Academic literature on the topic 'Research Subject Categories – SOCIAL SCIENCES – Other social sciences'

AbstractTo the extent that intersectionality is becoming a common term in mainstream social science, it is as a methodological justification to separate out different racial, ethnic, gender, class, and other social groups for empirical analysis. One might call this the “intersectionality hypothesis,” and in its best incarnation, it is about getting the facts right and finding the differences that matter. But an intersectional analysis in the social sciences often involves more than this. An intersectional approach also leads to potentially different interpretations of the same facts, or what we term a different social explanation. It is not only the intersection of categories that defines an intersectional project, then, but the theoretical framing that informs the analysis and interpretation of the subject under study. This framing often leads to an analysis of multiple and even conflicting social dynamics that enable certain kinds of social understanding that are otherwise invisible when scholars focus on a single set of social dynamics. Because the social theoretical aspects of research on intersectionality are rarely discussed, relative to the more methodological and ontological aspects of intersectionality, this is our main subject matter in this article. We focus on the process of developing social explanations rooted in the intersection of multiple social dynamics in several examples from our own research and across a variety of topics in social science research.

AbstractThe primary goal of this article is to identify the research fronts on the application of data-driven methods in business and economics. For this purpose, the research literature of the business and economic sciences Subject Categories from the Web of Science is mapped using BibExcel and VOSviewer. Since the assignment to subject categories is done at the journal level and since a journal is often assigned to several subject categories in Web of Science, two mappings are performed: one without considering multiple assignments (broad view) and one considering only those (articles from) journals that have been assigned exclusively to the business and economic sciences subject categories and no others (narrow view). A further aim of this article is therefore to identify differences in the two mappings. Surprisingly, engineering sciences play a major role in the broad mapping, in addition to the economic sciences. In the narrow mapping, however, only the following clusters with a clear business-management focus emerge: (i) Data-driven methods in management in general and data-driven supply chain management in particular, (ii) Data-driven operations research analyses with different business administration/management focuses, (iii) Data-driven methods and processes in economics and finance, and (iv) Data-driven methods in Information Systems. One limitation of the narrow mapping is that many relevant documents are not covered since the journals in which they appear are assigned to multiple subject categories in WoS. The paper comes to the conclusion that the multiple assignments of subject categories in Web of Science may lead to massive changes in the results. Adjacent subject areas—in this specific case the application of data-driven methods in engineering and more mathematically oriented contributions in economics (econometrics) are considered in the broad mapping (not excluding subject categories from neighbouring disciplines) and are even over-represented compared to the core areas of business and economics. If a mapping should only consider the core aspects of particular research fields, it is shown in this use case that the exclusion of Web of Science-subject categories that do not belong to the core areas due to multiple assignments (narrow view), may be a valuable alternative. Finally, it depends on the reader to decide which mapping is more beneficial to them.

Objective of the study is to determine the opinions of university students on urbanization and urbanizing (urbanizing can also be defined as “becoming urbanized,” “urban culture,” or “urban adaptation” and will be used with these meanings throughout the study) and their misconceptions on this subject. Data of the research were obtained from the free word association test applied to 74 fourth- and fifth-grade students from the geography teaching department who took the course of urban geography and 67 students from the social sciences teaching department who took the four lessons in which the subjects of urbanization and urbanizing were told by the researcher. Data obtained from the study were classified and categorized according to their semantic relationships by researcher. When categories examined, it is seen that students cannot distinguish the concepts of urbanization and urbanizing thoroughly and they include almost the same statements. This result shows that there are a lot of misconceptions. Although some student-teachers took the course of urban geography and others were presented about the subject briefly, it is difficult to capture a conceptual integrity in perception. Students mostly confuse the concepts of urbanization and urbanizing. In fact they are not even at the cognitive level needed for distinguishing the concepts of urban, urbanize and urbanization. Statements that they wrote about the concepts of urbanization and urbanizing resemble and these statements define the urban more.

This exploratory article attempts to generalize knowledge and approaches to the understanding of tourism as integrating concepts in scientific discourse on the study and research of tourism as a phenomenon of human life. There are new requirements in the study of theoretical and applied some problems before tourism science, in particular at the level of understanding of tourism as an object of scientific knowledge. The topical theoretical task is to harmonize the understanding and interpretation of tourism science, tourismology, their parts, the improvement of the concept of the separation of object-subject and methodological foundations of scientific disciplines. To solve these and other actual problems, it is necessary to combine the efforts of various sciences and their parts, individual scientists nationally and globally. The article deals with the peculiarities of tourism as a social phenomenon, an object of scientific knowledge and research, an efficient branch of economics, a part of fundamental and applied sciences, and its structure. Each science has its own subject and object of research and is a synthesis of knowledge about the phenomena of reality that it studies. However, it certainly is in certain interrelationships with other sciences. Thus, the methodological functions of tourism and tourismology are considered, such as: integrative, system-forming, structural-functional. Approaches to understanding the essence of tourism, tourism, as the fundamental categories in the scientific sense of the main object of research – tourism are described. Particular attention is paid to the geography of tourism, its place in the system of sciences and individual disciplines, their connection between them and their mutual influence. The basic directions of tourism studies are defined: the philosophy of tourism, the history of tourism, praxeology of tourism, the geography of tourism, cultural studies of tourism. We have identified tourismology and positioned it in the classification scheme over tourism in the context of scientific substantiation and conceptualization of theoretical and practical foundations of tourism studies with all its components. Key words: tourism, tourism science, tourismology, tourism geography, classification.

A range of methodological frameworks is available to assist decision-makers with evaluations of projects concerned with biodiversity conservation (the protection, management or restoration of biodiversity), but their uptake has been relatively limited. Some researchers suggest a lack of research interest to be one contributory factor, in particular in relation to the application of interdisciplinary approaches that integrate methods from the natural and social sciences, despite the insights that such approaches can bring. We evaluated this assertion by examining the provenance of some examples of current research in this area. Specifically, we compared two exemplar papers published in a conservation journal and one in an interdisciplinary ecological economics journal. We scored the cited references in each paper according to standard subject categories. These scores were then weighted and aggregated to give an overall quantified subject category distribution for each of the three focal papers. Comparison of the three papers revealed an expected dominance of subject categories most closely aligned with ecological science. However, there were different patterns of provenance in the three papers. One paper from the conservation journal was dominated by citations of other papers in the biodiversity conservation literature. The second paper from the conservation journal and the paper from the ecological economics journal displayed similar overall patterns of disciplinary provenance, although they diverged in disciplinary provenance for the less commonly cited disciplines, such as the social sciences. Our results suggest that research in biodiversity project evaluation may be developing along at least three, relatively distinct, pathways rather than as a genuinely interconnected research theme. This is likely to hinder progress in research but also in practical application of the techniques, in terms of reducing the likelihood of identifying inadequate, inappropriate or inefficient conservation investments. There is still considerable opportunity for further collaboration in the areas of biodiversity evaluation among researchers in a range of disciplines, including ecology, economics, statistics, forestry and wildlife management. Biodiversity conservation evaluation is a growing field, but its potential is unlikely to be fulfilled unless biodiversity researchers seek to develop a more integrated community, and particularly, to learn from researchers in other disciplines where evaluation has a longer history.

The subject. The authors create an instrumental apparatus that saturates existing and emerging data needs in the theory constituting process and thus create preconditions for police practice development.The methodology. The research is based on the content analyses of final research reports, the object of which is police proceedings and the subject is police reality,The purpose. The authors substantiate the following hypothesis. The source of the development of knowledge in police practice and the development of police theory is a permanent solution to the philosophical contradiction between police theory and police practice, with police practice being the defining aspect of this contradictory unity. The need and areas of scientific knowledge of activities in the police proceedings structure are therefore determined by police practice.The main results. By verifying police practice, the authors confirm the necessary obligatory interaction between theory and practice, which is predominantly determined by the achieved research outputs and their acceptance. At the same time, they respect that systematically processed knowledge from applied research can show the character of a theory. In accordance with their knowledge, consisting of a system of knowledge presented by the achieved outputs from scientific research, evaluation and explanation of phenomena registered in the purposeful implementation of activities in the structure of police proceedings (research object). The term police action can be understood as a synthetic term for a holistic grasp of the police activity and its bodies. The activity of police and security authorities means: a special form of professional service for the state, self-governing as well as commercial organizations and, last but not least, citizens. It contains a set of executive, organizational, management and other activities that have the character of official interventions, official acts, other official activities and other measures. They are carried out in accordance with the rule of law and ethical principles of civil democratic society, preventive and, where necessary, repressive methods of police work. Their aim is to protect the fundamental human rights of citizens and society from crime and other anti-social activities. They define the identity of these phenomena through the subject (optics) of research, systematically defining the police reality by the process parameters, their determinants and constructs of specific police activities. In the Slovak Republic, the authors of this paper participate in the performance of tasks related to the constitution of police sciences. The outputs of applied research offer a system of scientific knowledge about police reality. With the dialectical approach, in relation to the examined activities in the structure of police proceedings, they define the reasons related to the assumption of the existence of links among the elements of police reality, or they reveal their objective absence. By identifying systems, the authors create a model of these purposefully implemented activities with properties characterizing their behaviour. At the same time, they respect that the strategic form of the parameters of this model is expressed by the achieved set intentions and goals of certain specific activities. Determining them is a concentrated expression of this will. The basic context in their work (participation in the process of constituting police sciences), determining the meaning and mission, is a specific subject accepted by them. This is the police reality, an objective fact that the theory of police sciences examines and uses to explain existing and emerging objects. Therefore, their activity in the process of constituting police sciences corresponds to changes in social processes. When creating their instruments (conceptual system, categories, theoretical models, forms of thinking), they combine it with the explanation of new approaches related to the development and advancement of policing processes, characterized by openness and possibilities of social control in their purposeful implementation. This confirms that this process forms a system. Its design shows relative stability and closeness. They do not include any inputs in its content, just those that are foreseen and anticipated. In this context, they realize that the interdisciplinary of concepts enriches the view of constituted police science. For the police sciences , the abstractness and generality of statements from other scientific disciplines is not a starting point, but already the result of research into specific systems (disposition of knowledge), significantly contributing to increase effectiveness of their scientific work. In the conditions of the Slovak Republic, the police sciences are constituted as practical, social and security sciences. Therefore, the authors of this paper accept that the theoretical and methodological development of police sciences requires them to be confronted and independently dealt with the current state in the theory and methodology of science in the early 21st century, to be sensitive to the current development of the overall scientific atmosphere and independently and critically. In this process, the meaningfulness of their scientific work is evident. This corresponds to the registered needs for the transfer of scientific knowledge into police practice.Conclusions. From these findings it is clear that in the current stage of development of the Slovak Republic, the process of constituting police sciences forms a structured system with to the point management. Its successful completion is also determined by the results of a constructive discussion, the authors participated in with this presented knowledge.

