to two odours presented at subliminal intensity and then at supraliminal intensity. Four cerebral networks highlighted by Independent Component Analysis (ICA) prove to be specific to the subliminal condition. These networks are not particular to olfactory processing and seem to be linked to attentional and executive control processes. The modulation of their activity by subliminal odours brings new elements to understand the impact of these odours on behaviour, and suggests possible applications for using these odours to regulate food behaviour
Messé, Arnaud. "Caractérisation de la relation structure-fonction dans le cerveau humain à partir de données d'IRM fonctionnelle et de diffusion : méthodes et applications cognitive et clinique." Phd thesis, Université de Nice Sophia-Antipolis, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00845014.
Full textFaivre, Anthony. "Etude de la réorganisation de la connectivité cérébrale au repos dans la sclérose en plaques." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014AIXM5022/document.
Full textResting-state fMRI (rs-fMRI) may provide important clue concerning disability in multiple sclerosis (MS) by exploring the spontaneous BOLD fluctuations at rest in the whole brain. The aim of this work is to depict the functional reorganization of resting-state networks in MS patients and to assess its potential relationships with disability.In the first part, we performed an fMRI protocol combining a rs-fMRI and task-associated fMRI during a motor task, in a group of early MS patients. This study evidenced a direct association between reorganization of connectivity at rest and during activation in the motor system of patients. In the second rs-fMRI study, we evidenced an increased of the global level of connectivity in most of the rs-networks, strongly associated with the level of disability of patients. In the third part, we evidenced in a 2-year longitudinal study using graph theoretical approach that MS patients exhibited a dynamical alteration of functional brain topology that significantly correlated with disability progression. In the last part, we evidenced that the transient clinical improvement following physical rehabilitation in MS patients is associated with reversible plasticity mechanisms located in the default mode network, the central executive network and in the left fronto-orbital cortex. These works evidence that MS patients exhibit a complex and dynamical functional reorganization of rs-networks, significantly associated with disability progression. This PhD thesis confirms that rs-fMRI is a relevant biomarker of pathophysiology leading to disability in MS and represents a promising tool for therapeutic assessment of MS patients in the future
Proix, Timothée. "Large-scale modeling of epileptic seizures dynamics." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015AIXM4058.
Full textEpileptic seizures are paroxysmal hypersynchronizations of brain activity, spanning several temporal and spatial scales. In the present thesis, we investigate the mechanisms of epileptic seizure propagation on a slow temporal and large spatial scale in the human brain and apply them to a clinical context. For patients with partial refractory epilepsy, seizures arise from a localized region of the brain, the so-called epileptogenic zone, before recruiting distant regions. Success of the resective surgery of the epileptogenic zone depends on its correct delineation, which is often difficult in clinical practice. Furthermore, the mechanisms of seizure onset and recruitment are still largely unknown. We use a mathematical neural mass model to reproduce the time course of interictal and ictal mean activity of a brain region, in which the switching between these states is guided by an autonomous slow permittivity variable. We first introduce a slow permittivity coupling function between these neural masses, hypothesizing the importance of the slow manifold in the recruitment of brain regions into the seizure. Before exploring large-scale networks of such coupled systems, we present a processing pipeline for automatic reconstruction of a patient's virtual brain, including surface and connectivity (i.e., connectome), using structural and diffusion MRI, and tractography methods. Using linear stability analysis and large-scale connectivity, we predict the propagation zone. We apply our method to a dataset of 15 epileptic patients and establish the importance of the connectome in determining large-scale propagation of epileptic seizures
Jmail, Nawel. "Séparation des activités cérébrales phasiques et oscillatoires en MEG, EEG et EEG intracérébral." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012AIXM5013/document.
Full textThe Oscillatory activities play a leading role in the development of healthy and pathological brain networks. In particular, at the clinical level, the oscillatory activities are of great importance in the diagnostic of epilepsy. In addition, the non-invasive electrophysiology methods are particularly suitable for understanding the large-scale brain networks. However, most studies in epilepsy have been directed to the interictal spikes, which are transitional activities. One issue that remains unresolved is the relationship between epileptic spikes and epileptic oscillatory activities. This thesis resolves two complementary problems. The first one is the suitable separation between the oscillatory and transitory activity, which is quite sensitive to the presence of the overlap in the time-frequency domain. This can lead to a contamination between the activities. We did evaluate three filtering methods: the FIR (classic methods), the stationary wavelet SWT and the parsimonious filter with the matching pursuit MP. The SWT gave good results in the reconstruction of transient activity and the MP in the reconstruction of oscillatory activity both for simulated data; also they provide a low false positive in automatic detection of oscillatory activity. The SWT and FIR gave the best results on real signals especially for source localization. In the simulated data, the MP is optimal since the atoms of the dictionary resembles to the simulated signals, which isn't guaranteed for real signals. The second problem is the comparison between network connectivity of transient and oscillatory activity, as measured in surface recordings (MEG) and invasive recordings SEEG
Dubreuil, Alexis. "Mémoire et connectivité corticale." Thesis, Paris 5, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA05T036/document.
