Journal articles on the topic 'Research organisations'
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Mutebi, Henry, Moses Muhwezi, Joseph Mpeera Ntayi, and John C. Kigozi Munene. "Organisation size, innovativeness, self-organisation and inter-organisational coordination." International Journal of Emergency Services 9, no. 3 (August 5, 2020): 359–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijes-05-2020-0024.
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PurposeThe purpose of this study is to examine how humanitarian organisation size affects inter-organisational coordination and further tested the mediating role of organisational innovativeness, self-organisation in the relationship between humanitarian organisation size and inter-organisational coordination among humanitarian organisations in Uganda.Design/methodology/approachThe study is based on cross-sectional survey; data was collected from 101 humanitarian organisations. The analysis of the proposed hypotheses was done with the help of PLS-SEM using SmartPLS version 3.3.0 for professionals.FindingsThe results show that humanitarian organisation size significantly relates with inter-organisational coordination. In addition, self-organisation and organisational innovativeness play a complementary role between humanitarian organisation size and inter-organisational coordination.Research limitations/implicationsThe findings of this research provide useful insights into the role of humanitarian organisation size in boosting inter-organisational coordination in humanitarian relief delivery. High levels of self-organisation and organisational innovativeness not only improve inter-organisational coordination in humanitarian relief delivery but also enhance the transformation of humanitarian organisation size benefits into inter-organisational coordination.Originality/valueThis research is one of the few studies that investigated the effect of humanitarian organisation size and inter-organisational coordination. It also brings into the limelight the mediating role of self-organisation and organisational innovativeness between humanitarian organisation size and inter-organisational ordination in humanitarian relief delivery.
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Schulze, Jonas Hermann, and Felix Pinkow. "Leadership for Organisational Adaptability: How Enabling Leaders Create Adaptive Space." Administrative Sciences 10, no. 3 (June 28, 2020): 37. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/admsci10030037.
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Organisational adaptability is the ability of an organisation to recognise the need to change and seize opportunities in dynamic environments. In an increasingly complex world, leadership must pay attention to dynamic, distributed, and contextual aspects in order to position their organisations for adaptability. The theory of dynamic capabilities constitutes a central concept for the requirements that enable organisational adaptability. Recent research suggested a model of “leadership for organisational adaptability” embedded in the theory of dynamic capabilities and ambidextrous leadership. This model ascribes leaders the task of creating “adaptive spaces”, which are ways to engage in tension that arises when new ideas collide with an organisation’s operational system, in order to generate and scale innovation. This work employs a qualitative research design by conducting expert interviews with participants from the management consulting industry as an exemplary object of research, and it identifies ways by which leaders can create such adaptive spaces. Findings indicate that leaders predominantly achieve this by providing employees with head space and opportunities to connect with others and promote diversity within their organisations. However, they could engage more actively in activities that pressure the organisation to change, leverage network structures to scale innovation, and in developing employees. It further emerged that organisations have not fully internalised the notion of distributed leadership, which is deemed crucial for coping with complexity.
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Tampere, Kaja. "Corporate social responsibility developments in post-communist countries: Towards organisations’ social legitimacy." Central European Journal of Communication 12, no. 1 (May 13, 2019): 62–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.19195/1899-5101.12.1(22).4.
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The aim of the paper is to introduce corporate social responsibility CSR as an organisation’s management and stakeholders’ relations tool in post-communist countries for ensuring the organisation’s social legitimacy. The article discusses how understanding the interdependence between the organisation and society helps to support the organisation to develop social legitimacy and therefore ensure its sustainability. The general research problem in this article is connected with the societal context of studied organisations: how CSR could be positioned and managed in a post-communist society to avoid a rebuff against an organisation’s CSR activities. The topic of this paper is approached through three research questions: how post-communist organisations see the CSR position in the organisation, how social legitimacy is acknowledged and defined, and finally to what extent CSR is seen as a tool for ensuring social legitimacy. For the research, seven Estonian organisations’ representatives with management responsibility were interviewed to find out their thoughts and ideas about CSR and social legitimacy.
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Howell, Gwyneth V. J., and Rohan Miller. "Maple Leaf Foods: Crisis and Containment Case Study." Public Communication Review 1, no. 1 (February 9, 2010): 47. http://dx.doi.org/10.5130/pcr.v1i1.1297.
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Crises can impact an organisation’s viability, credibility and reputation. Communication can preserve and protect the valuable reputation of an organisation, by demonstrating an acceptance of responsibility for the crisis and addressing victim concerns. The research illustrates that Maple Leaf Food’s crisis communication strategy was effectual and in supported to its purported organisational values as an organisation focused on health and safety. This case highlights why it is crucial for organisations to develop and apply a cohesive crisis communication strategy.
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Iyamu, Tiko, and Leshoto Mphahlele. "The impact of organisational structure on enterprise architecture deployment." Journal of Systems and Information Technology 16, no. 1 (March 4, 2014): 2–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jsit-04-2013-0010.
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Purpose – In many organisations, the alignment between information technology (IT) and business is viewed as an important catalyst for the organisation's effectiveness and efficiency towards achieving a competitive advantage. Yet, a shared understanding between business and IT (the EA included) remains an issue in many organisations. The organisational structure affects the alignment between business and IT units. Conversely, a lack of alignment of both components (IT and business units) impedes organisations' capacity to increase and improve their productivity. Many studies have been conducted in the area of IT, EA and the organisational structure. There is, however, little evidence of work conducted in exploring the interface between organisational structure and EA prior to this study. The paper aims to discuss these issues. Design/methodology/approach – A case-study research approach was employed to investigate the impact of organisational structure in the deployment of EA in organisations. Qualitative data were collected through semi-structure technique. The analysis was carried out, using structuration theory. Findings – The magnified data revealed some of unforeseen factors impeding the success of the EA deployment in the organisation. Originality/value – The work is original, and it has not been submitted or published anywhere else.
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Plowman, Penelope J. "Participatory methodologies for intersectional research in organisations." Journal of Organizational Ethnography 5, no. 1 (March 14, 2016): 28–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/joe-02-2015-0010.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to explore what it means to do intersectional research in an organisational ethnographic case study addressing gender, race, power and change. The main contribution of this paper is a methodological one. The focus is on the relevance and experience of adapting two qualitative research methods – diary study and photographic method. Design/methodology/approach – The paper describes the design, implementation and impact of the diary and photographic methods. Both research methods combine personal reflection with group dialogue. The case study is framed by feminist analysis of the gendered organisation and examines subjectivities and gender power relations embedded in organisational culture. Findings – Insights from the case study indicate the importance of participatory methodologies for deepening organisational research in the context of an organisational ethnography; the adaptability of the diary and photo methods; the effectiveness of open questions for reflecting on race and gender when participants know the research context; the significance of reflexive practice; the importance of a process approach for organisational analysis and change. Research limitations/implications – The case study findings are generalisable. The adaptations of the two key methods are applicable for research in practice. The concrete methodologies are significant for intersectional research inside organisations. The choice of intersections to be studied will depend on the research context. Practical implications – The case study shows methodological refinements for researching gender, power and difference inside organisations. Originality/value – The paper provides methodological insights into how to conduct intersectional and deep organisational research.
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Koroleva, Natalya, and Elena Shlyakhovaya. "Developing Professional Guidelines for Administrators and Heads of Research at Research Organisations." Science Governance and Scientometrics 16, no. 1 (March 1, 2021): 47–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.33873/2686-6706.2021.16-1.47-78.
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Introduction. The development and deployment of professional guidelines for research organisation administrators and heads of research at research organisations are motivated by the ever-growing productivity requirements for research and scientific and technical activity. They are also motivated by the quality requirements for the results of research and their practical application, as well as the area of activity and qualification requirements for administrators and heads of research. The purpose of this study is to elaborate on the process of drafting professional guidelines for two job types: research organisation administrator and head of research at a research organisation. Methods. We develop the guidelines for research organisation administrators and heads of research at research organisations by using a systemic approach and relying on comparative and functional analysis. Other methods employed include expert surveys, expert assessments, content analysis of expert comments and a graphical method that clearly illustrates the stages in which the proposals received from experts are processed. The theoretical methods used in this study include abstraction and specification, induction and deduction, analysis and synthesis, classification and generalisation. We also employ the simulation of professional activity while developing models of professional guidelines and drafting the professional guidelines themselves. Results and Discussion. As a result of this study, we present the methods of drafting professional guidelines for two job types: Research Organisation Administrator and Head of Research at a Research Organisation, informed by analysing the literature on the subject. In addition, we study how professional guidelines are used abroad, the development of said guidelines, analyse the critiques and suggestions received from experts and interested parties during a public discussion in the professional community, and further adjust our guidelines. Conclusion. After summarising our analysis, we conclude that the development of administrator and head of research activity at research organisations has excellent potential, as these positions are the ones that shape a given research organisation's contribution to resolving the social and economic issues faced by the national government. Our draft guidelines for administrators and heads of research are aimed at introducing an effective HR policy and competent personnel management within research organisations. The structure and content of the draft guidelines are optimal for bridging the gap between professional education and the actual labour market requirements. They fully reflect all skill, knowledge and competence requirements.