The ability to innovate and be creative in student learning is influenced by many factors, including learning barriers (internal and external to students). This learning barrier implies student self-efficacy in dealing with mathematics learning problems and working on math test questions. This study aims to analyze the relationship between self-efficacy, barriers to student learning and academic achievement from learning outcomes. Specifically, analyzed students' creative thinking abilities for each selected group for learning barriers and self-efficacy. The population in this study was drawn from the mathematics education students as many as 154 students. Analysis of learning barriers and self-efficacy on academic achievement statistically used Structural Equation Modelling (SEM). The discussion of the research results was carried out descriptively and qualitatively from the results of the SEM processing and the results of the students' written tests, to provide comprehensive conclusions from the selected subjects. From the population, four subjects were selected, namely the subject with the very unobstructed category, the subject with the obstructed category, the subject with the quite obstructed category and the subject with the obstructed category. The quantitative research results show that learning barriers have a negative effect on student self-efficacy. Meanwhile, self-efficacy has a significant positive effect on student academic achievement. Meanwhile, qualitatively students with learning disabilities in the very unhindered category can improvise creativity in solving problems better than other categories. Received: 6 January 2021 / Accepted: 11 February 2021/ Published: 5 March 2021

A review of: Tucker, James, Corey. “Database Support for Research in Public Administration.” Behavioral & Social Sciences Librarian 24.1 (2005): 47-60. Objective – To examine the extent to which six commercial database products support student and faculty research in the area of public administration. Design – Bibliometric study. Setting – Academic library in the United States. Subjects – Six commercial business-related database products were examined: Proquest’s ABI/INFORM Global edition (ABI), EBSCO’s Business Source Premier (BSP), Gale’s General BusinessFile ASAP (GBF), EBSCO’s Academic Search Premier (ASP), EBSCO’s Expanded Academic Index (EAI) and Proquest’s International Academic Research Library (ARL). Three of the databases (ABI, BSP, GBF) were chosen because they address the management, human resource, and financing elements of public administration. The other three (ASP, EAI, ARL) were included because of their multidisciplinary coverage. Methods – A list of journal titles covering public administration was assembled from the Institute of Scientific Information’s Social Sciences Citation Index and previously published lists of recommended journals in the field. The author then compared the compiled list of journal titles against the journal titles indexed by the six database products. He further analyzed the results by level of journal coverage (abstract only, full-text, and full-text with embargo) and subject area based on categories described in Ulrich’s Periodicals Directory. Main Results – The study found that three of the six database products --EAI, BSP, and ARL -- provide indexing for the greatest number of public administration journals contained in the compiled list. EIA and ARL cover the greatest number of those that are full-text journals, while BSP and ASP cover the greatest number of those full-text journals limited by publisher embargoes. Conclusion – The author concludes that of the six databases examined, EAI, BSP, and ARL are the best for public administration research, based on their strength in the subject areas of public administration and public finance. The author also recommends that librarians in the field of public administration “carefully evaluate each database to see which one best fits the needs of the library and patrons” (56).

Purpose – Uncovering faculty members’ conceptions of Information Literacy (IL), as well as exploring their perceptions with regard to the importance given to a previously defined set of core IL competences grouped into four categories: searching, evaluation, processing and communication and dissemination. Ascertaining the possible differences among the five knowledge branches (arts and humanities, sciences, social and legal sciences, health sciences, and technical disciplines); and understanding the importance granted to a set of learning improvement initiatives by the faculty. The paper aims to discuss these issues. Design/methodology/approach – The survey was completed by a set of faculty members from the University of Granada (Spain). Data were collected using the IL-HUMASS survey. The research is based on subjective data, first approached from a descriptive point of view. Later, data correlation, analysis and non-parametric tests were used with the goal of finding significant differences of faculty perceptions among the relevant academic areas. Findings – Results suggest that more than half of the surveyed faculty have what the authors define as an Academic Concept of IL. The IL categories of communica\tion and dissemination and searching were graded in significance by the staff as being “very important,” while those of evaluation and processing were assigned a slightly lesser rating of “important.” Results suggest that IL awareness falls into two broad groups differentiated by subject discipline: those from health sciences, social and legal sciences and arts and humanities representing the first group, and sciences and technical disciplines the other. Research limitations/implications – This approach address the subjective status of faculty concepts in a single university, but also in all knowledge branches. Future research is needed. Originality/value – This is one of the few papers regarding faculty perceptions of IL.

Demographic changes and increasing diversity in the United States bring about changes in how people define themselves and how they categorize others. I describe three issues that are relevant to the labeling and self-definition of ethnic groups in U.S. society: (1) the creation and definition of identity categories, (2) the subjectivity of self-definition, and (3) the flexibility of identity expression. In each case, substantial research from social psychology and related disciplines supports a socially constructed definition and use of ethnic categories, wherein identities are subject to the influence of local and national norms and are amenable to change across situations and over time.

L'obbiettivo primario di questo lavoro e' stato quello di sviluppare uno strumento finalizzato alla raccolta e alla gestione integrata di considerevoli quantita' di dati acquisiti mediante l'esecuzione di differenti tipologie d'indagine. L'opportunita' di mettere in relazione i parametri geofisici con le caratteristiche geo litologiche del sottosuolo ha permesso di focalizzare l'attenzione sullo studio della risposta sismica locale, utilizzando tecniche di sismica passiva sia per ricavare informazioni sul comportamento dinamico del terreno sia per effettuare un'analisi dei processi tettonici recenti ed in oltre far emergere le caratteristiche morfo strutturali dell'area.

Nel caso d'Orleans come in quello di Catania non si segnala alcuna misteriosa sparizione, i fatti non sono realmente accaduti: il rumor crea l'evento. Come in un sogno in cui fantasia e realta' si confondono, la memoria collettiva si appropria del mito fluttuante, lo ancora alla realta', e di quello si serve per gridare a gran voce il proprio turbamento e le proprie contraddizioni. Tutto cio' allora sembra essere prova del fatto che quelle contraddizioni e quei turbamenti in realta' non abbandonano mai il corpo sociale ma da questo vengono riprese ed esternate quando una lettura del contesto da parte degli attori viene interpretata come sovraccarico d'ambivalenza. E' chiaro che espressa in questi termini la lettura contestuale non sara' mai espressione di una crisi oggettiva: due citta', contesti differenti, contraddizioni differenti. Ma la questione nodale sembra essere un'altra. Due citta' con contesti e contraddizioni differenti alle spalle, in tempi lontani l'una dall'altra adottano lo stesso modo di procedere: una forza mitopoietica accomuna le due citta'. Se dunque la lettura e la conseguente interpretazione del contesto sono lasciate agli attori e trovano senso se inserite in quel contesto, il ricorso a spiegazioni dal carattere mitologico e la ricerca di colpevoli potrebbero invece accomunare l'intera societa'.
In the case of Orleans as in Catania, no mysterious disappearance has been reported, the facts did not really happen: the rumor creates the event. As in a dream in which fantasy and reality mingle, the collective memory takes possession of the floating myth anchoring it to reality using it to shout loudly its own disturbance and contradictions. Then everything seems to be evidence that those contradictions and disturbances actually never leave the social body but these are recovered and expressed when a reading of the context by the actors is interpreted as overload of ambivalence. It is clear that the contextual reading expressed in these terms will never be expression of an "objective" crisis: two cities, different environments, different contradictions. But the crucial issue seems to be different. Two cities with different contexts and contradictions behind, in distant times one to the other, take the same approach: a mythopoeic force unites the two cities. If the reading of the context and its interpretation is left to the actors and finds direction when put in that context, then the use of mythological explanations and the search for culprits could unite the entire society.

El ser humano por naturaleza está en búsqueda de la felicidad. La felicidad como concepto tiene múltiples definiciones; en un sentido estrictamente científico el término que mejor conviene a la definición de felicidad es el de bienestar subjetivo. El bienestar subjetivo desde el punto de vista científico está clasificado en dos aspectos. El primer aspecto es el lado emocional, centrándose en las emociones positivas y en la ausencia de emociones negativas; el segundo aspecto es el lado cognitivo, lo que nosotros pensamos de nuestra propia felicidad. En nuestra concepción de felicidad surgen una serie de preguntas: ¿Qué rol tiene mi entorno laboral o la forma en que me gano la vida en mi bienestar?, ¿Qué rol tienen mi familia, amigos y compañeros de trabajo en mi bienestar?, ¿Qué puedo hacer para mejorar mi bienestar y que nos dicen los estudios científicos? El presente trabajo investigación estudió los elementos intangibles que pueden percibir los empleados de Ford de México como contribuyentes al incremento del bienestar personal. Para ello, se llevó a cabo una encuesta a los empleados de Ford Motor Company en su sede corporativa en la Ciudad de México con la finalidad de obtener información empírica que sirvió como identificador de elementos que contribuyen a su bienestar subjetivo y la manera en que éste se puede incrementar significativamente. Los resultados obtenidos de esta investigación ayudaron a determinar la influencia del trabajo y la familia sobre el bienestar subjetivo de los empleados.

La Dra. Tizbe Teresa Arteaga Reyes participó: (i) como corresponsable del proyecto de investigación “Parque Nacional Nevado de Toluca: un laboratorio socioambiental en la innovación de políticas para la gestión de parques nacionales”, con clave 162955, en el marco del Convenio Bilateral México-Francia (ii) en la dirección de la tesis de Maestría en Ciencias Agropecuarias y Recursos Naturales de la C. Laura Millán Rojas; y (iii) en la redacción de un artículo científico como autora por correspondencia. Tanto la tesis de maestría como el artículo científico fueron productos derivados de dicho proyecto de investigación.
Cultural environmental services (CES) are perceived as non-material benefits that societies obtain from ecosystems; benefits that are considered as an important attribute within the conceptual framework of environmental services (ES). However, they are the least addressed by academia and decision making, regarding care and conservation of natural resources since the biophysical part is generally addressed, leaving aside the social aspect. This research is embedded into ES framework and it focuses on the analysis of the spatial representation of CES; it assumes that identification and documentation of social perspectives, through CES, is important to generate integral information based on relevant values associated with ecosystems. The objective was to analyse SAC that are provided by natural spaces of San Francisco Oxtotilpan to its inhabitants, within the context of the Flora and Fauna Protected Area Nevado de Toluca, Mexico, an area of ecological and cultural relevance at state and national levels. Semi-structured interviews and social cartography were applied for the identification of CES, natural spaces and the practices to which they are related to, as well as threats and conservation actions in such spaces. Six CES were identified: spiritual and religious, recreational, aesthetic, sense of identity and belonging to a place, cultural heritage, and sensory sense of subjective well-being. It is concluded that CES are associated with natural spaces and practices of daily life, that cause the receipt of such benefits by inhabitants. There is a multiple provision and receipt of CES that shows the relationship between natural space, practices and benefits. This research seeks that the documentation of knowledge contributes to the scientific enrichment around ES, specifically of CES, so it enables its consideration into decision making, firstly, at local level.
Al Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (CONACYT) por el financiamiento para: (i) la Maestría en Ciencias Agropecuarias y Recursos Naturales de la Lic. Laura Millán Rojas y (ii) el proyecto de investigación “Parque Nacional Nevado de Toluca: un laboratorio socioambiental en la innovación de políticas para la gestión de parques nacionales”, con clave 162955, en el marco del Convenio Bilateral México-Francia.