Full textThe central nervous system is able to memorize percepts on long time scales (long-term memory), as well as actively maintain these percepts in memory for a few seconds in order to perform behavioral tasks (working memory). These two phenomena can be studied together in the framework of the attractor neural network theory. In this framework, a percept, represented by a pattern of neural activity, is stored as a long-term memory and can be loaded in working memory if the network is able to maintain, in a stable and autonomous manner, this pattern of activity. Such a dynamics is made possible by the specific form of the connectivity of the network. Here we examine models of cortical connectivity at different scales, in order to study which cortical circuits can efficiently sustain attractor neural network dynamics. This is done by showing how the performance of theoretical models, quantified by the networks storage capacity (number of percepts it is possible to store), depends on the characteristics of the connectivity. In the first part we study fully-connected networks, where potentially each neuron connects to all the other neurons in the network. This situation models cortical columns whose radius is of the order of a few hundred microns. We first compute the storage capacity of networks whose synapses are described by binary variables that are modified in a stochastic manner when patterns of activity are imposed on the network. We generalize this study to the case in which synapses can be in K discrete states, which, for instance, allows to model the fact that two neighboring pyramidal cells in cortex touches each others at multiple contact points. In the second part, we study modular networks where each module is a fully-connected network and connections between modules are diluted. We show how the storage capacity depends on the connectivity between modules and on the organization of the patterns of activity to store. The comparison with experimental measurements of large-scale connectivity suggests that these connections can implement an attractor neural network at the scale of multiple cortical areas. Finally, we study a network in which units are connected by weights whose amplitude has a cost that depends on the distance between the units. We use a Gardner's approach to compute the distribution of weights that optimizes storage in this network. We interpret each unit of this network as a cortical area and compare the obtained theoretical weights distribution with measures of connectivity between cortical areas
Leguay, Jérémie. "Hétérogénéités et Routages dans les Réseaux à Connectivité Intermittente." Phd thesis, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00809771.
Full textRahal, Line. "Imagerie fonctionnelle ultrasonore du cerveau pour l'étude, le suivi et le traitement de la douleur aiguë et chronique." Thesis, Paris Sciences et Lettres (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PSLET041.
Full textThose thesis works aimed at demonstrating the value of functional ultrasound imaging for the definition and the tracking of acute and chronic pain therapeutic treatments. As part of a common project intertwining wave physics, imaging, neurosciences and pain, we demonstrated that this young imaging technology can be applied to pain imaging on the anesthetized small animal, at different levels of the nervous system.With the aim of obtaining an adapted anaesthesia, stable, reproducible from one animal to another, and containing as less pain modulating agents as possible, we compared six different anaesthetics protocols. This study was concluded by the use of the ketamine and medetomidine mixture as the best compromise for our future experiments in pain.The first study on pain processes has focused on the formaline test, a well characterized model of short term inflammatory pain (1h). Indeed, our wish was to start with an acute pain model as short as possible which may be performed on the anesthetized animal. With this model, we didn’t observe any significant change of functional connectivity in the brain of the injected rats. We then chose to turn to more ongoing models of inflammatory pain.The second study of this thesis dealt with the study of the functional connectivity and brain states alterations in two models of inflammatory pain: a short term model, induced by unilateral injection of Freund’s adjuvant, and a long term model, which is adjuvant induced polyarthritis (four weeks of bilateral inflammation). While we didn’t obtain significant results of functional alterations in the short term model, the long term model gave us ample information on the central nervous system alterations during the chronification process.Finally, the last study concerns the ultrasound functional imaging of the trigeminal ganglions, peripheral nervous system structures, both small and deeply located. We tried to characterize the vascular response of those ganglions following mechanical and chemical nociceptive stimulations of the cornea on the anesthetized rat. This study allowed us to confirm the observations obtained by immunohistochemistry of the proto-oncogene c-fos and to validate the functional ultrasound imaging as a modality for the imaging of the trigeminal ganglions in the anesthetized rat, for the study of trigeminal pain
Naveau, Mikaël. "Connectivité fonctionnelle cérébrale pendant l'état de repos : modélisation multi-échelle." Caen, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012CAEN3142.
Full textIn recent years, studies of brain activity at rest have gained importance thanks to the emergence of functional connectivity methods. Functional connectivity-based analysis is an emerging technique for human brain mapping, specifically applied to data obtained by functional magnetic resonance imaging. It has been proposed that the brain at rest show a specific complex modular organization. Indeed, a modular organization of functional connectivity is observed at different spatial and temporal scales. In order to test this hypothesis, we developed a method for the estimation of resting-state functional networks in a large population of 300 subjects. Based on independent component analysis, this method allowed us to uncover 34 resting-state networks covering the entire cerebral cortex. In addition, inter-network synchronization, at a larger spatial scale, shows a hierarchical organization and highlights two major brain systems including five functional modules. The different levels of organization show specific functional interactions and we demonstrate a relationship between the synchronization of brain activity at rest and the spontaneous mental processes of subjects during this state. In conclusion, our studies highlight a spatial hierarchy of the functional organization of the brain at rest whose connectivity modulations reflect, in part, the content of spontaneous thoughts during this state
Seigneur, Josée. "Impacts des rythmes du sommeil sur la connectivité fonctionnelle et effets des changements ioniques sur la synchronisation neuronale et la connectivité fonctionnelle." Thesis, Université Laval, 2013. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2013/29935/29935.pdf.
Full textThe neuronal synchronisation is an intrinsic phenomenon in the brain that allows neurons to be connected to the network to communicate. Oscillations inherent of the states of vigilance such as the slow-wave sleep, the REM sleep, and waking state or pathological conditions such as epilepsy emerge from the network synchronisation of a group of neurons. Several interactions influence the synchronization: the chemical or electrical transmission, the ionic variations, and the ephaptic interactions. At cellular level, the synaptic plasticity also influences the functional connectivity of neurons. In this thesis, I aim to explain the impact of sleep rhythms on the functional connectivity and the effects of ionic variations on the neuronal synchrony and the functional connectivity. States of vigilance implicated in the memory consolidation. We demonstrated that the presence of slow oscillations and the spiking pattern during slow-wave sleep favours the long-term synaptic facilitation, which could be a key element for the sleep-dependent reinforcement of synaptic efficacy contributing to memory consolidation. By contrast synaptic activities generated during waking state in a conditions of increased level acetylcholine favour short-term facilitation. Sleep allows also the brain to disrupt partially the communication with the environment. The accepted model is that the thalamus provides gating of sensory information during sleep, but the exact mechanisms of that gating are unknown. We demonstrated that the failure rate to a lemniscal stimulation is increased during the thalamic Ca2+ spike bursts and the generation of those Ca2+ spikes cause a depletion of the extracellular calcium which is sufficient to reduce the synaptic efficacy. Bursts of action potential occur preferentially during slow-wave sleep, but also in the pathological form of paroxysmal depolarization shift during the generation of cortical epileptic seizures. During seizures, the paroxysmal neuronal activity causes a decrease of extracellular Ca2+ and an increase of extracellular potassium. We demonstrated that those ionic variations affect the synaptic transmission by increasing the failure rate of unitary responses at a synapse and by blocking the axonal transmission of action potentials, which disrupts the neuronal communication between neurons, facilitating seizure termination.