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Clifton, Louise, and Paul Gentle. "The genie in the learning organisation? The experience of using multi-level action learning at the Leadership Foundation." International Journal of Public Leadership 11, no. 2 (May 11, 2015): 66–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijpl-01-2015-0004.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine the working practices and outcomes of an action research project in a specialist organisation engaged in the field of leadership development. The intention of the project was to enable the company involved to become a stronger learning organisation at a time when it was developing a future strategy. Design/methodology/approach – The paper uses a case study approach to describe and analyse a three-stage process involving the use of a focus group, organisational climate survey and voluntary action learning sets. Interviews with participants are analysed thematically in order to assess the impact of the action research project on the organisation’s culture. Findings – Participation by the majority of the Leadership Foundation’s staff in action learning and related opportunities for feedback within the organisation helped move its culture towards wider participation in strategy development and a whole organisation approach to working. Other organisations wishing to build collaborative working cultures can learn from the implications of the project, particularly those concerning the need to attend to the intended outcomes of action learning and the role of skilled, critical facilitators in action learning processes. Originality/value – The paper is innovative in that it explores practitioner-led action research work in a setting of leadership and organisational development. It will interest leaders and managers who seek to build learning organisations, as well as organisational developers with an interest in enhancing the impact of action learning.
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Dogus, Yurdagul. "A qualitative research on organizational peace in schools." Cypriot Journal of Educational Sciences 14, no. 4 (December 31, 2019): 661–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.18844/cjes.v11i4.4486.
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The concept of organisational peace is a dynamic situation that can develop through open communication, whose main elements are justice, trust and goodwill, and affect the peace and happiness of individuals. Organisational peace consists of two dimensions such as ‘internal organisational peace’ and ‘external organisational peace’. ‘Internal organisational peace’, which is formed by relations and conditions within the organisation itself, is influenced by four factors such as individual, organisational, managerial and job characteristics. The ‘external organisational peace’, which is formed by the organisation's relations with others, stems from the direct–indirect, optional or obligatory interactions of the organisation. External organisational peace is influenced by five factors such as hierarchical relations, close environment, other organisations, society and global relations. This research is the first study that provides a conceptual framework for the concept of organisational peace and examines the concept of organisational peace empirically. The aim of this study is to determine the views of teachers in the ‘internal organisational peace’ dimension in schools. The research was carried out in the phenomenological design of qualitative research methods. The study group consisted of 10 teachers selected by the criterion sampling method. Teachers explain the concept of organisational peace with happiness, common goals, cooperation, justice, comfort, democratic values, harmony, respect and healthy communication. Factors that promote ‘internal organisational peace’ are positive personality, job satisfaction, fair practices, effective organisational communication, competencies of managers and good physical conditions of the job. Factors that prevent ‘internal organisational peace’ are negative personality, violent behaviour, unfair management, closed communication and bad physical conditions of the job.
Keywords: Organisational peace, school, Turkey.
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Nagabhaskar, Dr M., and Mr Ch Chandra Sekhar. "Impact of OCTAPACE Model on Banking Employees: a Comparative Study of Private and Public Sector Banks with reference to Andhrapradesh." International Journal of Innovative Research in Engineering & Management 9, no. 4 (2022): 122–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.55524/ijirem.2022.9.4.21.
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Organisational culture is a facet that impacts every organisation’s functioning, different organisation needs different quite culture to be set up. it’s defined in terms of shared meaning, patterns of beliefs, rituals, symbols, and myths that evolve over time, service to scale back human variability and control and shape employee behavior in organisation. this research aims to compare private sector and public sector banks in terms of values of employees. The study attempts to understand the impact of OCTAPACE model on banking employees of private and public sector banks in Andrapradesh.The main implication of this research on organisational culture suggest that there is a scope for further improvement in the sample study organisations which would improve their work life by overcoming the monotony.
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Bieńkowska, Agnieszka. "Controlling Effectiveness Model — empirical research results regarding the influence of controlling on organisational performance." Engineering Management in Production and Services 12, no. 3 (October 15, 2020): 28–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/emj-2020-0017.
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AbstractThe article aims to explain how controlling influences an organisation as a whole, considering the job performance of employees and managers. It describes the development and verification of the Controlling Effectiveness Model, which characterises the impact, the place of each variable and the direction of each relationship in the effort to shape organisational performance. The hypothesis was verified with the help of empirical research, which was conducted with 264 organisations operating in Poland. The survey took place in October 2019. The authors of the article used the CAWI method. Efforts had been made to ensure a diversified research sample encompassing various organisational characteristics. The exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis and the sequentially mediated regression model were used to verify the hypothesis. The empirical research allowed confirming a statistically significant indirect impact of the quality of controlling on organisational performance. This relationship depends on the job performance of managers and employees. The analysis of the impact made by controlling on the job performance of employees and managers as we as the organisational performance resulted in a mediation model (the Controlling Effectiveness Model) and confirmed the effect of controlling on organisational performance through the impact on job performance of managers and employees. The article has practical implications. The organisations that decide to implement controlling should focus on the quality of this management support method. It is not enough to simply implement controlling as organisations need to ensure the correct implementation. In this context, it is also relevant to properly shape functional, organisational and instrumental controlling solutions (tailored to the characteristics of the organisation as a whole, as well as to the environmental conditions, under which the organisation operates), which determine the quality of controlling.
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Klockner, Karen, and Peter Meredith. "Measuring Resilience Potentials: A Pilot Program Using the Resilience Assessment Grid." Safety 6, no. 4 (November 13, 2020): 51. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/safety6040051.
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Researchers in the resilience engineering space have proposed the notion that organisations operating in complex socio-technical systems cannot ‘be’ resilient but can have the ‘potential for resilient performance’. This theoretical stance also suggests that organisations wanting to enhance their potential for resilience begin by measuring their operational safety performance against four key potentials, these being: the Potential to Anticipate; the Potential to Respond; the Potential to Learn; and the Potential to Monitor. Furthermore, to measure these four key resilience constructs, organisations have been recommended to use a Resilience Assessment Grid (RAG) developed as part of this theory. However, scarce research appears to have been conducted that bridges the theory and practice divide on just how organisations can pragmatically measure their current performance against these four resilience potentials using the RAG. Therefore, this research was interested in undertaking a pilot study using RAG theory in order to examine an organisation’s four resilience potentials, and was conducted within a large road transport organisation in Australia. Results indicated that measuring both the four individual potentials and a combination of the four potentials was possible using a RAG and proved effective in providing a snapshot of operational safety system resilience concepts. Recommendations on how to increase organisational resilience potentials were provided to ensure future safety endeavours would enhance the organisation’s potential to be resilience in the face of system variability and operational demands.
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Fonseca, Luis Miguel, and José Pedro Domingues. "Empirical Research of the ISO 9001:2015 Transition Process in Portugal: Motivations, Benefits, and Success Factors." Quality Innovation Prosperity 22, no. 2 (July 31, 2018): 16. http://dx.doi.org/10.12776/qip.v22i2.1099.
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<p><strong>Purpose:</strong> With the transition period for ISO 9001 certified organisations to migrate to the 2015 edition ending 15th September 2018, this investigation aims to evaluate the status of ISO 9001:2015 transition process and provide useful knowledge on the corresponding motivations, benefits, and success factors.</p><p><strong>Methodology/Approach:</strong> An empirical study of more than 300 Portuguese organisations ISO 9001 certified, or in certification process, encompassing a wide range of activities sectors, was carried out.</p><p><strong>Findings:</strong> As of May 2017, 19% of the respondents already have ISO 9001:2015 certification and all the remaining one’s plan to complete the process in time. The principal reported benefits are risk-based thinking, mapping of the organisational context, and stakeholder identification. Simultaneously those were the issues that required more attention and effort to be mastered and implemented. Additionally, there is evidence that ISO 9001:2015 enhances both internal and external organisational issues and generates benefits for all the researched dimensions. Based on the respondents’ responses, organisations who claimed that external motivations were the primary drivers to ISO 9001:2015 implementation systematically rate higher all the benefits when compared with the rating ascribed by those organisations who claimed internal motivations. Moreover, it is possible to conclude that the perceived benefits from ISO 9001:2015 implementation and certification seem to be strongly influenced by two primary dimensions: the (smaller) organisation size and the (lesser) international presence.</p><p><strong>Research Limitation/implication:</strong> Due to ISO 9001:2015 novelty, the results of this investigation should be subject to future confirmation and replicated in other countries to allow a generalisation of the conclusions. Since the survey is based on the perceptions of the organisation’s Managers, there is a potential response bias risk that should be acknowledged.</p><p><strong>Originality/Value of paper:</strong> With more than 1.2 million ISO 9001 certified organisation worldwide, this a highly relevant issue both for organisations, practitioners and academics. Due to ISO 9001:2015 novelty, this investigation aims to fill this research gap.</p>
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Stachová, Katarína, Zdenko Stacho, and Gabriela Bartáková. "Influencing organisational culture by means of employee remuneration." Verslas: Teorija ir Praktika 16, no. 3 (October 1, 2015): 264–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/btp.2015.492.
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The aim of this paper is to particularly define the possibilities of influencing organisational culture by means of employee remuneration. The paper will present the results of research conducted over 2010–2012. The respondent group included 340 organisations operating in the Slovak Republic. The research showed that even though 98% of the interviewed organisations realise the importance and meaning of dealing with the creation and maintenance of organisational culture, only 21–43% have defined an organisational culture strategy in writing within the organisation´s strategy.