A través de este trabajo de investigación se hizo una revisión objetiva y amplia de la implementación de la Cédula de Identidad Ciudadana, un documento oficial de identificación que fue propuesto e impulsado en México durante la administración de Felipe Calderón Hinojosa, entre los años 2006 y 2009 y cuyo principal objetivo era lograr consolidar una identificación única, basada en información biométrica y jurídica de los ciudadanos, con el objetivo de evitar la duplicidad de identidades, aumentar las medidas de seguridad de la identidad y hacer las veces de una identificación única. Derivado de la problemática se formulan las siguientes preguntas de investigación: ¿Por qué el orden social es un tema de análisis de la tradición sociológica? ¿Cuál o cuáles son los antecedentes de las cédulas de identidad implementadas en México y en Latinoamérica y cuáles eran los objetivos comunes de dicho documento? ¿Cuál es el objetivo de la implementación de la cédula de identidad en México? ¿Qué responsabilidad institucional implica la recolección de información, procesamiento y resguardo de la misma? ¿Cuál es la normatividad que respalda este tipo de identificación y de qué manera protege los datos personales? ¿Es posible implementar criterios de discriminación y control a partir de la información contenida en la cédula de identidad? ¿Qué tipo de problemas implica el uso de datos biométricos en una identificación personal? ¿Cuál es el riesgo que la sociedad enfrenta ante la falta de protección de datos en dicho documento? La hipótesis que se plantea es la siguiente: El control social supone formas de clasificación por medio de la información personal contenida en documentos como la cédula de identidad ciudadana, cuya implementación en México ha sido condicionado por instituciones y actores políticos frente al discurso de defensa de la seguridad nacional. Los objetivos de la investigación son: Analizar los factores que han intervenido para condicionar la propuesta de implementación de la Cédula de Identidad Ciudadana en México, con el fin de ejemplificar la forma en que las instituciones políticas modernas definen el funcionamiento de estrategias de control. El objetivo específico de la presente investigación radica en la extracción argumentos respecto de la Cédula de Identidad Ciudadana y para ello fue necesaria la descripción de todo fenómeno relacionado para poder hacer una inferencia que condujera a algo más amplio, que como menciona Goffman (2006) no se había observado directamente. La investigación se realizó través de la revisión y seguimiento de medios electrónicos, en dónde la búsqueda se perfiló hacia noticias y artículos, se recopiló información sobre el lanzamiento de la propuesta de la Cédula de Identidad Ciudadana, los actores involucrados en su diseño e implementación y el debate socio político que ello implicaba. El seguimiento se realizó en los principales diarios del país y algunas plataformas electrónicas, tanto institucionales como periodísticas con la intención de revisar todas las aristas del problema; además de la revisión del marco normativo mexicano, esto con la finalidad de hacer un balance entre la información que habría de contener el documento de identificación y la protección de los datos. La inferencia descriptiva se define como “utilizar observaciones del mundo para revelar otros hechos que no se han observado” (King, 2000:18), tales observaciones se realizan a partir de los datos recabados acerca de un tema específico. Para la presente investigación se usó información documental que se comparó de manera cronológica para poder contrastar entre lo observado y lo que aún no había sido puesto a discusión para construir a partir de ello una inferencia deductiva acerca del uso de la Cédula de identidad Ciudadana en México. La razón por la que la inferencia descriptiva fue la base de esta investigación radica en el manejo de la información del procedimiento para la realización de la Cédula de Identidad Ciudadana está sesgada en partes observables que aparecen en noticias, artículos, leyes e información documental pero que también oculta o deja de considerar partes importantes que impactan directamente en el entorno social y político. Hallazgos Si bien la Cédula de Identidad Ciudadana fue una herramienta no tuvo mayor desarrollo, cumplió con las medidas de seguridad política que garantizaran la estabilidad social, pues de lo contrario estaría amenazada, ya que priva el interés por salvaguardar sus características culturales, políticas y lingüísticas que lo constituyen como una nación; además de que el tamaño del territorio político, pues la mala protección de este puede vulnerar la soberanía e integridad del mismo. Sin embargo su principal propósito se estableció con el objetivo de censar y ubicar los factores de riesgo, evitar la duplicación o falsificación de la personalidad, el tráfico de armas y menguar las amenazas constantes. La inferencia nos lleva a deducir que la implementación de un documento como la cédula de identidad ciudadana constituye una herramienta para el control y la clasificación social, y cuya connotación no siempre es negativa, pues el principal interés es detectar las áreas de oportunidad que pueden poner en riesgo potencial a toda la población. Como bien dicen la información es poder, y lo que no se mide, no se controla, y lo que no se controla, no se puede mejorar, derivado de ello es importante que se cuente con altos protocolos de seguridad que contribuyan a salvaguardar la integridad de una nación y sus ciudadanos, no olvidemos que este factor se obtiene de los indicadores que arrojen los análisis de información que posea el Estado. Por lo tanto, se infiere que la Cédula de Identidad ciudadana constituye un mecanismo de vigilancia, control y clasificación que le permite al Estado Mexicano, más que otorgarles identidad y certeza jurídica, construir estrategias se seguridad robustas e integrales que protejan su integridad y la de los ciudadanos. La cédula de identidad en México quedará como un parteaguas en la recopilación de datos biométricos y jurídicos, con características de alta seguridad para la protección de quien la posee y el país que la expide, pero que no termina de consolidarse debido a la falta de protección de los propios datos y la escueta vigilancia, control y seguridad al interior de las instituciones de salvaguardar la integridad de los pobladores y el propio país.

El gobierno municipal debe, en términos generales, coadyuvar junto a los otros dos niveles de gobierno en atender las necesidades básicas de la comunidad referentes: a educación, salud, asistencia social vivienda y el mejoramiento de los centros de población rurales. A pesar de todo, el municipio cuenta con las herramientas necesarias para transformarse e incidir en su propio destino, y así enfrentar los problemas y graves contradicciones que hoy lo caracterizan. La oportunidad está en aprovechar sus propias fuerzas y condiciones que la misma ley le permite. Su misión será revertir las tendencias negativas que se observan a nivel nacional y estatal. El reto es mayúsculo, sin embargo, es imperioso retomar la planeación como punto de partida de la transformación. El país transita por un sendero que puede conducir a situaciones que menosprecien el papel que puede tener el municipio en la búsqueda de alternativas viables de desarrollo. Para evitar esto, el sistema de planeación municipal puede convertirse en la vía adecuada para impulsar las acciones que mejoren el nivel de vida de los habitantes de los municipios. Los municipios entendidos como la célula política y el nivel primario de gobierno, representan la instancia idónea para planear el progreso. La cercanía de los ciudadanos significa una gran oportunidad para sumarlos en el diseño, supervisión y evaluación de los planes. El municipio debe entenderse como el ámbito propicio donde los programas de fomento económico tienen mayor impacto. Los errores del pasado de considerar a la planeación como mero procedimiento burocrático o del actual modelo económico que establece que el mejor plan es aquel que no existe, tendrán que ser superados. En su lugar deben formularse planes de desarrollo, donde la simulación, la falta de continuidad y la demagogia no tengan cabida. De acuerdo a lo anterior, la planeación municipal como tal constituye un tema importante para todos los interesados en buscar soluciones a la problemática de los habitantes de los municipios del país en general y en particular del Municipio de Temascalcingo. La planeación municipal es esencialmente una herramienta, que usada correctamente puede ser el factor que facilite forjar un nuevo horizonte en el bienestar de la sociedad. Los problemas que el país presenta en casi en todos los aspectos y en particular los municipios mexiquenses como por ejemplo: el desempleo, la inseguridad, la falta de servicios públicos, infraestructura insuficiente, falta de mantenimiento de las obras públicas, entre otros; pueden ser disminuidos con un sistema verdadero de planeación que delinee las estrategias que den sentido a las acciones dirigidas a abatir los rezagos económicos, sociales que aquejan los grupos mayoritarios de la población.

El crecimiento económico es un elemento clave que para fines de este trabajo se aborda como punto de partida para comprender una de las problemáticas que afectan a México, principalmente en el aspecto que engloba la parte del capital humano generado por medio de la educación. A partir de la premisa de que la educación superior es un motor de crecimiento, se analiza el papel que desempeñan las instituciones de educación superior en la formación de los individuos para que puedan adquirir conocimientos y habilidades que les permitan interactuar en una economía de modo que propicien un ambiente que impulse el crecimiento sostenido de largo plazo del producto. En el afán de encontrar y explicar las causas que influyen en el crecimiento de una economía, se ha establecido como uno de los objetivos el análisis de la educación superior como formadora del capital humano, en consecuencia se han revisado investigaciones en las cuales se han identificado las propuestas, las diversas teorías y los argumentos que integran elementos históricos o que reseñan que en particular este nivel educativo puede ser un pilar y un motor de crecimiento económico para una economía en vías de desarrollo.

En la actualidad el transporte aéreo ha evolucionado en gran magnitud dándole eficacia en su uso pero esto no hay llevado a la reducción de costos y su utilización para que las mercancías seas trasladas. Recordando que este medio de transporte fue desarrollado en la primera Guerra Mundial con fines militares, lo que llevo años más tarde a la existencia de aeronaves para el transporte de personas entre París y Londres, en estos aviones viajaban un máximo de cuatro personas. Años más tarde se fueron evolucionando los aviones de tal forma que se llegó a aviones utilizados para el traslado de suministros entre países, como después a utilizar las aeronaves para el comercio entre regiones y/o países para la facilitación de entrega más rápida de las mercancías vendidas o compradas entre dos gobiernos, personas u organizaciones. En el presente trabajo, se estudia y analiza la forma en que se puede aumentar el volumen de carga en diversos puntos tanto del país como en el mundo de manera área. Se presenta un análisis sobre el traslado de mercancías de manera aérea, lo que lleva al estudio de las existencias de anomalías en la logística de este medio de transporte, llegando a la conclusión de que la logística es importante para la transportación en México, a través de la metodología se observa que existe un aumento anual de la cantidad mercancías movidas por esta vía pero a pesar de ello con mejoras podría haber un aumento en estos porcentajes que lleven a que en el futuro este transporte sea más utilizado para el traslado de mercancías tanto dentro del país como de México hacia al mundo.

En un entorno económico inestable como el que priva a nuestro país, dónde factores como la disminución de empleo, bajo crecimiento económico, pérdida de poder adquisitivo, etc.; hacen que se acentué más la necesidad de evaluar todo proyecto que se desea emprender, ya que la intuición y el buen juicio no son suficientes para garantizar el éxito de un proyecto. Por tanto, se vuelve imprescindible el uso de técnicas de análisis para reducir el riesgo que conlleva invertir en un entorno de incertidumbre. Por eso, el objetivo principal de la presente investigación es evaluar la factibilidad y rentabilidad de instalar un negocio dedicado a la comercialización de pulque en el municipio de Metepec.