Laurence, Edward. "Étude des systèmes complexes : des réseaux au connectome du cerveau." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/27149.
Full textConnectomics is the study of the brain connectivity maps (animal or human), described as complex networks and named connectomes. The organization of the connections, including the network’s hidden hierarchy, plays a major role in our understanding of the functional and structural complexity of the brain. Until now, the hierarchical models in connectomics have exhibited few emergent properties and have proposed regular structures whereas conectomes and real networks show complex structures. We introduce a new growth model of hierarchical networks based on preferential attachment (HPA - hierarchical preferential attachment). The structure can be controlled by a small set of parameters to fit real networks. We show how functional properties emerge from the projection of the hierarchical organization. Furthermore, we use HPA to investigate the minimum level of activity of the brain. The network response under binary dynamics shows evidence of persistent activity, similar to the resting-state of the brain. Even though hierarchical organization is beneficial for sustained activity, we show that persistent activity emerges from the control of the structure over the dynamics.
Essaid, Mohand. "Modélisation et simulation de la connectivité des flux logistiques dans les réseaux manufacturiers." Phd thesis, Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Saint-Etienne, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00783593.
Full textPerlbarg, Vincent. "Méthodologie pour l’étude des réseaux de connectivité par séparation de sources en IRMf." Paris 11, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007PA112106.
Full textBetter understanding brain functions, in normal or pathological conditions, demands to study the functional interactions between distant brain regions. In this context, functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) allows the non-non-invasive measure of cerebral activity. Yet, the measured signal depends on the local metabolism and haemodynamic and is, though, influenced by physiological noise mechanisms which structured the data both in time and in space. These processes are major confounds sources for region-to-region functional connectivity measures. I developed methods to extract functional processes from fMRI data, differentiating them from physiological noise processes. These approaches are based on the sources separation provided by the spatial independent components analysis (sICA), that not assume any temporal dynamic of the underlying effects. A first approach (CORSICA) allows to reduce the structured noise from individual fMRI dataset. It is based on an original method to select independent components related to structured noise processes. I then present a second approach (NEDICA) to, firstly, extract the spatial structures in the data at a group level for a cognitive state and to, secondly, compare these structures for different groups and different cognitive states. Finally, I developed a realistic fMRI simulation including several functional and structured noise processes. The sources separation by sICA and the approach of noise reduction have been evaluated with this simulation
Bachy, Isabelle. "Développement et évolution du cerveau antérieur chez les vertébrés : implication de la famillie des gènes LIM à homéodomaine." Paris 6, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003PA066011.
Full textVargas, Anamuro Cesar Augusto. "Etude du relayage entre terminaux pour la connectivité des objets dans les réseaux 5G." Thesis, Ecole nationale supérieure Mines-Télécom Atlantique Bretagne Pays de la Loire, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020IMTA0196.
Full textMassive machine-type communication (mMTC) is one of the main services delivered by the 5G mobile network. mMTC represents a major challenge for 5G network since it is characterized by a large number of low complexity devices thats end small data packets. Moreover, mMTC devices are often battery-powered, and the battery is expected to operate for long periods without being recharged or replaced. Traditional cellular networks, which are designed for human communications, are not energy efficient for this type of service. To address this problem, in this thesis, we study the use of Device-to-Device(D2D) relaying as a complementary transmission. In this approach, the mMTC device can transmit its data using a nearby UE as a relay. First, we calculate the energy consumed in each phase of the communication process for a device located at the cell border that uses LTE-Mtechnology. Then, using a simple model, we compare the energy consumption of cellular and D2D transmission modes, and we determine the optimal relay location. Through the use of stochastic geometry, we analyze the performance of D2D communication with ARQ and CC-HARQ with regard to the transmission success probability, the average number of transmissions, and MTD energy consumption. Finally, we propose an energy-efficient D2D relaying mechanism suitable for mMTC applications thanks to its easy implementation. This mechanism uses a distributed relay selection approach, which prioritizes the selection of the user equipments (UEs) with the best channel qualities. Moreover, we present a tractable model to evaluate the performance of our mechanism
Kabbara, Aya. "Estimation des réseaux cérébraux à partir de l’EEG-hr : application sur les maladies neurologiques." Thesis, Rennes 1, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018REN1S028/document.