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Hafis Ahmad, Mohd, Syuhaida Ismail, and Abd Latif Saleh. "Readiness of Organisation and Employees in the Malaysian Public Organisation Towards Change Management." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 2.29 (May 22, 2018): 607. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i2.29.13984.
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Organisational change refers to the transformation of an organisation from its present condition to some intended conditions in the future in minimising refusal from employees and expenditure of running the organisation while simultaneously boosting the productiveness of the change attempt. This paper aims to appraise the change administration of organisations in Malaysia since limited research have been done to examine whether the employees are ready to accept change in the organisation. This research is materialising its objectives of (1) identifying the attributes of change management in the Malaysian public organisation; (2) investigating the current practice of organisation and employees in the Malaysian public organisation towards change management and (3) assessing the factors influencing readiness of organisation and employees in the Malaysian public organisation towards change management. It is found that change management is an organised way to make sure that changes are completely implemented without any problems to make transitions from the aspects of individuals, groups, and organisations to an intended circumstances in the coming days by focusing on the wider impacts of change, particularly on people, where change takes place thoroughly in the entire organisation. Furthermore, it is found that current practice of organisation and employees in the organisation towards change management involved in three main factors, namely trust in management, communication and organisational commitment; with the positive vision for the future perceived by management team as the factor of trust in management, meanwhile for communication, it is found that there is good communication between supervisors and employees about the organisation’s policy toward the changes. The factor found in organisational commitment is employees enjoy discussing their organisation with outsiders. The findings of this paper provide a positive impact on change management planning, which ultimately help in ensuring more effective change programme implementation in the public organisation in Malaysia.
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Wiley, Jack, and Francis Lake. "Inspire, Respect, Reward: re-framing leadership assessment and development." Strategic HR Review 13, no. 6 (October 7, 2014): 221–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/shr-06-2014-0039.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to describe how a major financial services organisation used the results of an independent research project to alter its approach to leadership assessment and development. Design/methodology/approach – The research project involved collecting employee opinion data from roughly equal samples of employees from 22 countries worldwide (total n = 47, 236). Subsequent linkage research analyses involved employee opinions being correlated with measures of customer satisfaction and financial performance for up to 187 organisations worldwide. Findings – Findings revealed that what employees most want from the top leaders of their organisations is to be inspired, respected and rewarded. Organisations whose leadership teams scored higher on measures of inspiring, respecting and rewarding employees also achieved higher employee engagement, customer satisfaction and financial performance. Practical implications – These findings spurred the development of a new direction for leadership development and assessment for Lloyds Banking Group, a major financial services organisation based in the United Kingdom. Originality/value – This research answers a fundamental question from a sample of employees from 22 countries worldwide: what do employees most want from the top leaders of their organisations? Using performance data from up to 187 organisations worldwide this research also demonstrates that organisations whose top leaders provide employees with what they most want achieve superior organisational performance. Knowing this allows organisations to review and revise a wide variety of talent management approaches, including leadership assessment, development and reward systems. It also informs the design of employee survey instruments to ensure coverage of topics with known links to organisational success.
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Kusumasari, Bevaola. "Network organisation in supporting post‐disaster management in Indonesia." International Journal of Emergency Services 1, no. 1 (July 13, 2012): 71–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/20470891211239326.
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PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to discuss the support network organisations between local government, non‐government organisations (NGOs) and community groups in post‐disaster management.Design/methodology/approachThe paper takes the form of an exploratory case study which concentrates on the Bantul district, Indonesia. The Bantul local government, located in Yogyakarta Provincial Indonesia, was selected as a case study because it had experience in managing post‐disaster conditions after the 2006 earthquake. Data were gathered through in‐depth interviews with 40 key informants with knowledge about the case.FindingsThe research revealed that this local government has made significant achievements in managing network organisations for logistic and humanitarian aid implementation. Inter‐organisational networks, citizen‐to‐organisation networks and organisation‐to‐citizen networks have become prominent resources for local government in managing a disaster because they address the lack of local government capability through negotiated efforts or partnership with other government levels, social institutions, non‐profit sector organisations and the community, in order to mobilize and utilize available capacity effectively.Originality/valueThis paper presents lessons learnt from local government in organising the support network for logistic and humanitarian aid to respond to disasters.
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Otulia, Patrick Omutia, Isaac M. Mbeche, Gituro Wainaina, and James Njihia. "Influence of Organisational Resources on Performance of ISO Certified Organisations in Kenya." European Scientific Journal, ESJ 13, no. 34 (December 31, 2017): 119. http://dx.doi.org/10.19044/esj.2017.v13n34p119.
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This study aimed at examining the influence of organisational resources on organisational performance of International Organisation for Standardization (ISO) certified organisations in Kenya. The study was based on Total Quality Management (TQM) theory. A cross-sectional research survey design was adopted. Primary data was collected from a sample of 282 ISO certified organisations by use of a questionnaire, and secondary data was obtained from financial statements of 27 ISO certified organizations sampled. Descriptive statistics was used to analyze proportions of the variables and multiple regression model was used to estimate the effect of organisational resources on the performance of ISO certified organizations. The findings show that abundant organisational resources reduce performance. The study, therefore recommends that the management of ISO certified organisations should employ limited organisation resources available efficiently and train their staff in managerial skills in order to improve performance of their organizations.
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Garnett, Jonathan, Selva Abraham, and Param Abraham. "Using work-based and work-applied learning to enhance the intellectual capital of organisations." Journal of Work-Applied Management 8, no. 1 (March 1, 2016): 56–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jwam-08-2016-0013.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to show how work-based and work-applied learning (WAL) can enhance the intellectual capital of organisations. Design/methodology/approach The paper draws organisational learning- and work-based learning literature and case study illustrations. Findings To achieve major strategic change in organisations requires working at senior level within the organisation to develop the capability of the organisation to learn and apply that learning strategically. WAL is explicitly geared to bring about change and enhance the learning capability within the organisation. Research limitations/implications There is a need for further longitudinal studies of organisations that have used the work-based and WAL approaches. Practical implications The conclusions reached have implications for higher education and non-award bearing executive education. Social implications The alignment of individual learning with organisational objectives positions learning as a co-operative part of working life rather than just individual preparation for employment. Originality/value The paper positions work-based learning and WAL as appropriate responses to the learning needs of organisations as well as individuals.
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Sheaff, Rod, Joyce Halliday, Mark Exworthy, Alex Gibson, Pauline W. Allen, Jonathan Clark, Sheena Asthana, and Russell Mannion. "Repositioning the boundaries between public and private healthcare providers in the English NHS." Journal of Health Organization and Management 33, no. 7/8 (November 7, 2019): 776–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jhom-12-2018-0355.
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Purpose Neo-liberal “reform” has in many countries shifted services across the boundary between the public and private sector. This policy re-opens the question of what structural and managerial differences, if any, differences of ownership make to healthcare providers. The purpose of this paper is to examine the connections between ownership, organisational structure and managerial regime within an elaboration of Donabedian’s reasoning about organisational structures. Using new data from England, it considers: how do the internal managerial regimes of differently owned healthcare providers differ, or not? In what respects did any such differences arise from differences in ownership or for other reasons? Design/methodology/approach An observational systematic qualitative comparison of differently owned providers was the strongest feasible research design. The authors systematically compared a maximum variety (by ownership) sample of community health services; out-of-hours primary care; and hospital planned orthopaedics and ophthalmology providers (n=12 cases). The framework of comparison was the ownership theory mentioned above. Findings The connection between ownership (on the one hand) and organisation structures and managerial regimes (on the other) differed at different organisational levels. Top-level governance structures diverged by organisational ownership and objectives among the case-study organisations. All the case-study organisations irrespective of ownership had hierarchical, bureaucratic structures and managerial regimes for coordinating everyday service production, but to differing extents. In doctor-owned organisations, the doctors’, but not other occupations’, work was controlled and coordinated in a more-or-less democratic, self-governing ways. Research limitations/implications This study was empirically limited to just one sector in one country, although within that sector the case-study organisations were typical of their kinds. It focussed on formal structures, omitting to varying extents other technologies of power and the differences in care processes and patient experiences within differently owned organisations. Practical implications Type of ownership does appear, overall, to make a difference to at least some important aspects of an organisation’s governance structures and managerial regime. For the broader field of health organisational research, these findings highlight the importance of the owners’ agency in explaining organisational change. The findings also call into question the practice of copying managerial techniques (and “fads”) across the public–private boundary. Originality/value Ownership does make important differences to healthcare providers’ top-level governance structures and accountabilities and to work coordination activity, but with different patterns at different organisational levels. These findings have implications for understanding the legitimacy, governance and accountability of healthcare organisations, the distribution and use power within them, and system-wide policy interventions, for instance to improve care coordination and for the correspondingly required foci of healthcare organisational research.
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Stroeve, Sybert, Job Smeltink, and Barry Kirwan. "Assessing and Advancing Safety Management in Aviation." Safety 8, no. 2 (March 22, 2022): 20. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/safety8020020.