El Estado de México está dividido en 125 municipios; el crecimiento y desarrollo de sus municipios requiere de una planificación gubernamental eficaz y eficiente, capaz de resolver problemáticas que acontecen a los territorios día con día en materia social, económica, territorial, entre otros; lo anterior para lograr un mayor bienestar para sus habitantes. (Manual para la elaboración del plan de desarrollo municipal 2013-2015, 2013). Principalmente, existe un problema de planeación en cuanto a infraestructura, equipamiento y servicios, por lo que es importante guiarse de un buen plan de desarrollo y aplicarlo respecto a las necesidades que requiere el municipio de Valle de Bravo, ya que, aunque se han publicado varios planes de desarrollo, no se le ha dado seguimiento a largo plazo debido a diferentes factores, y al parecer, es lo que necesita el municipio, continuidad en el proceso de desarrollo. Valle de Bravo es un municipio que cuenta con 74 localidades. Para el año de 2010 contaba con una población total de 61,599 habitantes, de los cuales eran 30,296 hombres y 31,303 mujeres. Es clasificado como un municipio mixto, dado el tamaño de sus localidades según el INAFED, el cual define como municipio mixto: la población se distribuye sin que sus localidades concentren un porcentaje de población mayor o igual al 50% del total de la población. Los habitantes de Valle de Bravo prácticamente confían sus ingresos en su conocida presa de agua, ya que el turismo es la principal fuente de ingresos para éste municipio. Pero desde hace un tiempo, los mismos habitantes están preocupados por la presa de agua, ya que al ser uno de los principales atractivos es también uno de los más utilizados y congestionados; enriquece al desarrollo económico del municipio, pero si no se comienza a realizar una acción de sustentabilidad a largo plazo, será un problema en el futuro de los ingresos económicos para los vallesanos. Si la presa de agua sigue contaminándose de la manera en que lo ha estado haciendo, Valle de Bravo perdería su principal atractivo, por lo que esto representaría una externalidad negativa para sus 7 habitantes, tanto económico como demográfico, debido a que la fuente de ingresos desaparecería y se tendrían que buscar nuevas fuentes tal vez en municipios aledaños. Para lo anterior, en el capítulo dos, se menciona una fuente de alternativa a los ingresos en el municipio, se trata de la frambuesa roja que, dado el clima vallesano, es apta para sembrarse, comercializarse y exportarse.

The textbook deals with the main problems of history, philosophy and methodology of social sciences and humanities. Special emphasis is placed on such issues as the subject of social humanities, methods of social humanities, the picture of the world in social humanities, social pseudoscience, ideology and social humanities, ethics of a social scientist, social ontology, social epistemology, etc. The purpose of the textbook is to introduce students to the methods of research in the subject areas of social and humanitarian sciences and teach them the skills to conduct independent scientific research in accordance with the criteria and requirements set by the modern logic of the development of social and humanitarian knowledge. Meets the requirements of the federal state educational standards of higher education of the latest generation. It is intended for bachelors, undergraduates and postgraduates studying philosophy of science, as well as other disciplines related to philosophical and methodological problems of social and humanitarian knowledge.

The book “Applied social sciences: concepts and perspectives vol.01, edited and published by South Florida Publishing, gathers ten chapters that approach themes of relevance in the context of education and are available in Spanish. The book will feature, a study on establishing the development of literary transcendentalism and how it manifests itself between the islands of Cuba, the Dominican Republic and Puerto Rico from the years 1927 to the mid-1950s. Literary transcendentalism was a manifestation that contemplated various ideologies and positions among our Caribbean islands. Another study that will be discussed is the explanation of basic personality traits in a case of homicide perpetrated by a subject who exercised professional activity in the elite military field (he was a sniper specialized in special missions abroad), what are the repercussions or consequences juridical-juridical that led to the crime of (civil) homicide perpetrated by him and sentence handed down to that effect. The third chapter presents a search for a model for the assessment of competencies in basic education through a case study at the Los Pinos de Algeciras school. We are in the middle of the infant school. A survey will also be presented in a global company, located in Brazil, on how it is facing knowledge management and its dissemination, through corporate tools and by managers. It also aims to research market tools that can improve this management and make companies move towards a future within the plan, without significant loss of their intellectual capital and embedded knowledge, among other works. Thus, we thank all authors for their commitment and dedication to their work and we hope to be able to contribute to the scientific community, in the dissemination of knowledge and in the advancement of science.

How the tools of STS can be used to understand art and science and the practices of these knowledge-making communities. In Art, Science, and the Politics of Knowledge, Hannah Star Rogers suggests that art and science are not as different from each other as we might assume. She shows how the tools of science and technology studies (STS) can be applied to artistic practice, offering new ways of thinking about people and objects that have largely fallen outside the scope of STS research. Arguing that the categories of art and science are labels with specific powers to order social worlds—and that art and science are best understood as networks that produce knowledge—Rogers shows, through a series of cases, the similarities and overlapping practices of these knowledge communities. The cases, which range from nineteenth-century artisans to contemporary bioartists, illustrate how art can provide the basis for a new subdiscipline called art, science, and technology studies (ASTS), offering hybrid tools for investigating art–science collaborations. Rogers's subjects include the work of father and son glassblowers, the Blaschkas, whose glass models, produced in the nineteenth century for use in biological classification, are now displayed as works of art; the physics photographs of documentary photographer Berenice Abbott; and a bioart lab that produces work functioning as both artwork and scientific output. Finally, Rogers, an STS scholar and contemporary art–science curator, draws on her own work to consider the concept of curation as a form of critical analysis.

The monograph reflects the problems of Russian psycholinguistics from the moment of its inception in Russia to the present day and presents its main directions that are currently developing. In addition, theoretical developments and practical results obtained in the framework of different directions and research centers are described in a concise form. The task of the book is to reflect, as far as it is possible in one edition, firstly, the history of the formation of Russian psycholinguistics; secondly, its methodology and developed methods; thirdly, the results obtained in different research centers and directions in different regions of Russia; fourthly, to outline the main directions of the further development of Russian psycholinguistics. There is no doubt that in the theoretical, methodological and applied aspects, the main problems and the results of their development by Russian psycholinguistics have no analogues in world linguistics and psycholinguistics, or are represented by completely original concepts and methods. We have tried to show this uniqueness of the problematics and the methodological equipment of Russian psycholinguistics in this book. The main role in the formation of Russian psycholinguistics was played by the Moscow psycholinguistic school of A.A. Leontyev. It still defines the main directions of Russian psycholinguistics. Russian psycholinguistics (the theory of speech activity - TSA) is based on the achievements of Russian psychology: a cultural-historical approach to the analysis of mental phenomena L.S. Vygotsky and the system-activity approach of A.N. Leontyev. Moscow is the most "psycholinguistic region" of Russia - INL RAS, Moscow State University, Moscow State Linguistic University, RUDN, Moscow State Pedagogical University, Moscow State Pedagogical University, Sechenov University, Moscow State University and other Moscow universities. Saint Petersburg psycholinguists have significant achievements, especially in the study of neurolinguistic problems, ontolinguistics. The most important feature of Russian psycholinguistics is the widespread development of psycholinguistics in the regions, the emergence of recognized psycholinguistic research centers - St. Petersburg, Tver, Saratov, Perm, Ufa, Omsk, Novosibirsk, Voronezh, Yekaterinburg, Kursk, Chelyabinsk; psycholinguistics is represented in Cherepovets, Ivanovo, Volgograd, Vyatka, Kaluga, Krasnoyarsk, Irkutsk, Vladivostok, Abakan, Maikop, Barnaul, Ulan-Ude, Yakutsk, Syktyvkar, Armavir and other cities; in Belarus - Minsk, in Ukraine - Lvov, Chernivtsi, Kharkov, in the DPR - Donetsk, in Kazakhstan - Alma-Ata, Chimkent. Our researchers work in Bulgaria, Hungary, Vietnam, China, France, Switzerland. There are Russian psycholinguists in Canada, USA, Israel, Austria and a number of other countries. All scientists from these regions and countries have contributed to the development of Russian psycholinguistics, to the development of psycholinguistic theory and methods of psycholinguistic research. Their participation has not been forgotten. We tried to present the main Russian psycholinguists in the Appendix - in the sections "Scientometrics", "Monographs and Manuals" and "Dissertations", even if there is no information about them in the Electronic Library and RSCI. The principles of including scientists in the scientometric list are presented in the Appendix. Our analysis of the content of the resulting monograph on psycholinguistic research in Russia allows us to draw preliminary conclusions about some of the distinctive features of Russian psycholinguistics: 1. cultural-historical approach to the analysis of mental phenomena of L.S.Vygotsky and the system-activity approach of A.N. Leontiev as methodological basis of Russian psycholinguistics; 2. theoretical nature of psycholinguistic research as a characteristic feature of Russian psycholinguistics. Our psycholinguistics has always built a general theory of the generation and perception of speech, mental vocabulary, linked specific research with the problems of ontogenesis, the relationship between language and thinking; 3. psycholinguistic studies of speech communication as an important subject of psycholinguistics; 4. attention to the psycholinguistic analysis of the text and the development of methods for such analysis; 5. active research into the ontogenesis of linguistic ability; 6. investigation of linguistic consciousness as one of the important subjects of psycholinguistics; 7. understanding the need to create associative dictionaries of different types as the most important practical task of psycholinguistics; 8. widespread use of psycholinguistic methods for applied purposes, active development of applied psycholinguistics. The review of the main directions of development of Russian psycholinguistics, carried out in this monograph, clearly shows that the direction associated with the study of linguistic consciousness is currently being most intensively developed in modern Russian psycholinguistics. As the practice of many years of psycholinguistic research in our country shows, the subject of study of psycholinguists is precisely linguistic consciousness - this is a part of human consciousness that is responsible for generating, understanding speech and keeping language in consciousness. Associative experiments are the core of most psycholinguistic techniques and are important both theoretically and practically. The following main areas of practical application of the results of associative experiments can be outlined. 1. Education. Associative experiments are the basis for constructing Mind Maps, one of the most promising tools for systematizing knowledge, assessing the quality, volume and nature of declarative knowledge (and using special techniques and skills). Methods based on smart maps are already widely used in teaching foreign languages, fast and deep immersion in various subject areas. 2. Information search, search optimization. The results of associative experiments can significantly improve the quality of information retrieval, its efficiency, as well as adaptability for a specific person (social group). When promoting sites (promoting them in search results), an associative experiment allows you to increase and improve the quality of the audience reached. 3. Translation studies, translation automation. An associative experiment can significantly improve the quality of translation, take into account intercultural and other social characteristics of native speakers. 4. Computational linguistics and automatic word processing. The results of associative experiments make it possible to reveal the features of a person's linguistic consciousness and contribute to the development of automatic text processing systems in a wide range of applications of natural language interfaces of computer programs and robotic solutions. 5. Advertising. The use of data on associations for specific words, slogans and texts allows you to predict and improve advertising texts. 6. Social relationships. The analysis of texts using the data of associative experiments makes it possible to assess the tonality of messages (negative / positive moods, aggression and other characteristics) based on user comments on the Internet and social networks, in the press in various projections (by individuals, events, organizations, etc.) from various social angles, to diagnose the formation of extremist ideas. 7. Content control and protection of personal data. Associative experiments improve the quality of content detection and filtering by identifying associative fields in areas subject to age restrictions, personal information, tobacco and alcohol advertising, incitement to ethnic hatred, etc. 8. Gender and individual differences. The data of associative experiments can be used to compare the reactions (and, in general, other features of thinking) between men and women, different social and age groups, representatives of different regions. The directions for the further development of Russian psycholinguistics from the standpoint of the current state of psycholinguistic science in the country are seen by us, first of all:  in the development of research in various areas of linguistic consciousness, which will contribute to the development of an important concept of speech as a verbal model of non-linguistic consciousness, in which knowledge revealed by social practice and assigned by each member of society during its inculturation is consolidated for society and on its behalf;  in the expansion of the problematics, which is formed under the influence of the growing intercultural communication in the world community, which inevitably involves the speech behavior of natural and artificial bilinguals in the new object area of psycholinguistics;  in using the capabilities of national linguistic corpora in the interests of researchers studying the functioning of non-linguistic and linguistic consciousness in speech processes;  in expanding research on the semantic perception of multimodal texts, the scope of which has greatly expanded in connection with the spread of the Internet as a means of communication in the life of modern society;  in the inclusion of the problems of professional communication and professional activity in the object area of psycholinguistics in connection with the introduction of information technologies into public practice, entailing the emergence of new professions and new features of the professional ethos;  in the further development of the theory of the mental lexicon (identifying the role of different types of knowledge in its formation and functioning, the role of the word as a unit of the mental lexicon in the formation of the image of the world, as well as the role of the natural / internal metalanguage and its specificity in speech activity);  in the broad development of associative lexicography, which will meet the most diverse needs of society and cognitive sciences. The development of associative lexicography may lead to the emergence of such disciplines as associative typology, associative variantology, associative axiology;  in expanding the spheres of applied use of psycholinguistics in social sciences, sociology, semasiology, lexicography, in the study of the brain, linguodidactics, medicine, etc. This book is a kind of summarizing result of the development of Russian psycholinguistics today. Each section provides a bibliography of studies on the relevant issue. The Appendix contains the scientometrics of leading Russian psycholinguists, basic monographs, psycholinguistic textbooks and dissertations defended in psycholinguistics. The content of the publications presented here is convincing evidence of the relevance of psycholinguistic topics and the effectiveness of the development of psycholinguistic problems in Russia.

