Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Réseaux cérébraux au repos'
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Baronnet-Chauvet, Flore. "IRM fonctionnelle au repos après un accident ischémique : de la connectivité fonctionnelle au handicap." Thesis, Paris 6, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA066229/document.
Full textResting-state functional MRI is increasingly used to investigate brain networks in stroke patients. Most studies focused specifically on motor, attentional and language deficits. Here we have investigated the relationships between global post-stroke disability and functional connectivity of seven major cortical networks in subacute ischemic stroke patients. We have studied 50 patients with first-ever unilateral hemispheric stroke (29 men, 22 left strokes, 57 ± 14 years) with a median post-stroke delay of 4.5 weeks and 75 healthy volunteers (27 men, 55 ± 15 years). Seven cortical networks were characterized with a seed-based approach and for each network we distinguished inter-hemispheric, ipsi- and contra-lesional functional connectivity. The 22 patients without disability (modified Rankin’s scale 0-1) had normal functional connectivity in all networks whereas the 28 disabled patients had widespread and bilateral decreases in functional connectivity explaining 22 % of the variance. Secondary analyses showed that abnormalities mainly differentiate no disability from mild disability and may predominate in default-mode and top-down control networks. We have computed for each subject a functional connectivity index that summarizes all these abnormalities. This simple tool was strongly predictive of residual disability with a specificity of 91% and a sensitivity of 86%. In conclusion, widespread and bilateral alterations in cortical connectivity occur in disabled subacute stroke patients, whereas normal indicate excellent global outcome
Orliac, François. "Etude des réseaux du repos chez des patients schizophrènes comparativement à des sujets témoins." Caen, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014CAEN3002.
Full textThe dysconnectivity theory of schizophrenia proposes that schizophrenic symptoms arise from abnormalities in neuronal connectivity. Resting-state networks are relevant tools to explore brain functional connectivity. We conducted two studies, based on different approaches. In our first study, we selected two networks we found to be particularly relevant in the field of schizophrenia: Default-Mode Network and Salience Network. We report reduced functional connectivity within frontal regions of the Default-Mode Network, correlated with difficulties in abstract thinking. We also report reduced functional connectivity within subcortical regions of the Salience Network, correlated with delusion and depression scores, which is in line with the aberrant salience hypothesis. In our second study we adopted an exploratory approach and thus extended our analyses across all resting-state networks. We report reduced functional connectivity within visual and sensorimotor networks. Negative symptoms, positive symptoms and hallucinations seem related to abnormalities in crossmodal binding. Furthermore, we report a loss of anticorrelation between intrinsic and extrinsic systems in schizophrenia patients, more precisely an anomalous synchronization between a visual network and a mental imaging network which seem related to hallucinations in schizophrenia patients
Sourty, Marion. "Analyse de la dynamique temporelle et spatiale des réseaux cérébraux spontanés obtenus en imagerie par résonance magnétique fonctionnelle." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016STRAD002/document.
Full textThe functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) is a perfect tool for mapping in a non- invasive manner the activity of the cortex, giving access to the functional organization of the brain. This organization of brain areas into complex networks remains a large topic of study, both from a fundamental research perspective, to better understand the development and function of the brain, and from a clinical perspective, for diagnostic purposes for instance. The resting-state networks in a given subject can be observed in fMRI studies where no motor or cognitive tasks are imposed to the subject. The first part of this thesis focused on the development of an automatic identification method of these networks. Performed at the subject level, this method selects all the resting-state networks proper to the subject. Beyond the detection and identification of these networks, the study of interactions between these networks in space and time, and more generally the analysis of the dynamic functional connectivity (DFC), is the subject of growing interest. This analysis requires the development of innovative methods of signal or image processing that, for now, are still exploratory. The second part of this thesis thus presents new approaches to characterize the DFC using the probabilistic framework of multidimensional hidden Markov models. Conversational mechanisms between brain networks can be identified and characterized at the resolution of the second. Two applications, first on a single subject then on a group, helped to highlight the changes of dynamic properties of interaction between networks under certain conditions or diseases
Bennis, Kenza. "Dynamiques cérébrales des trajectοires cοgnitives dans le vieillissement nοrmal." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Normandie, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024NORMC017.
Full textThe aging of the population is a growing global phenomenon, raising major public health issues relating to the preservation of autonomy in older adults. While some individuals show preserved cognitive functioning, others show a more or less marked decline, reflecting the heterogeneity of cognitive trajectories associated with varied cerebral changes. Recent research suggests that the temporal dynamics of brain activity are a fine, early indicator of age-related cognitive changes. However, the time of day, which influences these dynamics, is rarely taken into account in studies. The main aim of this thesis was to characterize the temporal dynamics of brain activity on a daytime scale in healthy older adults, using high temporal resolution electroencephalography (EEG). Our results showed that theta and gamma rhythms are distinctly associated with cognition. Global fluctuations in theta activity increase over the course of the day and are negatively correlated with memory performance, while gamma fluctuations decrease and are positively associated with executive functions. Using multi-layer network methods, we also characterized the dynamics of inter- and intra-network functional connectivity, revealing that the stability or fluctuation of these connections has specific effects on cognition depending on the frequency band considered. These results highlight the importance of taking into account the daily dynamics of brain activity when studying cognitive aging. In clinical terms, our work opens up prospects for the development of early screening tools and personalized interventions aimed at maintaining or improving cognitive health in the elderly. By integrating the time of day into neuropsychological assessment, and specifically targeting relevant brain rhythms, it would be possible to refine diagnosis and propose appropriate therapeutic strategies
Mutlu, Justine. "Connectivité fonctionnelle au repos : relation avec la topographie et la propagation des atteintes structurales, fonctionnelles et moléculaires dans la maladie d'Alzheimer." Thesis, Normandie, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017NORMC005/document.
Full textAdvances in neuroimaging techniques have allowed considerable improvement of the understanding and the prediction of the pathophysiological processes of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Recent findings suggested a transneuronal spread hypothesis of neurodegeneration according to which neurodegenerative disease would target specific functional networks among which it would appear and spread. This thesis aimed at assessing this hypothesis in AD by studying the relationships between resting-state functional connectivity and structural, metabolic and molecular alterations. Firstly, we identified the functional, structural and metabolic alterations within the ventral and the dorsal posterior cingulate cortex (PCC) networks in Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) and AD. This transversal study suggested an early vulnerability (since the MCI stage) of the ventral network regarding atrophy and resting-state functional connectivity disruptions while hypometabolism concerned both ventral and dorsal networks in MCI and AD patients. Secondly, we assessed the relative influence of the specific connectivity (of the region the most disrupted) versus the global connectivity (of one region with the rest of the brain, especially high in hub regions) on the topography and the propagation of atrophy, hypometabolism and amyloid deposition over 18 months in AD. This longitudinal study revealed that atrophy would appear and propagate through the specific connectivity by avoiding hub regions which would be more vulnerable to the hypometabolism and amyloid deposition
Hadriche, Abir. "Caractérisation du répertoire dynamique macroscopique de l'activité électrique cérébrale humaine au repos." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013AIXM4724/document.
Full textWe propose an algorithme based on set oriented approach of dynamical system to extract a coarse grained organization of brain state space on the basis of EEG signals. We use it for comparing the organization of the state space of large scale simulation of brain dynamics with actual brain dynamics of resting activity in healthy and SEP subjects
Treserras, Sébastien. "Études sur la connectivité cérébrale : aspects méthodologiques et applications au cerveau au repos, à la motricité et à la lecture." Toulouse 3, 2008. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/1244/.
Full textThe cerebral connectivity implemented in functional neuroimagery, allows to better understand the relations between cortical areas. Two approaches may be used to study these relations: functional and effective connectivity. The present thesis deals about both theory of these methods and theirs applications to various cognitive situations using fMRI. Functional connectivity was chosen to study modification of cerebral activity during the transition from the resting to an activated state. We showed that two networks (resting state network and motor system network) that were independent during the resting state happened to be connected during a movement readiness state. This result suggests that default-mode network plays a role triggering the cognitive network dedicated to perform the task (motor). Effective connectivity was used to describe influences among brain regions. We applied structural equation modeling (SEM) on two different studies: one focused on motor learning and the other on the reading skill. For the first one, we showed that different learning strategies correspond to different modulation of connexions between solicited areas; for the second one we demonstrated that the linguistic load of presented items wad correlated with the connexion weight between Broca area and the left superior parietal lobule. As well as methodologic aspect, this thesis work confirms the potential of an cerebral connectivity analysis in functional neuroimagery studies
Carboni, Lucrezia. "Graphes pour l’exploration des réseaux de neurones artificiels et de la connectivité cérébrale humaine." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Grenoble Alpes, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023GRALM060.
