Journal articles: 'Research in zoos'

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Wehnelt, Stephanie, and Roger Wilkinson. "Research, conservation and zoos: the EC Zoos Directive – a response to Rees." Oryx 39, no. 2 (April 2005): 132–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0030605305000347.

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Rees (2005) states in his critical review of the EC Zoos Directive that ‘zoos have no incentive to undertake conservation research because they can legitimately ignore this requirement providing they carry out an alternative conservation measure. Zoos therefore can comply with the EU Zoos Directive by doing nothing.’ Zoo conservation took a major step forward when the Council of EC Environment Ministers agreed in 1998 to an EC Zoos Directive to strengthen the conservation role of zoos. The Directive came into force in 1999 and requires that all Member States set up national systems for the licensing and inspection of zoos. The Zoo Licensing Act 1981 already implements many of the measures in the Directive, including the provision of proper accommodation and care for the animals, keeping up to date records, and taking appropriate measures to prevent escapes. But the requirements that zoos participate in conservation and education activities are new. Although many zoos already participate, the new legislation has made this a statutory requirement. Each European country is now responsible for enforcing the EU Directive with their national zoos. The Directive needs to be general because it applies to animal collections of very different sizes and structures. It cannot be expected that the Directive sets standards higher than is achievable for its smallest members.

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Rees, Paul A. "Will the EC Zoos Directive increase the conservation value of zoo research?" Oryx 39, no. 2 (April 2005): 128–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0030605305000335.

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Article 9 of the Convention on Biological Diversity 1992 requires parties to adopt measures for the ex situ conservation of biodiversity. Within the European Union this has been implemented by the Zoos Directive. The Directive requires zoos and aquariums to adopt a conservation role. Zoos may comply with the Directive by undertaking research from which conservation benefits accrue. However, most current zoo research is concerned with behaviour, environmental enrichment, nutrition and reproduction, and is therefore largely irrelevant to ex situ conservation. It is unlikely that zoos will increase their output of conservation relevant research because most do not have appropriate resources. Furthermore, as an alternative to undertaking research, a zoo may comply with the Directive by engaging in training, information exchange or captive breeding. Most, if not all, zoos already engage in at least one of these activities and therefore may comply with the Directive by doing nothing.

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Roe, Katie, Andrew McConney, and Caroline F. Mansfield. "How Do Zoos ‘Talk’ to Their General Visitors? Do Visitors ‘Listen’? A Mixed Method Investigation of the Communication Between Modern Zoos and Their General Visitors." Australian Journal of Environmental Education 30, no. 2 (December 2014): 167–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/aee.2015.1.

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AbstractModern zoos utilise a variety of education tools for communicating with visitors. Previous research has discussed the benefits of providing multiple education communications, yet little research provides an indication of what communications are being employed within zoos today. This research is a two-phased, mixed-methods investigation into the communication between zoos and their general visitors. Phase 1 involved an online questionnaire to which 176 zoos from 50 countries reported on the types of education communications they typically use for their general visitors. The second phase comprised nine zoo case studies, enabling direct observation and face-to-face interviews on site with zoo staff and zoo visitors. The findings of this research provide a snapshot of education communications offered to zoo visitors, and indicate that zoo exhibit signage remains the most prevalent medium. The findings further indicate that 95% of visitors read at least some exhibit signs and that more than 70% of participating zoos utilise person-to-person education. The implications of these findings for improving zoos’ educational communication are discussed.

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Nurzaidah Putri Dalimunthe, Hady Sukadi Alikodra, Entang Iskandar, Sri Suci Utami Atmoko, and Rahmad Lingga. "Visitor’s Perception About Orangutan Conservation In Indonesian Zoos." International Journal of Science, Technology & Management 2, no. 6 (November 20, 2021): 2209–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.46729/ijstm.v2i6.395.

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Zoos have four main roles namely conservation, research, education and recreation. Whether the existence of the zoo has succeeded in increasing or at least influencing people's perceptions of animal conservation should be investigated further. The research aimed to assess the image of the zoos and perception of the visitors about orangutan conservation. This study applied the questionnaire and methods to Indonesia zoo's, and examines the effect of the zoo at changing visitor's conservation awareness. The result showed that there were no significant difference acros the sites and between arrival dan departures. This could be caused by many reasons, for example the short visit time, minimal information obtained during the visit or the background of the visitors themselves.

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Nekolný, Lukáš, and Dana Fialová. "Zoo Tourism: What Actually Is a Zoo?" Czech Journal of Tourism 7, no. 2 (December 1, 2018): 153–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/cjot-2018-0008.

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Abstract Zoos are one of the most visited tourist attractions worldwide - we should perceive them, therefore, not only as places where animals are kept, but also as places frequented by large numbers of people. This is why we talk of zoo tourism. However, there are different definitions of a zoo. This wide range of possible approaches to what actually the zoo is poses a major methodological problem for the research analysis as well as for the zoo management and related legislation. Zoos are historically and socially determined. We can talk not only about the evolution of zoos but also about the co-evolution of zoos alongside many types of zoos. Nowadays, there is no doubt that there is a large number of modern and naturalistic zoos oriented on conservation, but there are also many zoos designed as popular animal-based attractions where animals live in unsuitable conditions. The principal aim of this article is to introduce and discuss problematic approaches to what zoos are and to suggest a use of a wider zoo definition.

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MACDONALD, ALASTAIR A., and HERIBERT HOFER. "Editorial: Research in Zoos." International Zoo Yearbook 45, no. 1 (January 2011): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-1090.2011.00145.x.