All across the social sciences, from development economics to political science departments, researchers are going into the field to collect data and learn about the world. While much has been gained from the successes of randomized controlled trials, stories of failed projects often do not get told. This book delves into the common causes of failure in field research, so that researchers might avoid similar pitfalls in future work. Drawing on the experiences of top social scientists working in developing countries, the book investigates failed projects and helps guide practitioners as they embark on their research. From experimental design and implementation to analysis and partnership agreements, the book shows that there are important lessons to be learned from failures at every stage. The book describes five common categories of failures, reviews six case studies in detail, and concludes with some reflections on best (and worst) practices for designing and running field projects, with an emphasis on randomized controlled trials. There is much to be gained from investigating what has previously not worked, from misunderstandings by staff to errors in data collection. Cracking open the taboo subject of the stumbles that can take place in the implementation of research studies, this is a valuable ‘how-not-to’ handbook for conducting fieldwork and running randomized controlled trials in development settings.

This book demonstrates that the global community of International Relations scholars during the last 100 years have managed to create a mature and accomplished discipline. The book argues that it should be recognised as such. Seven key concepts structure the book, each concept enabling a critical examination of an important dimension of the discipline that goes beyond conventional categories and delimitations. The essay argues that rather than continue to be stuck in more of the same, it is time to move on and, in this regard, the book offers some tentative suggestions about the way forward. Concerning the discipline’s subject matter the argument is that further debates about widening vs. narrowing are unlikely to generate advances. Instead, we should focus on the guiding research questions and the tentative answer they generate. Likewise, instead of defining the discipline as a social science (for better or worse), we should acknowledge the facts that suggest the discipline has always been straddling the social sciences and the humanities and thus been a human science. The book pays serious attention to variations, not least in terms of the functions theories have across time (history) and space. It also aims at escaping the Zeitgeistian conception of diversity. Instead of regarding the discipline as an abstract discursive structure, we should acknowledge that is was created and reproduced by a community of scholars, increasingly within professional institutions. Finally, rather than go for a bland, unspecified ‘global’ or ‘international’ discipline, we should examine fruitful interactions between ‘local’ and ‘global’.

The interest of linguists in research findings from various fields of humanities and natural sciences is not waning. It has increased in recent years, inter alia, as a result of new ministerial regulations providing opportunities for more flexible evaluation of researchers and academic units. However, this interest stems primarily from the subject of linguistics itself. Linguists, having as their subject the linguistic and communicative properties of humans, cannot do without systematically following the results and research methods applied by the representatives of even those disciplines that only marginally take into account human beings, their genesis, nature, goals, or social functions. The interdisciplinary research involved here is simply natural for contemporary linguists. It is not easy to comprehensively present the initiatives resulting from such research in a single publication. The content of this work deals primarily with research that enjoys full acceptance in contemporary linguistic discourse. It is also full of innovative reflections on a number of relationships conceivable between linguistics and other sciences. These relationships are dealt with by the authors in the subject areas they have outlined.

As a focus of academic inquiry, human rights gained legitimacy only after World War II. While the subject received consistent attention within the field of international law, greater attention from other disciplines became more significant in the mid-1960s. Yet, it was after the Cold War, in the era of globalization, that human rights research became a well-entrenched interdisciplinary field. Even though no encompassing history of human rights was yet to be found in the late twentieth century, many important historical human rights studies had already appeared. Until the Cold War, the study of international relations had been grounded in efforts to integrate political theory and history. As ideological confrontation heightened during the Cold War, history became more descriptive, formalistic, and divorced from political theory, or from any normative or political purpose. With the end of the Cold War, the advance of globalization, the war on terror, and the current meltdown of the global economy, the past 20 years have sent a succession of electric shocks through the nervous system of the international order. The sense of being buffeted by unpredictable events stimulated new efforts to comprehend the direction of history, or, alternatively, to assert its timeless truths. Despite a significant body of enriching historical scholarship, however, it remains the case that both history and historiography have been widely overlooked, not only in the burgeoning human rights academic field, but also in most disciplines within the social sciences.