Full textThe human brain is a very complex network. Cerebral function therefore does not imply activation of isolated brain regions but instead involves distributed networks in the brain (Bassett and Sporns, 2017, McIntosh, 2000). Therefore, the analysis of the brain connectivity from neuroimaging data has an important role to understand cognitive functions (Sporns, 2010). Thanks to its excellent spatial resolution, fMRI has become one of the most common non-invasive methods used to study this connectivity. However, fMRI has a low temporal resolution which makes it very difficult to monitor the dynamics of brain networks. A considerable challenge in cognitive neuroscience is therefore the identification and monitoring of brain networks over short time durations(Hutchison et al., 2013), usually <1s for a picture naming task, for example. So far, few studies have addressed this issue which requires the use of techniques with a very high temporal resolution (of the order of the ms), which is the case for magneto- or electro-encephalography (MEG or EEG). However, the interpretation of connectivity measurements from recordings made at the level of the electrodes (scalp) is not simple because these recordings have low spatial resolution and their accuracy is impaired by volume conduction effects (Schoffelen and Gross, 2009). Thus, during recent years, the analysis of functional connectivity at the level of cortical sources reconstructed from scalp signals has been of increasing interest. The advantage of this method is to improve the spatial resolution, while maintaining the excellent resolution of EEG or MEG (Hassan et al., 2014; Hassan and Wendling, 2018; Schoffelen and Gross, 2009). However, the dynamic aspect has not been sufficiently exploited by this method. The first objective of this thesis is to show how the EEG connectivity approach source "makes it possible to follow the spatio-temporal dynamics of the cerebral networks involved either in a cognitive task or at rest. Moreover, recent studies have shown that neurological disorders are most often associated with abnormalities in cerebral connectivity that result in alterations in wide-scale brain networks involving remote regions (Fornito and Bullmore, 2014). This is particularly the case for epilepsy and neurodegenerative diseases (Alzheimer's, Parkinson's) which constitute, according to WHO, a major issue of public health.In this context, the need is high for new methods capable of identifying Pathological networks, from easy to use and non-invasive techniques. This is the second objective of this thesis
Dohmatob, Elvis. "Amélioration de connectivité fonctionnelle par utilisation de modèles déformables dans l'estimation de décompositions spatiales des images de cerveau." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017SACLS297/document.
Full textMapping the functions of the human brain using fMRI data has become a very active field of research. However, the available theoretical and practical tools are limited and many important tasks like the empirical definition of functional brain networks, are difficult to implement due to lack of a framework for statistical modelling of such networks. We propose to develop at the population level, models that jointly perform estimation of functional connectivity and alignment the brain data across the different individuals / subjects in the population. Building upon such a contribution, we will develop new methods for statistical inference to help compare functional connectivity across different individuals in the presence of noise (scanner noise, physiological noise, etc.)
Emeriau, Samuel. "Caractérisation des réseaux multi-sujets en IRMf : apport du clustering basé sur la connectivité fonctionnelle." Thesis, Reims, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011REIMS018/document.
Full textThe comprehension of cerebral operations is in constant evolution since the rise of the neurosciences.New methods of imagery made it possible to highlight an architecture of our brain in complex networks.The purpose of my work is to develop a method to find the most representative networks of a group of subjects in Functional MRI.In the first step, I developed a method to reduce the fMRI data size based on clustering. I introduced a new characterization of functional information by the profile of connectivity. This one makes it possible to reduce the variance induced by the noise present within the data of Functional MRI.Moreover this profile does not require a priori information on the data contrary to the traditional inferential methods.In the second step, I developed a method to identify common networks on a group of subjects while taking into account of spatial and functional inter-subjects variability. The networks obtained can then be characterized by their spatial organization but also by their inner connectivity links.This method also allows the comparison of the networks of various groups of subjects, making it possible to highlight the implications of different networks according to different stimulations or pathological states
Rech, Fabien. "Les bases neurales du contrôle moteur : étude des réseaux moteurs négatifs par cartographie cérébrale cortico-sous-corticale." Thesis, Montpellier, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018MONTT050.
Full textThe classical and hierarchical view of the motor system has been challenged since the discovery of other structures able to modulate the motor output in the framework of a hodotopic model. The aim of this work was to study the motor control network thanks to direct electrostimulations performed during awake surgery for brain tumors. This method has shown its effectiveness to preserve motor functions while giving new highlights about the organization of the motor system. In our work, motor control has been studied through the negative motor phenomenon, which consists in a complete arrest of movement without loss of tonus or consciousness during electrostimulations. Initially described at a cortical level, our work demonstrated the possibility to elicit negative motor phenomenon in both hemispheres at a subcortical level. Moreover, we identified a bilateral modulatory motor pathway able to inhibit both upper limbs during unilateral subcortical stimulations. We also shown that fibers driving negative motor responses are organized in a somatotopic manner, like the pyramidal pathway. Resection of these fibers lead to a supplementary motor area syndrome with permanent deficit in fine motor skills and bimanual coordination. These results explain the neurological deficits which might occur after surgery in premotor areas when no active brain mapping is performed, that is, when only primary motor structures are sought. They emphasize the necessity to perform a motor mapping during awake surgery whatever the side and hemispheric dominance. These subcortical results led us to define the concept of negative motor networks and their involvement in motor control networks. Evidences of this network allowed us to explore the cortical level and to report a well-defined organization of the negative motor area, different from the random or somatotopic distributions previously described. This effector-dependent and redundant organization in several areas defined by direct electrostimulations has been helpful to confirm the rostro-caudal and dorso-ventral segregation of the precentral gyrus. Consequently, it was possible to propose several hypothesis about the role of these networks. We presume that they are constituted by several large-scale interconnected networks, based on internal inhibitor mechanisms, whose role goes from modulation of the motor output in a competitive model of decision-making integrated in the negative motor area to real inhibition of motor behaviors thanks to cortico-basal ganglia circuitry. The probabilistic map created with these works will be helpful to plan surgery but could also provide regions of interest for brain stimulations therapies as well as neuroscientific research
Moustafa, Hasnaa. "Routage Unicast et Multicast dans les réseaux mobiles Ad hoc." Phd thesis, Télécom ParisTech, 2004. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00001007.