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A safety management system (SMS) is the overall set of procedures, documentation, and knowledge systems as well as the processes using them, which are employed within an organisation to control and improve its safety performance. Safety management systems are often observed as being bureaucratic, distinct from actual operations, and being too much focused on the prevention of deviations from procedures rather than on the effective support of safety in the real operational context. The soft parts of advancing safety in organisations, such as the multitude of interrelations and the informal aspects in an organisation that influence safety, are often only considered to a limited extent. As a way forward, this paper presents two coupled approaches. Firstly, a generic tool for assessing the maturity of safety management of aviation organisations is presented, which accounts for recent insights in effectively incorporating human factors. This assessment tool provides insight into the strong and weak topics of an organisation’s SMS. Secondly, an overview is given of a range of approaches that aim to improve the safety of aviation organisations by strengthening relevant organisational processes and structures, with a focus on human factors. The relations of these approaches with SMS are discussed, and the links with topics of the SMS maturity assessment tool are highlighted.
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WEBB, JANE. "KEEPING ALIVE INTER-ORGANISATIONAL INNOVATION THROUGH IDENTITY WORK AND PLAY." International Journal of Innovation Management 21, no. 05 (June 2017): 1740009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1363919617400096.
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This paper discusses how people draw on the strategic interests and motivations of their home organisations in negotiating the activities inter-organisational collaboration for innovation will include. Through presenting ethnographic snapshots of a case involving fifteen partner organisations, the paper explores how members of a coordinating group make sense of the possibilities and constraints for joint work. As they discuss new activities, they engage in identity work and identity play, simultaneously identifying with their home organisations and the meta-organisation. This finding challenges previous research assuming the importance of a coherent and stable collective identity for collaborative work. Instead the author suggests that innovation practitioners leave space for multiple objectives to emerge over time within joint activities in order to keep alive inter-organisational innovation. The author calls for more research into how the interplay of organisational identities enables and constrains the practices of organising for inter-organisational innovation.
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Daya, Preeya. "Diversity and inclusion in an emerging market context." Equality, Diversity and Inclusion: An International Journal 33, no. 3 (March 11, 2014): 293–308. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/edi-10-2012-0087.
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Purpose – The extreme demographic misrepresentation of organisations is a key business and societal issue in South Africa (SA). The purpose of this paper is to provide organisations that are committed to the creation of a diverse and inclusive environment with key considerations that need to be managed in order to create more diverse drive transformation. Design/methodology/approach – This research uses a combination of quantitative and qualitative techniques to gain an understanding of the elements that need to be managed to enhance perception of inclusion in the SA workplace. Findings – The study finds that key inclusion elements that need to be transformed at an organisational level include “senior leadership”, “organisation climate”, “organisational belonging”, “communication” and “transparent recruitment, promotion and development”. At an interpersonal level or relational level, inclusion components include respect and acceptance, the “line manager/subordinate relationship” (which includes the subordinates experience of dignity, trust and recognition), “engagement” which includes decision-making authority and access to information, and finally the “individual's relationship with the organisation's vision and values”. Finally, at an individual level, factors which influenced inclusion, and therefore required attention in recruitment or management were “personality”, “locus of control”, self-confidence which includes self-esteem and “power”. Research limitations/implications – While this research facilitated “deep” insight into the diversity and inclusion components, this study could have been enriched through exploring diversity and inclusion in other organisational contexts. Second, while the InclusionIndex™ survey provided a useful base measure of inclusion for this research, the use of a survey as the primary research tool might have been leading to the respondents. Third, because the InclusionIndex™ survey was used as the exploratory tool, and was the respondents’ first exposure to the diversity and inclusion terminology, the survey became the informal frame of reference for diversity and inclusion, and thus might have influenced the focus group discussion and semi-structured interview responses. Practical implications – Using these diversity and inclusion considerations, leaders of pluralistic and multicultural organisations can focus their attention on developing inclusion areas that are weak and require more consideration. Second, this research aims to establish that inclusion extends beyond recruitment of diverse individuals to a process driven at organisational, interpersonal and individual levels. Originality/value – These management considerations are important and valuable because they can be used to guide systemic change in organisations, driven at organisational, interpersonal and individual levels. This approach will help organisations to move beyond employment equity compliance, to a commitment to multicultural diverse and inclusive organisations.
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Avdagić, Emir, and Winfried Ellwanger. "Modeli upravljanja u organizacijama za obrazovanje odraslih." Obrazovanje odraslih/Adult Education, no. 1_2 2017 (2017): 11–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.53617/issn2744-2047.2017.17.1_2.11.
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One of the scientific fields which could and should use its knowledge to initiate positive changes in the development of adult education is education management. So, the main aim of this article is to present results of the research done in the field of management of organisations for adult education. Since organisations for adult education are specific in comparison to other education organisations, and since there is a need to professionalise management in organisations for adult education in Southeastern Europe, the main aim of the research was to discuss the relationship between management models and the external environment of the organisation. The theoretical base in studying management models in organisations for adult education was related to principles of contemporary theories of organisation and management, as well as andragogy. Within the qualitative research paradigm and case study model, we applied the techniques of document analysis and interview in the research. The sample included education organisations from two very different social and economic systems – Germany as one which is well developed, and Bosnia and Herzegovina as one which is “transitional”, which is dominant in the Southeastern Europe region. Research results “advocated” ten management models as the most important ones in the management practice of organisations for adult education, with strategic management being first. Other models which can be implemented in relation to the general and immediate external environment, are marketing management, management of organisational culture, goal-oriented management, and network management.
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Knutsson, Hans, and Anna Thomasson. "Exploring organisational hybridity from a learning perspective." Qualitative Research in Accounting & Management 14, no. 4 (October 9, 2017): 430–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/qram-04-2016-0030.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to explore if the application of a framework building on organisational learning focusing on organisational processes can increase our understanding of how hybrid organisation develops over time and why they fail to live up to external expectations. Design/methodology/approach The aim of this study is descriptive and explorative. It is accordingly designed as a qualitatively oriented case study. To capture the process of forming and developing hybrid organisations, the study takes a longitudinal approach. The case chosen for the study is a municipally owned company in Sweden providing waste management services. The study revolves around empirical data gathered in official documents and in face-to-face interviews. All the data concern the time span between 2004 and 2016. Findings The analysis of the case studied provides us with insights into how hybridity manifests itself in mind-set and processes. There is a need for individuals within and around the organisation to be aware of and accept new goals and strategies to change their behaviour accordingly. The result of this study thus shows that contrary to findings in previous research on hybrid organisations, merely changing the structure of the organisation is not sufficient. Instead, learning is key to the development of hybridity and to overcome goal incongruence and conflicts of interest in hybrid organisations. However, this takes time and is likely to be dependent on individuals’ willingness to accept and adapt these new strategies and goals. Research limitations/implications The result of this study is based on one single case study in one specific hybrid context. No empirical generalisation is aspired to. Instead, the aim has been to – through an explorative approach – make an analytical contribution to the knowledge about hybrid organisations. Further studies are thus necessary to deepen the understanding of the hybrid context and the situations under which hybrid organisations operate and develop. Practical implications Based on the result from this study, it seems that an organisation needs to learn how to be a hybrid organisation. There are no isolated structural solutions that can create a hybrid organisation other than in a formal sense. New ways to exploit organisational resources and the hybrid context are necessary to find new and innovative ways of how to use the hybrid context in a way that improves service sector delivery. Originality/value Predominately, research on hybrid organisations has until recently been working with the premise that hybrids are not a breed of its own but a mix of two or several ideal types. Consequently, the result from this type of research has often landed in a conclusion regarding the complexity of combining what often is considered contradictory and conflicting goals. In this paper, a different and novel approach is taken. The paper illustrates how hybrid organisations develop over time, and it suggests that hybridity manifests itself in mindset and processes. The main contribution is an exploration and illustration of how organisational learning may be considered as the missing link between the structural orientation of previous explanations of hybrid organisations and the organisational property of hybridity. Hybridity is the result of exposure to, acceptance of and adaptation to new goals and strategies and expresses itself in “hybrid behaviour”.
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Badjie, Gibriel, Armanu Thoyib, Djumilah Hadiwidjojo, and Ainur Rofiq. "Testing the Relationship of Employee Empowerment and Organisational Performance." Jurnal Analisis Bisnis Ekonomi 18, no. 2 (December 9, 2020): 95–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.31603/bisnisekonomi.v18i2.3732.
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The research aimed to test the new measures of employee empowerment in a collectively social oriented society. The study applied questionnaire-based survey to obtain data and test the relationship between employee empowerment and organisational performance. A total of 80 completed questionnaires from the senior HR personnel from 40 organisations in the Gambia took part in the survey. Ten employees were engaged in a face-to-face interview, 2 private and 8 public organisations from among the 40 organisations that participated. Both SPSS and SmartPLS were utilised to analyse data. MGA is used to determine the difference private and public organisations. The study has indicated a significant relationship between employee empowerment and organisational performance. The findings revealed a small but not significant difference between the private and public organisations in their definition of employee empowerment in the Gambia based on MGA report. The findings discovered that the social nature of employees cannot be disputed, and a strong recognition of employees promotes organisation performance. HR department and organisational flexibility relates more to employee’s empowerment and has effect on attitude and behaviour. The study recommends further large-scale research in other environments outside the Gambia.
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Sutton, Lucinda Bella-May, Tanya Le Roux, and Lynnette M. Fourie. "Internal communication in a diverse and developing world context: Challenges for corporate South Africa." Communicare: Journal for Communication Studies in Africa 41, no. 2 (December 15, 2022): 90–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.36615/jcsa.v41i2.1452.