Full textThe main objective of this thesis is to explore brain and artificial neural network connectivity from agraph-based perspective. While structural and functional connectivity analysis has been extensivelystudied in the context of the human brain, there is a lack of a similar analysis framework in artificialsystems.To address this gap, this research focuses on two main axes.In the first axis, the main objective is to determine a healthy signature characterization of the humanbrain resting state functional connectivity. To achieve this objective, a novel framework is proposed,integrating traditional graph statistics and network reduction tools, to determine healthy connectivitypatterns. Hence, we build a graph pair-wise comparison and a classifier to identify pathological statesand rank associated perturbed brain regions. Additionally, the generalization and robustness of theproposed framework were investigated across multiple datasets and variations in data quality.The second research axis explores the benefits of brain-inspired connectivity exploration of artificialneural networks (ANNs) in the future perspective of more robust artificial systems development. Amajor robustness issue in ANN models is represented by catastrophic forgetting when the networkdramatically forgets previously learned tasks when adapting to new ones. Our work demonstrates thatgraph modeling offers a simple and elegant framework for investigating ANNs, comparing differentlearning strategies, and detecting deleterious behaviors such as catastrophic forgetting.Moreover, we explore the potential of leveraging graph-based insights to effectively mitigatecatastrophic forgetting, laying a foundation for future research and explorations in this area
Garin, Clément. "Characterization of Mouse Lemur Brain by Anatomical, Functional and Glutamate MRI." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SACLS174/document.
Full textThe mouse lemur (Microcebus murinus) is a primate that has attracted attention within neuroscience research. Its cerebral anatomy is still poorly described and its cerebral networks have never been investigated. The first objective of this study was to develop new tools to create a 3D digital atlas of the brain of this model and to use this atlas to automatically follow-up brain characteristics in cohorts of animals. We then implemented protocols to analyze connectivity in mouse lemurs so we could evaluate for the first time the cerebral networks in this species. We revealed that the mouse lemur brain is organised in local functional regions integrated within large scale functional networks. These latter networks were classified and compared to large scale networks in humans. This multispecies comparison highlighted common organization rules but also discrepancies. Additionally, Chemical Exchange Saturation Transfer imaging of glutamate (gluCEST) is a method that allows the creation of 3D maps weighted by the glutamate distribution. In a third study, we compared local neuronal activity, functional connectivity and gluCEST contrast in various brain regions. We highlighted various associations between these three biomarkers. Lastly, the impact of aging on local neuronal activity, functional connectivity and gluCEST has been analyzed by comparing two cohorts of lemurs
Roquet, Daniel. "Etude et application de la connectivité fonctionnelle cérébrale chez le sujet sain et dans la pathologie." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014STRAJ100/document.
Full textBrain areas are functionally connected in networks, even at rest. Since such connectivity networks could be impaired in several pathologies, they could potentially serve for diagnosis and treatment. Based on four studies, spatial independent component analysis has shown sufficient sensitivity, reproducibility and specificity to produce reliable healthy as well as pathological networks at the individual level. Therefore, the network underlying auditory hallucination could define the brain areas to treat by transcranial magnetic stimulation. Among the common resting-state networks, the ones involving the posterior cingular cortex and the precuneus seem deeply altered in disorders of consciousness, and so could be used as a diagnostic tool to distinguish the locked-in syndrome from the vegetative state. We can now map, at the individual level, the functional relationships between brain areas. Further studies on the dynamic and on the level of activity of the functional connectivity networks might provide relevant information about their functions and their involvement in the pathology
Faivre, Anthony. "Etude de la réorganisation de la connectivité cérébrale au repos dans la sclérose en plaques." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014AIXM5022/document.
Full textResting-state fMRI (rs-fMRI) may provide important clue concerning disability in multiple sclerosis (MS) by exploring the spontaneous BOLD fluctuations at rest in the whole brain. The aim of this work is to depict the functional reorganization of resting-state networks in MS patients and to assess its potential relationships with disability.In the first part, we performed an fMRI protocol combining a rs-fMRI and task-associated fMRI during a motor task, in a group of early MS patients. This study evidenced a direct association between reorganization of connectivity at rest and during activation in the motor system of patients. In the second rs-fMRI study, we evidenced an increased of the global level of connectivity in most of the rs-networks, strongly associated with the level of disability of patients. In the third part, we evidenced in a 2-year longitudinal study using graph theoretical approach that MS patients exhibited a dynamical alteration of functional brain topology that significantly correlated with disability progression. In the last part, we evidenced that the transient clinical improvement following physical rehabilitation in MS patients is associated with reversible plasticity mechanisms located in the default mode network, the central executive network and in the left fronto-orbital cortex. These works evidence that MS patients exhibit a complex and dynamical functional reorganization of rs-networks, significantly associated with disability progression. This PhD thesis confirms that rs-fMRI is a relevant biomarker of pathophysiology leading to disability in MS and represents a promising tool for therapeutic assessment of MS patients in the future
Thiebaut, de Schotten Michel. "Interactions fronto-pariétales : dynamique et organisation des réseaux cérébraux de l'attention." Paris 6, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007PA066719.
Full textSpatial attention refers to a family of cognitive processes which allow us to interact efficiently with our environment, by selecting relevant stimuli and inhibiting distractors. Unilateral spatial neglect (USN) is a dramatic neurological condition resulting from damage to the right hemipshere of the human brain. USN is mainly characterized by a severe lack of attention for left, contralesional stimuli. This thesis uses USN to demonstrate that a normal distribution of spatial attention needs unimpaired pathways linking the parietal to the frontal lobe. The second part of this thesis deals with the connectional anatomy of long-range brain pathways, the relevance of the study of these pathways to cognitive neuroscience (hodological approach), and the consequences of white-matter disconnections in neurological syndromes
Kabbara, Aya. "Estimation des réseaux cérébraux à partir de l’EEG-hr : application sur les maladies neurologiques." Thesis, Rennes 1, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018REN1S028/document.
Full textThe human brain is a very complex network. Cerebral function therefore does not imply activation of isolated brain regions but instead involves distributed networks in the brain (Bassett and Sporns, 2017, McIntosh, 2000). Therefore, the analysis of the brain connectivity from neuroimaging data has an important role to understand cognitive functions (Sporns, 2010). Thanks to its excellent spatial resolution, fMRI has become one of the most common non-invasive methods used to study this connectivity. However, fMRI has a low temporal resolution which makes it very difficult to monitor the dynamics of brain networks. A considerable challenge in cognitive neuroscience is therefore the identification and monitoring of brain networks over short time durations(Hutchison et al., 2013), usually <1s for a picture naming task, for example. So far, few studies have addressed this issue which requires the use of techniques with a very high temporal resolution (of the order of the ms), which is the case for magneto- or electro-encephalography (MEG or EEG). However, the interpretation of connectivity measurements from recordings made at the level of the electrodes (scalp) is not simple because these recordings have low spatial resolution and their accuracy is impaired by volume conduction effects (Schoffelen and Gross, 2009). Thus, during recent years, the analysis of functional connectivity at the level of cortical sources reconstructed from scalp signals has been of increasing interest. The advantage of this method is to improve the spatial resolution, while maintaining the excellent resolution of EEG or MEG (Hassan et al., 2014; Hassan and Wendling, 2018; Schoffelen and Gross, 2009). However, the dynamic aspect has not been sufficiently exploited by this method. The first objective of this thesis is to show how the EEG connectivity approach source "makes it possible to follow the spatio-temporal dynamics of the cerebral networks involved either in a cognitive task or at rest. Moreover, recent studies have shown that neurological disorders are most often associated with abnormalities in cerebral connectivity that result in alterations in wide-scale brain networks involving remote regions (Fornito and Bullmore, 2014). This is particularly the case for epilepsy and neurodegenerative diseases (Alzheimer's, Parkinson's) which constitute, according to WHO, a major issue of public health.In this context, the need is high for new methods capable of identifying Pathological networks, from easy to use and non-invasive techniques. This is the second objective of this thesis
Degiorgis, Laetitia. "Analyse des réseaux cérébraux par IRM chez un modèle souris de la maladie d’Alzheimer." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019STRAD025.
Full textAlzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most widespread dementia in the world, presenting progressive memory impairment. Using resting-state MRI, in both human and animal studies, has opened a new window into the brain and its connectome, proposing abnormal functional connectivity as a candidate biomarker of brain pathologies such as AD. We investigated the connectome’s affectation over time in vivo in a longitudinal study, to follow-up and characterize a transgenic mouse model of AD, combining both functional and structural approaches and evaluating possible network signatures of pathological states. We associate behavioral assessment and histological staining of neurotoxic protein to the MRI approach, in order to relate pathological mechanism, at both network and cellular level, to memory dysfunction. We found remarkable structural and functional modifications, mediating prodromal alterations of the memory system, before the beginning of memory impairment. Considerable changes in the septal connectivity particularly towards limbic centers but also involving communication with the Default Mode Network were highlighted over time. These vulnerable circuits represent biomarkers of the disease and potential targets for future treatment
Perlbarg, Vincent. "Méthodologie pour l’étude des réseaux de connectivité par séparation de sources en IRMf." Paris 11, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007PA112106.