Full textPron, Alexandre. "Etude de la connectivité structurelle des faisceaux d'association courts de la substance blanche du cerveau humain en IRM de diffusion." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019AIXM0391.
Full textShort association fibres (U-shaped fibres) of the white matter connect cortical territories located in adjacent gyri. In vivo estimation of the spatial extent of these fibres requires diffusion-weighted MRI data (dMRI) with high spatial and angular resolution to limit the effect of partial volume at the cortex/white substance interface and to capture the complexity of the fibre patterns. Such data require appropriate pre-processing methods. In addition, the quantitative study of the connectivity of these fibres requires the implementation of advanced tractography and filtering strategies for the tractograms obtained. In this context, we have developed Diffuse (https://github.com/MecaLab/Brainvisa-Diffuse), a toolbox dedicated to dMRI data processing that interfaces state-of-the-art methods for pre-treatment, local modelling and estimation of fibre trajectories by tractography. Using Diffuse, we quantified the impact of six artefact correction chains typically used in dMRI data processing on subsequent local modelling and tractography steps (Brun et al. 2019). The second contribution to this thesis proposes to describe the connectivity of the U-shaped fibres of a sulcus by defining a new continuous representation space (Pron et al. 2018). This space was used to characterize the anatomical connectivity of the short association fibers of the central sulcus of 100 right-handed subjects from the Human Connectome Project's high-quality MRI database
Xiang, Wentao. "Modélisation causale dynamique dans l'inférence de changements en connectivité cérébrale." Thesis, Rennes 1, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019REN1S083.
Full textOur work mainly focuses on inferring effective connectivity in distant neural populations involved in epileptic seizures using a model-based technique, the spectral dynamic causal modelling (DCM). A neural mass model (NMM) is used to describe the observed epileptic intracerebral signals and their power spectral densities. DCM includes mainly two steps (i) model inversion based on the maximization of the free energy concept using the variational estimation-maximization (EM) algorithm to identify the parameters of the model and (ii) model comparison where the best model structure in terms of the maximized free energy is identified among other possible structures as the one underlying the observed data. As spectral DCM reveals some sensitivity to the initialization during the variational EM process, a misestimation of the model structure may arise. To cope with this issue, we propose two variants of spectral DCM, the L-DCM and the D-DCM algorithms. While L-DCM is based on a local adjustment of the initial guess, D-DCM relies on a deterministic annealing scheme. The performance of the proposed strategies in terms of effective connectivity inference is assessed using simulated and real human epileptic SEEG (stereoelectroencephalographic) signals. Regarding simulated and real signals, two kinds of NMM are investigated, the physiology-based model (PBM) and the complete physiology-based model (cPBM). Our experiments show the efficiency of the proposed approaches compared to the standard spectral DCM using either PBM or cPBM. The reported results also confirm that cPBM offers lower computational complexity and better estimation quality of the model parameters compared to PBM. Besides, in order to cope with the complexity of spectral DCM which is essentially related to the Gauss-Newton method used in the variational EM algorithm, a simpler ascent gradient method based on an exact line search (ELS) scheme can be employed. It allows for an optimal computation of the gradient step size to be used at each iteration towards the final solution in the given search direction. The feasibility of the ELS scheme in a probabilistic framework is not straightforward and, in this work, the ELS scheme is considered in the context of Gaussian mixture models (GMM) to accelerate the standard EM algorithm. Numerical results using both simulated and real datasets show the efficiency of the proposed ELS scheme when applied to the standard EM algorithm as well as to anti-annealing-based acceleration techniques derived from either the EM algorithm or the expectation conjugate gradient one. The ELS feasibility being proved, its applicability on spectral DCM will be an extension of the present work
Tressard, Thomas. "Une approche tout optique pour l'étude de schémas remarquables de connectivité fonctionnelle." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019AIXM0071.
Full textOver The last five years we have observed a huge improvement of optical methods to monitor the activity of neuronal populations in vivo. With these new approaches, remarkable patterns of functional organization at the mesoscopic scale that are involved in many pathophysiological brain functions were highlighted. This thesis aims to develop tools allowing us to dissect the circuits underlying these remarkable patterns according to an experimental approach based on all optical microscopy. These tools have been optimized to describe the functional organization of CA1 neurons in the adult hippocampus as well as in the barrel cortex during development. Two remarkable patterns have recently been identified in these structures, first, adult CA1 neural assemblies involved in memory processes and second, Hub cortical neurons that shape neuronal circuit during development. We have developed a new experimental paradigm combining in vivo two photon calcium imaging, holography photostimulation and mathematical analysis. We optimized the choice and co-expression of calcium probe (GCaMP6s) and opsin (Chronos and ChR2H134R) in our experimental conditions and calibrated their use in neurons of different brain structures. In addition, we designed and assembled a new two-path excitation microscope, one for calcium imaging and the other for in vivo holography photostimulation. This new experimental approach is being validated on Hub neurons with high connectivity in the developing barrel cortex
König, Jean-Claude. "Les réseaux d'interconnexion et les algorithmes distribués." Paris 11, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987PA112069.
Full textThis thesis contains two parts. Ln the first one we study interconnection networks and in particular their fault tolerance. The first chapter deals with the extensions of networks. We construct networks with given connectivity and maximum degree by adding the vertices p by p. In such a way that the minimum number possible of links is deleted. Ln chapter 2 we study the vulnerability of bus networks; this leads us to study various notions of connectivity in uniform hypergraphs. The second part concerns distributed algorithms, in particular problems of broadcasting and routing. Chapter 3 deals with the problem of broadcasting information or requests in a distributed net work. We give a new algorithm to construct a spanning tree and apply it to the problem of mutual exclusion. We use methods of control knowledge transfers and also synchronization and filtering methods. Ln chapter 4 we present a "meta-algorithm" based on the notion of phases. Furthermore we specify the use and the importance of the network topology in the distributed computing. Ln these two chapters we determine the complexity in number or messages and time of the proposed algorithms. Finally we give in the appendix a scheduling algorithm for parallel computing which is optimal for the 2-sceps precedence graph (Gaussian elimination in dense matrices)
Jany, Marion. "Etude anatomique et fonctionnelle du cerveau des souris KO STOP : modèle animal pour l'étude de la schizophrénie." Phd thesis, Université de Grenoble, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00567610.