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Internal communication plays a pivotal part in an organisation’s survival. It is regarded as an investment in an organisation’s success and underpins organisational effectiveness. However, when organisations face internal communication challenges, these can threaten internal relationships, with dire consequences for the organisation. This is particularly so in the volatile, uncertain, complicated and ambiguous South African corporate context, which presents direct challenges for internal communication management. Internationally there has been an increase in studies exploring challenges for internal communication, with various authors indicating a need for further research. Our study addresses this gap by probing the internal communication challenges experienced in the South African corporate environment as a developing world view, to make recommendations for mitigating action. This exploratory qualitative interview-based study focused on the perceptions of practitioners working in large organisations, as well as consultants with acknowledged expertise in the field of internal communication. The findings confirmed that internal communication is a complex and multifaceted profession full of challenges. We identified 12 challenges, grouped into four clusters, namely access to technology, lack of formal communication training, parameters for inclusion of internal stakeholders, and management styles and structures. Contributions include recommendations for practice, together with suggestions for further research.
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Nanayakkara, Kusal, Sara Wilkinson, and Dulani Halvitigala. "Influence of dynamic changes of workplace on organisational culture." Journal of Management & Organization 27, no. 6 (November 2021): 1003–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jmo.2021.69.
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AbstractChallenged by the effects of organisational flexibility and high corporate real estate costs, organisations are increasingly seeking flexibility and operational efficiency in their office spaces. To date, the literature relating to flexible office spaces has focused mainly on their physical characteristics. The full effects of such spaces on human reactions and the corporate culture of organisations are less understood. The objective of this paper is to examine the influence of introducing activity-based working (ABW) on existing organisational culture. It was addressed from the perspective of the management of large corporate organisations. A mixed-method research that included a qualitative approach followed by a quantitative approach was adopted. The first stage included semistructured interviews with 19 large organisations who had introduced flexible layouts. The second stage involved a questionnaire survey of 32 organisations which had experienced office layout changes. Findings identify that the nature of workplace designs has a considerable impact on the corporate culture of an organisation and can be used to leverage and change its culture. Workplace designs directly influence culture by supporting the systems, symbols, engagement/motivation and behaviours of the organisation and employees. However, some differences between the perceptions of public and private organisations were identified. In conclusion, office layouts are artefacts that can either support, or change, the existing organisational culture. Therefore, the critical achievement of workspace design is to integrate the cultures, values and behaviours of organisations to meet their ultimate goals.
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Dobusch, Laura. "How exclusive are inclusive organisations?" Equality, Diversity and Inclusion: An International Journal 33, no. 3 (March 11, 2014): 220–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/edi-08-2012-0066.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to anchor the buzzword “inclusive organisation” in a theory-based perspective by identifying meanings of inclusion and exclusion in various scientific discourses. Design/methodology/approach – The paper provides an overview about inclusion/exclusion and its different usage in four “western” scientific discourses. By analysing the role of organisations in each discourse, relevant aspects for specifying the concept of “inclusive organisations” are identified. Findings – The concept of “inclusive organisations” needs to be grounded in a wider industry context for determining adequate action strategies towards inclusiveness. More attention should be paid to the excluding effects of including measures and resulting changes in power relations. Research limitations/implications – The conceptual approach of the paper needs to be anchored in further empirical research on the measurability of inclusion/exclusion within organisations and on the implementation of organisational practices towards more inclusiveness. Originality/value – The value of the paper is its interdisciplinary approach to concepts of organisational inclusion and exclusion that are usually analysed separately. This fresh perspective paves the way for an original contribution to further develop the idea of “inclusive organisations”.
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Hardner, Kimberly L., and Molly R. Wolf. "Using feminist theory as a research method in the examination of trauma-informed care in a non-profit organisation." Voluntary Sector Review 13, no. 1 (March 1, 2022): 37–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1332/204080521x16322251639152.
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The purpose of this qualitative study was to gather information about the experiences of staff at a non-profit agency in the United States as the organisation transitioned towards the implementation of trauma-informed care (TIC). In non-profit organisations, TIC (that is, safety, trustworthiness, choice, collaboration and empowerment) enhances the wellbeing of employees and clients by acknowledging the impact of trauma and reducing the risk of retraumatisation. Feminist theory was utilised to inform this study to empower participants to voice their experiences and to analyse the organisation’s commitment to the principles of TIC. Four focus groups were conducted (N = 17 participants in total) and all participants reported that the organisational culture was moving in a positive direction. Even in the early stages of the implementation of TIC, management reported feeling empowered and supported by the organisation; however, many participants noted that significant work will need to continue to enhance the emotional safety and empowerment of direct-line workers.
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Chong, Alvin, Ibiwani Alisa Hussain, Noraini Ahmad, and Jugindar Singh Kartar Singh. "Organisation Justice Towards’ Employees Voluntary Turnover: A Perspective of SMEs in Malaysia." International Journal of Human Resource Studies 11, no. 2 (March 26, 2021): 58. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/ijhrs.v11i2.18459.
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Turnover of employees has gained the attention of organisations due to the impact of human resources on organisation performance and competitive advantage. This dilemma leads the management to struggle to find ways and retain employees. To attract, organisations use the "pull factors" to entice employees to perform better in the organisation. This study was conducted to investigate the relationship between the three dimensions of organisational justice: distributive, procedural and interactional justice towards voluntary turnover. This was an explanatory study that used a quantitative research design. Through a survey method, data was collected from a total of 115 respondents. The findings revealed that there was a significant relationship between employee turnover, distributive justice, procedural justice, and interactional justice. However, interactional justice had the strongest impact. This study also unearthed that attractive compensation is not the only method for the management to retain talent in organisations. Organisational justice plays an essential role in the retention of employees. These results will provide a better understanding of supervisors and human resource professionals with additional insights into the impact of organisational justice on employees' turnover. This study indicates that organisations' interactional justice practised is considered a central factor for employee retention. Although prior research has investigated a number of these issues, this study was the first to focus on employees in Small and Medium Enterprises in Malaysia.
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Liukinevičienė, Laima, and Jurgita Blažienė. "The Discourse of the Resilience of Hospitals in the Theoretical Context of the Organisation’s Concept of Resilience and Factors." Socialiniai tyrimai 45, no. 1 (February 20, 2022): 8–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/soctyr.45.1.1.
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Recovery and resilience, the ability to operate under the conditions of uncertainty – these challenges are now becoming the key tasks for each organisation. The research of the organisation’s concept of resilience is primarily linked to ecological sciences, followed by studies in social sciences linked to vulnerability and resilience of social groups, communities, cities, and organizations as systems. The efforts of scientists to develop the analysis, measurement instruments of resilience, observable resilience indicators systems, indices, regional vulnerability maps, development of regional resilience policies, etc. are visible. Scientists indicate that resilience is a complex ability and process and can be defined differently, depending on the contexts, but all of them are united by the notion that it is a positive effect in preparing for or after challenges, that it must be encouraged (Lee et al., 2016). The organisation’s theoretical concept of resilience is not widely developed and there is a lack of information on how organisations become resilient.The research aims to define the concept of organisation’s resilience, its features and factors as well as to reveal the concept of the resilience of hospitals in the theoretical context of the resilience of the organisation. The following research methods were used: the analysis, generalization and systematization of the content of scientific literature, synthesis of ideas based on scientific analysis.The definition of the concept of organisation’s resilience is based on a previous empirical research conducted by Barasa et al. (2018) as well as on the latest scientific insights:
According to Jucevičius et al. (2017), resilience as the ability to regain strength after changes or errors is conceptually different from the concept of robustness, which describes systems that ignore environmental impacts. The resilience of an organization is the intrinsic ability of an organization to maintain and return to a dynamically stable state. It is the maintenance of resources in a sufficiently flexible form to allow them to be spontaneously adapted in the event of an unforeseen threat. Continuous harmonisation of the monitoring of small errors with improvisation provides employees with expert and wider competencies for more flexible adaptation.
The idea proposed by Gricevičius (2019) to link the resilience of the organization to the ability to survive and even thrive during a crisis supports the idea of Gečienė and Raišienė (2019, 2020) that the resilience of the organization should be understood more as a capacity and process than a result, and as adaptation rather than stability (Gečienė et al., 2020).
Insight into the fact that we are constantly strengthening the resilience of organisations by adapting to changes at three levels: the potential of the resources available in the system, participants in the internal communication system and variables, creative and flexible responses to the challenges (Holling and Gunderson, 2002, cited in Gečienė, 2020); that the resilience of the organisation must be perceived as a long-term goal (Litz, 2005, cited in Gečienė, 2020).
Beuran and Santos (2019) consider that three definitions are important in the organisation’s conceptualisation of resilience: resilience as an organisational characteristic; resilience as a result of the organisation’s activities; resilience as an identification of disorders that the organisation can tolerate.