Full textBetter understanding brain functions, in normal or pathological conditions, demands to study the functional interactions between distant brain regions. In this context, functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) allows the non-non-invasive measure of cerebral activity. Yet, the measured signal depends on the local metabolism and haemodynamic and is, though, influenced by physiological noise mechanisms which structured the data both in time and in space. These processes are major confounds sources for region-to-region functional connectivity measures. I developed methods to extract functional processes from fMRI data, differentiating them from physiological noise processes. These approaches are based on the sources separation provided by the spatial independent components analysis (sICA), that not assume any temporal dynamic of the underlying effects. A first approach (CORSICA) allows to reduce the structured noise from individual fMRI dataset. It is based on an original method to select independent components related to structured noise processes. I then present a second approach (NEDICA) to, firstly, extract the spatial structures in the data at a group level for a cognitive state and to, secondly, compare these structures for different groups and different cognitive states. Finally, I developed a realistic fMRI simulation including several functional and structured noise processes. The sources separation by sICA and the approach of noise reduction have been evaluated with this simulation
Gour, Natalina. "Réorganisation des systèmes anatomo-fonctionnels et de la topologie cérébrale entre les formes à début précoce et tardif de maladie d'Alzheimer. : Approche comportementale et en IRMf de repos." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013AIXM5069.
Full textCognitive functions rely on the dynamic interplay of connected brain regions. Previous studies suggest that in Alzheimer disease (AD), early pathological changes target one or several specific anatomo-functional networks. Dysfunction of the default mode network is a consistent finding. However, its relationship with clinical symptoms and interconnected medial temporal regions remains to be clarified. Resting state functional MRI (fMRI) is an emerging method aimed at characterizing in vivo brain connectivity in the Human.Using a neural system approach, the aim of this thesis was to characterize neuronal functional reorganization in AD, its clinical correlates, and to determine the influence of age at onset. Neuropsychological data, structural and fMRI were obtained in subjects with early memory impairment and mild “amnestic” AD. This work provides new insights into : i) the functional role of the anterior temporal network in context-free declarative memory and its changes throughout the course of AD; ii) the common and specific features in targeted anatomo-functional networks between early and late onset AD ; iii) the reorganization of whole brain topological properties in the two forms of the disease
Demont-Guignard, Sophie. "Interprétation des évènements inter critiques dans les signaux EEG intra cérébraux : apport des modèles détaillés de réseaux neuronaux." Rennes 1, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009REN1S068.
Full textThis work deals with the analysis of particular electrophysiological events of intracerebral signals recorded in the pre-surgical evaluation of patients with drug-resistant epilepsy. Our objective was to to explain specific mechanisms involved in the interictal transient events production (epileptic spikes). In order to meet this objective, we have developed a model, at the cellular level, of neuronal network including pyramidal cells and interneurons. This model was able to bridge between recorded signals with intracerebral electrodes and network activity, from the reconstruction of the local field potential (dipole theory). This work is focused on the CA1 subfield of the hippocampus, a structure often involved in temporal lobe epilepsy. At cellular level, a new pyramidal neuron model with two compartments was proposed and validated by comparison with real intracellular recordings, in normal and pathological conditions. At network level (including a large number of cells), the model was able to simulate events that closely resemble actual epileptic spikes
Bellec, Pierre. "Etude longitudinale des réseaux cérébraux à large échelle en IRMf : méthodes et application à l'étude de l'apprentissage moteur." Paris 11, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006PA112011.
Full textSkill learning in human healthy volunteers is thought to induce a reorganization of cerebral activity. Such process of cerebral plasticity involves the modulation of functional interactions within networks of spatially distributed brain regions, or large-scale networks. Various measures of connectivity exist that allow one to quantify these functional interactions using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), which enables the non-invasive, yet indirect, measure of cerebral activity. I developed a series of methods that allows to characterize the reorganization of large-scale networks in the brain when considering an fMRI longitudinal study of a single subject or group of subjects, at various stages of a learning process. First, the regions of the network involved in the execution of the task under scrutiny are built and identified from the functional data in an exploratory way, by using a competitive region growing method, which segments the gray matter into functionally homogeneous regions, then followed by a statistical classification procedure. A statistical method is then designed to assess which interactions are significantly modulated within the network during the plasticity process. This method is based on a non-parametric bootstrap technique, taking the temporal auto-correlation of fMRI time series into account, and controling the false discovery rate. These methods have been validated and evaluated on both synthetic and real datasets. Two real datasets were studied, which involved learning of a sensorimotor adaptation task and of a motor sequence task, respectively
Presigny, Charley. "Characterization of multilayer networks : theory and applications to the brain." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023SORUS273.
Full textNetwork science constitutes now a fundamental framework for studying complex systems and modeling the ever-growing data deluge that occurs in virtually all fields of knowledge. Over the last decade, multilayer networks contributed to revolutionize the study of systems characterized by multiple scales or levels i.e. layers of interactions. These models shed a new light on interconnected systems by ex- hibiting unexpected topological correlations, robustness and synchronization properties, just to name a few. Historically multilayer networks leveraged their comparative advantages over classical networks, focusing on the interactions of nodes both within and between layers. Although recent studies started to characterize layer properties per se, layer characterization and its interplay with the classical node characterization still remain to be explored. In this manuscript, we propose the node-layer duality, a unifying framework to study the structural properties of nodes and layers. We show that both node and layer properties provide complementary information when considering the second moment (i.e. variance) of their distribution. We extensively study these complementarity by deriving a stochastic rewiring model that selectively rewires links according to either node, or layer or both dimensions. Using this rewiring approach, we analytically derive and numerically validate a formal duality relationship between the node and layer dimensions. In particular, we derive and validate a closed-form of this relationship in the case of random multiplex and multilayer networks. Based on local connectivity, we show that the complementarity of the node-layer duality clusters real- world multiplex networks coming from different contexts (social, biological, infrastructure...) into networks that have a spatial connotation and others that do not have one. Moreover, we provide a method to efficiently visualise the connectivity of multiplex networks in the node and layer dimensions. In this effort to characterize real-world systems, we focus our analysis on multilayer brain networks. The brain is perhaps the most striking example of complex systems that has benefited from the multi- layer thrust. Actually the brain at the large-scale can be recorded using many neuroimaging technics (MRI,EEG,MEG,fMRI...) and its functional properties can be investigated along different modes (temporal, frequential). The properties of these brain networks are fundamental to uncover the normal brain functioning as well as new effective biomarkers to prevent, track or even cure brain diseases. In particular, cross-frequency coupling (CFC) i.e. interactions between different brain frequencies has been shown to be a major component of information transfer within the brain across spatiotemporal scales. Although modeling CFC was already suggested to better characterize diseases, multilayer brain networks that integrate CFC are still relatively unexplored. In parallel, the frequency-based multilayer networks (i.e. layers representing the frequency of brain activity) showed promising results in characterizing Alzheimer’s disease. Therefore, we apply the node-layer duality framework to characterize simultaneously the regions (nodes) and frequencies (layers) of multi-frequency brain networks including CFC. Based on the correlation between local and global measures of connectivity and cognitive decline, we find that Alzheimer’s disease seems to be characterized not only by the disruption of connectivity in specific brain regions, but more importantly by the aberrant coordination between frequencies. In particular, we recover the importance of the connectivity disruption in the alpha band (8-13 Hz) which is a well-kown feature of Alzheimer’s disease. We conclude on the opportunity of systematically adopting a dual characterization in the study of the structure of multilayer networks by exploiting its characteristics which are shared among duality relationships in general
Labache, Loïc. "Création d'Atlas des Réseaux Cérébraux Sous-tendant les Fonctions Cognitives Latéralisées : Application à l'Étude de la Variabilité Inter-individuelle du Langage." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020BORD0155.
