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Rodríguez-Gulías, María Jesús, Vítor Manuel de Sousa Gabriel, and David Rodeiro-Pazos. "Effects of governance on entrepreneurship: European Union vs non-European Union." Competitiveness Review: An International Business Journal 28, no. 1 (January 15, 2018): 43–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/cr-06-2016-0035.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to analyse the effect of six governance indicators on the rate of creation of new companies between countries that are members of the European Union (EU) and those that are not. H1 states that the various dimensions of governance help to explain the immediate creation of new businesses in European and non-European countries. H2 states that the various dimensions of governance help to explain the deferred creation of new businesses in European and non-European countries. Design/methodology/approach The paper uses two types of analyses: firstly, univariate analysis, which is a descriptive statistics of the dependent, independent and control variables, and the results of a t-test; and secondly, multivariate analysis, which estimates using the fixed-effects estimator under the specifications previously raised for the subsample of 28 EU countries and for the subsample of 103 non-EU countries during the period 2004-2014. Findings The results show that the variables of governance are not significantly higher in the EU, although the density of the enterprises is. Within the governance indicators, government effectiveness is significant in the EU. The results obtained for the EU confirmed H1and H2, with a significant positive effect of government effectiveness on entrepreneurship, while the other governance variables were not significant in the EU subsample. The results obtained for non-EU countries suggest no significant immediate effects (H1) and a slightly significant delayed effect of rule of law on the entrepreneurship (H2) concerned. Research limitations/implications Future research in this area could consider introducing another regional division or other types of methodology as variables affect models. Practical implications Governance can be defined as the ability of a government and its public institutions to provide services and design, and implement rules, which is a factor that affects the creation of new companies. However, the effect of governance could differ depending on the country and its economic environment. This paper analyses the effect of six governance indicators on the rate of creation of new companies considering two different geographic regions as countries are presumably heterogeneous. Therefore, these results indicate that the effect of governance variables on entrepreneurship differs according to the region. Social implications The effect of governance variables on entrepreneurship according to the region is also known. Originality/value This study applied panel data analysis to two samples of countries during the period 2004-2014, one formed by 28 countries of the EU and the other by 103 non-EU countries. No other paper considers this number of countries for this period. To assess the impact of governance on the creation of new companies, this paper considered the existence of immediate and deferred effects of governance on entrepreneurship.
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Grimaud, Olivier, Mark McCarthy, and Claudia Conceição. "Strategies for public health research in European Union countries." European Journal of Public Health 23, suppl 2 (November 2013): 35–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/eurpub/ckt153.
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Rollin, L., and J. F. Gehanno. "Research on return to work in European Union countries." Occupational Medicine 62, no. 3 (January 12, 2012): 210–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/occmed/kqr207.
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Mikuła, Aneta, Małgorzata Raczkowska, and Monika Utzig. "Pro-Environmental Behaviour in the European Union Countries." Energies 14, no. 18 (September 9, 2021): 5689. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14185689.
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The purpose of the presented research is to assess pro-environmental behaviour (PEB) in European Union countries in 2009 and 2019. The study used a synthetic measure developed using the TOPSIS (Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to an Ideal Solution) benchmark method. This method enables distinguishing classes and ranks of countries depending on the adopted characteristics. Basic measures of descriptive statistics, i.e., average, standard deviation and the coefficient of variation, were used in the analysis of the data set. The main research question addressed in this study concerns the relationship between the level of PEB and economic, demographic, and educational factors—not only on a micro scale but also from the macroeconomic perspective. The research has revealed a wide variety throughout the European Union (EU-27) countries in terms of pro-environmental behaviour. Sweden, Finland, and Denmark top the ranking, while Malta, Greece, Spain, and Romania are at the bottom of it. Northern European countries can therefore be identified as a group that represents a positive benchmark in terms of PEB across the European Union (EU-27). The correlation between PEB and selected economic, demographic, and education-related variables was also investigated. Country-level PEB is correlated with demographic and economic variables, but it is not correlated with education-related variables.
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Elbashir, Rania. "LIBYA'S FOREIGN TRADE WITH EUROPEAN UNION COUNTRIES." MEST Journal 10, no. 2 (July 15, 2022): 64–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.12709/mest.10.10.02.07.
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The subject of this empirical and theoretical work is the exchange of foreign trade in Libya with the countries of the European Union. The scientific objective of the research is to make a scientific classification of the volume of foreign trade between Libya and the European Union countries and to discover the factors that hinder foreign trade and explain them scientifically. European countries also support this cooperation and contribute significantly to the formulation of future cooperation policies with Libya in various social, political, and economic fields. However, this cooperation takes place in light of objective difficulties arising from the conflicting interests of Western countries in North Africa and Libya. Since these relations are burdened with many problems of different nature, we started this paper from two assumptions: The first premise is that in the trade relations between Libya and the European Union, there are common interests for foreign trade that are more feasible. The second premise is that more encouragement and protection for investments by the countries of the European Union helps in new qualitative development and economic growth in Libya, which will significantly improve trade relations between Libya and the countries of the European Union.
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Martín, Carlos Javier, and María Carmen Carnero. "Evaluation of Sustainable Development in European Union Countries." Applied Sciences 9, no. 22 (November 14, 2019): 4880. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9224880.
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Despite the great importance of sustainable development for a country, it is possible to say, having reviewed the literature widely, that this research is the first to use a Multi-Criteria Decision Method (MCDM) to analyze the sustainability of EU countries, considering different dimensions and weighting the criteria with the help of a group of experts. This paper therefore sets out a Multi-Criteria Model for analyzing the development of sustainability in EU countries (and Norway and Iceland). This required prior filtering and analysis of the data from the Eurostat database. The model was built with the multi-criteria Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) technique. Four experts in sustainability participated in the weighting process. The results of the AHP model are identified by areas of sustainability, with the highest value found in Norway, and the rest are found around it forming rings of sustainability, where sustainability decreases the further a country is from Norway. This research could be used to identify the strengths and weaknesses of each country with regard to sustainable development, and by analyzing the measures taken by Norway and other countries with very high sustainability, by continuous improvement processes, reach similar levels of sustainable development.
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Vasanicova, Petra, Sylvia Jencova, Beata Gavurova, and Radovan Bacik. "Coopetition of European Union Countries within Destination Management." Journal of Tourism and Services 13, no. 24 (June 30, 2022): 71–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.29036/jots.v13i24.368.
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Coopetition has been the issue of various studies in different fields, but there is a research gap in examining coopetition within the tourism sector and destination management. This paper aims to determine whether there are internally homogeneous and externally heterogeneous groups of European Union countries regarding indicators of natural and cultural resources of the Travel and Tourism Competitiveness Index (TTCI), and thus subsequently identify the importance and possibilities of competition among countries within the tourism sector. Multidimensional scaling and cluster analysis are used to verify the research hypothesis, along with ten indicators of the fourth sub-index (Natural and Cultural Resources) of TTCI. The results of the cluster analysis led to a six-group solution. Italy, Spain, and France have the best position in terms of tourism competitiveness. The results show space for competition in the international tourism market. Even though EU countries are competitors at a global level, their cooperation could be beneficial to tourism development. The findings of this study can be helpful in planning and strategy development for tourism policymakers and destination management organizations but can also be used to develop various marketing strategies. Furthermore, cooperation between destinations will support the need for strategic flexibility in the tourism sector, as the diversity of tourism attractions will increase.