The theoretical concept of organization’s resilience is developed by defining external and internal factors of resilience. The external factors of the resilience of public sector organisations include the following: 1) political factors that directly or indirectly influence organisations’ involvement in a greater focus on the organisation’s sustainable development, unforeseen challenges in the long term; 2) economic factors (e.g. availability of financial resources); 3) technological factors (e.g. availability of hardware and software; digital progress), social factors (e.g. decentralisation as management practice in the public sector, coordination of systems, greater awareness of resilience in society, etc.). Disseminating the experience of business organisations in adapting to challenges in the media has also become a social factor.According to scientific practice (Barasa et al. (2018); Gečienė (2020)), to analyse the passive and active resilience of the organisation, we have divided the internal factors of the organization’s resilience into two groups:
1. Passive or operational, adaptive resilience of the organisation. The factors are as follows: 1) prudent management of public (physical, economic, organisational, social, human) capital, assets held or entrusted with management; management of organisational change management, absorption, adaptability, reconstruction capacity is essential; 2) a balanced organisational routine and structure; 3) management and continuous improvement of internal information and communication systems; 4) management (managerial) practices; 5) organizational culture.2. Active or planned, strategic, otherwise capability-oriented resilience of the organization. The factors are as follows: 1) the organisation’s resilience planning, strategy; 2) the organisation’s external policy focused on strengthening resilience; 3) continuous involvement in the analysis, application, development of managerial innovations; 4) leadership and continuous improvement of the organisation’s resilience competencies.Hospitals are organisations whose management is subject to the same managerial principles as in budgetary institutions in general, and therefore the analyzed resilience features of organizations are also applicable to hospitals. Due to the specific purpose of organisations (human health is one of the most important values, health care is a constitutionally justified objective and public interest) and relevance during the 2020–2021 pandemic, there is an increase in the discourse of the scientific resilience of the health system, driven also by increased interaction between politicians, scientists and medical professionals. The resilience of the health system and individual health care institutions is becoming a priority objective of public policy, and the issue of resilience is linked not only to post-crisis recovery but also to the active prospect of resilience – to be prepared for future challenges. In addition to adaptive and planned resilience in the discourse of health system, science activates a discussion on the concept of everyday resilience, as hospitals have to deal with unforeseen challenges every day, the consequences of which can affect patients.
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Qwaider Alamro, Dr Mohammad, Seied Beniamin Hosseini, and Dr Ayesha Farooq. "Organizational Agility and HRM Practices: Theoretical Framework and Perspective." Restaurant Business 118, no. 12 (December 6, 2019): 177–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.26643/rb.v118i12.13214.
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As a consequence of never-ending changes occurs in the business environment, organisations must ensure that they own proficient people who could adapt themselves to development. An agile organisation is one that possesses the ability to face changes and succeed with the support of competent staff and strategies. This research article emphasises the competitive advantage which organisation offer in turbulent scenario. However, This study presents a comprehensive literature review to create an apparent link between organisational agility and HRM practices. It provides an abstract landscape that acknowledges rule the people in building of organisations responsive.
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Uran Maravić, Maja, Dejan Križaj, and Miha Lesjak. "Innovation in Slovenian tourism organisations." Tourism and hospitality management 21, no. 1 (2015): 51–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.20867/thm.21.1.4.
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The purpose – Slovenian tourism organisations must constantly focus on developing variety innovations for organisations. In this paper, we present a study conducted on innovation practices in Slovenian tourism organisations. Design/methodology – In a survey conducted on Slovenia tourism organisations, we obtained data and identified their innovation performance and the innovation climate in their area of business. There are three main hypothesis tested. Findings – The research sample of 41 organisations found that most innovation in tourism organisations came through the introduction of new services (90%), followed by innovation through new organisational methods (73%), and found a high-level climate for innovation. Worse was its assessment of research activity within organisations and cooperation with external institutions (eg. universities and research institutes) and investment in innovation activities within their research and development. Results obtained from the research showed a mean value for the innovation climate-instrument of 3.83 indicating a high innovation climate for the Slovenian tourism companies included in the sample survey. Mostly, (publicly known as) more innovative active organisations responded to our survey. From such results, we find that tourism organisations included in the survey are aware of the importance of innovation, teaching organisations to communicate well and network with other organisations, are adaptable to change and engaged with their own ideas in support of the organisation's management. Originality of the research – The contribution of the research is that it has applied the generic instrument for measuring innovation climate on tourism and the first time climate is measured in Slovenia.
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Vale, José, Rafaela Miranda, Graça Azevedo, and Maria C. Tavares. "The Impact of Sustainable Intellectual Capital on Sustainable Performance: A Case Study." Sustainability 14, no. 8 (April 7, 2022): 4382. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14084382.
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Intellectual capital (IC) has become one of the most valuable resources of an organisation. Along with the increasing concerns for sustainable practices, a new concept has emerged: Sustainable IC (SIC). However, research on SIC is scarce, especially when addressing its relationship with sustainable organisational performance. Through a case study conducted on a small- and medium-size industrial orthopaedic footwear organisation, we aimed to assess how an organisation’s internal stakeholders perceive the concepts of SIC, sustainability, and sustainable performance and to comprehend better the effect of SIC on the economic, social, and environmental dimensions of sustainable organisational performance. Evidence suggests that the stakeholders were not familiar with the SIC concept and overemphasised the environmental dimension when referring to both sustainability and sustainable performance concepts. Furthermore, it was found that the organisation’s sustainable performance was affected by all its SIC components (human, structural, and relational). This study contributes to the development of two different but complementing areas of research: IC and sustainability. It also provides important managerial implications for industrial organisations concerned with their performance. Finally, generalisation for other situations should only be conducted in a theoretical fashion.
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Wijn, Stan R. W., Maroeska M. Rovers, Ly H. Le, Michail Belias, Jeroen Hoogland, Joanna IntHout, Thomas Debray, and Johannes B. Reitsma. "Guidance from key organisations on exploring, confirming and interpreting subgroup effects of medical treatments: a scoping review." BMJ Open 9, no. 8 (August 2019): e028751. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2018-028751.
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ObjectivesWith the increasing interest in personalised medicine, the use of subgroup analyses is likely to increase. Subgroup analyses are challenging and often misused, possibly leading to false interpretations of the effect. It remains unclear to what extent key organisations warn for such pitfalls and translate current methodological research to detect these effects into research guidelines. The aim of this scoping review is to determine and evaluate the current guidance used by organisations for exploring, confirming and interpreting subgroup effects.DesignScoping review.Eligibility criteriaWe identified four types of key stakeholder organisations: industry, health technology assessment organisations (HTA), academic/non-profit research organisations and regulatory bodies. After literature search and expert consultation, we identified international and national organisations of each type. For each organisation that was identified, we searched for official research guidance documents and contacted the organisation for additional guidance.ResultsTwenty-seven (45%) of the 60 organisations that we included had relevant research guidance documents. We observed large differences between organisation types: 18% (n=2) of the industry organisations, 64% (n=9) of the HTA organisations, 38% (n=8) of academic/non-profit research organisations and 57% (n=8) of regulatory bodies provided guidance documents. The majority of the documents (n=33, 63%) mentioned one or more challenges in subgroup analyses, such as false positive findings or ecological bias with variations across the organisation types. Statistical recommendations were less common (n=19, 37%) and often limited to a formal test of interaction.ConclusionsAlmost half of the organisations included in this scoping review provided guidance on subgroup effect research in their guidelines. However, there were large differences between organisations in the amount and level of detail of their guidance. Effort is required to translate and integrate research findings on subgroup analysis to practical guidelines for decision making and to reduce the differences between organisations and organisation types.
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Oyewobi, Luqman Oyekunle, Abimbola Oluwakemi Windapo, and Rotimi Olabode Bamidele James. "An empirical analysis of construction organisations’ competitive strategies and performance." Built Environment Project and Asset Management 5, no. 4 (September 7, 2015): 417–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/bepam-10-2013-0045.
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Purpose – The essence of strategy formulation is to assist an organisation obtain a strategic fit with its environment and help enhance organisational continuous improvement in achieving performance excellence. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the type of competitive strategies used by construction organisations in attaining their strategic goals in South Africa. Design/methodology/approach – The study employs an inductive research approach using a well-structured questionnaire to elicit information from large construction organisations based in South Africa. Findings – The research identifies five strategic attributes that could assist organisations to grow their businesses and enhance their returns. It reveals that all Porters’ generic competitive strategies are significantly related to organisational financial performance measures except focus strategy. The research found that three generic competitive strategies are positively related to non-financial performance and that differentiation and cost-leadership strategies are capable of assisting organisations’ achieve their financial performance goals. Practical implications – The study results will be of immense benefit to chief executive officers as well as managers of construction organisations in growing their businesses and enhancing their corporate performance. Originality/value – The paper contributes both theoretically and empirically to the current discussion and findings on competitive strategy and its relationship with organisational performance. The results presented in the paper have important implications for the implementation of competitive strategies in construction companies and future studies in the area of strategic management.
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Johanne Klungseth, Nora. "Organising cleaning in Norwegian public FM." Journal of Facilities Management 12, no. 4 (August 26, 2014): 382–410. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jfm-02-2014-0007.