Full textMy thesis work is part of a multi-modal and multi-scale integration approach which has led to the emergence of cognitive and population neuroimaging. More specifically, fMRI provides two types of three-dimensional functional brain maps: activation maps allowing for visualizing brain regions directly involved in a cognitive process, and intrinsic connectivity maps measuring the synchronization between spatially distant but functionally connected regions. I have applied new statistical methodologies to these two types of maps, allowing me to deal with both the individual and the spatial dimensions. In the first part, I designed atlases of brain regions dedicated to specific cognitive functions, based on their hemispheric lateralization and targeting a population selected for its low variability. I present here the first two language atlases. Indeed, although there are many approaches to map language areas in patients, there was no atlas of networks supporting language functions in healthy individuals so far. I first identified left activated and left asymmetrical regions, both during sentence production, listening and reading, in 137 healthy right-handed individuals. Analysis of the intrinsic connectivity between the 32 identified regions reveals that they are part of 3 distinct functional networks, which constitute the SENSAAS (SENtence Supramodal Areas AtlaS) brain atlas. Among these networks, one with 18 regions contains the essential language areas (SENT_CORE), i.e. the brain areas whose lesion leads to an impairment in the integration of the meaning of speech. Specifically, SENT_CORE contains 3 hubs supporting the information integration and dissemination, localized in the Broca and Wernicke area. I then applied this methodology to the elaboration of an atlas of word processing networks. I identified 21 brain regions organized into 2 distinct networks, one of which is a phonological network including the audio-motor loop. For the first time, a strong intrinsic connectivity between the left audio-motor loop and the prosodic processing, located in the upper temporal sulcus of the right hemisphere, is evidenced. Finally, I developed a new method for studying the variability of three-dimensional data. This new method includes two different mathematical tools based on hierarchical agglomerative clustering algorithms. The first one makes it possible to identify variables leading to partition instability, the second one allows for extracting stable sub-populations from a starting population. The applications of all of this work are numerous: for example, I used the SENT_CORE network to study the inter-individual variability of hemispheric lateralization of the sentence supramodal areas. I have thus identified two groups of typical asymmetric left language individuals, with high left intra-hemispheric intrinsic connectivity and low inter-hemispheric connectivity, and a group of atypical individuals: rightward asymmetrical for language, with high intrinsic connectivity of language networks in both hemispheres and high inter-hemispheric connectivity. SENSAAS has also been used to study the genetic support of language atypicality, as well as for the topological characterization of the memory and language networks of individuals with mesial temporal lobe epilepsy. The new method for assessing inter-individual variability was used to evaluate the stability of the intrinsic networks of a new functional atlas adapted for late adulthood
Passat, Nicolas. "Contribution à la segmentation des réseaux vasculaires cérébraux obtenus en IRM : Intégration de connaissance anatomique pour le guidage d'outils de morphologie mathématique." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 2005. https://publication-theses.unistra.fr/public/theses_doctorat/2005/PASSAT_Nicolas_2005.pdf.
Full textAnalysing cerebral MRA (magnetic resonance angiography) is a hard task for radiologists, because of the large size of the data and the increasing number of exams being performed. Creation of cerebral vessel segmentation methods from such images then constitutes a research area of great importance in medical imaging. This thesis is devoted to the development of such methods. It is especially focused on their ability to adapt their behaviour to the processed images and their semantic value. This concept of adaptivity is developed by considering high level anatomical knowledge which can be used for guidance of image processing tools. The first part of the presented work consists in proposing preliminary solutions for knowledge modelling. The atlas notion, which has already been successfully used for non vascular structures, is then developed. Two kinds of atlas are proposed, each one taking advantage of multi-modality (angiographic and morphologic) properties of the considered images in order to model anatomical knowledge elements related to brain vessels. The second part of the work deals with the development of segmentation methods using this knowledge for guiding mathematical morphology tools. These methods, based on region-growing, watershed, grey-level hit-or-miss transform and homotopic thinning, use the proposed atlases to fit or constraint the behaviour of these image processing tools with respect to the image properties. This thesis can be considered as an introduction to a new methodology of vascular structure segmentation, which tends to fuse the potential of the existing image processing tools with learning and knowledge based strategies which are generally only used by human specialists
Karatas, Meltem. "Analyse longitudinale des réseaux cérébraux par Imagerie de Résonance Magnétique (IRM) dans un modèle murin de dépression induite par la douleur neuropathique." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019STRAJ045.
Full textChronic pain conditions frequently lead to anxiety and depressive disorders. Despite considerable clinical research, the mechanisms underlying this comorbidity remain elusive. We conducted a non-invasive brain imaging study to investigate changes in structural and functional connectivity in a mouse model of neuropathic pain-induced depression. We employed two methods of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to investigate functional communication pathways (using resting state functional MRI-rs-fMRI) as well as their microstructural substrates (diffusion MRI) in longitudinal manner. Brain networks demonstrate remarkable structural and functional modifications following the induction of neuropathic pain and the emergence of depressive phenotype. Combining a relevant preclinical model and in vivo brain MRI, we identified a brain connectivity signature of pain-induced depression and its evolution over time, involving alterations in reward circuits, with a major impact of the two centers: ACA and VTA. The main results of functional imaging reveal considerable changes in the networks encompassing the reward circuit and DMN, which are known to be involved in both chronic pain pathologies and major depression. The long-term perspective of this project is to investigate the causal relationship between pain and depression, reaching a mechanistic explanation for the comorbidity
Tousignant, Béatrice. "La cognition sociale à l'adolescenceh[ressource électronique] : aspects comportementaux, cliniques et cérébraux." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/28278.
Full textSocial cognition refers to a set of cognitive functions specialized in the processing of social stimuli, allowing us to interact adequately with others. Adolescence is a developmental stage in which these cognitive functions are particularly solicited, as social relationships increase in importance and complexity. It is also a time when hormonal and brain changes are very likely to modulate cognitive functioning. However, very little is known about the ability to decode and interpret social information at this age, and even less about how brain damage can alter these functions. Thus, the main objective of this thesis was to better understand the functioning of social cognition in adolescence by examining it from various angles. Using neuropsychological measures, the first study was able to demonstrate a lower capacity to recognize emotional facial expressions in adolescents compared to adults, but a similar ability to put oneself in the perspective of a character and infer various mental states. Paradoxically, a self-reported empathy questionnaire revealed a lower tendency to take the perspective of others in adolescents, overall suggesting a possible distinction between the ability to put oneself in the place of others when measured directly and the propensity to do so in real life. The second study then demonstrated that a moderate or severe traumatic brain injury sustained during adolescence further alters this tendency to take the perspective of others in everyday life, as reported in the empathy questionnaire. The third study therefore used an experimental paradigm that is closer to real-life social interactions and examined, through functional neuroimaging, the empathic response of adolescents and adults towards social exclusion. The results showed that in such a context, adolescents are less likely to take the perspective of others, to feel their distress, and to act prosocially. The data of this thesis can thus be integrated into a detailed picture of social cognition in adolescence by specifying the functions that appear developed, those that are not fully developed, and those that are most likely to be compromised by a brain injury. Beyond these findings, the thesis has also highlighted a lower tendency to use these cognitive resources in a context where other peers are present. Ultimately, the results emphasize the importance of intervening on social cognition at this age, both in adolescents with normal development and those whose development can be compromised by brain damage.
Fauchon, Camille. "Effet du comportement empathique des expérimentateurs sur la perception douloureuse : Approche des mécanismes neuronaux avec l’imagerie fonctionnelle cérébrale (IRMf)." Thesis, Lyon, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LYSES058/document.
Full textOther’s empathetic behavior can have a positive effect on pain perception. In medical setting it is a known strategy from caregivers to support and interact with their patients. Conversely, unempathy, having a negative attitude towards the suffering person is outlawed out of fear of induce deleterious effects. How do empathy and unempathy from others influence pain perception? Investigating this issue is the aim of this thesis. First, we built and approved an experiment delivering different types of empathetic feedbacks to subjects who received nociceptive stimulations. The empathetic comments significantly alleviated subjects’ pain ratings (-12 %). The unempathetic comments did not influence the subjects’ pain ratings in comparison with neutral situation. However, they influenced autonomic response related to pain. Neuro-imaging studies shown that the pain intensity modulation related to empathetic feedbacks involved interactions between the core structures of the default network (vmPFC and PCC/Prec), the DLPFC and the posterior insula. Functional activations revealed that only the posterior cingulate cortex/precuneus activity was able to integrate the empathetic feedbacks’ content. Changing its functional connectivity, this structure would engage control mechanisms (vmPFC) able to interact with the posterior and anterior insula to reduce pain perception. The study of such modulation system at the level of the pain functional network provided consistent results
Flores, Robin de. "Altérations structurales, fonctionnelles et moléculaires des sous-champs hippocampiques et de leurs réseaux dans le vieillissement normal et la maladie d’Alzheimer." Caen, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016CAEN1019.
Full textRecent advances in neuroimaging techniques allow to better understand the pathophysiological processes of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and are particularly promising for early diagnosis. The objectives of this thesis were to better characterize the structural, functional and molecular alterations of the hippocampal subfields and their associated networks in Alzheimer's disease and normal aging using in vivo multimodal neuroimaging. First, we evaluated the structural hippocampal subfields alterations in normal aging (NA) and AD using a manual delineation method developed in our laboratory. We then evaluated the validity of the automatic segmentation algorithm implemented in FreeSurfer. These analyses showed specific structural changes in NA and AD, while the FreeSurfer method appeared inappropriate to estimate hippocampal subfield volumes. In addition, our work suggests that the practice of physical or cognitive activities have a beneficial effect on hippocampal substructures particularly sensitive to NA. Secondly, we evaluated the specific intrinsic functional connectivity of hippocampal subfields with the rest of the brain, before assessing their alterations in a pre-dementia stage of AD. Our results highlighted the specificity of hippocampal subfield networks and their functional alterations in early AD. In addition, our results showed a hierarchy in the progression of tau pathology within hippocampal subfield networks over the course of AD
Coynel, David. "Etude méthodologique des réseaux fonctionnels cérébraux à large échelle en IRM fonctionnelle : application à la caractérisation du réseau moteur lors de l'apprentissage moteur et dans la dystonie." Paris 6, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA066472.