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Hopper, Lydia M. "Cognitive research in zoos." Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences 16 (August 2017): 100–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cobeha.2017.04.006.

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Rees, Paul A. "Towards a research-based conservation identity for zoos – a reply to Wehnelt and Wilkinson, and Thomas." Oryx 39, no. 2 (April 2005): 135–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0030605305000360.

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Wehnelt & Wilkinson (2005) suggest that I am confused about the aim of the Zoos Directive, stating that it is ‘… to further the conservation role of zoos rather than increasing research activities.’ On the contrary, they have confused the aim with the means of compliance. Participating in research is but one means by which a zoo may demonstrate a conservation role. I have not suggested that research activity should be increased, or that poorly resourced zoos should develop research programmes, or indeed that research is a compulsory activity. I have merely suggested that much of the research undertaken in zoos is not directly relevant to conservation and, as such, does not fulfil the requirements of the Directive. Wehnelt & Wilkinson have produced no evidence to the contrary.

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Man Shakya, Deepak. "After the Ark? Environmental Policy Making and the Zoo." Pacific Conservation Biology 8, no. 1 (2002): 66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pc02066a.

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"AFTER the Ark? Environmental Policy Making and the Zoo" is the outcome of the research on zoos Mazur conducted between 1993 and 1999. The author metaphorically relates zoos to the story of Noah's Ark that saved all species during the great flood. Unlike Noah who had enough space, she underlines that today modern zoos face more restrictions in space and management policies. The author gives a clear picture of how zoos evolved from menageries to zoos today. She discusses the influence of the modern day environmental policies on how zoos are managed and its sustainability.

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Greenwell, Phillip J., Lisa M. Riley, Ricardo Lemos de Figueiredo, James E. Brereton, Andrew Mooney, and Paul E. Rose. "The Societal Value of the Modern Zoo: A Commentary on How Zoos Can Positively Impact on Human Populations Locally and Globally." Journal of Zoological and Botanical Gardens 4, no. 1 (January 13, 2023): 53–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jzbg4010006.

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Modern zoos and aquariums have evolved greatly since the end of the Second World War, to become centres of conservation excellence and scientific institutions for the study of animal behaviour, ecology, husbandry management. Whilst the impact of zoos and aquariums to biodiversity conservation, population management and advancement of species care is well documented, their positive impacts on society (including the communities that they are located within) is less well known. The four established aims of the modern zoo—Conservation, Education, Recreation (Engagement) and Research—provide a strong foundation for wider review and critique of the societal value of zoos and aquariums. This article synthesises what such value may be, and how it could be measured, from a systematic review of the literature pertaining to each of these four established aims. It also recommends areas of future scientific inquiry to further study the wider impact of zoos on their local communities and on human populations and behaviour more generally. Including Wellbeing as a fifth aim of the modern zoo would also cement their wider societal value. Further scrutiny of the societal value of the modern zoo enhances the value of the zoo’s living collection and the green spaces that it manages to provide accessibility to biodiversity and nature-centric education essential to long-term, planetary friendly human behaviour change.

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Robinson, M. H. "Enriching the Lives of Zoo Animals, and Their Welfare: Where Research Can be Fundamental." Animal Welfare 7, no. 2 (May 1998): 151–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0962728600020479.

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AbstractAs zoos have evolved, conservation and conservation education have become primary tasks. To achieve the maximum educational impact, zoos are enriching animal habitats so that their occupants display a wide range of activities that are attractive to the visitor, and unattractive activities are eliminated and reduced. Because public perceptions of the attractiveness of animal behaviour may not coincide with welfare realities, there can be a tension between the requirements of desirable exhibits and those of maximally promoting animal welfare. Zoo animals differ from domesticated animals in human care in several respects. These differences are discussed and set in the context of the sometimes competing aims of enhancing welfare and promoting educational exhibits. An outline history of zoo enrichment programmes suggests that the subject is in need of systematization. The range of data available for improving zoo exhibit designs, and the lives of zoo animals, is reviewed. It is concluded that fundamental data on the environmental needs of many of the wild animals maintained in zoos are deficient in many important areas. Consequently, there is an urgent need to increase such research. Zoo habitats could be excellent places for such fundamental studies, which would feed back into field studies. At the same time, habitat enrichment in zoos cannot await such research and must proceed pragmatically using the range of insights described in this paper. In particular, functional substitution is advocated as a means of enrichment wherever this can be made acceptable to the broad public; its educational value in combatting naive anthropomorphism is stressed. Naturalism in enrichment is criticized as reinforcing anthropomorhisms, but is desirable for promoting global habitat conservation.

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Rashid-Radha, Jasmine Zea Raziah Radha, Nurhazani Mohd Shariff, Azilah Kasim, Raslinda Mohd Ghazali, and Ahmad Edwin Mohamed. "EXPLORING HOW ZOO SERVICESCAPES IMPACT MEMORABLE TOURISM EXPERIENCE: A CRITICAL INCIDENT TECHNIQUE (CIT) APPROACH." Journal of Tourism, Hospitality and Environment Management 6, no. 23 (June 10, 2021): 53–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.35631/jthem.623006.

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This conceptual paper aims to investigate the impact of servicescapes on visitors’ experience of Malaysian zoos in order to show that the zoo’s physical environment plays an important role in determining a memorable tourism experience (MTE). In order to investigate the extent to which zoo-related servicescapes create memorable tourism experiences, the critical incident technique (CIT) is being proposed. Semi-structured interviews are to be conducted to ask visitors which aspects of their visit to the zoo were the most memorable in terms of hedonism, refreshment, local culture, novelty, meaningfulness, involvement, and knowledge. This study is expected to extend the servicescape framework to include new dimensions within the context of zoos. In terms of managerial implications, this study could assist zoo operators in understanding how visitors evaluate their trip to the zoo. Findings from this research could therefore provide insight into how zoological facilities, services, and attractions could be better managed to increase visitor numbers.