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Purpose – This paper aims to give an overview of the alternatives that Norwegian municipalities have regarding organisational models for their facility management (FM) and cleaning organisations, and to investigate what organisational models they apply, if building category or size of municipality influences their use of organisational models and whether their FM and cleaning organisations are organised similarly within identical municipalities. Design/methodology/approach – The research is based on a national survey conducted during year 2010. All Norwegian municipalities were invited to respond. The survey asked the head of the FM departments (or the chief executive officer [CEO] if the first could not answer) what organisational models they used for their FM and cleaning organisations and what changes they planned for the organisation in the future. All questions were asked according to different building categories to determine whether building category had any influence on their choices. Findings – Limited research has been published regarding the structure of the FM organisations in Norwegian municipalities and even less regarding their cleaning organisations. The results show that Norwegian municipalities prefer integrated models and also purchasing services from the private sector prior to applying decoupled models as inter-municipal alternatives and Municipal Limited Companies. The results do also indicate that Norwegian municipalities’ interest in such models is rising and that they seem to be moving away from traditional and integrated alternatives. Research limitations/implications – Although all municipalities were invited to the survey, only one-third responded. Originality/value – The article may represent a first thorough overview of what organisational models and what combinations of models Norwegian municipalities use for their FM and cleaning organisations. Compared to former studies, this article explores a greater variety in organisational models and a greater variety in researched building categories.
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Lin, Song, and David Lamond. "Human resource management practices in Chinese organisations." Chinese Management Studies 8, no. 1 (April 1, 2014): 2–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/cms-04-2014-0090.
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Purpose – The aim of this special issue of Chinese Management Studies (CMS) focuses attention on a central activity of Chinese organisations – managing people. The aim is to support efforts to move beyond human resource management (HRM) research in China as a subset of international or comparative HRM research and promote indigenous approaches to research in China. Design/methodology/approach – Review and reflection. Findings – The research presented in the eight articles that constitute this special issue not only use sample data from China but also explore the mechanisms of different variables in the special Chinese condition, situation and context, resulting in meaningful results on a practical level. As such, they provide valuable contributions to theory construction in HRM and organisational behaviour, not just for China but for organisations around the world. Research limitations/implications – Developing an indigenous understanding of Chinese HRM has a long way to go. The findings here provide a contribution to the growing foundation on which to base further efforts. They will not only help build knowledge about complex organisation dynamics in Chinese businesses but also enrich the overall management knowledge base, not just Chinese organisations. Originality/value – Provides valuable contributions to theory construction in HRM and organisational behaviour, not just for China but for organisations around the world.
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Farndale, Elaine, Susanne E. Beijer, Marc J.P.M. Van Veldhoven, Clare Kelliher, and Veronica Hope-Hailey. "Work and organisation engagement: aligning research and practice." Journal of Organizational Effectiveness: People and Performance 1, no. 2 (May 27, 2014): 157–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/joepp-03-2014-0015.
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Purpose – To date, work engagement has been the domain of academics whilst organisation engagement has been the focus of practice. The purpose of this paper is to address the growing divide by exploring the construct clarity and discriminant validity of work and organisation engagement simultaneously, providing insight into how these constructs relate empirically, as well as investigating the nomological network of each. Design/methodology/approach – Empirical data were collected through online surveys from 298 employees in two multinational companies. Respondents were primarily managerial and professional employees. The survey included measures of work and organisation engagement, as well as work outcomes and organisation performance. Findings – The findings indicate that work and organisation engagement are distinct constructs, and have differential relationships with important employee outcomes (commitment, organisational citizenship behaviour, initiative, active learning, job satisfaction), and organisational performance. Practical implications – The findings provide opportunities for practitioners to explore the potentially unique ways in which different types of engagement may add value to jobs and organisations. Originality/value – The study takes important steps in bridging the academic/practitioner divide: the paper clearly demonstrates how the two concepts of work and organisation engagement relate to and complement each other as useful constructs for research and practice.
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Tworek, Katarzyna, Katarzyna Walecka-Jankowska, and Anna Zgrzywa-Ziemak. "Towards organisational simplexity — a simple structure in a complex environment." Engineering Management in Production and Services 11, no. 4 (December 18, 2019): 43–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/emj-2019-0032.
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Abstract The article contributes to the discussion on the validity and ways of simplifying modern organisations. There is an increasing focus on simplifying organisations, especially their organisational structures. However, the environment of contemporary organisations is increasingly complex, dynamic and uncertain. Therefore, the postulate of simplicity seems to question Ashby’s law stating that one kind of variety must be balanced by a different kind of variety. To cope with the indicated discrepancy, it is assumed that the simplification of some elements of an organisation is only possible due to the excessive complexity of others. The paper aims to verify the concept of organisational simplexity developed by e Cunha and Rego, which postulates the fit between simple structural solutions, complex workforce and complex environment. However, organisational performance is a factor verifying the legitimacy of the fit. The literature study explored the contradiction inherent in the postulate on the simplification of modern organisations. The contingency theory provided a major framework for the study. The research hypothesis was developed and empirically verified. The empirical study targeted 1142 organisations operating in Poland and Switzerland, different by their industry, size and the form of ownership. To verify the hypothesis, a statistical analysis was carried out, and the multiple correspondence analysis (MCA) method was used. The main result of the critical literature analysis is the finding that theoretical indications for simplifying modern organisations are fragmented, mainly focused on simplifying selected elements of an organisation, not considering the contradiction inherent in the postulate of simplicity related to environmental features and not verified empirically. The notion of the simplexity has been adopted, and it treats the simplicity and complexity as interrelated issues conditioned by situational factors. According to the empirical research results, the fit has been revealed between the degree of structure simplicity, the workforce complexity and the environment features.
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Twum-Darko, Michael, and Tiko Iyamu. "Politicking information technology strategy in organisations: A case study of a selected organisation in South Africa." Journal of Governance and Regulation 4, no. 3 (2015): 107–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.22495/jgr_v4_i3_c1_p2.
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The paper discusses the impact of organisational polities on IT strategy formulation and implementation in an organisation. The objective is to determine the extent of organisational polities on strategy implementation in an organisation. The paper considered the interplay between stakeholders in influencing IT strategy formulation and implementation in an organisation as a socially constructed phenomenon. Thus, the phenomenon can be interpreted and understood by using social theories such Structuration Theory. Hence the paper adopted ANT as a lens through which to understand and interpret the sociotechnical processes associated with IT strategy formulation and implementation in an organisation. Through IT strategy, many organisations attempt to set out key directions and objectives for the use and management of information, communication and technologies. A shared view among these organisations is that IT strategy allows all parts of the organisation to gain a shared understanding of priorities, goals and objectives for both current and future states as defined in the organisational strategy. It is therefore arguable that IT strategy, for the foreseeable future will remain a key aspect of development within organisations. As a result, there has been more focus on how IT strategy is formulated and articulated. What is missing though, is less attention to the implementation of it. Using interpretive research philosophy and employing semi-structured interviews as data collection instrument, this paper attempts to suggest a matrix that will assist organisation to comprehend and deal with organisational politics to reduce its negative impact on IT strategy formulation and implementation in an organisation.
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Vos, Marita, Henny Schoemaker, and Vilma Liisa Luoma-aho. "Setting the agenda for research on issue arenas." Corporate Communications: An International Journal 19, no. 2 (April 1, 2014): 200–215. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ccij-08-2012-0055.
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Purpose – This paper seeks to contribute to the field of corporate communication by clarifying the theoretical basis of communication in issue arenas and proposing an agenda for research on issue arenas. Design/methodology/approach – Drawing on insights from stakeholder thinking, network theory, issues management, and agenda-setting theory, the authors identify different levels of analysis that could explain the behaviour of organisations in the public debate on current issues. Findings – The organisation-centred approach is replaced by a strong emphasis on interaction in networks of organisations, groups and individuals. Decision-making on communication strategies can be further developed by analysing the particularities of each issue arena, in particular the characteristics of the issue and the actors involved as well as the course of the debate and the communication strategies utilised in stakeholder interaction. Research limitations/implications – This theoretical approach calls for further research, but offers an agenda and suggests four starting levels for analysis. Practical implications – This paper provides a timely approach to the analysis of corporate communication that may help understand the complexities of a rapidly changing organisational environment and, ultimately, assist organisations in developing customised communication strategies suited to each issue arena relevant to their operations. Originality/value – Insights from various theories are brought together to serve as a starting point for the further analysis of communication in issue arenas.
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Kieran, Sarah, Juliet MacMahon, and Sarah MacCurtain. "Strategic change and sensemaking practice: enabling the role of the middle manager." Baltic Journal of Management 15, no. 4 (April 2, 2020): 493–514. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/bjm-11-2018-0395.