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Biletska, O. A. "Features of Scientific Research Financing in the European Union." Business Inform 7, no. 522 (2021): 37–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.32983/2222-4459-2021-7-37-43.
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The article is aimed at identifying the scope and features of financial provision for scientific research in the founding countries of the EU – Germany, France and Italy, as well as in new countries – the Czech Republic, Hungary and Slovakia. Methodological basis of researches constituted the publications of scholars on this issue, analytical methods, the Eurostat data, and developed scientific approaches. According to the substantiated criteria, the analysis of research costs in terms of total expenses, costs by sector and per person is carried out. The identified features are grouped by common and distinctive characteristics regarding business structures, the public sector and higher education institutions. The dynamics of increasing or reducing these costs for a particular country during 2014–2019 are distinguished. The acyclicity of expenses detected during the specified period in all the analyzed countries by certain sectors is an evidence of a permanent search for the optimal ratio between the subjects of financing and reflects the specifics of the financial policy implemented by governments. Significant results of the study are the definition of a significant role of Germany in financing these costs, the share of which is almost a third of all EU spending, as well as the identification among the analyzed countries of a significant difference in costs between Germany, as the most economically developed EU country, and Slovakia, as the least developed, which makes 141 times. Separately, it is emphasized that the peculiarities of financing the costs are determined by the factors of historical, economic and mental content, which are disclosed with the appropriate substantiation in the article. The conclusions of the completed research are consistent with the views of other scholars whose works are taken into account in this article. A reasoning of the research results is provided and the feasibility of further searches for optimization of research costs is defined.
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Turczak, Anna. "Expenditures on research and development in European Union countries – comparative analysis." Współczesne Problemy Ekonomiczne 15 (2017): 43–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.18276/wpe.2017.15-04.
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Tluczak, Agnieszka. "Convergence of prices on the pig market in selected European Union countries. Case study." Agricultural Economics (Zemědělská ekonomika) 68, No. 3 (March 17, 2022): 107–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/342/2021-agricecon.
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Due to its specificity, animal production depends to a lesser extent than plant production on agrometeorological conditions. Interdependence between the prices of animal products and climatic conditions manifests itself primarily through the fodder markets, which determine the profitability of animal breeding and keeping. The process of economic integration should contribute to a decline in price differentiation between European Union (EU) countries. In the case of the pig market, however, it is necessary to bear in mind the pig cycle, which particularly affects the supply of livestock and their prices. The Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) currently implemented is not adapted to the turbulent global challenges and, underlining the lack of tools adequate to the increasingly frequent and stronger price fluctuations in agricultural markets, consider it necessary to quickly implement a new strategic reformatting of the EU agricultural policy. This study aims to examine the stochastic convergence between prices on the pig market in the EU countries. The research was conducted using, among others, the augmented Dickey-Fuller (ADF) test and the Johansen test. The monthly data from January 2008 (2008M1) to December 2019 (2019M12) were used in this study (Eurostat, Statistical Yearbook of Agriculture). The conducted research indicates the existence of convergence paths between some countries and the group of EU-15 countries.
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Tluczak, Agnieszka. "Diversity of the selected elements of agricultural potential in the European Union countries." Agricultural Economics (Zemědělská ekonomika) 66, No. 6 (June 22, 2020): 260–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/381/2019-agricecon.
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Agricultural importance in determining the directions of respective regions results from its production potential. The agricultural potential of a given country is determined by natural resources, ways of using them, natural conditions, workforce resources, technical resources and basic economic conditions. In this paper, only income and rural population are taken under consideration to describe the agricultural potential. Currently, European Union countries are functioning under the assumptions of the Common Agricultural Policy, assuming, among other things, increasing agricultural productivity, ensuring an adequate standard of living for the rural population and stabilising markets. The European Union (EU) is one of the world’s leading exporters and importers of agricultural products. The obtained results allowed the identification in 2010 and 2018 of countries with high and low values of income and population potential. It is characteristic that within both potentials, population and income, the countries with the lowest potentials are the most numerous group. Poland and Romania stand out against the background of all countries, where due to the high share of people working in agriculture, the population’s potential has the highest values. Denmark is also an outstanding country for which income potential has the highest value. This study aims to examine the diversity of selected elements of agricultural potential in the European Union countries. The research was conducted using, among other potential models and global and local spatial autocorrelation statistics. The analysis covered the years 2010 and 2018 by applying statistical data (Eurostat, Statistical Yearbook of Agriculture).
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Slepak, V. Yu, and A. A. Ariyants. "Formation of a European Research Area in Evolution of Legal Regulation of European Research." Actual Problems of Russian Law, no. 9 (October 5, 2019): 142–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.17803/1994-1471.2019.106.9.142-152.
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Since the end of the 20th century in Europe, there has been a tendency to accumulate scientific knowledge, increase the level of competitiveness of European research and the mobility of scientists themselves. The goals and objectives set by the European Union are realized through the creation of a single European research area and the implementation of special framework programs. It is determined that today the European Union is one of the world leaders in research and innovation. It is scientific knowledge, experience, high standards of research, developed research infrastructure that guarantee many years of successful cooperation between the EU and other countries. Contacts between Russia and the EU in the field of scientific and technical cooperation are developing quite actively. Both in the EU and in Russia, the development of effective innovation policies and programs is important for the development of a knowledge-based economy and an increase in the efficiency of investments in research and development.
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Siljak, Dzenita, and Sándor Gyula Nagy. "Do Transition Countries Converge towards the European Union?" Baltic Journal of European Studies 9, no. 1 (June 1, 2019): 115–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/bjes-2019-0007.
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AbstractThe aim of this paper is to analyze if the Western Balkan and Eastern Partnership countries converge towards the twenty-eight members of the European Union. The relationships between the selected macroeconomic variables and per capita GDP growth rate are econometrically tested to support this research. The analyzed period is 2004–2017, with two sub-periods: 2004–2008 and 2009–2013. The subdivision is made to test whether the recent financial crisis affected the absolute and conditional convergence process in the analyzed group of countries. The empirical findings support the economic convergence hypothesis. The results show that the recent financial crisis negatively affected the absolute and conditional convergence process, when economic variables are included in the analysis. The negative effects of the crisis on conditional convergence with economic and socio-political variables are not identified. The poorer countries in the analyzed group should do more to attract investment and open their economies, as gross fixed capital formation and economic openness have a positive impact on per capita growth, and keep low inflation or stabilize it, while general government debt and unemployment should be decreased in the examined sample of countries.
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Pizło, Wojciech. "INCOME OF FRUIT FARMS IN EUROPEAN UNION COUNTRIES." Annals of the Polish Association of Agricultural and Agribusiness Economists XX, no. 3 (June 28, 2018): 125–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0012.1506.