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Nygren, Nina Viktoria, and Sanna Ojalammi. "Conservation education in zoos: A literature review." TRACE ∴ Journal for Human-Animal Studies 4 (November 28, 2017): 62–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.23984/fjhas.66540.

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Zoos nowadays often claim that their main objective is nature conservation and that they strive to educate the visitors on this subject. A considerable amount of research has been undertaken on conservation education in zoos. This overview performs a qualitative meta-analysis of the methodology, concepts and results of research articles on zoo visitors, particularly regarding learning, education and conservation. Our main finding is that most of the research uses quantitative methodologies and the qualitative, lived experiences of zoo visits remain under-researched. Based on the articles analyzed, “nature conservation” (the substance of conservation education in zoos) becomes implicitly defined as captive breeding and far-off conservation projects, distancing the visitors and their daily lives from nature and issues of conservation.

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Braverman, Irus. "Zooveillance: Foucault Goes to the Zoo." Surveillance & Society 10, no. 2 (September 4, 2012): 119–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.24908/ss.v10i2.4106.

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The last three decades have witnessed a dramatic shift in the governance of North American zoo animals. During this period, captive animal administration has transformed from a materially, geographically, and technologically limited enterprise – focused on the control of individual zoo animals within specific North American zoo institutions – into an ambitious collective project that encompasses all accredited North American zoos and that governs over a million zoo animals. Tapping into a sophisticated voluntary and collaborative self-monitored administration, zoos have been able to rely upon genetics and demography to achieve the ultimate goal of captive animal conservation. The essay frames this story of animal governance as surveillance. It identifies three layers that work interdependently to produce captive animal surveillance in North American zoos: elementary surveillance, which includes the naming, identifying, and recording of captive animals on the institutional level; dataveillance, or the global computerized management of animal populations; and collective reproductive control. What underlies these three modes of surveillance – referred to here as “zooveillance” – are notions of care, stewardship, and conservation. Based on a series of sixty semi-structured, in-depth interviews conducted with prominent zoo professionals in North America between May 2009 and April 2011, as well as on observations of zoo operations and of professional meetings, the essay explores the relevancy and importance of applying the framework of surveillance in the nonhuman context of zoo animals.

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Woods, Jocelyn M., Adrienne Eyer, and Lance J. Miller. "Bird Welfare in Zoos and Aquariums: General Insights across Industries." Journal of Zoological and Botanical Gardens 3, no. 2 (May 5, 2022): 198–222. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jzbg3020017.

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Animal welfare is a priority across accredited zoological institutions; however, historically, research has been prioritized for mammals. Bird-focused studies accounted for less than 10% of welfare research in zoos and aquariums over the last ten years. Due to the lack of scientific publications on bird welfare, zoo scientists and animal practitioners can look to other industries such as agriculture, laboratories, and companion animal research for insight. This qualitative review highlights findings across industries to inform animal care staff and scientists on the welfare needs of birds within zoos and aquariums. Specifically, the review includes an overview of research on different topics and a summary of key findings across nine resources that affect bird welfare. We also highlight areas where additional research is necessary. Future welfare research in zoos and aquariums should prioritize studies that consider a diversity of bird species across topics and work to identify animal-based measures with empirical evidence. Moving forward, research from other industries can help develop innovative research on bird welfare within zoos and aquariums.

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Taylor, Josie A., and Leslie A. Duram. "Linking Personal Experience to Global Concern: How Zoo Visits Affect Sustainability Behavior and Views of Climate Change." Sustainability 13, no. 13 (June 24, 2021): 7117. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13137117.

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Globally, many species are threatened by habitat loss and are impacted by climate change due to human activities. According to the IUCN Red List, nearly 9000 animal species are now endangered or critically endangered. Yet, humans are largely ignorant to the impact they have on the environment due to lack of effective sustainability education. Currently, one of the most practical ways to connect with our global natural world is by visiting a local zoo. Zoos engage people with numerous species that they would otherwise never have the opportunity to see. Environmental education at zoos has come to address issues such as sustainability, personal green habits, and global climate change. Given the important role of zoos in sustainability education, there is a surprising lack of research on the topic. Due to its innovative nature, the research shown in this study acts as a pilot study set to gauge the impact of zoos on sustainability and climate change perspectives. This article investigates the extent to which adult survey respondents believe their current sustainability behaviors and their perceptions of global climate change have been influenced by their childhood visits to zoos and the environmental education topics learned during these visits. To investigate the long-term impact that zoos have on common sustainability behavior, a survey of 136 university students from various academic fields was conducted. The analysis found that 76% of respondents believe they act sustainably in their daily lives through actions such as sustainable shopping and recycling, with only 35% of individuals indicating that they learned their sustainable behaviors at zoos. Yet, 65% of respondents indicated that they believe zoos impact their overall level of environmental concern, primarily regarding knowledge of animal welfare and endangered species. Results suggest that individuals who are very concerned about climate change spent time at zoos, more than just one annual visit, and those zoo visits encourage global sustainability learning for the individual. This study suggests that zoos should expand visitor engagement through environmental education that encourages meaningful sustainability behavior and climate change knowledge.