Full textGhorbal, Abdel-Mounai͏̈m. "Etude fonctionnelle du réseau auditif du tronc cérébral par analyse de la dynamique spatio-temporelle des champs de potentiel intra-cérébraux enregistrés in vivo chez le cobaye : contribution à l'étude des générateurs des potentiels évoqués auditifs précoces." Poitiers, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997POIT2368.
Full textBollmann, Yannick. "Emergence of functional and structural cortical connectomes through the developmental prism." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2019. http://theses.univ-amu.fr.lama.univ-amu.fr/191113_BOLLMANN_844bezee521trbla166eo565zm_TH.pdf.
Full textCortical neurons are generated throughout an extended embryonic period. Recent studies indicate that the cells originating from the earliest stages of neurogenesis are critically involved in coordinating neuronal activity, instructing network maturation throughout large cortical areas. The first part of my work was building and mining brain cell atlases and connectomes. I first characterized the brain-wide structural connectome of early-born glutamatergic and GABAergic neurons, fluorescently labeled according to their date of birth (genetic fate-mapping approach). Using light-sheet microscopy on cleared brains, I quantify the distribution of both populations in the whole brain to create an Atlas.The second part of my work was the characterization of GABAergic neurons functional connectome and the characterization of hub cells in the developing barrel cortex in vivo. By using transgenic mice lines expressing the calcium indicator GCaMP6s, we follow the maturation and the functional dynamics of the network during the two first postnatal weeks using two-photon imaging. The characteristically heavy-tailed distribution of functional connections between neurons that we observed, strongly suggest the presence of hub neurons. Using two-photon calcium imaging and holographic-optogenetic stimulation we entangle the necessary and sufficient conditions of how GABAergic neurons contribute to and synchronize network activity as acting as hub neuron in the barrel cortex
Metereau, Elise. "Comparaison en IRMf des réseaux cérébraux impliqués dans le traitement de récompenses et de punitions de différente nature au cours de l’apprentissage et de la prise de décision pro-sociale." Thesis, Lyon 2, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011LYO20019.
Full textThere is a growing consensus in behavioral neuroscience and neuroeconomic that individuals make decisions by assigning values to different options and comparing them to make a choice. Most often, these values are acquired on the basis of trial and error learning. A long-held view is that the brain assigns values to the different goods using an abstract signal that is encoded in a common currency. Multiple studies have found evidence for such value signals in midbrain, striatum and prefrontal cortex during learning or decision making involving primary or secondary rewards. An important open question is whether aversive outcomes expectation and learning engage the same or different valuation networks. The goal of this thesis is thus to compare the brain network involved in appetitive and aversive stimuli valuation. First we used a pavlovian conditioning paradigm to compare the cerebral correlates of prediction error during learning with gustative, visual and monetary rewards and punishments. Second, we investigated the brain regions involved in moral and social rewards and punishments in prosocial decision making. Overall, we found that prediction error and valuation related to appetitive and aversive stimuli are processed in part by common brain networks
Ranjeva, Jean-Philippe. "Détermination de l'activité corticale, de la connectivité fonctionnelle et de la connectivité effective cérébrale par IRM [Imagerie par Résonance Magnétique] fonctionnelle : application à l'étude des processus cérébraux compensatoires au stade précoce de la sclérose en plaques." Aix-Marseille 2, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006AIX20697.
Full textAshadi, Fakhrul Rozi. "Respiratory Neural Network in Humans : Spatiotemporal Mapping of Neural Oscillations and Mathematical Modelling." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018USPCC229.
Full textBreathing involves a complex interplay between the automatic brainstem network and the cortical command. Both networks interact harmoniously to control respiratory muscles contraction, thereby ensuring normal blood gas levels either during speech, volitional breathing or a ventilatory load increase. Understanding the respiratory neural network is crucial for many reasons in medicine, physiology and physics: (1) increased respiratory loading is a major feature of several respiratory diseases (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, emphysema, pulmonary fibrosis), (2) failure of the voluntary motor and cortical sensory processing drives is among the mechanisms that precedes acute respiratory failure. In addition some of the cerebral structures involved in responding to inspiratory loading also participate in the perception of breathlessness, a common and often distressing symptom in many diseases, (3) This neural network vital for life would benefit from the building of a mathematical model able to simulate and analyze its dynamics in disease conditions and may serve as a paradigm of physiological and physical synchronization. Therapeutic interventions could also be tested on the network model, for instance with a magnetic field, to alter connectivity. It will be then possible to test such approach in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) using cerebral neuro-modulating techniques with the goal to increase respiratory muscle performance. Using high density electroencephalography, we built the spatiotemporal map of the respiratory neural network during inspiratory loading in 20 healthy control subjects, and compared its dynamics to another motor network (hand motion). Time-frequency analyzes revealed the specific neural frequency patterns. To understand the brain communication, we reproduced mathematically the neural frequency code. There are three main components in the model: the neuronal scheme, the connectivity map and the synaptic model. Altogether, they are responsible of the dynamics of the neural networks. For the neuronal scheme, we use the Hodgkin Huxley (conductance-based) model, a set of nonlinear differential equations that approximates the electrical characteristics of excitable cells such as neurons. We consider the tonic-spiking regime of the model. For the connectivity map, the way neurons are connected into one another, we consider neurons that are placed in a two dimensional Cartesian grids. Connectivity between two neurons is governed probabilistically based on their Euclidean distance. For the synaptic model, neurons are either excitatory or inhibitory and are chemically connected. In the network, whether a neuron is excitatory or inhibitory is decided probabilistically. The type of connection depends on the type of the neurons. Finally, we are now able to replicate the dynamics of a specific region of interest (ROI) of the network and the complex interactions between two ROIs
Ben, Messaoud Rémy. "Low-dimensional controllability of complex networks and applications to the human brain." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023SORUS537.
Full textControllability and optimal control are specific fields of mathematics that have been developed since the industrial revolution in order to command engineered systems. Nowadays, many systems are interconnected and form networks like the world wide web, transportation networks, or power grids. The biological world is also full of networks: vascular networks, gene regulation, and brain connectivity networks. Gaining control over these large and complex interconnected systems is challenging. During the last decade, there has been an explosion of studies applying controllability theory to networks. Some breakthroughs were made in characterizing the minimum number of controlled nodes and their placement. However, practically controlling networks and steering them toward specific configurations remains challenging mainly when a small fraction of nodes are controlled which is a common constraint, especially for biological networks. This dissertation aims to explore the limit where only one single driver is allowed as it would certainly be the case for brain stimulation perspectives. We observed in practice that one driver node can only control five target nodes. This practical limit was previously observed and documented so we developed a way to aggregate the states of large networks onto a few representative components. For that, we decided to take advantage of the Laplacian eigenmaps method that was already successfully applied in graph embedding and dimensionality reduction techniques. By controlling a few output components, we drastically reduce the number of terminal constraints and ensure that the problem is well-conditioned. We called our method low-dimensional network control. We tested and validated it with synthetic networks. We found that it can be adapted to build a controllability metric that is well-scaled and which does not suffer from numerical issues that arise in high dimension. We applied our method to a large cohort (N > 6k) of healthy participants deriving a detailed map of single-driver controllability for 9 large-scale networks that support human cognition
Chaix-Eichel, Naomi. "Etude du rôle de l’architecture des réseaux neuronaux dans la prise de décision à l’aide de modèles de reservoir computing." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Bordeaux, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024BORD0279.
Full textA striking similarity exists in the organization and structure of certain brain regions across diverse species. For instance, the brain structure of vertebrates, from fish to mammals, includes regions like the cortex, hippocampus, cerebellum and basal ganglia with remarkable similarity. The presence of these structures across a wide range of species strongly suggests that they emerged early in vertebrate evolution and have been conserved throughout evolution. The persistence of these structures raises intriguing questions about their evolutionary origins: are they unique and optimal solutions for processing information and controlling behavior, or could alternative brain architectures emerge to achieve similar functional properties? To investigate this question, this thesis explores the relationship between brain architecture and cognitive function, with a focus on decision-making processes. We propose to use variants of a recurrent neural network model (echo state network) that is structurally minimal and randomly connected. We aim to identify whether a minimal model can capture any decision-making process and if it cannot, we explore whether multiple realizable solutions emerge through structural variations. First we demonstrate that a minimal model is able to solve simple decision tasks in the context of spatial navigation. Second, we show that this minimal structure has performance limitations when handling more complex tasks, requiring additional structural constraints to achieve better results. Third, by employing a genetic algorithm to evolve network structure to more complex ones, we discover that multiple realizable solutions emerging through structural variations. Furthermore we reveal that identical architectures can exhibit a range of different behaviors, leading us to investigate additional factors contributing to these different behaviors beyond structural variations. Our analysis of the behavior of 24 monkeys living in a community reveals that social factors, such as social hierarchy, play a significant role in their behavior. This thesis takes an approach that differs from traditional neuroscience methodologies. Rather than directly constructing biologically inspired architectures, the models are designed from simple to complex structures, reproducing the process of biological evolution. By leveraging the principles of multiple realizability, this approach enables the evolution of diverse structural configurations that can achieve equivalent functional outcomes
Guedj, Carole. "Modulation noradrénergique de l’attention." Thesis, Lyon, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LYSE1294/document.