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From the mid-19th century to the 20th century in Central and Eastern Europe, apple, pear and cherry orchards were founded on the exemplar of fruit orchards in highly developed countries. The assessment of the economic farms situation, including farms with permanent crops (orchards) in the EU countries is monitoring by FADN. In the FADN classification, horticultural crops are fruit trees. In the FADN classification, horticultural crops are all fruit trees. The purpose of this article is to diagnose and assess the income situation of European fruit growing. The diagnosis has been conducted on the data basis from the FAO, Eurostat and the Central Statistical Office. The cultivation area has been decreasing in West European fruit-growing since the 1990s, particularly in Germany and France - for example apple tree. At the same time is observed an increase of apple orchards in Poland. The research showed that income on fruit farms is unstable. The highest one is registered in fruit farms in Belgium (46.8 thousand euros), the Netherlands (34.2 thousand euros) and Austria (25.3 thousand euros). Simultaneously, the British horticulture was experienced the crisis. It recorded the loses evaluated on 13.4 thousand Euros per year.
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Wawrzyniak, Dorota. "Standard Of Living In The European Union." Comparative Economic Research. Central and Eastern Europe 19, no. 1 (March 30, 2016): 139–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/cer-2016-0008.
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The European Union countries are diversified in terms of the standard of living of the population. The reduction of disparities in the standard of living, along with the elimination of the negative phenomena related to social exclusion form an EU policy priority. In this context, the aim of this article is to compare the standard of living in the various European Union countries and to determine Poland’s position in the ranking. In the study, countries with a similar standard of living of their populations were grouped as well. The analysis was based on 10 variables describing the standard of living in the EU-28 countries and was conducted with the use of the development pattern method proposed by Z. Hellwig. According to the results of the research, the standard of living is the highest in Austria, Finland, Germany and Sweden, whereas it is the lowest in Spain, Malta, Croatia and Romania. Poland ranks relatively low among the European Union countries (20th place).
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Rokicki, Tomasz. "FOREIGN TRADE IN LAMB MEAT BETWEEN EUROPEAN UNION COUNTRIES." Annals of the Polish Association of Agricultural and Agribusiness Economists XXI, no. 3 (August 14, 2019): 379–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0013.3514.
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The main purpose of the paper was to present foreign trade in lamb meat concerning exchanges between the countries of the European Union. In a targeted manner, all EU member states were selected for research as of 31/12/2018 (28 countries). The research period concerned the years 2005-2018. The sources of materials were literature and Eurostat data. For analysis and presentation of materials, descriptive, tabular and graphical methods, dynamics indicators based on a constant and variable basis, the Gini concentration coefficient, Lorenz curve concentration analysis and Pearson’s linear correlation coefficient were applied. The export of lamb meat in relation to other EU countries accounted for over 90% of total export of this type of meat. In the case of imports, it was just over 50%. There were countries only selling to other EU countries and those with buyers from outside the EU. The situation was similar in import. The concentration of lamb meat export and import decreased, faster for imports. There were also positive average relationships between foreign trade in lamb meat in relations with other EU countries and basic economic parameters.
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Skvarciany, Viktorija, Daiva Jurevičienė, and Gintarė Volskytė. "Assessment of Sustainable Socioeconomic Development in European Union Countries." Sustainability 12, no. 5 (March 5, 2020): 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12051986.
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There are still debates in the scientific literature about the factors influencing countries’ sustainable socioeconomic development. Therefore, the current article aims at determining the factors of sustainable socioeconomic development and assessing its level in the EU countries. The following methods were employed for the research: an evaluation based on distance from average solution (EDAS) and hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA). EDAS was used to reveal which countries have the highest level of sustainable socioeconomic development, and which have the lowest. The ranking was done based on the appraisal score, which is an outcome of EDAS. Hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) was used for clustering the countries based on the appraisal scores in order to distinguish groups of countries having a similar level of sustainable socioeconomic development. The results revealed that the highest level of sustainable socioeconomic development is in Germany, and the lowest in Portugal. Based on HCA, the countries were divided into three groups. The first cluster’s countries have the weakest sustainable socioeconomic development, and countries assigned to the third cluster have the best. In the current research, the third cluster consists of one country, Germany, which supports the results obtained with the EDAS method, i.e., Germany is the country with the highest level of sustainable socioeconomic development in the EU.
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Szczepaniak, Iwona. "DIFFERENTIATION OF FOOD PRICES BETWEEN EUROPEAN UNION COUNTRIES." Annals of the Polish Association of Agricultural and Agribusiness Economists XXIV, no. 1 (January 22, 2022): 268–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0015.7068.
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Poland’s accession to the European Union and the related opening of the Polish economy increased its dependence on global and regional phenomena. Domestic prices of food products began to be influenced by, among others, prices on external markets, mainly on the EU market. Phenomena characteristic of economic integration also occurred in other “new” Member States. The aim of the article is to present the differentiation of food prices between European Union countries, with particular emphasis on the process of convergence of prices, and to evaluate the competitive advantages of Polish producers on the EU food market. A comparative analysis of food prices was carried out for 27 EU Member States, additionally broken down into “old” and “new” EU Member States. The study covered the years 2010-2020. Eurostat data was the source of information. The method of descriptive and comparative statistics was used to evaluate the collected research material. As a result of the conducted analyzes, it was found that there is a large differentiation in food prices between individual countries of the European Union and the prices are clearly higher in “old” than “new” Member States. However, along with the progressing economic integration of individual markets with the EU market, there is a gradual alignment of domestic prices with EU prices. It was also shown that Polish food producers still had significant price advantages over competitors from other Member States. The ongoing process of food price convergence in the EU means, however, that they should actively seek new sources of competitive advantage.
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Balyuk, I. A., and M. A. Balyuk. "External Debt Problem in the European Union." World of new economy 15, no. 2 (June 26, 2021): 47–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.26794/2220-6469-2021-15-2-47-61.
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The paper's relevance is substantiated by the fact that today a rapid growth of external debt of the most developed countries of the world (including European Union (EU) countries) is one of the most acute problems of the modern world economy and global finance. The paper aims to assess the degree of the external debt burden of various EU countries and evaluate the prospects of solving external debt problems in the EU. The article focuses on dynamics, composition, and specifics shaping the EU countries' external debt based on comparative, economic, statistical, and graphical analysis. Special attention we paid to the analysis of specifics of the EU countries' sovereign external debt composition connected with the acute problem of the rapid growth of public debt in general. The paper examines the ratio of public external and internal debt in various EU countries. It determines the EU particular countries where public external debt is shaping based on either cross-border or domestic model. The research results reveal a high degree of dependence of the EU economy on international debt finance. Gross external debt and sovereign external debt of the EU countries are still growing, and its distribution among various member states is very uneven. The structural imbalance of the EU countries' net external debt has also been revealed: the number of net borrowers is double that of net lenders. According to the basic external debt sustainability indicators, some EU countries are in a pretty tricky situation and entirely depend on the possibility of external debt refinancing.
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Jeannet, Anne-Marie, Tobias Heidland, and Martin Ruhs. "What asylum and refugee policies do Europeans want? Evidence from a cross-national conjoint experiment." European Union Politics 22, no. 3 (April 23, 2021): 353–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/14651165211006838.
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The protection of asylum seekers and refugees has become one of the most politically divisive issues in the European Union, yet there has been a lack of research on public preferences for asylum and refugee policies. This article analyzes which policies Europeans prefer and why. We advance a theoretical framework that explains how asylum and refugee policies that use limits and conditions enable individuals to resolve conflicting humanitarian and perceived national interest logics. Using an original conjoint experiment in eight countries, we demonstrate that Europeans prefer policies that provide refugee protection but also impose control through limits or conditions. In contrast to the divisive political debates between European Union member states, we find consistent public preferences across European countries.