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Hosey, Geoffrey R. "Behavioural research in zoos: academic perspectives." Applied Animal Behaviour Science 51, no. 3-4 (February 1997): 199–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0168-1591(96)01104-5.

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Benirschke, Kurt. "The Mandate for Research in Zoos." Interdisciplinary Science Reviews 12, no. 1 (March 1987): 9–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/isr.1987.12.1.9.

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De Witte, Chloë, Nick Vereecke, Sebastiaan Theuns, Claudia De Ruyck, Francis Vercammen, Tim Bouts, Filip Boyen, Hans Nauwynck, and Freddy Haesebrouck. "Presence of Broad-Spectrum Beta-Lactamase-Producing Enterobacteriaceae in Zoo Mammals." Microorganisms 9, no. 4 (April 14, 2021): 834. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9040834.

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Broad-spectrum beta-lactamase (BSBL)-producing Enterobacteriaceae impose public health threats. With increased popularity of zoos, exotic animals are brought in close proximity of humans, making them important BSBL reservoirs. However, not much is known on the presence of BSBLs in zoos in Western Europe. Fecal carriage of BSBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae was investigated in 38 zoo mammals from two Belgian zoos. Presence of bla-genes was investigated using PCR, followed by whole-genome sequencing and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy to cluster acquired resistance encoding genes and clonality of BSBL-producing isolates. Thirty-five putatively ceftiofur-resistant isolates were obtained from 52.6% of the zoo mammals. Most isolates were identified as E. coli (25/35), of which 64.0% showed multidrug resistance (MDR). Most frequently detected bla-genes were CTX-M-1 (17/25) and TEM-1 (4/25). Phylogenetic trees confirmed clustering of almost all E. coli isolates obtained from the same animal species. Clustering of five isolates from an Amur tiger, an Amur leopard, and a spectacled bear was observed in Zoo 1, as well as for five isolates from a spotted hyena and an African lion in Zoo 2. This might indicate clonal expansion of an E. coli strain in both zoos. In conclusion, MDR BSBL-producing bacteria were shown to be present in the fecal microbiota of zoo mammals in two zoos in Belgium. Further research is necessary to investigate if these bacteria pose zoonotic and health risks.

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Kidd, Aline H., Robert M. Kidd, and R. Lee Zasloff. "Developmental Factors in Positive Attitudes toward Zoo Animals." Psychological Reports 76, no. 1 (February 1995): 71–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1995.76.1.71.

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Research suggests that attitudes toward animals are established through childhood experiences. Currently, educational wildlife experiences for most urban children are available only at zoos and wildlife parks. To clarify the cognitive and emotional effects of distance, visibility, and tactile stimulation generated by various ways of exhibiting animals, 308 parents and their 3- to 7-year-old children were interviewed in Main Zoo and Petting Zoo areas. Children at Petting Zoos spent more time watching, touching, and talking to the animals than at Main Zoos, demonstrating that, even when live animals are very close and visible, children are significantly more interested when they can touch, pet, or cuddle. Parents felt that touching and petting were extremely important in teaching respect and appreciation for all animal life.

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Ange-van Heugten, Kimberly D., Eric van Heugten, Saskia Timmer, Guido Bosch, Abahor Elias, Scott Whisnant, Hans J. M. Swarts, Peter Ferket, and Martin W. A. Verstegen. "Fecal and Salivary Cortisol Concentrations in Woolly(Lagothrix ssp.)and Spider Monkeys(Ateles spp.)." International Journal of Zoology 2009 (2009): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2009/127852.

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Detrimental physiological effects due to stressors can contribute to the low captive success of primates. The objective of this research was to investigate the potential impact of diet composition on cortisol concentrations in feces and saliva in woolly (n=27) and spider monkeys (n=61). The research was conducted in three studies: the first investigated spider monkeys in the United States, the second investigated spider monkeys within Europe, and the third investigated woolly monkeys within Europe. Fecal cortisol in spider monkeys in US zoos varied (P=.07) from 30 to 66 ng/g. The zoo with the highest fecal cortisol also had the highest salivary cortisol (P≤.05). For European zoos, fecal cortisol differed between zoos for both spider and woolly monkeys (P≤.05). Spider monkeys had higher fecal cortisol than woolly monkeys (P≤.05). Zoos with the highest dietary carbohydrates, sugars, glucose, and fruit had the highest cortisol. Cortisol was highest for zoos that did not meet crude protein requirements and fed the lowest percentage of complete feeds and crude fiber. Differences among zoos in housing and diets may increase animal stress. The lifespan and reproductive success of captive primates could improve if stressors are reduced and dietary nutrients optimized.

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Ward, Samantha J., Ellen Williams, Georgina Groves, Simon Marsh, and David Morgan. "Using Zoo Welfare Assessments to Identify Common Issues in Developing Country Zoos." Animals 10, no. 11 (November 12, 2020): 2101. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani10112101.

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Zoo animal welfare is a high priority for many institutions worldwide, with modern zoos now ensuring that animals are housed and cared for to the highest standards. However, in countries where this knowledge is not as available or understood, standards may be lower. The aim of this research was to investigate if there were common zoo welfare concerns across developing country zoos. Wild Welfare is a charity working globally to improve welfare for zoo animals and has an independent welfare audit that is carried out before any intervention occurs. The Wild Welfare Audit, consisting of 110 questions, covering nine topics, was completed at 11 zoos in seven developing countries (Brazil, Egypt, Libya, Indonesia, Thailand, Malaysia and Vietnam) following a Likert scale score (1–3). A principal component analysis was also performed to evaluate the audit questions. The results suggest that common areas of concern were animal behaviour, positive animal mental states and human health and safety. These themes were likely due to the lack knowledge and understanding that may be linked to historical and cultural differences. This research has helped to revise the welfare audit as well as inform future intervention strategies for improving developing country zoo animal welfare.