Nationalism: Past as Prologue began as a single volume being compiled by Ad Akande, a scholar from South Africa, who proposed it to me as co-author about two years ago. The original idea was to examine how the damaging roots of nationalism have been corroding political systems around the world, and creating dangerous obstacles for necessary international cooperation. Since I (Bruce E. Johansen) has written profusely about climate change (global warming, a.k.a. infrared forcing), I suggested a concerted effort in that direction. This is a worldwide existential threat that affects every living thing on Earth. It often compounds upon itself, so delays in reducing emissions of fossil fuels are shortening the amount of time remaining to eliminate the use of fossil fuels to preserve a livable planet. Nationalism often impedes solutions to this problem (among many others), as nations place their singular needs above the common good. Our initial proposal got around, and abstracts on many subjects arrived. Within a few weeks, we had enough good material for a 100,000-word book. The book then fattened to two moderate volumes and then to four two very hefty tomes. We tried several different titles as good submissions swelled. We also discovered that our best contributors were experts in their fields, which ranged the world. We settled on three stand-alone books:” 1/ nationalism and racial justice. Our first volume grew as the growth of Black Lives Matter following the brutal killing of George Floyd ignited protests over police brutality and other issues during 2020, following the police assassination of Floyd in Minneapolis. It is estimated that more people took part in protests of police brutality during the summer of 2020 than any other series of marches in United States history. This includes upheavals during the 1960s over racial issues and against the war in Southeast Asia (notably Vietnam). We choose a volume on racism because it is one of nationalism’s main motive forces. This volume provides a worldwide array of work on nationalism’s growth in various countries, usually by authors residing in them, or in the United States with ethnic ties to the nation being examined, often recent immigrants to the United States from them. Our roster of contributors comprises a small United Nations of insightful, well-written research and commentary from Indonesia, New Zealand, Australia, China, India, South Africa, France, Portugal, Estonia, Hungary, Russia, Poland, Kazakhstan, Georgia, and the United States. Volume 2 (this one) describes and analyzes nationalism, by country, around the world, except for the United States; and 3/material directly related to President Donald Trump, and the United States. The first volume is under consideration at the Texas A & M University Press. The other two are under contract to Nova Science Publishers (which includes social sciences). These three volumes may be used individually or as a set. Environmental material is taken up in appropriate places in each of the three books. * * * * * What became the United States of America has been strongly nationalist since the English of present-day Massachusetts and Jamestown first hit North America’s eastern shores. The country propelled itself across North America with the self-serving ideology of “manifest destiny” for four centuries before Donald Trump came along. Anyone who believes that a Trumpian affection for deportation of “illegals” is a new thing ought to take a look at immigration and deportation statistics in Adam Goodman’s The Deportation Machine: America’s Long History of Deporting Immigrants (Princeton University Press, 2020). Between 1920 and 2018, the United States deported 56.3 million people, compared with 51.7 million who were granted legal immigration status during the same dates. Nearly nine of ten deportees were Mexican (Nolan, 2020, 83). This kind of nationalism, has become an assassin of democracy as well as an impediment to solving global problems. Paul Krugman wrote in the New York Times (2019:A-25): that “In their 2018 book, How Democracies Die, the political scientists Steven Levitsky and Daniel Ziblatt documented how this process has played out in many countries, from Vladimir Putin’s Russia, to Recep Erdogan’s Turkey, to Viktor Orban’s Hungary. Add to these India’s Narendra Modi, China’s Xi Jinping, and the United States’ Donald Trump, among others. Bit by bit, the guardrails of democracy have been torn down, as institutions meant to serve the public became tools of ruling parties and self-serving ideologies, weaponized to punish and intimidate opposition parties’ opponents. On paper, these countries are still democracies; in practice, they have become one-party regimes….And it’s happening here [the United States] as we speak. If you are not worried about the future of American democracy, you aren’t paying attention” (Krugmam, 2019, A-25). We are reminded continuously that the late Carl Sagan, one of our most insightful scientific public intellectuals, had an interesting theory about highly developed civilizations. Given the number of stars and planets that must exist in the vast reaches of the universe, he said, there must be other highly developed and organized forms of life. Distance may keep us from making physical contact, but Sagan said that another reason we may never be on speaking terms with another intelligent race is (judging from our own example) could be their penchant for destroying themselves in relatively short order after reaching technological complexity. This book’s chapters, introduction, and conclusion examine the worldwide rise of partisan nationalism and the damage it has wrought on the worldwide pursuit of solutions for issues requiring worldwide scope, such scientific co-operation public health and others, mixing analysis of both. We use both historical description and analysis. This analysis concludes with a description of why we must avoid the isolating nature of nationalism that isolates people and encourages separation if we are to deal with issues of world-wide concern, and to maintain a sustainable, survivable Earth, placing the dominant political movement of our time against the Earth’s existential crises. Our contributors, all experts in their fields, each have assumed responsibility for a country, or two if they are related. This work entwines themes of worldwide concern with the political growth of nationalism because leaders with such a worldview are disinclined to co-operate internationally at a time when nations must find ways to solve common problems, such as the climate crisis. Inability to cooperate at this stage may doom everyone, eventually, to an overheated, stormy future plagued by droughts and deluges portending shortages of food and other essential commodities, meanwhile destroying large coastal urban areas because of rising sea levels. Future historians may look back at our time and wonder why as well as how our world succumbed to isolating nationalism at a time when time was so short for cooperative intervention which is crucial for survival of a sustainable earth. Pride in language and culture is salubrious to individuals’ sense of history and identity. Excess nationalism that prevents international co-operation on harmful worldwide maladies is quite another. As Pope Francis has pointed out: For all of our connectivity due to expansion of social media, ability to communicate can breed contempt as well as mutual trust. “For all our hyper-connectivity,” said Francis, “We witnessed a fragmentation that made it more difficult to resolve problems that affect us all” (Horowitz, 2020, A-12). The pope’s encyclical, titled “Brothers All,” also said: “The forces of myopic, extremist, resentful, and aggressive nationalism are on the rise.” The pope’s document also advocates support for migrants, as well as resistance to nationalist and tribal populism. Francis broadened his critique to the role of market capitalism, as well as nationalism has failed the peoples of the world when they need co-operation and solidarity in the face of the world-wide corona virus pandemic. Humankind needs to unite into “a new sense of the human family [Fratelli Tutti, “Brothers All”], that rejects war at all costs” (Pope, 2020, 6-A). Our journey takes us first to Russia, with the able eye and honed expertise of Richard D. Anderson, Jr. who teaches as UCLA and publishes on the subject of his chapter: “Putin, Russian identity, and Russia’s conduct at home and abroad.” Readers should find Dr. Anderson’s analysis fascinating because Vladimir Putin, the singular leader of Russian foreign and domestic policy these days (and perhaps for the rest of his life, given how malleable Russia’s Constitution has become) may be a short man physically, but has high ambitions. One of these involves restoring the old Russian (and Soviet) empire, which would involve re-subjugating a number of nations that broke off as the old order dissolved about 30 years ago. President (shall we say czar?) Putin also has international ambitions, notably by destabilizing the United States, where election meddling has become a specialty. The sight of Putin and U.S. president Donald Trump, two very rich men (Putin $70-$200 billion; Trump $2.5 billion), nuzzling in friendship would probably set Thomas Jefferson and Vladimir Lenin spinning in their graves. The road of history can take some unanticipated twists and turns. Consider Poland, from which we have an expert native analysis in chapter 2, Bartosz Hlebowicz, who is a Polish anthropologist and journalist. His piece is titled “Lawless and Unjust: How to Quickly Make Your Own Country a Puppet State Run by a Group of Hoodlums – the Hopeless Case of Poland (2015–2020).” When I visited Poland to teach and lecture twice between 2006 and 2008, most people seemed to be walking on air induced by freedom to conduct their own affairs to an unusual degree for a state usually squeezed between nationalists in Germany and Russia. What did the Poles then do in a couple of decades? Read Hlebowicz’ chapter and decide. It certainly isn’t soft-bellied liberalism. In Chapter 3, with Bruce E. Johansen, we visit China’s western provinces, the lands of Tibet as well as the Uighurs and other Muslims in the Xinjiang region, who would most assuredly resent being characterized as being possessed by the Chinese of the Han to the east. As a student of Native American history, I had never before thought of the Tibetans and Uighurs as Native peoples struggling against the Independence-minded peoples of a land that is called an adjunct of China on most of our maps. The random act of sitting next to a young woman on an Air India flight out of Hyderabad, bound for New Delhi taught me that the Tibetans had something to share with the Lakota, the Iroquois, and hundreds of other Native American states and nations in North America. Active resistance to Chinese rule lasted into the mid-nineteenth century, and continues today in a subversive manner, even in song, as I learned in 2018 when I acted as a foreign adjudicator on a Ph.D. dissertation by a Tibetan student at the University of Madras (in what is now in a city called Chennai), in southwestern India on resistance in song during Tibet’s recent history. Tibet is one of very few places on Earth where a young dissident can get shot to death for singing a song that troubles China’s Quest for Lebensraum. The situation in Xinjiang region, where close to a million Muslims have been interned in “reeducation” camps surrounded with brick walls and barbed wire. They sing, too. Come with us and hear the music. Back to Europe now, in Chapter 4, to Portugal and Spain, we find a break in the general pattern of nationalism. Portugal has been more progressive governmentally than most. Spain varies from a liberal majority to military coups, a pattern which has been exported to Latin America. A situation such as this can make use of the term “populism” problematic, because general usage in our time usually ties the word into a right-wing connotative straightjacket. “Populism” can be used to describe progressive (left-wing) insurgencies as well. José Pinto, who is native to Portugal and also researches and writes in Spanish as well as English, in “Populism in Portugal and Spain: a Real Neighbourhood?” provides insight into these historical paradoxes. Hungary shares some historical inclinations with Poland (above). Both emerged from Soviet dominance in an air of developing freedom and multicultural diversity after the Berlin Wall fell and the Soviet Union collapsed. Then, gradually at first, right wing-forces began to tighten up, stripping structures supporting popular freedom, from the courts, mass media, and other institutions. In Chapter 5, Bernard Tamas, in “From Youth Movement to Right-Liberal Wing Authoritarianism: The Rise of Fidesz and the Decline of Hungarian Democracy” puts the renewed growth of political and social repression into a context of worldwide nationalism. Tamas, an associate professor of political science at Valdosta State University, has been a postdoctoral fellow at Harvard University and a Fulbright scholar at the Central European University in Budapest, Hungary. His books include From Dissident to Party Politics: The Struggle for Democracy in Post-Communist Hungary (2007). Bear in mind that not everyone shares Orbán’s vision of what will make this nation great, again. On graffiti-covered walls in Budapest, Runes (traditional Hungarian script) has been found that read “Orbán is a motherfucker” (Mikanowski, 2019, 58). Also in Europe, in Chapter 6, Professor Ronan Le Coadic, of the University of Rennes, Rennes, France, in “Is There a Revival of French Nationalism?” Stating this title in the form of a question is quite appropriate because France’s nationalistic shift has built and ebbed several times during the last few decades. For a time after 2000, it came close to assuming the role of a substantial minority, only to ebb after that. In 2017, the candidate of the National Front reached the second round of the French presidential election. This was the second time this nationalist party reached the second round of the presidential election in the history of the Fifth Republic. In 2002, however, Jean-Marie Le Pen had only obtained 17.79% of the votes, while fifteen years later his daughter, Marine Le Pen, almost doubled her father's record, reaching 33.90% of the votes cast. Moreover, in the 2019 European elections, re-named Rassemblement National obtained the largest number of votes of all French political formations and can therefore boast of being "the leading party in France.” The brutality of oppressive nationalism may be expressed in personal relationships, such as child abuse. While Indonesia and Aotearoa [the Maoris’ name for New Zealand] hold very different ranks in the United Nations Human Development Programme assessments, where Indonesia is classified as a medium development country and Aotearoa New Zealand as a very high development country. In Chapter 7, “Domestic Violence Against Women in Indonesia and Aotearoa New Zealand: Making Sense of Differences and Similarities” co-authors, in Chapter 8, Mandy Morgan and Dr. Elli N. Hayati, from New Zealand and Indonesia respectively, found that despite their socio-economic differences, one in three women in each country experience physical or sexual intimate partner violence over their lifetime. In this chapter ther authors aim to deepen understandings of domestic violence through discussion of the socio-economic and demographic characteristics of theit countries to address domestic violence alongside studies of women’s attitudes to gender norms and experiences of intimate partner violence. One of the most surprising and upsetting scholarly journeys that a North American student may take involves Adolf Hitler’s comments on oppression of American Indians and Blacks as he imagined the construction of the Nazi state, a genesis of nationalism that is all but unknown in the United States of America, traced in this volume (Chapter 8) by co-editor Johansen. Beginning in Mein Kampf, during the 1920s, Hitler explicitly used the westward expansion of the United States across North America as a model and justification for Nazi conquest and anticipated colonization by Germans of what the Nazis called the “wild East” – the Slavic nations of Poland, the Baltic states, Ukraine, and Russia, most of which were under control of the Soviet Union. The Volga River (in Russia) was styled by Hitler as the Germans’ Mississippi, and covered wagons were readied for the German “manifest destiny” of imprisoning, eradicating, and replacing peoples the Nazis deemed inferior, all with direct references to events in North America during the previous century. At the same time, with no sense of contradiction, the Nazis partook of a long-standing German romanticism of Native Americans. One of Goebbels’ less propitious schemes was to confer honorary Aryan status on Native American tribes, in the hope that they would rise up against their oppressors. U.S. racial attitudes were “evidence [to the Nazis] that America was evolving in the right direction, despite its specious rhetoric about equality.” Ming Xie, originally from Beijing, in the People’s Republic of China, in Chapter 9, “News Coverage and Public Perceptions of the Social Credit System in China,” writes that The State Council of China in 2014 announced “that a nationwide social credit system would be established” in China. “Under this system, individuals, private companies, social organizations, and governmental agencies are assigned a score which will be calculated based on their trustworthiness and daily actions such as transaction history, professional conduct, obedience to law, corruption, tax evasion, and academic plagiarism.” The “nationalism” in this case is that of the state over the individual. China has 1.4 billion people; this system takes their measure for the purpose of state control. Once fully operational, control will be more subtle. People who are subject to it, through modern technology (most often smart phones) will prompt many people to self-censor. Orwell, modernized, might write: “Your smart phone is watching you.” Ming Xie holds two Ph.Ds, one in Public Administration from University of Nebraska at Omaha and another in Cultural Anthropology from the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, Beijing, where she also worked for more than 10 years at a national think tank in the same institution. While there she summarized news from non-Chinese sources for senior members of the Chinese Communist Party. Ming is presently an assistant professor at the Department of Political Science and Criminal Justice, West Texas A&M University. In Chapter 10, analyzing native peoples and nationhood, Barbara Alice Mann, Professor of Honours at the University of Toledo, in “Divide, et Impera: The Self-Genocide Game” details ways in which European-American invaders deprive the conquered of their sense of nationhood as part of a subjugation system that amounts to genocide, rubbing out their languages and cultures -- and ultimately forcing the native peoples to assimilate on their own, for survival in a culture that is foreign to them. Mann is one of Native American Studies’ most acute critics of conquests’ contradictions, and an author who retrieves Native history with a powerful sense of voice and purpose, having authored roughly a dozen books and numerous book chapters, among many other works, who has traveled around the world lecturing and publishing on many subjects. Nalanda Roy and S. Mae Pedron in Chapter 11, “Understanding the Face of Humanity: The Rohingya Genocide.” describe one of the largest forced migrations in the history of the human race, the removal of 700,000 to 800,000 Muslims from Buddhist Myanmar to Bangladesh, which itself is already one of the most crowded and impoverished nations on Earth. With about 150 million people packed into an area the size of Nebraska and Iowa (population less than a tenth that of Bangladesh, a country that is losing land steadily to rising sea levels and erosion of the Ganges river delta. The Rohingyas’ refugee camp has been squeezed onto a gigantic, eroding, muddy slope that contains nearly no vegetation. However, Bangladesh is majority Muslim, so while the Rohingya may starve, they won’t be shot to death by marauding armies. Both authors of this exquisite (and excruciating) account teach at Georgia Southern University in Savannah, Georgia, Roy as an associate professor of International Studies and Asian politics, and Pedron as a graduate student; Roy originally hails from very eastern India, close to both Myanmar and Bangladesh, so he has special insight into the context of one of the most brutal genocides of our time, or any other. This is our case describing the problems that nationalism has and will pose for the sustainability of the Earth as our little blue-and-green orb becomes more crowded over time. The old ways, in which national arguments often end in devastating wars, are obsolete, given that the Earth and all the people, plants, and other animals that it sustains are faced with the existential threat of a climate crisis that within two centuries, more or less, will flood large parts of coastal cities, and endanger many species of plants and animals. To survive, we must listen to the Earth, and observe her travails, because they are increasingly our own.