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Huterska, Agnieszka, and Robert Huterski. "Determinants of using online shopping in European Union countries." Ekonomia i Prawo 21, no. 4 (December 31, 2022): 675–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.12775/eip.2022.036.
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Motivation: Online shopping has gained increased economic importance as a result of restrictions on brick-and-mortar purchases due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Notwithstanding the natural partial return of consumers to direct purchases with the lifting of restrictions by the authorities, interest in online shopping does not return to pre-pandemic levels. Aim: The aim of the article is to verify the influence of various factors on the propensity to use online shopping in the European Union countries in the period 2010–2021. Due to the temporal and geographical scope of data, the panel method was used in the research. Results: The research on the determinants of online shopping, carried out by the authors, showed the statistical significance of all eight dependent variables affecting the share of people who shop online in the societies of the European Union countries. The increase in the use of online shopping is influenced by both the quality of Internet connections, the general frequency of Internet use, readiness to search the Internet for information about goods and services and the use of Internet banking. This regularity also occurs in the case of the share of older people in society, the share of people with at least the second level of education, the share of people employed in science and technology, and the level of GDP per capita.
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Vié, Aymeric, Cinzia Colapinto, Davide La Torre, and Danilo Liuzzi. "The long-run sustainability of the European Union countries." Management Decision 57, no. 2 (February 11, 2019): 523–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/md-05-2018-0518.
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Purpose Energy and environmental concerns have gained a significant role in public policy agenda as well as in energy economics literature. As policies often rely on imprecise information on data and goals, fuzzy goal programming (FGP) modeling is a relevant choice to evaluate multi-criteria sustainability. This technique is suitable for the analysis of the Europe 2020 strategy plan dealing with several possibly conflicting objectives in economy, environment, energy and employment. The paper aims to discuss these issues. Design/methodology/approach The paper presents a FGP model for sustainable implementations for all European Union (EU) countries with respect to Europe 2020 policy goals and provides insights for decision makers to better satisfy conflicting criteria by suggesting optimal allocations of workers in several economic sectors. Findings The analysis shows an overall great performance of European Union countries in the environmental and social criteria and outlines the needs for significant additional policy measures to reduce energy consumption while increasing the economic output. Comparing the performance of countries within the European Union between those who adopted the euro and those who maintained national currencies shows that Euro countries tend to perform worse in terms of Europe 2020 sustainability, opening opportunities for further research to better investigate on the causes and determinants of these differences. Originality/value The paper presents a conceptual model of sustainable development that improves understanding of the concept and reconciles highly competing policy objectives in a common framework. Applying this model to all European Union countries offers both comparison and policy recommendations at a large new scale.
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Vavrek, Roman, and Jana Chovancová. "Energy Performance of the European Union Countries in Terms of Reaching the European Energy Union Objectives." Energies 13, no. 20 (October 13, 2020): 5317. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13205317.
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European energy policy, especially the project of the Energy Union, is one of the most rapidly developing areas of the EU, and one through which European institutions are obtaining gradually more extensive power over the performance of the national energy sectors. The paper focuses on an analysis of the energy performance of EU member states (MS) with regard to the priorities of the European Energy Union. For an assessment of the energy performance of EU countries, the Technique for Order of Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) was chosen, using the Coefficient of Variation method (CV) as an objective method for determining the weights of eight input indicators, including CO2 intensity, electricity and gas price, energy productivity, energy dependence, consumption of renewables and research and development. The analysis for the period from 2008 to 2016 showed significant changes in the input indicators, which directly influenced the results of both methods mentioned above. Long-term differences between the best- and worst-rated countries are seen mainly in CO2 emissions, energy imports and total consumption of renewable energy sources. It is these aspects of comprehensive energy performance and their convergence at the level of EU countries that we believe should be addressed in the near future.
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Lubis, Syaravina. "Transformation Of The EU Law Related To The Etabilishment Of National Law In The England In The Law Perspective Of International Organizations." Journal of Law Science 4, no. 1 (January 30, 2022): 46–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.35335/jls.v4i1.1699.
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The economic upheaval of a country is one of the reasons for the formation of an international organization, namely the European Union. The goal of the European Union itself is to promote through the community the harmonious, sustainable development of economic activity, steady improvement, rapid improvement of living standards, quality of life and closer relations between member states. This research has a problem formulation consisting of the transformation of EU law into law in the member states of the European Union, the transformation of EU law in the UK, and a challenge as a legal effort related to the transformation of EU law in the UK according to International Organization Law. This study uses a normative juridical research method. The results of the research on the transformation of European Union Law into National Law of member countries, namely by establishing Regulations, Directives, Decisions that must be applied in member countries. EU law has the supremacy of overriding the National Laws of member states. The transformation of European Union Law in the UK began with the agreement of the European Communities Act 1972 which was the UK's ratification of EU Law. Challenge as a legal remedy related to the transformation of European Union Law in the UK is permitted under Articles 230 and 232 of the European Union Agreement, namely by submitting a complaint to the national court in accordance with the time specified to carry out the challenge, this challenge action can end with an amendment. The conclusion of the research is the transformation of European Union Law in member countries in the form of Regulations, Directives, and Decisions. The European Union Law Transformation in the UK is regulated through the European Communities Act 1972. Challenge as a legal remedy related to the transformation of EU Law in the UK is allowed in order to create a good implementation. Suggestions related to research is that it is better to ensure that the transformation of European Union Law has been implemented as intended. The transformation of EU Law in the UK should ensure that UK National Law can be waived in the event of a conflict with EU Law which is immediately effective. Conduct in-depth negotiations, ask for opinions from representatives of each member country so that unity is achieved to facilitate the implementation of European Union Law in member countries and minimize challenges to European Union Law.
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Tasente, Tanase, and Mihaela Rus. "Exitomania, the propaganda machine that can destroy the European Union." Technium Social Sciences Journal 1 (December 1, 2019): 31–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.47577/tssj.v1i1.28.
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Euroscepticism has worsened among the member countries, and an opinion poll conducted by the Pew Research Center, on a sample of 10,491 respondents from 10 EU countries and published shows that in 2 member countries - France and Greece - 61% and 71% of the citizens regard the European Union in a negative sense. This unfavorable perception regarding the future of the European Union has spread and was immediately exploited by political parties from different countries that have been voted in the European Parliament. Thus, we can see that the Euro-Parliamentary groups with Eurosceptic ideologies started to grow fast and according to the configuration of the 2019 European Parliament, we can see that the eurosceptics gain more strength. Through this research, we set out to analyze the degree of online interest regarding keywords related to EU leaving, in 8 countries of the European Union: The Netherlands (Nexit), United Kingdom (Brexit), France (Frexit), Greece (Grexit), Ireland (Irexit), Spain (Spexit), Italy (Italexit) and Sweden (Swexit). In order to reach the research objectives, we collected the data on the online interest from the Google Trends website (the evolution over time regarding Euroscepticism in the European Union, the maps regarding the regions of the 8 countries monitored with the highest degree of online interest for "EU leaving", and the most searched keywords in each country regarding leaving the European Union). The monitoring period is January 2004 – July 2019.
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Adamus-Matuszyńska, Anna, Krystyna Doktorowicz, and Piotr Dzik. "Logo as a Tool of European Union Countries’ Destination Branding." Zarządzanie Mediami 9, no. 4 (December 31, 2021): 597–626. http://dx.doi.org/10.4467/23540214zm.21.033.14576.