Full textNeuromodulation provides an extraordinary wealth to the dynamics of neural networks. Among the neuromodulators of the central nervous system, noradrenaline would facilitate behavioral adaptation facing variations of environmental constraints by modulating attention, this function at the heart of cognition that allows us to select the most relevant information based our goal. This complex process that operates at every moment both in space and time, is an essential step in this behavioral adaptation. However, to date, the mechanisms by which this neuromodulator exerts its effects on healthy brain remain unknown. My thesis aims to examine the behavioral and neural markers of the boosting effect of noradrenergic agonists. The question asked was: "How does noradrenaline optimize attention?" To answer this question, I chose to combine pharmacology, behavior analysis, and functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging in monkeys. One of the main results of my work is that the administration of noradrenergic agents induced a large-scale brain networks reorganization, which could be responsible for optimizing behavioral responses observed in parallel
Rizkallah, Jennifer. "Characterization of neocortical networks from high-resolution EEG : application to disorders of consciousness." Thesis, Rennes 1, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019REN1S095.
Full textThe human brain is a complex network. Cognitive function is guaranteed when the brain dynamically reconfigures its network organization over time. Studies have showed that most brain disorders, including neurodegenerative and mental diseases, are characterized by changes in the structural and/or functional brain networks. Thus, there is a strong demand for new, non-invasive, network-based and easy-to-use methods to identify these pathological networks. Electroencephalography (EEG) source connectivity method enables the tracking of large scale brain networks dynamics with an excellent temporal resolution. It is in this context that my thesis was carried out. My work here extends the methodological and clinical developments of our research team on functional connectivity at cortical level. The aim of my thesis work is twofold: i) to progress on the methodological aspects of the EEG source connectivity method and ii) to use this method in a clinical application related to the disorders of consciousness. My thesis is divided into two main parts, with two studies realized in each part. In the first part (methodological aspects), I approached, in a first study, the capacity of the EEG source connectivity method to track the brain network dynamic alterations during a fast cognitive task. Then in a second study, I tested the effect of the spatial leakage problem on the reconstructed functional brain networks. In the second part (clinical applications), I analyzed brain networks alterations in patients with disorders of consciousness, using static analysis in the first study and dynamic analysis in the second one
Mheich, Ahmad. "Méthodes de classification des graphes : application à l’identification des réseaux fonctionnels impliqués dans les processus de mémoire." Thesis, Rennes 1, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016REN1S115/document.
Full textThe human brain is a "large-scale" network consisting of distributed and functionally interconnected regions. The information processing in the brain is a dynamic process that involves a fast reorganization of functional brain networks in a very short time scale (less than one second). In the field of cognitive neuroscience, two big questions remain about these networks. Firstly, is it possible to follow the spatiotemporal dynamics of the brain networks with a temporal resolution significantly higher than the functional MRI? Secondly, is it possible to detect a significant difference between these networks when the brain processes stimuli (visual, for example) with different characteristics? These two questions are the main motivations of this thesis. Indeed, we proposed new methods based on dense electroencephalography. These methods allow: i) to follow the dynamic reconfiguration of brain functional networks at millisecond time scale and ii) to compare two activated brain networks under specific conditions. We propose a new algorithm benefiting from the excellent temporal resolution of EEG to track the fast reconfiguration of the functional brain networks at millisecond time scale. The main objective of this algorithm is to segment the brain networks into a set of "functional connectivity states" using a network-clustering approach. The algorithm is based on K-means and was applied on the connectivity graphs obtained by estimation the functional connectivity values between the considered regions of interest. The second challenge addressed in this work falls within the measure of similarity between graphs. Thus, to compare functional connectivity networks, we developed an algorithm (SimNet) that able to quantify the similarity between two networks whose node coordinates is known. This algorithm maps one graph to the other using different operations (insertion, deletion, substitution of nodes and edges). The algorithm is based on two main parts, the first one is based on calculating the nodes distance and the second one is to calculate the edges distance. This algorithm provides a normalized similarity index: 0 for no similarity and 1 for two identical networks. SimNet was evaluated with simulated graphs and was compared with previously-published graph similarity algorithms. It shows high performance to detect the similarity variation between graphs involving a shifting of the location of nodes. It was also applied on real data to compare different brain networks. Results showed high performance in the comparison of real brain networks obtained from dense EEG during a cognitive task consisting in naming items of two different categories (objects vs. animals)
Tran, dong Minh Ngoc Thien Kim. "Connectome structurel des réseaux neuronaux des patients d’épisode dépressif caractérisé étudié en IRM de tenseur de diffusion et de tractographie." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SACLS082/document.
Full textMajor depressive disorder (MDD) is expanding on worldwide. Functional and volumetric imaging found abnormal activities and reductions in cerebral gray matter in MDD patients. However, the pattern of brain connections (structural connectome) of MDD patients in diffusion imaging remains unclear. The objective of this work is to study the structural connectome of MDD patients. For 3 years from 03/2014 to 03/2017, 56 MDD patients and 31 healthy controls (HC) were included in the study. All of these patients received the same venlafaxine depression treatment and were followed for 3 months. They received clinical evaluation and anatomical MRI and cerebral diffusion at baseline and at 3 months. HC are evaluated once at inclusion. At 3 months, 37 out of 56 patients completed all assessments. The old use of the antidepressant drugs (AD) and the previous episode of depression have been found to be related to the increased and decreased of cerebral anisotropy in depressed patients, respectively. No differences in cerebral anisotropy between patients and HC at baseline and at 3 months of treatment were detected. The response to AD is not related to patients’ cerebral anisotropy at baseline and at 3 months. The topography of the connections seems modified but not significant. This result showed for the first time 2 opposing affections of AD and depression on the cerebral structural connectome in long term
Kopal, Jakub. "Usage de la connectivité pour étudier les (dys)fonctions cérébrales." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021TOU30020.
Full textWe picture the brain as a complex network of structurally connected regions that are functionally coupled. Brain functions arise from the coordinated activity of distant cortical regions. Connectivity is used to represent the cooperation of segregated and functionally specialized brain regions. Whether it is the analysis of anatomical links, statistical dependencies, or causal interactions, connectivity reveals fundamental aspects of brain (dys)function. However, estimating and applying connectivity still faces many challenges; therefore, this work is devoted to tackling them. The first challenge stems from the detrimental effect of systematic noise (such as head movements) on connectivity estimates. We proposed an index that depicts connectivity quality and can reflect various artifacts, processing errors, and brain pathology, allowing extensive use in data quality screening and methodological investigations. Furthermore, connectivity alterations play an invaluable role in understanding brain dysfunction. Investigating the mechanisms of epilepsy, we show that connectivity can track gradual changes of seizure susceptibility and identify driving factors of seizure generation. Identifying critical times of connectivity changes could help in successful seizure prediction. Finally, how the brain adapts to task demands on fast timescales is not well understood. We present a combination of intracranial EEG and state-of-art measures to investigate network dynamics during recognition memory. Understanding how the brain dynamically faces rapid changes in cognitive demands is vital to our comprehension of the neural basis of cognition. In conclusion, the modest goal of this thesis is to at least partially answer some of the many challenges that current neuroscience is facing
Landelle, Caroline. "Impact du vieillissement sur la perception multisensorielle et les processus cérébraux sous-jacents : étude de la kinesthésie et de la perception de textures." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019AIXM0146.
Full textWe can better perceive our body and our environment if we take into account several sensory sources at the same time. However, all sensory systems gradually decline with aging. This thesis contributes to a better understanding of how multisensory perceptions and the underlying brain networks are modified in the elderly. This work highlights both a reweighting of sensory information and a general facilitation of interaction processes between the senses to optimize the perception of body movements or the perception of textures as soon of 65 years old. At the brain level, the break-down of inhibitory processes with age would lead to a poorer selection of networks and would explain perceptual disorders. Nevertheless, older people could benefit from less specific brain recruitment to at least partially compensate these sensory declines
Hazem, Nesrine. "Conscience de soi et contact interindividuel : études en électrophysiologie et magnétoencéphalographie." Thesis, Sorbonne université, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SORUS087/document.