AbstractThis chapter draws on the author’s personal experience together with the findings from his qualitative research, to explore the cultural values driving problems of mental health and well-being among professional footballers. The study makes explicit the way in which players are expected to hide their experiences of being objectified—of being subject to gendered, racialised and other forms of dehumanisation—and denied a legitimate lived experience, an authentic heard voice. The chapter illustrates the importance in values-based practice of knowledge of values gained as in this instance by way of qualitative methods from the social sciences being used to fill out knowledge derived from individual personal experience.

Interest in indigenous knowledge is growing because of its potential to promote and sustain development activities. Inspite of the recognition of the significance of indigenous knowledge there is limited agreement on its definition and conceptualization. There are competing ways of defining it and various ways of labeling it. In view of the varying appropriation of meanings to the concept of the knowledge of traditional and indigenous communities, this chapter starts by dealing with definitions attached to the knowledge of traditional and indigenous communities before turning to establishing what might be the suitable label for that knowledge using informetrics techniques. An investigation of 17 labels used to refer to the knowledge of traditional and indigenous communities that were conveniently chosen from the extant literature revealed that indigenous knowledge is the label that is gaining more currency than any other in the arts, humanities, and social sciences subject categories.

Introducing research methods in the social sciences is not an easy task given how complex the subject matter is. Social sciences, like all sciences, can be divided into categories (disciplines). Disciplines are frequently defined according to what they study (their empirical object) and how they study it (their particular problematization of the object). They are, however, by no means unitary entities. Within each discipline, multiple theories typically contend over the ability to tell provisional truths about the world. They do so by building on specific visions of the nature of the world, reflections on how to generate scientific truth, systematic ways of collecting and analyzing data (methods) and of justifying these methods as part of a coherent research design (methodologies).

This article discusses the main aspects, concepts and categories of Charles Peirce's philosophy in the context of synechism in order to provide an intellectual context to the article «Immortality in the light of synechism». The text is divided into parts devoted to Peirce's biography, synechism and faneroscopy, tihism, abduction and agapism, as well as to how Peirce's conceptual apparatus is currently used in the academic discourse. The article aims to familiarize the reader with the basic concepts of Peirce's philosophical project and to provide an intellectual context for his concept of synechism. The article presents the main biographical facts that can give the most accurate idea of Peirce’s personality, his academic career and of difficulties, associated with the study of his legacy. There are examples of how Peirce's conceptual apparatus is embedded in modern philosophical and methodological discourses. Pierce's synechism and his entire philosophical project show how a rigorous logic and scientific methodology exist in close interconnection with general philosophical problems and methodology. Peirce's scientific discoveries are inseparable from his ontological research. His synechysitic project is inherently such a conceptual apparatus that is designed to overcome the methodological limitations associated with discontinuity and mechanistic approach towards the world: synechism provides a view that would include subject-object relations in scientific knowledge, and would also include the problem of the dependence of the object on the subject not only in philosophy and humanitarian knowledge, but also in social and exact sciences, that is, in those areas where the rigor of the scientific method is welcomed. At the same time, in the context of the Cartesian project revision Peirce's synechism can be considered as a solution to the problem of the interaction of extending matter and non-extending mind. Synechism offers a synthesis between extending matter and mind, since synechism offers the extension and connectedness of both mind and matter. Thus, indirectly, not the abolition of dualism occurs, but a logical transformation that overcomes the opposition. On the other hand, in relation to the problem of mind-body separateness, synechism is a concept that is designed to cancel it, since synechism considers the continuity of everything as its foundation.

This chapter explains content analysis, which is a social science research method that involves the systematic analysis of text, media, communication, or information. The source, the message, the receiver, the medium, and the influence of the message are all topics that have been studied using content analysis and in combination with other methods. There are deductive and inductive approaches to content analysis. Two widely cited studies using content analysis take a deductive approach: using predefined categories and variables based on findings and best practices from prior research. Studies taking an inductive approach to content analysis, by contrast, have an open view of the content, usually involve a small-N sample, and are often based on a qualitative approach. Meanwhile, much has been written on methods and approaches to measuring reliability with human coders. Traditional content analysis uses human coders, whereas a variety of software has emerged that can be used to download and score or code vast amounts of textual news data. The chapter then identifies key benefits and challenges associated with new computational social science tools such as text analysis.

This chapter addresses ontology, which is the branch of philosophy concerned with the nature of being. As a branch of metaphysics, ontology is mainly concerned with the modes of existence of different entities (tangible and intangible). Every subdiscipline in the social sciences relies on an ontology that defines which elements really matter when it comes to explaining the phenomenon they set out to elucidate. A specific branch of ontology is devoted to the modes of existence of social phenomena: social ontology. Two main positions emerge: realism and constructivism. Scientific realism assumes that social phenomena have an objective existence, independent of the subject. By contrast, constructivism claims that social phenomena have no objective existence and are a construction of the human mind. Its fundamental axiom is that, even if reality exists outside the subject’s perception, the subject cannot reach it without perceiving it. This implies the mediation of imaginary structures, which are provided by social groups. It is important to note, however, that many other positions exist apart from realism and constructivism.

Building the single network of subject matches of the most popular classification systems is essential for information support of scientific research. The comparative analysis of the State Rubricator of Sci-tech Information (GRNTI) subject headings and Web of Sciences (WoS) Research Areas and Web of Science Categories was accomplished. The lists of subject research areas and categories are the most detailed and popular classifiers used by Clarivate for systematization. For today, GRNTI sections in social, natural sciences and STEM are analyzed and compared to WoS classifiers. Logical nesting and extension overlappitng represent the semantic links between classification headings.

Chapter 5 returns the focus to the social sciences. The injection of resources into Ireland’s scientific research infrastructure at the end of the 1950s created two new social science research producers – the Rural Economy Division of An Foras Taluntais and the Economic Research Institute. In the former rural sociology took a recognised place alongside a variety of other agriculture-relevant disciplines. In the latter the distinction between the economic and the social was a blurred and indistinct one. During the first half 1960s the unenclosed field of social research was to be the subject of a series of proposals from actors located within the Catholic social movement to a variety of government departments for the creation of research centres or institutes. This chapter details these proposals and the fate of consistent refusal with which they met. Empirical social research in Ireland was funded and organised in a manner that effectively excluded the participation of any Catholic social movement actor without a university base when the government approved the transformation of the Economic Research Institute into the Economic and Social Research Institute. This approval for a central social research organisation was crucially linked to the project of extending the scope of government programming to encompass social development as well as economic expansion.

The approaching perspective of Ukraine’s reintegration into the European Union is based on the synergy of the mind, categories of thinking, assessments of oneself, the world and oneself in this world. That is why the causes and consequences of Moscow’s deformation of the image of Ukraine, Ukrainians, history, culture, language, which became the reason for a full-scale Russian-Ukrainian war, are being clarified and eliminated. Revealing the true image of Ukraine and Ukrainians is an important task of the country’s science and education. The purpose of the work is to reveal the educational European integration of Ukraine against the background of the reintegration of the country into Europe, which is a deep process of transformation of worldview, life philosophy, reorientation of attitudes, criteria and evaluations, getting rid of value, ideological, linguistic, political, economic, cultural, spiritual and other deformations. Research methodology is based on such general research methods as logical, historical, axiomatic, dialectical. Observation, abstraction, concretization, decomposition, generalization, analysis and synthesis, induction and deduction, modeling are used. Results. The need to acquaint pupils with Ukrainian authenticity, the true history of Ukraine, its culture, information about prominent figures who made an invaluable contribution to the national heritage, and their achievements has been proven at the level of the content of education. The importance of the developed recommendations on national-patriotic education, which contribute to the strengthening and deepening of subject matters, the formation of a scientific worldview, a holistic picture of the world in pupils, and encourage pedagogical workers to self-education is revealed. Practical implications. The implementation of the developed materials and recommendations in the educational process of general secondary education institutions of Ukraine in the lessons of social-humanitarian and natural-mathematical subjects, as well as in extracurricular work, proved their efficiency and effectiveness. Value/originality. Violation and resolution of the urgent problems for Ukraine of restoration of national identity, historical justice, getting rid of value, ideological, linguistic, political, economic, cultural deformations as a result of being part of the Moscow empire and creating a true image of Ukraine and Ukrainians for themselves and the world will contribute to organic entry of the state into the civilized family of European nations.

The existence of disparities in health has gained national attention. While disparities in communication disorders undoubtedly exist, little research has documented these disparities. Disparities may occur across categories such as race/ethnicity, age, sex/gender, geographic, and socioeconomic status. In order to heighten awareness of existing disparities in the field of communication sciences and disorders (CSD), this chapter focuses on designing and conducting research to identify and explain disparities among population subgroups. The chapter consists of seven sections: 1) Challenges in Defining Variables for Measuring Health Disparities, 2) Other Data Considerations, 3) Thinking Beyond the Traditionally Measured Sociodemographic Variables, 4) Causal Pathways Between Social Determinants and Health Outcomes, 5) Research Designs, 6) Research Frameworks, and 7) Theories of Contextual Factors. The goal of this chapter is to offer information that assist CSD researchers in systematically identifying, analyzing, and addressing health disparities in CSD.

In social science research, the demographic categories of ethnicity are linked to what the census bureau considers as a person’s ethnic heritage. However, these categories are based on the societal assumption that members of a given category share the same characteristics and life experiences, even though the heterogeneity between members within a category may be as diverse as between categories. The paper examines the 15 interview subjects of a research study drawn from 10 minority migrant groups, where seven of them indicated significant transcultural experiences before migrating to Australia. It argues that their lived experiences and subjectivity vary from others who migrated directly from their native countries. The formers’ diaspora consciousness and transcultural mixtures may introduce an artifact to a research study’s design, affecting the validity of the data collected. The paper examines other situations where this anomaly can occur and proposes precautions to minimize its negative effects.

The article defines the meaning of the phenomenological approach to the analysis of the concept of intersubjectivity in the context of social and philosophical problems of the balance of the Self and the Other. The discourse is based on the correlation of phenomenological orientation and communicative action in determining the mechanisms of identity of the Self in relation to the Other in the inseparability of social reality. A sequential analysis of prerequisites and research approaches aimed at testing the problem of intersubjectivity is carried out. The focus is placed on social phenomenological research of A. Schutz and the theory of communicative action of J. Habermas, which are aimed at understanding the correlation between the peculiarities of human existence, his life-world and the area of social relations or the inevitability of establishing overindividual patterns. Relevance of the research lies in elaborating the issue of establishing intersubjectivity under the fundamental non-identity of the subjects of communication and their predetermined attitudes. The article concludes by outlining the feasibility of expanding the rational predetermination of the subject-subjective structure of communicative action with the research area of social phenomenology.

The article defines the meaning of the phenomenological approach to the analysis of the concept of intersubjectivity in the context of social and philosophical problems of the balance of the Self and the Other. The discourse is based on the correlation of phenomenological orientation and communicative action in determining the mechanisms of identity of the Self in relation to the Other in the inseparability of social reality. A sequential analysis of prerequisites and research approaches aimed at testing the problem of intersubjectivity is carried out. The focus is placed on social phenomenological research of A. Schutz and the theory of communicative action of J. Habermas, which are aimed at understanding the correlation between the peculiarities of human existence, his life-world and the area of social relations or the inevitability of establishing overindividual patterns. Relevance of the research lies in elaborating the issue of establishing intersubjectivity under the fundamental non-identity of the subjects of communication and their predetermined attitudes. The article concludes by outlining the feasibility of expanding the rational predetermination of the subject-subjective structure of communicative action with the research area of social phenomenology.