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Developing a coherent and comprehensive brand of a country is of vital importance for a destination in the contemporary global world. There seems to be a recognizable gap in the literature regarding the application of visual signs practiced in country branding. The subject of the study: The research identifies the logos of the European Union countries used in place branding. The purpose of the study is the exploration of the logo content from the senders’ perspective, i.e., the structures and organizations responsible for the country branding. There are many reasons why logos are used in place branding practice. The authors decided to focus on the logo as a form of controlled and projected message communicated via media and ICT. Cognitive gap: The research conducted so far has focused on the reception of logos by the recipients. The presented research attempts to examine the visual message contained in logos from the senders’ perspective. Research methods and data collection techniques: The content analysis method was used to study the visual identity of the countries. The authors collected logos and scrutinised them using Beyrow and Vogt as well as Mollerup’s taxonomy. The results of the study illustrate how governmental institutions, which are responsible for country branding, portray countries using visual identity on the Internet, social media, and their own media.
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Balcerzak, Adam P., and Michał Bernard Pietrzak. "RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT EXPENDITURES AND QUALITY OF LIFE IN EUROPEAN UNION COUNTRIES." Ekonomia i Prawo 14, no. 3 (September 30, 2015): 285. http://dx.doi.org/10.12775/eip.2015.018.
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Cunningham, James A., and Albert N. Link. "Exploring the effectiveness of research and innovation policies among European Union countries." International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal 12, no. 2 (March 30, 2016): 415–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11365-016-0394-7.
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Dudzevičiūtė, Gitana, Agnė Šimelytė, and Aušra Liučvaitienė. "Government expenditure and economic growth in the European Union countries." International Journal of Social Economics 45, no. 2 (February 12, 2018): 372–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijse-12-2016-0365.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to provide more reliable estimates of the relationship between government spending and economic growth in the European Union (EU) during the period of 1995-2015. Design/methodology/approach The methodology consisted of several different stages. In the first stage for an assessment of dynamics of government spending and economic growth indicators over two decades, descriptive statistics analysis was employed. Correlation analysis helped to identify the relationships between government expenditures (GEs) and economic growth. In the third stage, for modeling the relationship and the estimation of causality between GE and economic growth, Granger causality testing was applied. Findings The research indicated that eight EU countries have a significant relationship between government spending and economic growth. Research limitations/implications This study has been bounded by general GE and economic growth only. The breakdowns of general GE on the basis of the activities they support have not been considered in this paper, which is the main limitation of the research. Despite the limitation, it might be maintained that the research highlights key relationships in the EU countries. Originality/value These insights might be useful for policy makers. In countries with unidirectional causality running from GE to economic growth, the government can employ expenditure as a factor for growth. The governments should ensure that resources are properly managed and efficiently allocated to accelerate economic growth in the countries with unidirectional causality from GDP to GE.
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Albornoz-Flores, Ana Cristina, and Luis Bernardo Tonon-Ordóñez. "Aplicación del Modelo de Gravedad entre Ecuador y la Unión Europea para el periodo 2001 – 2017." UDA AKADEM, no. 6 (October 5, 2020): 10–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.33324/udaakadem.v1i6.315.
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La presente investigación analizó el comercio existente entre Ecuador y la Unión Europea, para el período 2001 – 2017 de forma semestral. El objetivo del estudio fue determinar la influencia de determinadas variables en la relación comercial entre estos dos entes económicos, para lo cual, se aplicó, como herramienta econométrica, el modelo de gravedad, a través del uso de datos de panel con efectos aleatorios y mediante el método de mínimos cuadrados ordinarios. Se comprobó que, para el comercio entre Ecuador y la Unión Europea, las variables de los PIB de cada país y la distancia entre las capitales de los diferentes países estudiados, son los que determinan el intercambio comercial total entre Ecuador y la Unión Europea en un 45.67% (coeficiente de determinación ajustado). Los coeficientes obtenidos para cada variable independiente fueron de: 1.24 para el PIB del Ecuador, 0.78 para el PIB de cada país de la Unión Europea y de 5.57 para la distancia entre los países estudiados. Siendo este un modelo robusto, con significancia econométrica y que presenta los signos esperados. De manera que, la aplicación de este modelo permitió aportar a la investigación económica del país y generar una herramienta que facilite la toma de decisiones con relación a la política comercial ecuatoriana con la Unión Europea.Palabras Clave: Comercio Exterior, economía internacional, modelo de gravedad, Unión Europea, Ecuador.Abstract
This investigation analyzed the existing commerce between Ecuador and the European Union for the period 2001 - 2017. The aim of the study was to determine the influence of certain variables on the commercial relationship between these two economic agents. For which the gravity model was applied, as an econometric tool, through the use of panel data with random effects and applying the method of ordinary least squares. It was found that, for the trade between Ecuador and the European Union the variables of the GDP of each country and the distance between the capitals of the different countries studied, are those that determine the total commercial exchange between Ecuador and the European Union by 45.67% (adjusted coefficient of determination). The coefficients obtained for each independent variable were: 1.24 for the GDP of Ecuador, 0.78 for the GDP of each country in the European Union, and 5.57 for the distance between the countries studied. Being this regression a robust model, with econometric significance that presents the expected signs. The application of this model allowed us to contribute to the economic research of the country and generate a tool that facilitates decision making in relation to Ecuadorian trade policy with the European Union.Keywords: Gravity model, international economy, international trade, European Union, Ecuador.
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Darmayadi, Andrias, and Nikolay Megits. "The impact of the Russia-Ukraine war on the European Union economy." Journal of Eastern European and Central Asian Research (JEECAR) 10, no. 1 (January 8, 2023): 46–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.15549/jeecar.v10i1.1079.
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This study aims to see the impact of the Russo-Ukrainian war on the European Union economy. It uses a qualitative descriptive method. This method answers research questions requiring an explanation and understanding of social activities due to the war. In this descriptive research, we evaluate aimed to evaluate the impact of the Russo-Ukrainian War on the European Union Economy. The results of this study indicate that the European Union's economy was greatly affected by this war, starting from the disruption of trade relations between Russia and the European Union in all fields, especially in the energy sector, to the creation of high inflation rates in developing countries. With this, of course, the economy and stability in the European Union will be interrupted and causing an economic crisis in many European countries.
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Gregor, Jiří. "Political Budget Cycles in the European Union." Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis 64, no. 2 (2016): 595–601. http://dx.doi.org/10.11118/actaun201664020595.
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This paper provides research on the theme of the political budget cycles. The goal is to find out whether or not the government tries to manipulate the state budget and its components for the purpose of re-election across the countries of the European Union. In order to verify this theory a dynamic panel data model was used. The results were significant, but only if predetermined elections were not counted into the estimations. In that case, the theory of the political budget cycles could be accepted as valid for the EU countries. The main driving force of the political budget cycles across the countries of the European Union is fluctuation of the government expenditures. During the election year, the government expenditures are higher, and a year after the election, government expenditures are lower. This is reflected into the state budget balance.
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Křepelka, Filip. "Dominance of English in the European Union and in European Law." Studies in Logic, Grammar and Rhetoric 38, no. 1 (September 1, 2014): 137–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/slgr-2014-0036.