Full textKopal, Jakub. "Usage de la connectivité pour étudier les (dys)fonctions cérébrales." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021TOU30020.
Full textWe picture the brain as a complex network of structurally connected regions that are functionally coupled. Brain functions arise from the coordinated activity of distant cortical regions. Connectivity is used to represent the cooperation of segregated and functionally specialized brain regions. Whether it is the analysis of anatomical links, statistical dependencies, or causal interactions, connectivity reveals fundamental aspects of brain (dys)function. However, estimating and applying connectivity still faces many challenges; therefore, this work is devoted to tackling them. The first challenge stems from the detrimental effect of systematic noise (such as head movements) on connectivity estimates. We proposed an index that depicts connectivity quality and can reflect various artifacts, processing errors, and brain pathology, allowing extensive use in data quality screening and methodological investigations. Furthermore, connectivity alterations play an invaluable role in understanding brain dysfunction. Investigating the mechanisms of epilepsy, we show that connectivity can track gradual changes of seizure susceptibility and identify driving factors of seizure generation. Identifying critical times of connectivity changes could help in successful seizure prediction. Finally, how the brain adapts to task demands on fast timescales is not well understood. We present a combination of intracranial EEG and state-of-art measures to investigate network dynamics during recognition memory. Understanding how the brain dynamically faces rapid changes in cognitive demands is vital to our comprehension of the neural basis of cognition. In conclusion, the modest goal of this thesis is to at least partially answer some of the many challenges that current neuroscience is facing
Karkar, Slim. "Parcellisation et analyse multi-niveaux de données IRM fonctionnelles. Application à l'étude des réseaux de connectivité cérébrale." Phd thesis, Université de Strasbourg, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00652609.
Full textOuattara, Yacouba. "Gestion de l'énergie et de la connectivité dans les réseaux de capteurs sans fil statiques et mobiles." Thesis, Besançon, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015BESA2046/document.
Full textA number of works based on wireless sensor networks are interested in the energy management of these sensors. This energy is in fact a critical factor in the operation of these networks. Proper construction of sensor clusters is a great way to minimize the consumption of this energy. The problems related to these networks and often lies in their lifetime but also in the need to maintain connectivity between all transducers. These two aspects are closely linked. In this thesis, we focused on these two aspects in the context of static sensor networks but also of mobile sensors.We propose, as a _rst step, a hybrid algorithm for setting up clusters and the management of theseclusters. The uniqueness of this solution lies in the establishment of geographic areas for designation fcluster heads but also in transmission, in the exchanged messages, the amount of remaining energy on the sensors. Thus, the sensor data will designate the cluster heads and their successors will determine the thresholds for other sensors and for their operation. The algorithm is tested through many simulations. The second part of the work is to adapt our _rst algorithm for mobile sensor networks. We a_ect the trajectory of sensors to maintain connectivity and reduce energy consumption. For this, we are guided echo-location practiced by bats. We're interested in changing and dynamic topology in sensor networks. We analyzed the loss of energy as a function of the distance and the power transmission between the nodes and the head cluster. We also evaluate our algorithm on sensors that have a random move. We apply these algorithms to a _eet of surveillance drones simulation
Almashaikhi, Talal. "Electrical brain stimulation and human insular connectivity." Thesis, Lyon 1, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013LYO10174/document.
Full textThe insular cortex is the fifth lobe of the brain and is in charge of the integration of many cognitive functions, underpinned by a rich cytoarchitectonic organization and a complex connectivity. Our work aims to evaluate the insular functional connectivity of the human brain using intracerebral electrical stimulation and recording of cortico-cortical evoked potentials (CCEPs) in patients investigated with stereoelectroencephalography (SEEG) for refractory partial epilepsy. We first developed an automated protocol to stimulate successively all intracerebral recorded bipoles (two contiguous leads of the same electrode) available in patients undergoing SEEG. Two sets of 20 monophasic stimulation of 1 ms duration and 1mA intensity were delivered at a frequency of 0.2 Hz at each bipole (105 on average, producing a total of about 11,000 recordings per patient). We then develop a reliable and objective statistical method to detect significant CCEPs as a complement to visual analysis, and validate this approach on a sample of 33017 recordings in three patients. The analysis was performed over four distinct post-stimulus epochs: 10-100 ms, 100-300 ms, 300-500 ms, 500-1000 ms. In the second part of our thesis, we applied these methods to the study of intrainsular connections on a sample of 10 patients with at least two intra-insular electrodes. The last part of our work used the same approach to investigate insular efferents in a sample of 11 patients. The study of CCEPs provides novel and important findings regarding the human brain functional connectivity, with unmatched spatial and temporal resolutions as compared to neuroimaging techniques. The complex management of large volume of data in each patient can be solved by automated statistical analysis procedures with satisfactory sensitivity and specificity. The pattern of connections within and outside the insula revealed by this approach provides a better understanding of the physiology of the Human insula as well as of the propagation of epileptic discharges involving this lobe
Dufrene, Louis-Adrien. "Etude et optimisation de solutions reposant sur les réseaux cellulaires existants pour l'internet des objets." Thesis, Rennes, INSA, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017ISAR0022/document.