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Glatston, A. R. "The Control of Zoo Populations with Special Reference to Primates." Animal Welfare 7, no. 3 (August 1998): 269–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0962728600020704.

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AbstractModern zoos are increasingly successful in maintaining and breeding exotic species. Many of the animals bred in captivity cannot be housed in their natal zoo nor in other recognized zoos in the region. These ‘surplus ‘ animals create a problem as zoos only have limited space at their disposal. The options open in this situation are to avoid the problem by preventing the animals from breeding (sterilization or contraception) or to dispose of the surplus animals (euthanasia; or transfer either to institutions not recognized by any national zoo federation or to a zoo outside the region, possibly using the services of an animal dealer). The pros and cons of all these options are evaluated in terms of practicality, welfare and ethics. In many cases, the judicious use of a combination of contraception and euthanasia would seem the most acceptable choice from an animal welfare point of view. Nevertheless, it is believed that considerably more research is needed into the methods and welfare aspects of contraception and sterilization.

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Pyott, Breanna E., and Albrecht I. Schulte-Hostedde. "Peer-reviewed scientific contributions from Canadian zoos and aquariums." FACETS 5, no. 1 (January 1, 2020): 381–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/facets-2019-0052.

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With the widespread loss of biodiversity, zoos and aquariums are striving to become leaders in biodiversity conservation and research. Canada’s Accredited Zoos and Aquariums (CAZA) is a nonprofit organization created to represent its members, including as agencies of conservation and science. However, the contribution of CAZA members to conservation and science has not been quantified. We used research productivity in the form of peer-reviewed publications to systematically quantify biodiversity conservation engagement by CAZA institutions. We extracted publications from the ISI Web of Science database and found that the annual number of publications increased over time. CAZA members published most in the area of veterinary science, with few publications in biodiversity conservation. Organization age, research-orientated mission statements, and financial assets were significant predictors of research productivity. CAZA institutions also published significantly less ([Formula: see text] = 12.5 ± 5.52 SE) than members of the Association of Zoos and Aquariums ([Formula: see text] = 24.27 ± 5.08 SE), based in the United States. Zoos and aquariums are important resources in mitigating biodiversity loss, and are increasing their research output in this area. Nonetheless, only a small proportion of publications were in biodiversity conservation, and the majority of all publications occurred in zoo-centric journals.

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Sipos, Wolfgang, and Christiane Lutonsky. "Amendments suggested for zoo medical research strategies with focus on the D-A-CH region." Tierärztliche Praxis Ausgabe G: Großtiere / Nutztiere 49, no. 04 (August 2021): 256–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/a-1516-3404.

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Abstract Objective Scientific exploration of zoo animals is one of the main missions of modern zoos. As scientific achievements are best reflected within scientific literature, we screened appropriate literature search outcomes from the 5 highest ranked zoos in the D-A-CH region (Germany-Austria-Switzerland) in order to deduce suggestions for optimizations of future research strategies. Material and methods Literature search was done by entering ”Zoo Vienna”, “Tiergarten Schönbrunn”, “Zoo Berlin”, “Tiergarten Berlin”, “Tierpark Hellabrunn”, “Tierpark Hagenbeck”, and “Zoo Zurich” on PubMed and Scopus for the period 2000–2020. These 5 European zoos were chosen due to their broad public recognition and international importance. Inclusion criterion for the literature list was the description/mentioning of analysed animals or samples with a clear affiliation to the respective zoo in the materials and methods or acknowledgements sections. Search hits were then allocated to the following 7 areas: animal nutrition, biology, ethology, infectiology, reproduction, phylogenetics, and clinical medicine. Also, portions of higher animal taxa (and species, if appropriate) were recorded. Results and conclusions A total of 142 papers has been published. Mammals, especially large ones, were clearly over-represented in literature with 2 thirds of analysed papers dealing with them. Sauropsids (birds and reptiles) were treated in 28 % and non-amniotic vertebrates (amphibians and fish) as well as invertebrates in only 3 % each. This apportionment is in no relation to the species numbers of the respective higher animal taxa. The predominating research areas (covered by approximately 75 % of papers) were ethological studies, followed by papers on infectious diseases, and finally papers on biology with morphological, physiological, and molecular biological themes. Research on reproductive biology/medicine, which is considered to be of tremendous importance for the establishment of ex-situ populations and thus for the conservation of endangered species, has been covered by only 6 % of papers. Future research should more intensely keep an eye on that discipline, especially in non-mammalian vertebrates.

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Galbraith, David A., and William A. Rapley. "Research at Canadian zoos and botanical gardens." Museum Management and Curatorship 20, no. 4 (January 2005): 313–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09647770500702004.

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Muller, Skylar L., Samantha L. Bissell, Kristen M. Cunningham, and Rosemary Strasser. "How Do You Behave at the Zoo? A Look at Visitor Perceptions of Other Visitors' Behavior at the Zoo." Animal Behavior and Cognition 8, no. 4 (November 1, 2021): 619–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.26451/abc.08.04.12.2021.