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Abstract English has become the first global language of international com- munication during the last decades. It is dominant in many fields as science, technology, transportation, business and tourism and diplomacy. The European Union with law applicable directly on individuals is officially multilingual. English is, however, preferred in internal communication and in communication with national experts. National laws are closely related with particular states. Related discourse is therefore realized mostly in national language. Legal education and research are thus less anglicized than other university education and research. Nevertheless, increasing importance of international and supranational rules for harmonization and coordination, growing demand for comparison, pres- sure to publish in internationally recognized journals, Europe-wide research projects and rising numbers of exchange of students cause widespread resort to English also at schools of law. Unfortunately, English is language of countries with Anglo-American law (common law) which differs significantly from continental law (civil law) existing in most European and other countries. Therefore, it is difficult to find adequate English words for phenomena of civil law and to stabilize their use in international discourse.
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Zimková, Emília, Michaela Vidiečanová, and Petra Cisková. "Determinants of Economic Growth in the European Union Countries." Statistika: Statistics and Economy Journal 101, no. 4 (December 17, 2021): 357–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.54694/stat.2021.16.
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This paper reassesses the long-debated relationship between the financial system development and economic growth. We use not only indicators for financial access, efficiency, stability and depth of the bank-oriented financial sector, but we also consider Eurozone membership, corruption perception and competitiveness of countries to examine the determinants of economic growth. We apply a panel data approach to 27 European countries over the 2004–2017 period. By splitting the time span, we examine whether the effect of financial system development, Eurozone membership, corruption perception and competitiveness on economic growth is affected by the occurrence of financial and debt crises. Our results indicate that loans to private sector do not always support economic growth. Our research also reveals that corruption perception has a negative impact on economic growth, and so does membership in Eurozone during a crisis.
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Sääksjärvi, Sanna C. "Positioning the Nordic Countries in European Union Environmental Policy." Journal of Environment & Development 29, no. 4 (June 23, 2020): 393–419. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1070496520933324.
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The influence of the Nordic countries on the European Union’s (EU's) policy processes has been researched from various angles, but there is a lack of research that comprehensively examines all policy positions advanced by Nordic actors within a given policy context. This article introduces a new design for studying policy positions and influence in the EU and examines the phenomenon from a multilevel perspective using an original data set compiled in connection to three directives: the Floods Directive on the assessment and management of flood risks, the Environmental Liability Directive, and the Restriction of Hazardous Substances Directive. The analysis reveals that the Nordic countries follow a certain pattern of influencing EU policy that deviates from other states participating in the consultations. Nordic governmental actors exert a strong technical but weak directional influence in the chosen context but are, overall, more successful than Nordic organizational actors at influencing the policy process.
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Sari, Leni Panca Mustika, Ihwan Satria Lesmana, and Risma Eka Desiyani. "ANALISIS INFLASI DAN KURS TAHUNAN DALAM MELIHAT KONDISI RIIL EKSPOR KOPI INDONESIA DI 5 (LIMA) NEGARA UNI EROPA." National Conference on Applied Business, Education, & Technology (NCABET) 2, no. 1 (October 31, 2022): 149–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.46306/ncabet.v2i1.74.
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This research aimed to analyze annual inflation and exchange rates in view of the real condition of Indonesian coffee exports in 5 (five) European Union Countries (Belgium, France, Germany, Italy, and Netherlands) in 2016-2019. This research method with a qualitative approach and uses secondary data. The results of this study is, inflation condition in Indonesia and 5 (five) European Union Countries using the formula for calculating the consumer price index in 2016-2019 is Indonesia’s average annual inflation of 3,12% and the annual average inflation of 5 (five) European Union Countries at 1,5% and classified into the type of mild inflation.The condition of the annual axchange rate in export activities is a type of exchange rate pegged to the Dollar/USD and tends to fluctuate. Indonesia’s low inflation and rising exchange rate cuase the volume and value of exports to increase and when the highest exchange rate occurs, it causes a decrease in the volume and value of coffee exports in 5 (five) European Union Countries
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Wardana, Adhi. "UPAYA PEMERINTAH TURKI UNTUK BERGABUNG DENGAN UNI EROPA." Global Political Studies Journal 1, no. 2 (October 31, 2017): 107–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.34010/gpsjournal.v1i2.2015.
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The European Union is an inter-governmental organization whose members are European countries. Since July 1, 2013 already has 28 member countries, many countries of the European region who want to join the European Union, one of which is Turkish, the extent to which the Turkish government's efforts to join the European Union? This study aims to determine the extent of the Turkish Government Efforts To Join The European Union (2004-2008). To be able to Turkey joining the European Union must meet the Copenhagen criteria which consists of the political criteria, economic and acquis, Turkey must conform to all the regulations of the European Union so researchers try to analyze from the effort, constraints, and prospects for Turkey to join the European Union. This type of research is a qualitative research method used is descriptive analysis techniques. aims to describe the facts related to the problem under study. Most of the data that is collected through library research, online data retrieval, and documentation, data were then analyzed with a theoretical approach to dealing with International Relations. The results showed that the Turkish government has made progress in meeting the criteria candidates are awarded by the European Union, Turkey showed promising economic growth, recorded during the year 2004-2008 Turkish economic growth averaged 7%. Turkey managed to adopt new chapters in the Acquis criteria, although there are many other chapters that have not adapted to the European Union, in the political aspects of the Turkish government has been working hard to solve the problem of ham with the Kurds, Armenia and Cyprus, but in line with the efforts that have been The Turkish government in its application, there are still many obstacles that eventually make Turkey's accession to EU membership back hampered..
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Rukminf, Wara Agustina, and Ferry Irawan. "Kebijakan Anti Dumping dan Trade Deflection: Studi Kasus Synthetic Staple Fibre Polyester (PSF)." Jurnal Ekonomi dan Pembangunan Indonesia 10, no. 1 (July 1, 2009): 35–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.21002/jepi.v10i1.106.
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Abstract. This research empirically examines whether a country's anti dumping policy can distort export of another country to third markets. This research tries to explore about trade deflection of Indonesia's export on Synthetic Staple Fibre Polyester (PSF) HS 550320 to non-European Union as the result of European Union's (EU) anti dumping policy on Indonesia. This research uses panel data model (fixed effects) and 20 countries (non-European Union) of Indonesia's PSF export during ten years (1996-2005). We find evidence that trade deflection for Indonesia's export on Synthetic Staple Fibre Polyester (PSF) HS 550320 occurred. Because of European Union had imposed anti dumping duty on Indonesia, Indonesia's export to nonEuropean Union had increased ranged from 25 percent to 44 percent. This result shows that dumping duty from European Union does not fully carry out negative effect for Indonesia, furthermore thisphenomena can be used as ”early warning” for Indonesia both for case of Indonesia as exporting country or third countries.
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Muravska, Tatyana, and Alexandre Berlin. "The EU-Eastern Partnership Countries: Association Agreements and Transdisciplinarity in Studies, Training and Research." Baltic Journal of European Studies 4, no. 2 (October 1, 2014): 134–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/bjes-2014-0020.