Full textSituations of interpersonal contact could contribute to the construction of a basic sense of self during childhood and to self-representations through lifespan. Although this hypothesis is widespread in the literature, the effect of social contact on self-awareness has been rarely been investigated experimentally. The aim of this PhD thesis is to investigate such an effect in human adults. In two studies combining electrophysiological measurements and behavioural responses, we show an enhancement of a minimal form of self-awareness – i.e. of the afferent information arising from the body – following social contact. This is reproduced across three sensory modalities (visual, auditory and tactile social contact). In a third study, we use magnetoencephalography to test the effect of an increased (vs reduced) multisensory interpersonal contact context between an experimenter and participants, on the functional connectivity of resting-state networks and on the participants’ thought contents. Our results revealed an enhancement of self-oriented cognitive and brain processes in a highly integrated form, associated to a decrease in externally oriented sensory processes, as a result of the social context of increased interpersonal contact. Together, our results suggest that social contact enhances multiple facets of self-representation, including basic bodily aspects of a minimal self, as well as higher level and integrated aspects of a narrative self. Our social interactions throughout lifespan may thus induce a cerebral and cognitive context centred on a multifaceted self, which would foster self-awareness and the construction of an embodied and embedded sense of identity
Mastrogiuseppe, Francesca. "From dynamics to computations in recurrent neural networks." Thesis, Paris Sciences et Lettres (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PSLEE048/document.
Full textThe mammalian cortex consists of large and intricate networks of spiking neurons. The task of these complex recurrent assemblies is to encode and process with high precision the sensory information which flows in from the external environment. Perhaps surprisingly, electrophysiological recordings from behaving animals have pointed out a high degree of irregularity in cortical activity. The patterns of spikes and the average firing rates change dramatically when recorded in different trials, even if the experimental conditions and the encoded sensory stimuli are carefully kept fixed. One current hypothesis suggests that a substantial fraction of that variability emerges intrinsically because of the recurrent circuitry, as it has been observed in network models of strongly interconnected units. In particular, a classical study [Sompolinsky et al, 1988] has shown that networks of randomly coupled rate units can exhibit a transition from a fixed point, where the network is silent, to chaotic activity, where firing rates fluctuate in time and across units. Such analysis left a large number of questions unsolved: can fluctuating activity be observed in realistic cortical architectures? How does variability depend on the biophysical parameters and time scales? How can reliable information transmission and manipulation be implemented with such a noisy code? In this thesis, we study the spontaneous dynamics and the computational properties of realistic models of large neural circuits which intrinsically produce highly variable and heterogeneous activity. The mathematical tools of our analysis are inherited from dynamical systems and random matrix theory, and they are combined with the mean field statistical approaches developed for the study of physical disordered systems. In the first part of the dissertation, we study how strong rate irregularities can emerge in random networks of rate units which obey some among the biophysical constraints that real cortical neurons are subject to. In the second and third part of the dissertation, we investigate how variability is characterized in partially structured models which can support simple computations like pattern generation and decision making. To this aim, inspired by recent advances in networks training techniques, we address how random connectivity and low-dimensional structure interact in the non-linear network dynamics. The network models that we derive naturally capture the ubiquitous experimental observations that the population dynamics is low-dimensional, while neural representations are irregular, high-dimensional and mixed
González, Astudillo Juliana. "Development of Network Features for Brain-Computer Interfaces." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022SORUS286.
Full textA Brain-Computer Interface (BCI) is a system that can translate brain activity patterns into messages or commands for an interactive application. It enables a subject to send commands to a device only by means of brain activity, without requiring any peripherical muscular activity. These systems are increasingly explored for control and communication, as well as for treatment of neurological disorders, especially via the ability of subjects to voluntarily modulate their brain activity through mental imagery (MI). To control a BCI, the user must produce different brain signal patterns that the system will identify and translate into commands. Even though this technique has been widely used, subjects performance, measured as the correct classification of the user’s intent, still shows low scores. Much of the efforts to solve this problem have focused on the BCI classification block. While, the research of alternative features has been poorly explored. In most implemented systems, pattern recognition relies on power spectrum density (PSD) of a reduced number of sources, focusing on features that characterize a single brain region. However, the brain is not a collection of isolated pieces working independently. It rather consists of a distributed complex network that integrates information across differently specialized regions. It turns out that examining signals from one specific region, while neglecting its interactions with others, oversimplifies the phenomenon. It would be preferable to have an understanding of the system’s collective behaviour to fully capture the brain functioning. Thus, we hypothesize that functional connectivity (FC) features could be more representative of the complexity of neurophysiological processes, since they measure interactions between different brain areas, reflecting the information exchange that is essential to decode brain organization. Then, these interactions can be quantified using network theoretic approaches, extracting few summary properties of the entire complex brain network. Thus, network analysis may also be more efficient by reducing the problem dimension and optimizing the computational cost. Nevertheless, extracting topological properties of the network, while disregarding the intrinsic spatial nature of the brain, could overlook crucial information for understanding brain functioning. Recent neuroimaging studies demonstrated that brain connectivity reveals hemisphere lateralization during motor MI-related tasks. Covering these two concepts, we explored the dual contribution of brain network topology and space in modelling motor-related mental states through the concept of functional lateralization. Specifically, we introduced new metrics to quantify segregation and integration within and between the hemispheres, and we showed that they are highly relevant features for decoding a motor imagery mental task. These network properties not only give competitive classification accuracy but also have the advantage of being neurophysiologically interpretable, compared to state-of-the-art approaches that are instead blind to the underlying mechanism
Malherbe, Caroline. "Imagerie des faisceaux de fibres et des réseaux fonctionnels du cerveau : application à l'étude du syndrome de Gilles de la Tourette." Phd thesis, Université Paris Sud - Paris XI, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00980572.
Full textDadi, Kamalaker. "Machine Learning on Population Imaging for Mental Health." Thesis, université Paris-Saclay, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020UPASG001.
Full textMental disorders display a vast heterogeneity across individuals. A fundamental challenge to studying their manifestations or risk factors is that the diagnosis of mental pathological conditions are seldom available in large public health cohorts. Here, we seek to develop brain signatures, biomarkers, of mental disorders. For this, we use ma-chine learning to predict mental-health outcomes through population imaging i. e. with brain imaging (Magnetic Resonance Imaging ( MRI )).Given behavioral or clinical assessments, population imaging can relate unique features of the brain variations to these non-brain self-reported measures based on questionnaires. These non-brain measurements carry a unique description of each individual’s psychological differences which can be linked to psychopathology using statistical methods. This PhD thesis investigates the potential of learning such imaging-based outcomes to analyze mental health. Using machine-learning methods, we conduct an evaluation, both a comprehensive and robust, of population measures to guide high-quality predictions of health outcomes. This thesis is organized into three main parts: first, we present an in-depth study of connectome biomarkers, second, we propose a meaningful data reduction which facilitates large-scale population imaging studies, and finally we introduce proxy measures for mental health. We first set up a thorough benchmark for imaging-connectomes to predict clinical phenotypes. With the rise in the high-quality brain images acquired without tasks, there is an increasing demand in evaluation of existing models for predictions. We performed systematic comparisons relating these images to clinical assessments across many cohorts to evaluate the robustness of population imaging methods for mental health. Our benchmarks emphasize the need for solid foundations in building brain networks across individuals. They outline clear methodological choices. Then, we contribute a new generation of brain functional atlases to facilitate high-quality predictions for mental health. Brain functional atlases are indeed the main bottleneck for prediction. These atlases are built by analyzing large-scale functional brain volumes using scalable statistical algorithm, to have better grounding for outcome prediction. After comparing them with state-of-the-art methods, we show their usefulness to mitigate large-scale data handling problems. The last main contribution is to investigate the potential surrogate measures for health outcomes. We consider large-scale model comparisons using brain measurements with behavioral assessments in an imaging epidemiological cohort, the United Kingdom ( UK ) Biobank. On this complex dataset, the challenge lies in finding the appropriate covariates and relating them to well-chosen outcomes. This is challenging, as there are very few available pathological outcomes. After careful model selection and evaluation, we identify proxy measures that display distinct links to socio-demographics and may correlate with non-pathological conditions like the condition of sleep, alcohol consumption and physical fitness activity. These can be indirectly useful for the epidemiological study of mental health
Vallat, Raphaël. "Fréquence et contenu du rapport de rêve : approches comportementales et neurophysiologiques." Thesis, Lyon, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LYSE1335/document.
Full textSince the dawn of time, humans have sought to understand the nature and meaning of their dreams. However, despite millennia of philosophical speculation and more than a century of scientific exploration, several questions regarding dreams remain pending.One question that constitutes the core problematic of this thesis relates to why there are such individual differences in the frequency of dream recall, or in other words, why some people remember up to several dreams per morning (High-recallers, HR) while some hardly ever recall one (Low-recallers, LR). To characterize the cerebral and behavioral correlates of this variability, we compared the sleep microstructure (Study 1), as well as the brain functional connectivity in the minutes following awakeningfrom sleep, a period marked by sleep inertia (Study 2). Among other results, we have shown that just after awakening, HR demonstrated a greater functional connectivity within regions involved in memory processes (default mode network). We proposed that this reflect a differential neurophysiological profile, which could facilitate in HRthe retrieval of dream content upon awakening. Second, the numerous answers to the recruitment questionnaire of this study allowed us to conduct an epidemiological survey to characterize the sleep and dream habits of a large sample of French college students from Lyon 1 University (Study 3). In another study, we focused on the relationships between waking-life and dream content (Study 4). Our results enhanced and refined our comprehension of the factors influencing the likelihood of incorporation of waking-life elements into dreams, and provided support for the hypothesis of an active role of dreaming in emotional regulation.Lastly, we designed a free and open-source software dedicated to the visualization and analysis of polysomnographic recordings (Study 5), which aims at providing an intuitive and portable graphical interface to students and researchers working on sleep
Abdallah, Majd. "The dynamics of cerebro-cerebellar resting-state functional connectivity : relation to cognition, behavior, and pathophysiology." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020BORD0126.