Full textThe Internet of Things (loT) is a concept, where a large number of connected devices are communicating together through the same network, constituting an autonomous and intelligent entity. The increasing number of connected devices and IoT services confirms the growing interest for the loT and its applications. To provide connectivity to the devices, several dedicated wireless low power and wide area networks have been created. Recently, with the Release 13, the 3GPP decided to modify the 2G and 4G technologies, to be able to also provide such connectivity for the loT devices, creating the field of Cellular-loT. These evolutions imply a coverage extension compared to the legacy technologies. To obtain this extension, these new standards especially use a blind repetition mechanism. In this context, this thesis studies the performance of several diversity combiners at the receiver, and observes the impact of the temporal evolution of the propagation channel and of imperfections in the receiver. The 2G GSM system is chosen as the application case. Firstly, we consider a receiver without imperfection. Secondly, we consider imperfect frequency synchronization in the receiver. Then, we consider imperfect channel estimation and propose a hybrid combining scheme, obtained by mixing two different combining mechanisms. Finally, in the last part of our study, we carry out a hardware implementation of the system into a software-radio platform. With the theoretical and simulation results provided in this thesis, one can better evaluate the potential of each combining scheme proposed in the framework of loT communications to efficiently benefit from blind repetition mechanisms
Ranjeva, Jean-Philippe. "Détermination de l'activité corticale, de la connectivité fonctionnelle et de la connectivité effective cérébrale par IRM [Imagerie par Résonance Magnétique] fonctionnelle : application à l'étude des processus cérébraux compensatoires au stade précoce de la sclérose en plaques." Aix-Marseille 2, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006AIX20697.
Full textVigneau, Mathieu. "Neuroanatomie du langage : les réseaux de la lecture." Caen, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006CAEN2039.
Full textReading is one way of language expression whose expertise requires a set of cognitive abilities, such as linguistic, motor and visual skills. The goal of the present work is to determine whether the late emergence of the reading ability is based on a close interaction between the cognitive systems associated with theses skills, and/or whether a functional specialization has developed throughout learning, with the dedication of brain regions to the reading of words. In the first study, the analysis of published results reveals that reading comprehension requires a set of linguistic processes shared with oral language. At the brain level, these cognitive processes rely on cortical regions involved for both oral and written language, but some of these regions, such as the visual word form area VWFA, could be preferentially activated during reading. Using fMRI method, our second study highlights indeed the critical role of this VWFA – a left temporal region – during reading. This region would represent a transitional zone between perception and language comprehension where visual verbal stimuli are routed either to semantic or phonological processing. VWFA is activated quite similarly for all stimuli containing letters, but is more leftward lateralized (left signal BOLD > right signal BOLD) for word than meaningless letter strings, due to a reduction of activity in the right VWFA counterpart. These results demonstrated that such inter-hemispheric mechanisms would represent a critical aspect of the functional cortical specialization for reading. The third study confirms the existence of a set of multimodal cortical areas where both visual and auditory verbal entries, issued from unimodal visual or auditory associative regions, will merge for a linguistic processing. Despite the absence of a truly specific visual activation, the most striking result of this study concern the existence of cortical regions – linguistic and motor – that could be preferentially activated during reading
Frusque, Gaëtan. "Inférence et décomposition modale de réseaux dynamiques en neurosciences." Thesis, Lyon, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LYSEN080.
Full textDynamic graphs make it possible to understand the evolution of complex systems evolving over time. This type of graph has recently received considerable attention. However, there is no consensus on how to infer and study these graphs. In this thesis, we propose specific methods for dynamical graph analysis. A dynamical graph can be seen as a succession of complete graphs sharing the same nodes, but with the weights associated with each link changing over time. The proposed methods can have applications in neuroscience or in the study of social networks such as Twitter and Facebook for example. The issue of this thesis is epilepsy, one of the most common neurological diseases in the world affecting around 1% of the population.The first part concerns the inference of dynamical graph from neurophysiological signals. To assess the similarity between each pairs of signals, in order to make the graph, we use measures of functional connectivity. The comparison of these measurements is therefore of great interest to understand the characteristics of the resulting graphs. We then compare functional connectivity measurements involving the instantaneous phase and amplitude of the signals. We are particularly interested in a measure called Phase-Locking-Value (PLV) which quantifies the phase synchrony between two signals. We then propose, in order to infer robust and interpretable dynamic graphs, two new indexes that are conditioned and regularized PLV. The second part concerns tools for dynamical graphs decompositions. The objective is to propose a semi-automatic method in order to characterize the most important patterns in the pathological network from several seizures of the same patient. First, we consider seizures that have similar durations and temporal evolutions. In this case the data can be conveniently represented as a tensor. A specific tensor decomposition is then applied. Secondly, we consider seizures that have heterogeneous durations. Several strategies are proposed and compared. These are methods which, in addition to extracting the characteristic subgraphs common to all the seizures, make it possible to observe their temporal activation profiles specific to each seizures. Finally, the selected method is used for a clinical application. The obtained decompositions are compared to the visual interpretation of the clinician. As a whole, we found that activated subgraphs corresponded to brain regions involved during the course of the seizures and their time course were highly consistent with classical visual interpretation
Reggani, Ahlem. "Réseaux domestiques et mobiles : Mesures,analyses, et modèles." Phd thesis, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI, 2014. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01020238.
Full textSong, Tianqi. "Détection et caractérisation des plis-de-passage sur la surface du cortex cérébral : de la morphologie à la connectivité." Thesis, Ecole centrale de Marseille, 2021. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-03789664.