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Previous research regarding behaviors of zoo visitors near exhibits has shown that they can influence animals’ well-being. What is unclear is whether people’s views concerning the purpose of zoos or their beliefs might influence their perception of what is acceptable behavior when visiting the zoo. In this study, we used naturalistic observation to examine zoo visitor behavior near specific exhibits. We also surveyed visitors regarding the purpose of zoos, their perception of animals and the zoo, and if they have seen inappropriate behavior in other zoo visitors. We observed visitors engaging in various inappropriate behaviors such as hitting the glass and trying to provoke the animals. These same inappropriate behaviors were also reported by visitors in our survey, indicating an awareness of what behaviors might be disruptive to animals. Visitors who reported similarities between humans and animals reported more inappropriate behaviors in others partially due to having more empathy for animals. When asked to consider the purpose of the zoo, education and conservation were ranked as being the most important, entertainment and research the least important priorities. However, of those who identified entertainment as most important, this group also reported humans to have less similarity with animals and reported less inappropriate behaviors in other visitors. Our findings suggest that zoo visitors’ views regarding the purpose of zoos and perceived human similarities to animals influence what they considered inappropriate behavior around captive zoo animals. This study provides the first exploration concerning the perception of visitors regarding other visitor behaviors directed towards zoo animals.

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Perdue, Bonnie M., and Bailea Robinson. "Does Exposure to Animal Cognition Research Influence the Zoo Visitor Experience?" Animal Behavior and Cognition 8, no. 4 (November 1, 2021): 601–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.26451/abc.08.04.11.2021.

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Zoos average about 183 million visitors per year, which makes them a major source for educating the public due to the diverse and wide-ranging demographic that visit. Zoos are increasingly a source of scientific research in a variety of subfields, including animal cognition, although much of this research takes place behind the scenes. Bringing this research to the public perspective has the potential to increase engagement of zoo visitors. However, it is not always possible to show live research, but videos have been found to be an effective educational approach in other domains. Here, we presented a brief video illustrating cognitive research involving sun bears at Zoo Atlanta to determine the potential effect on visitors. We measured several aspects of visitor behavior (stay time and actual behaviors in the exhibit), attitudes (towards both animal research and educational technology), and knowledge gained at the exhibit. We also presented a control video that focused on sun bear enrichment to tease out whether potential effects on visitors were related to the research focus of the video, or merely an effect of a video playing in the exhibit space. Visitor behavior, attitudes, and knowledge were determined by observing a randomly selected visitor’s behavior throughout their time in the exhibit space, and then requesting completion of a survey when they exited the exhibit (N = 148). We compared various aspects of behavior, attitudes, and knowledge across the Scientific Video, Enrichment Video, and No Video conditions. There were no differences between the Scientific Video and the Enrichment Video conditions; however, some differences were found between visitors who experienced a video during their visit (scientific or enrichment video) versus those who did not. Attitudes towards technology in the exhibit space were generally positive. There was also a significant correlation between visitor stay time (overall time spent in the exhibit space) and knowledge gained. Visitors learning about research in zoos remains important, but it is unclear if a video is a sufficient means to share that information.

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Zou, Nengsong, and hongwei wang. "Influence of soundscape on visiting time in zoos." INTER-NOISE and NOISE-CON Congress and Conference Proceedings 265, no. 5 (February 1, 2023): 2907–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.3397/in_2022_0409.

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The soundscape is very important for the environmental quality and animal welfare of zoos. This paper explores the relationship between the soundscape and visiting time, for the case of Guangzhou Zoo in China. In this research, we measured the sound indicators in the zoo along with the visiting time of visitors. This included the cases of with or without animal soundscape around the exhibition area, recorded by video equipment. It was found that there was a positive correlation between visiting time and the consistency of animal sound scene vision. The visiting time of tourists will increase significantly When there is animal sound scene in the exhibition area.The visiting time of tourists is significantly increased when the animal sound is consistent with the animals seen by tourists.Within a certain range, the visiting time is not affected by the sound pressure level.The results of this research are expected to guide the soundscape design, construction and management of zoos.

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Anzai, Wataru, Kazuyuki Ban, Shintaro Hagiwara, Tomoya Kako, Nobuyuki Kashiwagi, Keisuke Kawase, Yumi Yamanashi, and Koichi Murata. "Quantifying the 60-Year Contribution of Japanese Zoos and Aquariums to Peer-Reviewed Scientific Research." Animals 12, no. 5 (February 27, 2022): 598. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani12050598.

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With the shift in their social roles, modern zoos and aquariums are required to develop scientific research. Although zoos and aquariums worldwide have reported an increase in the number of papers they publish and the diversification of their fields in recent decades, the specific circumstances in Japan are slightly unclear. We listed peer-reviewed papers authored by Japanese zoos and aquariums using search engines and quantitatively evaluated the changes in the number of papers published over 62 years. Our results showed that papers published in Japan have increased remarkably since the 1990s, and research fields have diversified as in the rest of the world. In particular, joint research with research institutes has seen an upward trend, and the instances of English-language papers have increased. Meanwhile, the content of the research was biased. In zoos, research on animal welfare has been increasing, but the focus was heavily biased toward captive mammals. Aquariums contributed to the understanding of local ecosystems through the fundamental study of wildlife, but there were fewer papers on improving husbandry. Our results indicated that while research by Japanese zoos and aquariums is developing, research on welfare, conservation, and education regarding native endangered species must still be improved.

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Lin, Yuxuan, and Ryosuke Shimoda. "Impact of Intellectualization of a Zoo through a FCEM-AHP and IPA Approach." Land 12, no. 1 (January 12, 2023): 243. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land12010243.