�The Trust� Stalin�s own secret service organizations were appropriately named in 1930, for the exclusive purpose of using the emigration upon which he considered the OGPU has not concentrated sufficiently or used to the fullest extent, and this he believed to be because the OGPU, was already overloaded with work in other directions. The work of �The Trust� was the subject of the direct personal control of Stalin who had expressed the opinion that with the advance of Hitler to power in Germany, the political importance of Russian Emigration was growing with the increasing internal difficulties of the Soviet Union. The care with which the agents of �The Trust� were selected was to ensure that only men with a reputation built in long years of experience were chosen. The work of the organizations was divided into several sections, including that: - Using amongst Russian emigrants who were charged with spying work by several officers. - The coming of the Hitler regime in Germany made the Trust institute numerous press organizations of the Russian emigrants in all country's new papers. This paper focuses on the activity of �The Trust� in the 1930s. The paper is based on original documents discovered following research carried out in the British archives.

In the world of academia, research and teaching are never really disconnected interests. On the contrary, they co-exist in a virtuous circle, where each feed into the other and focus on the interdisciplinary frameworks, which motivate the innovative structures of higher education and maintain discourse relations by providing in a concise way, an ocean of information about abstract knowledge. The implementation of interdisciplinary subjects, such as innovative language strategies, effective Intercultural Communication, and cross-disciplinary practices could be as challenging as esteemed for continuous professional development. The research area includes various aspects related to interdisciplinary fields by integrating socio-cultural data and cross-cultural dimensions with soft skills invariably serving as a point of reference; its interdisciplinary nature, owing to the developments in language, business, and intercultural research which have influenced its evolution. Intercultural studies, as well as experimental work, reveal that critical thinking can be trained to use task performance of the learning strategy that affects the way people process, acquire, organise, or integrate new knowledge. Provided academics adjoin the assumptions presented by cognitive sciences to the configuration of Figurative Competence, training learners� cognitive skills both at the conceptual and the verbal level becomes a necessary obligation. The aim of the interdisciplinary approach is to offer mentally challenging analytical thinking and reasoning with a focus on comprehension, strategies of effective communication and control through the implementation of cognitive models. Thus, insightful thoughtfulness, enhanced by explicit analysis and teaching in particular domains is supportive when encountering new paradigms to make a contrastive study of an interdisciplinary subject for reasons connected to the methodology of research.

The EU Security Strategy contains binding provisions on ensuring security via law enforcement cooperation and tackling crime-related issues. Taking into account the Council of the EU�s Public Security Strategies and conclusions on the implementation of the Vision for European Forensic Science 2020 as well as national legislation (Lithuanian Public Security Development Programme 2015-2025) aimed at crime control and prevention and ensuring public security, the Article suggests the need for a scientific concept of forensic science policy, which could be developed via a separate science programme. The Article aims to encourage legal scholars and practitioners to join the discussions � alongside other pressing scientific issues � and explore the role of forensic science policy [1] in the development of law enforcement authorities� strategies and programmes and their relation to national and EU security. The research subject is forensic and criminal policy and the legal framework thereof within law enforcement strategies for the development of the European public security area. The Article proposes conducting comprehensive research into the current state of the law enforcement strategies and ongoing reforms as a prerequisite for the development of the forensic and criminal policy concept and providing conclusions on the law enforcement reforms� compliance with the strategic objectives of the state in light of changes within Europe. The authors of the paper believe this could contribute to shaping the sciencebased vectors for developing European Forensic Science (not limited to forensic examination) Area 2030. The authors interviewed 50 expert scientists (including 44 PhDs, 13 of them professors) from 12 European countries to collect data for the paper.

During the COVID -19 pandemic, among other institutions, mass media has played an essential role in disseminating information about the evolution of the pandemic, but also in shaping peoples� opinion about the COVID - 19 vaccine. The purpose of our paper was to identify the way online media channels portrayed the positive and negative effects of the COVID � 19 vaccines in order to raise awareness regarding the importance of analyzing the subject from several perspectives. We considered such an analysis to be both necessary and relevant, because often, exposure to mass � media can determine people to develop certain beliefs and to act in specific ways. We were interested in identifying which types of vaccines were presented in a more positive manner, and in identifying similarities and differences between the approaches of Romanian and foreign online media channels. Content analysis was used as a method, while having as a research instrument a content analysis grid. The sample of the research includes 5 official websites of Romanian media channels and 5 official websites of foreign media channels. The analysis period was: August 2020 - October 2020. The results of our research revealed that online media presented the COVID -19 vaccines both from a positive and negative perspective, the vaccines discussed most being the Russian vaccines, AstraZeneca and the Chinese vaccines. The context in which the vaccines was described most were represented by: effectiveness of vaccines and side effects. Considering the theoretical and practical implications, from a theoretical point of view, the paper contributes to the literature on the effects and influence of mass � media. From a practical point of view, the paper can be used as a frame of reference for further studying the influence of the messages sent through online media about the COVID � 19 vaccines on the public.

Solanum virginianum is a plant which belongs to the Solanaceae family that is used for medicinal purposes. This plant is rather widespread in Sri Lanka and the advantages of farming these plants might either be for economic or for social purposes. In none of the research that has been undertaken so far has the significance of these socioeconomic outcomes been highlighted. Consequently, this study's objective is to investigate the economic and social implications of farmers' cultivation of Solanum virginianum. For the study, seventy (70) farmers who cultivate Solanum virginianum were selected from the Anamaduwa Divisional Secretariats Division in Sri Lanka's Northwestern Province. Using a stratified random sampling technique, all respondents in the sample were requested to complete a pretested, standardized questionnaire form. Qualitative data was gathered by using a a fivepoint Likert scale ranging from strongly disagree to strongly agree. Most farmers are male, between the ages of 41 and 50, and they possess a high school diploma. In addition, many of them are married. Farmers in the region rely not just on the production of Solanum virginianum, but also on a variety of other crops, and many farmers in the sample have extremely low incomes. The study determined that when economic and sociological elements were integrated, the dependent variables did not produce statistically significant outcomes. In addition, the between-subject effects of economic and social factors seen during Solanum virginianum production were not statistically significant. Therefore, the authorized individuals should be concerned with these effects to increase the cultivation of Solanum virginianum for the Sri Lankan medicinal industry. Keywords: Cultivation; Economical; Farmers; Social; Solanum virginianum

Within the Faculty of Economics and Business (UD) our research group focuses on Lifestyle and Health Sciences. We define health as a complex psycho-bio and social phenomenon and the overall goal is to promote, assist and implement Sustainable Lifestyle. However Sustainable Lifestyle has many corresponding scientific sub-categories, beyond our activities we concentrate on (1) the present trends and future potential of sustainable food consumption, covering special consumer demands on functional food, organic, ethical , fairly traded, LOHAS and local products, plant-based diet and cultured (lab-grown) meat, Sustainable European traditional pig (Fatty Pig) etc., (2) Short Food Supply Chain, (3) renewable energy, and (4) the economic, social, health preserving effects of physical activity. Our aim is to run professional lifestyle studies focusing on actual research issues of Health Industry. Within the scope of Sustainable Lifestyle we wish to contribute to general awareness-raising about Health Economy with a special attention on social health-consciousness. Our proposal initiates seek future collaborations with CARPE members due to 1. Organisation of joint educational (bachelor, master and PhD) events; 2. Exchange of students; 3. Exchange of teaching and research staff; 5. Exchange of articles, publications and other scientific information; 6. Organisation of common scientific conferences.

ABSTRACT As a result of technological change, demographic trends, discrimination, social insulation and a number of other consequences for society, young people need resilience and the ability to adapt to these challenges. The European Union’s (EU) Youth Strategy aims to engage young people aged between 15- 29 and become active citizens, making the most of the potential of youth policy. In such a way, the social and civic participation of young people in democratic life would be encouraged and the necessary resources would be guaranteed. (1) The implementation of youth policy at national level promotes initiatives for the sustainable development of youth. The main goal of the research is to reveal, analyze and present the role of the program-project activity for imposing state youth policy in Bulgaria through in-depth structural content analysis, as well as through case study. This has a direct bearing on and it contributes to the development of the vision for young people and the stable implementation of the policies pursued in youth sector by the Ministry of Youth and Sports. The object of research and study are legislative acts, programs, and implemented projects in the field of youth policies, and the subject is their impact and importance for the promotion and activation of young people in Bulgaria. The analysis in the field of the overall youth policy at the national level is a necessary precondition both in the strategic and management, and in the imposition of established European practices.

The global pandemic has brought renewed attention toward the everyday challenges in informal settlements. COVID-19 reminds us that southern urban life is rooted in ‘collective’ experiences where toilets and kitchens are shared by multiple families; where the categories of work and home, private and public space overlap; and where the majority live in vulnerable conditions. Despite these challenges, some of the most innovative and collective responses to COVID-19 have emerged from these areas. While informal settlements did face a host of risks and vulnerabilities during the pandemic, local responses have highlighted the resilience of informal settlement communities. However, few informal settlements are actually ‘resilient’ and any local responses must be robustly supported by system-wide change including support from local and national governments, improvements to built infrastructure, and improved access to health care services, among other priorities. The category of ‘informal settlements’ also captures a wide range of settlement types, from a legal slum to an informal settlement with no legal status, with many other types in between. This underscores the need to address fundamental issues that ‘perpetuate conditions of inequity, exclusion and vulnerability’ while also recognising the needs and contexts of different kinds of informal settlements. Whether COVID-19 helps governments recognise conditions of insecurity and vulnerability to address safe and secure housing and infrastructures remains to be seen. This is an update to the previous SSHAP brief on ‘COVID-19 in Informal Urban Settlements’ (March 2020). This evidence review highlights local responses, grassroots efforts, and challenges around COVID-19 recovery within urban informal settlements in South Asia. It focuses on specific examples from Karachi, Pakistan and Mumbai, India to inform policy responses for COVID-19 recovery and future epidemic preparedness and response. We show how local level responses are shaped in these cities where national and international responses have not reached communities at municipal and sub-municipal levels. This brief was written by Saba Aslam (IDS Alumni) and Megan Schmidt-Sane (IDS), with reviews from Professor Amita Bhide (Tata Institute of Social Sciences, India), Dr Asad Sayeed (Collective for Social Science Research, Pakistan), Annie Wilkinson (IDS), and contributions from Swati Mishra (LSHTM), Prerana Somani (LSHTM), Saleemullah Odho (Deputy Commissioner, Korangi district Karachi), Dr Noman Ahmed (NED University, Karachi), Tahera Hasan (Imkaan Foundation, Karachi), Atif Khan (District Health Officer, Korangi district Karachi), Dr Harris (District Focal person, Korangi), Aneeta Pasha (Interactive for Research and Development, Karachi), Yasmeen Shah (Pakistan Fisherfolk Forum), Ghulam Mustafa (HANDS Pakistan), and Dr Shehrin Shaila Mahmood (icddr,b). This brief is the responsibility of SSHAP.