Full textThe surface of the cerebral cortex is very convoluted, with a large number of folds, the cortical sulci. Moreover, these folds are extremely variable from one individual to another. This great variability is a problem for many applications in neuroscience and brain imaging. One central problem is that cerebral sulci are not the good unit to describe folding over the cortical surface. In particular, their geometry (shape) and topology (branches, number of pieces) are very variable. “Plis de passages” (PPs) or “annectant gyri” can explain part of the variability. The concept of PPs was first introduced by Gratiolet (1854) to describe transverse gyri that interconnect both sides of a sulcus, are frequently buried in the depth of these sulci, and are sometimes apparent on the cortical surface. As an interesting feature of the cortical folding process, the underlying structural connectivity of PPs also generated a lot of interest. However, the difficulty of identifying PPs and the lack of systematic methods to automatically detecting them limited their use. This thesis aims to detect and characterise the PPs on the cortical surface from both morphology and connectivity aspects. It was structured around two main research axes: 1. Definition of a machine learning-based PPs detection process using their geometrical (or morphological) characteristics. 2. Investigate the relationships between PPs and their un- derlying structural connectivity, and further development of multi-modal machine learning models. In the first part, we present a method to detect the PPs on the cortex automatically according to the local morphological characteristics proposed in (Bodin et al., 2021), To record the local morphological patterns for each vertex on the cortical surface, we used the cortical surface profiling method (Li et al., 2010). After that, the three-dimensional PP recognition problem is converted to a two-dimensional image classification problem of class-imbalance where more points in the STS are non-PPs than PPs. To solve this case, we propose an ensemble SVM model (EnsSVM) with a rebalancing strategy. Experimental results and quantitative statistics analyses show the effectiveness and robustness of our method. In the second part, we study the structural connectivity, particularly short-range U-fibers, underlying the location of PPs, and propose a new approach to study the density of U-fiber terminations on the cortical surface. We hypothesize that the PPs are located in regions of high density of intercrossing U-fibers termination. Indeed, our statistical analyses show a robustness correlation between PPs and U-fibers termination density. Moreover, we discuss the impact of connectivity heterogeneity in the STS on the machine learning results, and the myelin map is then used as a supplement to the structural connectivity
Marie, Sylvain. "Déploiement optimal d’un réseau de capteurs sous des contraintes de couverture et de connectivité." Thesis, Paris, CNAM, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019CNAM1248/document.
Full textThe objectif of this thesis on wireless sensor networks is to study the deployment of a minimal number of sensors to cover specific targets instead of continuous areas. After a presentation of the characteristics of wireless sensor networks, and after justifying the interest of an optimal sensor deployment, we propose a graph-theory based model for wireless sensor networks. We then present a state of the art describing various mathematical programming models and resolution techniques regarding a number of optimization problems in such networks. We formulate several Mixed Integer Linear programs to solve the optimal sensor deployment problem under contraints related to the coverage of all targets and connectivity between sensors. Finally, we conceive a new heuristic for sensor placement when targets are placed in a square grid graph, and we conjecture that this heuristic returns an optimal solution in all cases
Ribeiro, Gomes Ana Rita. "Réseaux corticaux chez le primate adulte et en développement." Thesis, Lyon, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LYSE1343.
Full textThe retrograde tracing experiments in macaque cortex in this thesis had two related objectives. Firstly, injections in 40 cortical areas (from a 91-area atlas) allowed the construction of a hemisphere-wide consistent database of cortical connectivity. We examined which subcortical structures promote cortical communication via the formation of cortico-subcortical-cortical loops. The claustrum, which we argue has a tight affiliation with the cortex, showed uniquely strong outputs to every cortical area. Widely separated injection pairs led to overlapping labelled neurons in the claustrum including those pairs lacking direct cortico-cortical connections. Using graph theoretic tools, we examined how central the 40 areas and claustrum are in the cortical network, specifically with respect to hub status. This showed that the claustrum is, beyond doubt, the prime hub of the cortex. These findings emphasise the importance of studying the organizational principles of the cortex via the analysis of its network topology. Secondly, we investigated the development of the corticospinal pathway, a route over which the cortex directly influences the planning, execution and control of fine voluntary movements. We show that the adult pattern of corticospinal projections emerges via a developmental process from a widespread ipsi- and contralateral distribution. These findings suggest that the developmental refinement of cortical connectivity might be dynamically regulated and primate specific
Baronnet-Chauvet, Flore. "IRM fonctionnelle au repos après un accident ischémique : de la connectivité fonctionnelle au handicap." Thesis, Paris 6, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA066229/document.
Full textResting-state functional MRI is increasingly used to investigate brain networks in stroke patients. Most studies focused specifically on motor, attentional and language deficits. Here we have investigated the relationships between global post-stroke disability and functional connectivity of seven major cortical networks in subacute ischemic stroke patients. We have studied 50 patients with first-ever unilateral hemispheric stroke (29 men, 22 left strokes, 57 ± 14 years) with a median post-stroke delay of 4.5 weeks and 75 healthy volunteers (27 men, 55 ± 15 years). Seven cortical networks were characterized with a seed-based approach and for each network we distinguished inter-hemispheric, ipsi- and contra-lesional functional connectivity. The 22 patients without disability (modified Rankin’s scale 0-1) had normal functional connectivity in all networks whereas the 28 disabled patients had widespread and bilateral decreases in functional connectivity explaining 22 % of the variance. Secondary analyses showed that abnormalities mainly differentiate no disability from mild disability and may predominate in default-mode and top-down control networks. We have computed for each subject a functional connectivity index that summarizes all these abnormalities. This simple tool was strongly predictive of residual disability with a specificity of 91% and a sensitivity of 86%. In conclusion, widespread and bilateral alterations in cortical connectivity occur in disabled subacute stroke patients, whereas normal indicate excellent global outcome