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As urbanization is growing faster, the term “Smart” is becoming more widely used. However, it is difficult to define how to objectively evaluate intellectualization. This study aims to explore an objective method of evaluating intellectualization in Japanese zoos and suggest project directions for their future development. First, we will define the unique Japanese zoo smart projects. Then, an analytic hierarchy process (AHP) will be used to determine the weights of each item, and the fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method (FCEM) will be used to evaluate the degree of construction. Finally, the strengths and weaknesses of each project will be analyzed by importance–performance analysis (IPA). The findings showed that the research subject, Ueno Zoo, is still in the early stage of smartening, and most of the items are not sufficient for users to have a full tourist experience. There is a need to increase the level of intellectualization and ease-of-use for the construction of the zoos of Tokyo. This study provides an objective approach for evaluating the intellectualization of zoos in Japan and provides a method of construction advice for intellectualization construction.

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Frost, Warwick, and Wesley S. Roehl. "Zoos, Aquaria, and Tourism: Extending the Research Agenda." Tourism Review International 11, no. 3 (December 1, 2007): 191–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.3727/154427207783948865.

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BITGOOD, STEPHEN. "DOES AUDIENCE RESEARCH FROM MUSEUMS APPLY TO ZOOS?" Curator: The Museum Journal 35, no. 3 (September 1992): 166–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.2151-6952.1992.tb00748.x.

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Schuele, André. "Animal training in zoos – A chance for research." Mammalian Biology 81 (September 2016): 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mambio.2016.07.050.

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Ryder, Oliver A., and Anna T. C. Feistner. "Research in zoos: a growth area in conservation." Biodiversity and Conservation 4, no. 6 (August 1995): 671–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00222522.

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Kleiman, Devra G. "Behavior research in zoos: Past, present, and future." Zoo Biology 11, no. 5 (1992): 301–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/zoo.1430110502.

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ANZAI, Wataru. "Is “Research” an Objective for Zoos and Aquariums?" Japanese Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine 27, no. 2 (September 1, 2022): 77–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.5686/jjzwm.27.77.

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Loh, Tse-Lynn, Eric R. Larson, Solomon R. David, Lesley S. de Souza, Rebecca Gericke, Mary Gryzbek, Andrew S. Kough, Philip W. Willink, and Charles R. Knapp. "Quantifying the contribution of zoos and aquariums to peer-reviewed scientific research." FACETS 3, no. 1 (October 1, 2018): 287–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/facets-2017-0083.

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Modern zoos and aquariums aspire to contribute significantly to biodiversity conservation and research. For example, conservation research is a key accreditation criterion of the Association of Zoos and Aquariums (AZA). However, no studies to date have quantified this contribution. We assessed the research productivity of 228 AZA members using scientific publications indexed in the ISI Web of Science (WoS) database between 1993 and 2013 (inclusive). AZA members published 5175 peer-reviewed manuscripts over this period, with publication output increasing over time. Most publications were in the zoology and veterinary science subject areas, and articles classified as “biodiversity conservation” by WoS averaged 7% of total publications annually. From regression analyses, AZA organizations with larger financial assets generally published more, but research-affiliated mission statements were also associated with increased publication output. A strong publication record indicates expertise and expands scientific knowledge, enhancing organizational credibility. Institutions aspiring for higher research productivity likely require a dedicated research focus and adequate institutional support through research funding and staffing. We recommend future work build on our results by exploring links between zoo and aquarium research productivity and conservation outcomes or uptake.

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Fuhrman, Nicholas E., and Howard Ladewig. "Characteristics of Animals Used in Zoo Interpretation: A Synthesis of Research." Journal of Interpretation Research 13, no. 2 (November 2008): 31–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/109258720801300203.

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Most research on the use of animals in zoo interpretation focuses on visitor knowledge and attitude change, with little emphasis on the characteristics of the animals used as interpretive tools. A synthesis of research was conducted to: (a) identify the characteristics of animals used as teaching tools in zoo interpretation and (b) determine the usefulness of such information to zoo and other non-formal interpreters. Most research on the use of animals in zoo interpretation involved large, active, exotic animals. Few studies have evaluated the effectiveness of native, locally relevant species as interpretive tools. When used in zoo interpretation, native species have the potential to help educators address locally relevant conservation issues. However, more research is needed on the use of locally relevant species in interpretation. Information on the effectiveness of native, readily available species would be useful to interpreters lacking the resources of larger zoos and using injured or imprinted local wildlife in education.

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King, Catherine E. "Captive Flamingo Populations and Opportunities for Research in Zoos." Waterbirds: The International Journal of Waterbird Biology 23 (2000): 142. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1522159.

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SAVAGE, ANNE. "Collaboration between research institutions and zoos for primate conservation." International Zoo Yearbook 27, no. 1 (January 1987): 140–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-1090.1987.tb01524.x.

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SAVAGE, ANNE. "Collaboration between research institutions and zoos for primate conservation." International Zoo Yearbook 27, no. 1 (December 18, 2007): 140–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-1090.1988.tb03207.x.

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Kotze, A., and D. Morgan. "Research in African zoos: stepping up to the plate?" International Zoo Yearbook 46, no. 1 (January 2012): 232–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-1090.2011.00160.x.

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Glatston, Angela R., and Geoffrey R. Hosey. "Research in zoos: From behaviour to sex ratio manipulation." Applied Animal Behaviour Science 51, no. 3-4 (February 1997): 191–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0168-1591(96)01102-1.

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Finlay, Ted W., and Terry L. Maple. "A survey of research in American zoos and aquariums." Zoo Biology 5, no. 3 (1986): 261–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/zoo.1430050304.