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Abstract The European Union (EU) signed Association Agreements on 27 June 2014 with Georgia, the Republic of Moldova, and Ukraine. The Association Agreement (AA) is the EU’s main instrument to bring the countries in the Eastern Partnership (EaP) closer to EU standards and norms. For the citizens of the EaP countries to benefit from these agreements, a more in-depth knowledge of the EU and the EU Member States is required to be reflected in a comparative approach to European Union studies. We examine these implications on the need to expand and adapt, the content and approach to research and teaching European Union studies, with the transdisciplinary approach becoming increasingly dominant, becoming a modern tool for research in social sciences. This contribution aims to offer insight into the implementation of transdisciplinarity in the methodology of education and research as it is determined by current increasing global challenges. This approach should serve as a means of integrating a number of main goals as part of learning, teaching and research processes: strengthening employability of young people and preparing them for citizenship. We discuss the need for modernizing European studies in the EU Member States that could serve as an example for the EU Eastern Partnership countries. We conclude that the theoretical approach to European and related studies of other disciplines and their practical implications should always be transdisciplinary in nature and benefit from direct in-situ exposure and should be fully integrated in university curricula
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Simionescu, Mihaela. "The Impact of European Economic Integration on Migration in the European Union." HOLISTICA – Journal of Business and Public Administration 9, no. 1 (May 1, 2018): 23–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hjbpa-2018-0002.
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Abstract The recent enlargement of the EU (since 2004) and the United Kingdom's decision to leave the European Union have prompted a growing research interest in the political and academic environment because of the causes and consequences of migration between the CEE countries and those in the Western Europe. In this study, the effects of European economic integration on the number of EU-15 immigrants from the newly integrated EU countries were assessed by econometric techniques. According to panel data models, in the period 2000-2015, the number of migrants from the new member states of the EU has increased, in average, with more than 2200 people only due to their EU membership. This result reflects the positive impact of European economic integration on the number of emigrants from the CEE countries that chose the EU-15 states as destination countries. Moreover, according to some ridge Bayesian regressions, during the period 2004-2015, the EU-15 immigrants coming from the EU-13 states did not negatively affect the economic growth of the EU-15 countries.
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Dec, Pawel, and Piotr Masiukiewicz. "Models of Bankruptcy Procedures in European Union." Business and Management Horizons 3, no. 2 (December 1, 2016): 46. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/bmh.v4i2.10275.
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This paper focuses on the analysis of comparative models bankruptcy in selected EU countries and the evaluation of the effectiveness of the insolvency proceedings. These models are quite similar in the countries concerned; also they give the opportunity to the many variants of the bankruptcy procedure. The main thesis of the article is—so far developed and applied models of bankruptcy are still insufficient and need to be improved and reorientation to a greater extent, particularly concerning the taking into account of weak signals from the business environment. The authors analyzed the relevant theories of the firm and its reference to bankruptcy, presented various models of insolvency procedures in selected EU member states, analyzed the so-called European Company for bankruptcy. Complementing the paper detailed research on the effectiveness of insolvency proceedings in many countries. Included in the text of the conclusions show the shortage of both in theory and in practice, a comprehensive solution to the problem of insolvency proceedings.
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Melnyk, Natalia, Natalya Bidyuk, Andrii Kalenskyi, Borys Maksymchuk, Nataliia Bakhmat, Olena Matviienko, Tetiana Matviichuk, Valeriy Solovyov, Nadiia Golub, and Iryna Maksymchuk. "Models and organisational characteristics of preschool teachers’ professional training in some EU countries and Ukraine." Zbornik Instituta za pedagoska istrazivanja 51, no. 1 (2019): 46–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/zipi1901046m.
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Comparative pedagogical analyses were obtained on the basis of the generalised theoretical results. The aim of the study is to discover theoretical, methodological, didactic principles of a professional training of preschool teachers in the context of socio-political, economic, socio-cultural and pedagogical determinants in some European Union countries in order to justify the possibilities of introduction of an innovative European experience in preschool teachers? professional training in Ukraine and other countries. The results of comparative pedagogical research on professional development of preschool teachers? in some countries of the European Union are generalised; models were characterised; organisational and pedagogical support for the professional development of preschool teachers in some countries of the European Union was specified; the influence of European integration processes on the modernisation of professional development of preschool teachers in Ukraine and the comparative analysis of systems of professional development of preschool teachers in some countries of the European Union and Ukraine were studied; promising directions were described in the implementation of innovative ideas of the European experience in the vocational education system in Ukraine.
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Paszko, Julita. "Intellectual capital of European Union countries (EU-28) – measurement concept." Optimum. Economic Studies, no. 3(101) (2020): 107–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.15290/oes.2020.03.101.09.
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Purpose – The aim of the present research paper is to enrich the achievements of science through a description of a theoretical-methodological approach to measuring the national intellectual capital (NIC) along with its application in the evaluation of the European Union countries (2015). Research method – The synthetic indicator, describing the intellectual capital of the EU countries was quantified by using the TOPSIS method. The year 2015 is the study period. Results – The estimation results confirm the diversity of the intellectual capital level in the 28 countries of the EU. The highest index value applies to Sweden. Romania takes the last – 28th place and belongs to the fourth typological group with a very low potential of intellectual capital. Originality /value / implications /recommendations – The new perspective on defining and taxonomy of intellectual capital (including ecological capital) is a kind of novum in this area. As a result, the elaborated ranking of the EU countries provides a new, wider perspective on the intellectual capital issues.
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Maryniv, Ivanna. "The European Union security policy." Law and innovations, no. 1 (29) (March 31, 2020): 80–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.37772/2518-1718-2020-1(29)-13.
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Problem setting. In spite of the presence of numerous conventions, treaties and organizations in the world today, the issue of security is still a very acute issue for the world community. There are many reasons for this: the presence of nuclear powers, serious disputes between countries that are justly considered world leaders, the existence of numerous local conflicts and wars of a more global nature across the globe. These and other factors are pushing states around the world to allocate budget funds to ensure effective security policies. Given today’s realities, one can trace the tendency of several countries to pool their own efforts and resources to pursue a common security policy. The European Union is one of the clearest examples of this behavior. This intergovernmental organization is committed to maintaining peace, diplomacy, trade and development around the world. The EU also promotes cooperation with neighboring countries through the European Neighborhood Policy. Target research. The aim of the research is to study the role of the European Union’s institutional mechanism in the exercise of its powers to ensure the defense and foreign policy cooperation of the Member States. Analysis of recent research and publication. Many domestic and foreign scholars, including B. Tonro, T. Christiansen, S. Morsch, G. Mackenstein, and others. The institutional basis of foreign and security policy is analyzed in detail by J. Peterson, questions related to the European Union’s security policy. M. Shackleton. K. Gill, M. Smith and others study the general features of the development of a common EU security policy. Some contribution to the study of various problems related to European and Euro-Atlantic integration has been made by such national scientists as V. Govorukh, I. Gritsyak, G. Nemyrya, L. Prokopenko, O. Rudik, V. Streltsov, O. Tragniuk, I. Shumlyaeva, I. Yakovyuk and others. Article’s main body. The article examines the emergence and development of the European Union’s security policy from the date of the Brussels Covenant to the present. Particular attention is paid to the role of the European Union’s institutional mechanism in the exercise of its powers to ensure the defense and foreign policy cooperation of the Member States. A study of the officially adopted five-year global foreign and security policy of the EU is being done to improve stability in Europe and beyond, analyzing EU conflict resolution and crisis management activities. Conclusions and prospect of development. In view of the above, it can be concluded that the EU’s foreign and security policy institutional framework is an extensive system in which all the constituencies are endowed with a certain range of general and specific powers and are called upon to cooperate with one another to achieve a common goal. It cannot be said that such close cooperation puts pressure on Member States. Yes, a Member State has the right to refrain from voting for any decision that requires unanimity and such abstention will not prevent the above decision being taken. In this case, the mechanism of so-called “constructive retention” is triggered: the abstaining country is not obliged to comply with the decision, however, accepts the fact that it is binding on other Member States and takes this into account when concluding treaties, which should not contradict the said decision.