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PurposeThe critical input of middle managers as they make sense of the organisation's plans is paramount during the process of strategic change. Through the lens of middle manager sensemaking literature, this explorative research identifies key organisational practices that underpin sensemaking. An understanding of these practices will allow organisations better develop and support them, thereby enabling middle managers' contribution to strategic change.Design/methodology/approachThis study employed an innovative diary methodology. 42 middle managers, across three organisations, completed a weekly, online diary for 12 weeks. A qualitative analysis of the final 355 diaries isolated and explained the sensemaking practices in which middle managers engaged as they sought to achieve the shared understanding required to progress strategic change.FindingsThis study identifies the key practice underpinning middle manager sensemaking as formal and frequent discourse opportunities between leaders and middle managers. Through leader participation beyond the initiation stages of strategic change, and the organisation's positive positioning of time and metrics, these discourse opportunities enable a form of sensemaking associated with a number of positive organisational outcomes. These include middle manager sensegiving across the organisation, the successful enactment of strategic change, positive perceptions of change outcomes and organisational climate among middle managers and middle manager well-being.Research limitations/implicationsThis study advances our theoretical understanding of the practice of sensemaking in organisations through the isolation and identification of its key practices. However, given the difficulty in obtaining access for such a lengthy and intrusive methodology, the study is confined to three organisations. Additionally, the focus on the practice of sensemaking did not fully explore any contextual factors within these organisations. Also, middle manager perceptions of successful organisational outcomes are not very reliable performance indicators. While the self-reporting of perceptions is a worthwhile means of gathering data, a measure and comparison of actual business performance indicators would significantly strengthen the findings.Practical implicationsFrom a practitioner perspective, this study not only underlines the importance for organisations of developing critical sensemaking practices for middle managers but also provides a clear pathway to achieving this. In approaching the intangible process of sensemaking from a practice perspective, it provides key stakeholders such as leaders, change agents and the HR department with a guide as to the types and forms of discourse practices which can be enabled. Maybe more importantly, it also highlights the practices which disable middle manager sensemaking. The study also provides organisations with insights into the positive outcomes stemming from middle manager sensemaking that should strengthen their case towards the development of sensemaking practices.Originality/valueThis paper responds to the call for new approaches to the study of sensemaking as an ongoing practice within organisations. The qualitative diary analysis provides rich insights into the specific organisational practices that can enable middle manager sensemaking, while also highlighting those practices that can disable their role during strategic change. These findings provide organisations with clear approaches for developing sensemaking as a practice, thereby engaging and supporting the multiple actors and levels required to deliver successful strategic change.
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Da Silva, Joseph, and Rikke Bjerg Jensen. ""Cyber security is a dark art": The CISO as Soothsayer." Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction 6, CSCW2 (November 7, 2022): 1–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3555090.
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Commercial organisations continue to face a growing and evolving threat of data breaches and system compromises, making their cyber-security function critically important. Many organisations employ a Chief Information Security Officer (CISO) to lead such a function. We conducted in-depth, semi-structured interviews with 15 CISOs and six senior organisational leaders, between October 2019 and July 2020, as part of a wider exploration into the purpose of CISOs and cyber-security functions. In this paper, we employ broader security scholarship related to ontological security and sociological notions of identity work to provide an interpretative analysis of the CISO role in organisations. Research findings reveal that cyber security is an expert system that positions the CISO as an interpreter of something that is mystical, unknown and fearful to the uninitiated. They show how the fearful nature of cyber security contributes to it being considered an ontological threat by the organisation, while responding to that threat contributes to the organisation's overall identity. We further show how cyber security is analogous to a belief system and how one of the roles of the CISO is akin to that of a modern-day soothsayer for senior management; that this role is precarious and, at the same time, superior, leading to alienation within the organisation. Our study also highlights that the CISO identity of protector-from-threat, linked to the precarious position, motivates self-serving actions that we term 'cyber sophistry'. We conclude by outlining a series of implications for both organisations and CISOs.
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Rücker, Marius Sebastian. "A Critical Evaluation of the Psychological Contract as a Determiner of Behaviour in Organisations." International Journal of Human Resource Studies 8, no. 1 (January 2, 2018): 180. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/ijhrs.v8i1.12403.
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Due to a perpetual increase in globalisation, it has become more significant to hire employees who believe in the corporate mission and values and to incentivise these employees to help the organisation to grow. This leads to the question whether and to which extent organisations can determine the behaviour of employees. One widely known concept of measuring and predicting the psychological satisfaction of members of an organisation is the psychological contract. Therefore, the aim of this research paper is to evaluate the psychological contract as a determiner of behaviour in organisations. In order to conduct this evaluation, different stages of the relationship between employees and organisations are examined. The evaluation of the psychological contract in regards to these different stages has led to the result that the psychological contract determines organisational behaviour though external influences and through internal communication of an organisation. In addition to that, the critical evaluation has shown that the psychological contract continues to be a field of interest in organisations in the future and for prospective examinations.
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Soobramoney, Jerelene, and Ophillia Ledimo. "Exploring corporate social responsibility and organisational commitment within a retail organisation." Risk Governance and Control: Financial Markets and Institutions 6, no. 4 (2016): 132–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.22495/rcgv6i4c1art3.
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Organisations have difficulty retaining employees who have the necessary talent, skills and knowledge to give the company a competitive edge in a global market, thus emphasising the need for organisational commitment. The objective of the study was to explore the relationship between corporate social responsibility and organisational commitment within a South African retail organisation. Corporate social responsibility has a positive influence on consumer behaviour and can contribute to corporate success because CSR activities enhance an organisation’s image. Research has indicated that corporate social responsibility is related to an employee’s commitment. The Corporate Social Responsibility Scale and the Organisational Commitment Scale were administered to a non-probability sample of 171 employees from a population of 268 employees in the human resources department of a retail company. Person’s correlation analysis was used to determine the relationship between corporate social responsibility and organisational commitment. This study provided insight into the corporate social responsibility of the organisation. Managers and practitioners in the human resources may use these findings for the development of corporate social responsibility policies and practices in order to build employee commitment.
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Smeltink, Job, Sybert Stroeve, and Barry Kirwan. "Advancing Safety in Organisations: Application via the Luton Safety Stack." MATEC Web of Conferences 273 (2019): 01002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201927301002.
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Controlling and improving safety in organisations is achieved using a Safety Management System (SMS). Notwithstanding the variety of components considered in SMS standards, including human factors and safety culture, safety management systems are sometimes observed by those at the ‘sharp end’ as being bureaucratic, distinct from actual operations, and being too focused on the prevention of deviations from procedures, rather than on the effective support of safety in the real operational context. The soft parts of advancing safety in organisations, such as the multitude of interrelations and the informal aspects in an organisation that influence safety, are only considered to a limited extent in traditional safety management systems. The research in Future Sky Safety Project 5 (FSS P5) focused on improving these human-related, informal organisational aspects. Since every organisation is unique, in the operations it conducts, its history, and its organisational culture, there cannot be a one-size-fits-all standard for advancing safety in organisations. Rather, this needs to be based on the organisation at hand, leading to tailored solutions. This has been applied to a safety culture assessment and enhancement approach applied for six key organisations at London Luton Airport, and the approach has become known as the Luton Safety Stack. The six organisations decided to share the detailed results of their individual safety culture assessments. They formed a group that holds quarterly meetings, which always include a workshop element. From this approach, the organisations were stimulated to develop harmonised procedures for all ground-handling operators at Luton, and for each operation, creating a simple one-page procedure with diagrams, to keep it simple and safe. The Luton Safety Stack shows that when organisations share a place, such as at an airport, they need the opportunity to meet to discuss both potential safety threats, and opportunities to advance safety, because even through organisations are interdependent, safety issues in one organisation often have implications for others.
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Byers, Terri, Christos Anagnostopoulos, and Georgina Brooke-Holmes. "Understanding control in nonprofit organisations: moving governance research forward?" Corporate Governance 15, no. 1 (February 2, 2015): 134–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/cg-06-2014-0072.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to introduce the concept of organisational control and both its importance and utility for understanding nonprofit organisations. Design/methodology/approach – This paper uses a critical realist (CR) methodology to discuss the concept of control and its utility to research on governance of nonprofit organisations. Findings – The current study offers a conceptual framework that presents a holistic view of control, relevant for analysing nonprofit organisations, and a methodological lens (CR) through which this framework can be implemented. Research limitations/implications – This paper suggests that studies of governance should consider different levels of analysis, as suggested by examining the concept of control using a CR framework. This notion has yet to be tested empirically and a framework for examining governance from a CR perspective of control is suggested. Context is highly relevant to understanding control, and thus, this model requires testing in a wide diversity of nonprofit sectors, sizes of organisations and time periods. Originality/value – The literature on organisational control provides useful insights to advance our understanding of nonprofit organisations beyond the notion of governance, and this paper proposes both conceptual and methodological underpinnings to facilitate future research.
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Farkas, Johanna, János Sallai, and Ernő Krauzer. "The Organisational Culture of the Police Force." Internal Security 12, no. 1 (July 22, 2020): 77–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0014.3189.
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The concept of ’organisational culture’ can be described based on numerous approaches nowadays. This underlines the fact that it is a significant issue within work and organisational psychology. However, the growing scope of organisational culture and subculture types shows not only its significance, but also the appearance of its explanations in a wide spectrum. The extensive research of organisational culture is related to the trend that there is a growing interest of organisational development and human resource professionals in a deeper understanding of human behaviour in organisational settings, and the factors influencing it. Organisational culture includes communication with clients (in the case of police, citizens) and the relating approach system. The organisational culture cannot be considered basically “good” or “bad”. There are external and internal metrics and requirements that reflect the state of a given organisation: they indicate the quality and quantity of value creation, the organisation’s acceptance in its environment as well as its necessity in the society. The organisational culture is optimal if it serves the organisation’s tasks, objectives, the fulfillment of its duties, an the maintenance of its expedience, as well as if it is supportive, creative and facilitating. In an optimal organisational culture, the interests are enforced between the groups and people in the organisation in a peaceful way, their work is effective and successful, all conditions are ensured, the staff is satisfied, and the organisation’s output is accepted, recognised and required in its external environment. These organisations are acknowledged by the citizens and operate in accordance with their environments.