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FRASER, JOHN, SUSAN CLAYTON, JESSICA SICKLER, and ANTHONY TAYLOR. "Belonging at the zoo: retired volunteers, conservation activism and collective identity." Ageing and Society 29, no. 3 (March 5, 2009): 351–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0144686x08007915.

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ABSTRACTThe present study affirms previous research findings that volunteering satisfies personal needs but goes further by considering the factor of collective identity for volunteers and its consequences for them. The study specifically focused on older volunteers working at zoos. In the initial phase at Central Park Zoo 30 volunteers completed a short self-completion questionnaire. The second phase involved one-on-one interviews with 21 Bronx Zoo volunteers with a collective self-esteem scale. The responses indicated that the volunteers considered the collective identity of zoo volunteer to be important to their self-concept and believed that this identity is held in high public esteem. The results also suggested that identity as a zoo volunteer not only satisfies personal needs, as found by other volunteer studies, but that the collective identity supports external activism based on shared values. It was concluded that the collective environmental identity facilitated by volunteer work at the zoos provides affirmational social support for the volunteers' work as environmental conservation advocates, and enhances their sense of purpose and self-efficacy.

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Scaglione, Frine Eleonora, Cristina Biolatti, Paola Pregel, Enrica Berio, Francesca Tiziana Cannizzo, Bartolomeo Biolatti, and Enrico Bollo. "A survey on zoo mortality over a 12-year period in Italy." PeerJ 7 (February 6, 2019): e6198. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.6198.

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Background The zoo is a unique environment in which to study animals. Zoos have a long history of research into aspects of animal biology, even if this was not the primary purpose for which they were established. The data collected from zoo animals can have a great biological relevance and it can tell us more about what these animals are like outside the captive environment. In order to ensure the health of all captive animals, it is important to perform a post-mortem examination on all the animals that die in captivity. Methods The causes of mortality of two hundred and eighty two mammals which died between 2004 and 2015 in three different Italian zoos (a Biopark, a Safari Park and a private conservation center) have been investigated. Results Post mortem findings have been evaluated reporting the cause of death, zoo type, year and animal category. The animals frequently died from infectious diseases, in particular the causes of death in ruminants were mostly related to gastro-intestinal pathologies. pulmonary diseases were also very common in each of the zoos in the study. Moreover, death was sometimes attributable to traumas, as a result of fighting between conspecifics or during mating. Cases of genetic diseases and malformations have also been registered. Discussion This research was a confirmation of how conservation, histology and pathology are all connected through individual animals. These areas of expertise are extremely important to ensure the survival of rare and endangered species and to learn more about their morphological and physiological conditions. They are also useful to control pathologies, parasites and illnesses that can have a great impact on the species in captivity. Finally, this study underlines the importance of a close collaboration between veterinarians, zoo biologists and pathologists. Necropsy findings can help conservationists to determine how to support wild animal populations.

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Llewellyn, Thomas, and Paul E. Rose. "Education Is Entertainment? Zoo Science Communication on YouTube." Journal of Zoological and Botanical Gardens 2, no. 2 (May 11, 2021): 250–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jzbg2020017.

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YouTube is the dominant online video-sharing platform and offers zoos an opportunity to engage a vast audience with conservation content. As there is limited research evaluating how zoos currently utilize YouTube, we cataloged and evaluated the content of 20 zoological organizations (focusing on the top 1000 most viewed videos from each channel) from 2006 to 2019. Separately, educational content in a subsample of the most viewed and recently produced videos from three zoo-YouTube channels was catalogued and evaluated for the period 2016 to 2019. We found that channels are becoming more focused on producing entertainment, rather than education-based content and not reflecting the taxonomic diversity of their animals. Videos containing conservation content may not be the most popular with the YouTube audience (making up only 3% of the most viewed videos), but there is evidence that outputs are becoming more conservation orientated, with more conservation-focused videos being produced over time. Zoos may be engaging with large audiences via YouTube, but should carefully consider how they represent different taxonomic classes and how they can create educational material in interesting and accessible forms.

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Sherman, Wilson C., Darren E. Minier, Caterina N. Meyers, and Michelle L. Myers. "The More the Merrier? Zoo Visitors’ Affective Responses and Perceptions of Welfare across an Increase in Giraffe Density." Journal of Zoological and Botanical Gardens 3, no. 2 (June 15, 2022): 289–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jzbg3020023.

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Zoos strive to create experiences that inspire positive feelings toward animals which lead to conservation behaviors in their visitors. However, concerns regarding the welfare of animals living in zoos present a challenge in creating positive zoo experiences and promoting the conservation agenda and moral authority of these cultural institutions. This research explores connections between zoo visitors’ positive affective responses and their assessments of animal welfare before and after two giraffes were introduced to a group of four giraffes in a multi-species savannah exhibit. A self administered questionnaire was completed by 499 visitors to the Conservation Society of California’s Oakland Zoo. The questionnaire measured visitors’ predispositions, affective responses, and assessments of animal welfare. Results suggest that visitors’ assessments of animal welfare, positive affective experience, and predisposition are positively correlated. Further, visitor assessments of animal welfare are generally more positive after the addition of new giraffes. Although visitors tended to report that the giraffes were very healthy and well cared for, they responded less positively when asked about how happy the giraffes were and how adequately sized their exhibit was. The findings suggest that understanding and improving zoo visitors’ assessments of animal welfare is important in improving positive experiences and conservation education outcomes during a visit to the zoo.

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Mason, Peter. "Zoos as heritage tourism attractions: A neglected area of research?" International Journal of Heritage Studies 5, no. 3-4 (January 1999): 193–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13527259908722267.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Research in zoos'

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