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Dziuba, Radosław, Małgorzata Jabłońska, Konrad Sulak, and Katarzyna Ławińska. "Textile Sector of the Visegrad Group Countries in Trade with the European Union." Fibres and Textiles in Eastern Europe 26, no. 6(132) (December 31, 2018): 24–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0012.5160.
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The Visegrad Group countries’ accession to the European Union (EU) gave new perspectives for the future economic and social development of the region. The full integration of the Visegrad Group countries with the European Union is conducive to generating new challenges i.a. in the field develop of broadly understood entrepreneurship. Textiles is one of the sectors of the European economy which, in the current financial perspective, significantly contributes to the creation of new jobs and the development of entrepreneurship, which ultimately affects the growth of competitiveness of the integrating countries. The aim of this paper is to examine the competitive position of the textile sector (CN 50-60 and 63) of the Visegrad Group countries as a whole in trade with the European Union in the period 2004-2016. Preliminary analysis of the problem allowed to formulate the following research hypothesis: The Visegrad Group countries’ accession to the European Union has a positive impact on entrepreneurship development and improving competitiveness of the textile sector of The Visegrad Group countries in the context of implementation of the Europe 2020 Strategy.
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Skowronek-Gradziel, Agnieszka. "Analysis of the differentiated Internet use in the activity of the EU enterprises in 2014." Scientific Journal of the Military University of Land Forces 191, no. 1 (January 1, 2019): 36–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0013.2397.
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The article aims at identification of dependencies occurring in relation to the Internet use in the activities of enterprises in the European Union countries in 2014. The research hypothesis assumed that the spatial diversity exists in the European Union in the area under study. The article presents the results of research conducted on the basis of data from the European Statistical Office regarding the use of the Internet in the activities of enterprises in 2014. The study covered 28 countries in the European Union. On account of the nature of research, the methods of Multidimensional Comparative Analysis were employed. The acquired knowledge has a cognitive dimension and can be applied in practice to set tasks for leveling out the development differences with regard to the European regional policy in the subsequent financial perspectives.
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Galushko, Dmitriy Viacheslavovich, Natalya Valerievna Oganova, Andrey Leonidovich Belousov, Elena Valerievna Grigorovich, and Aleksey Valerievich Sereda. "The EU law and the law of third countries: problems of interaction." SHS Web of Conferences 118 (2021): 02003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/202111802003.
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The article discusses the problems of the interaction process of legal systems of international integration organizations with law of states that are not members of those entities. The research has been conducted on the example of the European Union. The authors conclude that the degree of influence of the international treaties between the EU and third countries on the legal orders of these states differs depending on the level of cooperation between the parties, which is precisely determined by such agreements. The European Union law is the main means of spreading the influence of the European Union on the legal systems of non-member states. Approximation of national legislation with the European Union’s acquis is a consistent process of approximation of the legal system of the state, including legislation, lawmaking, legal technique, law enforcement practice in accordance with the criteria set by the Union. Peculiarities of the legal approximation of law of particular states with law of the European Union are determined by the nature of the relationship between those subjects, by the goals set for such cooperation and fixed in mutual international treaties, as well as by the peculiarities of the state mechanism and the legal system of the respective state. Consequently, regarding European Union – Russia interaction in the field, regulatory engagement can be hardly called as efficient, smooth, and cloudless.
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Motsyk, Alexander. "Research and approaches to the integration processes in the European Union." Історико-політичні проблеми сучасного світу, no. 33-34 (August 25, 2017): 126–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.31861/mhpi2016.33-34.126-133.
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The article is devoted to the study of modern trends of integration processes. We studied the methodological principles and approaches to the study of the integration of subjects. Specifically analyzed integration levels: individual, regional, domestic, interstate, global. Also, isolated and characterized various forms of integration: political, economic, informational, cultural and others. We analyzed the integration process as a result of the relationship, cooperation, convergence and integration into a single unit of any parts, components countries, their economies, social and political structures, cultural, social and political groups, ethnic groups, political parties, movements and organizations. It is proved that integration has several levels of development. Interaction at the level of enterprises and organizations (first level) – directly to producers of goods and services. The integration of the economies of the main links of different countries is complemented by the interaction at the country level (the second level). The third level of development of integration processes – interaction at the level of parties and organizations, social groups and individuals from different countries – can be defined as a social and political one. Fourth level – is the level of the actual integration group as an economic community, with its characteristics and peculiarities. It was noted that today is used by political science approaches to the study of integration. It is important to the following principles: federalism, functionalism, communicative approach, and others.
Keywords: Integration, levels, approaches, studies, European integration, politics, economics, features
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Doronina, Olha. "LIFELONG LEARNING STRATEGIES IN EUROPEAN COUNTRIES." Grail of Science, no. 16 (July 11, 2022): 471–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.36074/grail-of-science.17.06.2022.074.
Full textAbstract:
A traditional definition of lifelong learning is “all learning activity conducted throughout life with the goal of enhancing knowledge, skills, and competences within a personal, civic, societal, or employment-related viewpoint” (European Commission, 2001). Over the years, the European Union has placed a strong emphasis on the development of the knowledge triangle "education, innovation, and research," as well as the development of skills. Lifelong learning has been deemed a high political priority by numerous EU organizations with a series of decisions and resolutions (European Commission, 2021). It has been acknowledged that to ensure an individual's life development and self-fulfillment, it is vital to regularly update knowledge and competences as a result of increasing skill differentiation and globalization.
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Dworak, Edyta, Maria Magdalena Grzelak, and Elżbieta Roszko-Wójtowicz. "Comparison of National Innovation Systems in the European Union Countries." Risks 10, no. 1 (December 29, 2021): 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/risks10010006.
Full textAbstract:
The effective operation of national innovation systems can be a source of many opportunities, but it cannot be forgotten that innovation in itself may mean limiting but also generating various types of risks for the functioning of the local market. The main aim of the article is to present the concept and classification of national innovation systems in the world and to try to answer whether the type of NIS determines the level of innovation of the economies of the European Union countries. The following research thesis was formulated in the study: the type of National Innovation System determines a certain level of innovation in the economy of an European Union country, i.e., in countries belonging to a developed NIS, the level of innovation of the economy is higher than in countries belonging to developing systems. The results of the analysis confirm the research thesis. In the empirical part, the level of innovation in the European Union countries was assessed using the synthetic measure of development (SMD) by Z. Hellwig. Based on the obtained values of the synthetic measure of development (innovation), a ranking of the innovation of the economies of the EU countries was compiled and groups of countries with a similar degree of innovation in the economy were distinguished. The developed ranking of the European Union countries was compared with the NSI classification presented in the theoretical part of the article. The study covered 2010 and 2019.