Full textStudies of resting-state functional connectivity (FC), measured by functional magnetic resonance imaging (rsfMRI), have revealed extensive functional connections between the cerebellum and association regions in the brain, supporting an important role for the cerebellum in cognition. These findings have been based on static FC measures averaged across entire scans spanning a few minutes. However, this is a narrow view that has been recently challenged, with findings pointing to the presence of an ongoing, behaviorally relevant dynamics in resting-state FC occurring at short timescales of a few seconds, which, given the dynamic nature of the brain, is a more natural view that may encode information about complex cognitive functions. So far, however, the cerebellum has been overlooked in most, if not all, studies of dynamic FC, despite its well-recognized role in coordinating complex cognitive functions. In this thesis, we hypothesized that the dynamics of cerebro-cerebellar FC, during rest, may be behaviorally relevant, capturing aspects of cognition and behavior not accounted for by static FC and exhibiting alterations in brain disorders commonly associated with cerebro-cerebellar dysfunction, such as alcohol use disorder (AUD). We tested these hypotheses in two separate studies focusing on the dynamics of cerebro-cerebellar FC in relation to complex traits and disorders, such as impulsivity (first study) and AUD (second study). The first study has been motivated by a recent hypothesis for a role of the cerebellum in impulsivity; a complex personality trait defined as the tendency to act without foresight. We hypothesized that individual differences in normal impulsivity traits could be associated with the (static) strength and (dynamic) temporal variability of cerebro-cerebellar resting-state FC. We tested this hypothesis using rsfMRI data and self-report questionnaires of impulsivity (UPPS-P and BIS/BAS) collected from a group of healthy individuals. In particular, we employed data-driven techniques to identify cerebral and cerebellar resting-state networks, compute summary measures of static and dynamic FC, and test for associations with self-reported impulsivity. We observed evidence linking multiple forms of impulsivity to the strength and temporal variability of resting-state FC between the cerebellum and a set of highly dynamic and integrative brain networks that support top-down cognitive control and bottom-up reward/saliency processes, supporting our hypothesis that cerebro-cerebellar FC dynamics are behaviorally relevant. In the second study, we hypothesized that the dynamics of cerebro-cerebellar FC at short timescales would differ between AUD and controls, especially in the frontocerebellar circuits. To test this hypothesis, we explored the differences in the dynamic cerebro-cerebellar FC between an AUD group (N=18) and a group of unaffected controls (N=18) by comparing groups on different dynamic connectivity measures. Results revealed altered cerebro-cerebellar FC dynamics in the AUD group characterized by hypervariability of FC within fronto-parieto-cerebellar networks, reduced cerebellar flexibility, and increased cerebellar integration, compared with controls. These results suggest a possible role for the dynamics of fronto-parieto-cerebellar networks in the pathophysiology of this disorder. Taken together, the findings from this thesis highlight the utility of complementing static FC approaches with dynamic FC analysis in furthering our understanding of the functional repertoire of cerebro-cerebellar networks and the neurobiological architecture of complex behaviors and brain disorders
Cattai, Tiziana. "Leveraging brain connectivity networks to detect mental states during motor imagery." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021SORUS081.
Full textThe brain is a complex network and we know that inter-areal synchronization and de-synchronization mechanisms are crucial to perform motor and cognitive tasks. Nowadays, brain functional interactions are studied in brain-computer interface BCI) applications with more and more interest. This might have strong impact on BCI systems, typically based on univariate features which separately characterize brain regional activities. Indeed, brain connectivity features can be used to develop alternative BCIs in an effort to improve performance and to extend their real-life applicability. The ambition of this thesis is the investigation of brain functional connectivity networks during motor imagery (MI)-based BCI tasks. It aims to identify complex brain functioning, re-organization processes and time-varying dynamics, at both group and individual level. This thesis presents different developments that sequentially enrich an initially simple model in order to obtain a robust method for the study of functional connectivity networks. Experimental results on simulated and real EEG data recorded during BCI tasks prove that our proposed method well explains the variegate behaviour of brain EEG data. Specifically, it provides a characterization of brain functional mechanisms at group level, together with a measure of the separability of mental conditions at individual level. We also present a graph denoising procedure to filter data which simultaneously preserve the graph connectivity structure and enhance the signal-to-noise ratio. Since the use of a BCI system requires a dynamic interaction between user and machine, we finally propose a method to capture the evolution of time-varying data. In essence, this thesis presents a novel framework to grasp the complexity of graph functional connectivity during cognitive tasks
Mignot, Coralie. "Modulation des activations cérébrales par des odeurs subliminales : une étude en IRM fonctionnelle." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019STRAJ023/document.
Full textSome studies showed that subliminal odours – odours of very low intensity which activate the olfactory system but are not consciously perceived – can impact food behaviours. However, the sensory and cognitive mechanisms involved in subliminal odours processing remain poorly known. This work aims exploring cerebral activity induced by subliminal odours by the means of functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging. During MRI acquisitions, participants were unknowingly exposed to two odours presented at subliminal intensity and then at supraliminal intensity. Four cerebral networks highlighted by Independent Component Analysis (ICA) prove to be specific to the subliminal condition. These networks are not particular to olfactory processing and seem to be linked to attentional and executive control processes. The modulation of their activity by subliminal odours brings new elements to understand the impact of these odours on behaviour, and suggests possible applications for using these odours to regulate food behaviour
Lemaréchal, Jean-Didier. "Estimation des propriétés dynamiques des réseaux cérébraux à large échelle par modèles de masse neurale de potentiels évoqués cortico-corticaux Comparison of two integration methods for dynamic causal modeling of electrophysiological data. NeuroImage An atlas of neural parameters based on dynamic causal modeling of cortico-cortical evoked potentials." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020GRALS007.
Full textThis thesis work aims at modeling cortico-cortical evoked potentials (CCEPs) induced by intracortical direct electrical stimulation in epileptic patients being recorded with stereo-electroencephalography during epilepsy surgery. Neural mass models implemented within the dynamic causal modeling (DCM) framework are used for this purpose.We first demonstrate the importance of using an accurate integration scheme to solve the system of differential equations governing the global dynamics of the model, in particular to obtain precise estimates of the neuronal parameters of the model (Lemaréchal et al., 2018).In a second study, this methodology is applied to a large dataset from the F-TRACT project. The axonal conduction delays and speeds between brain regions, as well as the local synaptic time constants are estimated and their spatial mapping is obtained based on validated cortical parcellation schemes. Interestingly, the large amount of data included in this study allow to highlight brain dynamics differences between the young and the older populations (Lemaréchal et al., submitted).Finally, in the Bayesian context of DCM, we show that an atlas of connectivity can improve the specification and the estimation of a neural mass model, for electroencephalographic and magnetoencephalographic studies, by providing a priori distributions on the connectivity parameters of the model.To sum up, this work provides novel insights on dynamical properties of cortico-cortical interactions. The publication of our results in the form of an atlas of neuronal properties already provides an effective tool for a better specification of whole brain neuronal models
Gargouri, Fatma. "Etude de la connectivité fonctionnelle dans les pathologies de mouvement de Parkinson et de Huntington en utilisant l’approche par graine et la théorie des graphes." Thesis, Paris 6, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA066487/document.
Full textFunctional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) is a technique that allows exploring neuronal activity using an endogenous contrast based on the oxygenation level of hemoglobin. This contrast is called BOLD (Blood oxygenated Level Dependent). It has been shown that fluctuations in the BOLD signal at rest, correlated in distant brain regions, defining long-distance brain functional networks. This is called functional connectivity. The latter represents the spontaneous activity of the brain and it is measured by fMRI at rest. Our research project has therefore combined a methodological aspect and two applications in the field of movement pathologies. In the first part of our project we studied data preprocessing strategies. The objective was to study the influence of the preprocessing steps and their order of application on the brain networks’ topology. We compared 12 different pretreatment strategies. In these strategies we applied the standard and most used techniques but with a different order of application. The following two studies used resting-state fMRI to study: Huntington's disease and Parkinson's disease. In these pathologies, we focused on the study of the brain networks addressed through the study of functional connectivity. We determined whether resting-state fMRI and graph theory measures were able to identify robust biomarkers of Huntington's disease progression in a longitudinal study. In the second study, we investigated the role of cholinergic basal nuclei of the forebrain and their connections in the onset of cognitive problems presented in Parkinson's disease. The seed-based analysis is a suitable method for this type of question