Books on the topic 'Research adherence'
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1
Cadena, Cirilo Humberto García. Chronic diseases and medication-adherence behaviors: Psychological research in Ibero-American countries. Hauppauge, N.Y: Nova Science Publishers, 2011.
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2
C, Kulakowski Elliott, Chronister Lynne U, and Research Enterprise, eds. Research administration and management. Sudbury, Mass: Jones and Bartlett, 2006.
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3
World Health Organization (WHO). Handbook for good clinical research practice (GCP): Guidance for implementation. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization, 2005.
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1940-, Zweben Allen, and National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (U.S.), eds. Strategies for facilitating protocol compliance in alcoholism treatment research / editors, Allen Zweben ... [et al.]. Bethesda, Md. (6000 Executive Blvd., Bethesda 20892-7003): U.S. Dept. of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Institutes of Health, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, 1998.
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Office, General Accounting. Climate change: Selected nations' reports on greenhouse gas emissions varied in their adherence to standards : report to the Congressional requesters. Washington, D.C: U.S. General Accounting Office, 2003.
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6
Galinovskaya, Elena, Elena Boltanova, Gennadiy Volkov, Galina Vyphanova, I. Ignat'eva, N. Kichigin, E. Kovaleva, et al. Zones with special conditions of use of territories (problems of the establishment and implementation of the legal regime). ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1080400.
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The peculiarities of the modern spatial development necessitated the development of organizational, managerial and legal measures to reduce the risks of neighbourhood objects that have a negative impact on humans and the environment, as well as to strengthen the protection of especially dangerous or sensitive objects.
Introduction to the Land code of the Russian Federation the concept of "zones with special conditions of use of territories" is one of the promising solutions to the above tasks and is aimed at ensuring sanitary and epidemiological welfare of the population, industrial safety, safety in operating all types of transport, defence and state security, environmental protection etc.
The Handbook describes the concept and the legal nature of the zones with special conditions of use of territories as a new category, which should become a full part of fur-
the mechanism of the land law regulation. Describes the evolution of national legislation on conservation and protection zones, the analysis of the regulation of similar zones in foreign legislation. Special attention is paid to General issues of the legal regime of these zones, the specifics of their establishment and accounting.
Researched legal requirements for the adherence of all types of zones with special conditions of use.
For practitioners and specialists in the field of state and municipal administration, scientific workers and lecturers of higher and secondary professional educational institutions, students, graduates, and also for a wide range of readers.
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Martel, Marc O., and Robert N. Jamison. Adherence in Pharmacotherapy. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190600075.003.0003.
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This chapter summarizes the factors that have been found to be associated with an increased risk of pharmacotherapy adherence problems among patients with chronic pain. An overview of screening instruments and strategies that can be used for the assessment and management of patients at risk of medication nonadherence is also addressed. Given that research on pharmacotherapy adherence among patients with pain has predominantly been conducted in the context of opioid therapy, a particular emphasis is placed on opioids. However, issues associated with adherence to nonopioid pharmacotherapies are also addressed throughout the various sections of this chapter. Recommendations regarding pharmacotherapy for chronic pain are provided.
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Harrison, Anthony M., Christopher Graham, and Lance M. McCracken. Treatment Adherence in Chronic Pain. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190600075.003.0002.
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It is widely accepted that treatment adherence is a complex problem, and rates of nonadherence in chronic pain are around 50% or more. Nonadherence is important, not only because it may decrease treatment effectiveness but because it is dangerous and a potential confound in assessing treatment effectiveness, both in research and clinical service, and it is wasteful. Unfortunately, available interventions to promote better adherence appear limited. This chapter introduces the current models of adherence in the context of chronic pain and selectively summarizes related evidence. It also introduces the Psychological Flexibility Model, a newer organizing framework underpinning Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT), and examines the potential applicability of ACT in this challenging context.
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Cheatle, Martin, and Perry G. Fine, eds. Facilitating Treatment Adherence in Pain Medicine. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190600075.001.0001.
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One of the most distressing features of a healthcare providers practice is that of patient nonadherence. Adherence refers to an active, voluntary, collaborative involvement of the patient in a mutually acceptable course of behavior to produce a desired preventative or therapeutic result. Most of the research in the area of medical adherence has been focused on medication adherence or increasing the likelihood that a patient will take their medications as prescribed by their physician. Adherence also has a broader application with regards to patient behaviors that can either support or undermine a positive response to prescribed therapies.In the field of pain medicine there are a number of evidence-based interventions that can improve an individual’s pain, mood and functionality, but this depends highly on the patient adhering to the prescribed treatment regimens.This book will provide a practically oriented guide to understanding the conceptual models of adherence and non-adherence and methods to improve adherence, to both pharmacotherapy and psychosocial pain management strategies. Topics include the use of biometrics to measure and promote adherence, employing novel psychosocial techniques to improve adherence to pain management and healthy lifestyle interventions and the ethical considerations of patient and clinician nonadherence.
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Accountability for After-School Care: Devising Standards and Measuring Adherence to Them. RAND Corporation, 2002.
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(Contributor), Deborah Aaronson, Joan Amatruda (Contributor), Deborah E. Bowen (Contributor), and Lora E. Burke (Editor), eds. Compliance in Healthcare and Research (American Heart Association Monograph Series). Blackwell Publishing Limited, 2001.
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Steiner, John. Handbook of Clinical Research Law and Compliance. Jones and Bartlett Publishers, Inc., 2005.
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Dresser, Michelle, and Deborah Rosenbaum. Clinical Research Coordinator Handbook: GCP Tools and Techniques. Taylor & Francis Group, 2015.
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The CRC's Guide to Coordinating Clinical Research, Second Edition. CenterWatch, 2011.
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Pivovarova, Ekaterina, and Philip J. Candilis. Safety Monitoring and Withdrawal of Psychiatric Research Participants. Edited by John Z. Sadler, K. W. M. Fulford, and Werdie (C W. ). van Staden. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198732372.013.14.
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This chapter examines how clinical investigators ensure the safety of psychiatric research participants while maintaining the integrity of research protocols. It discusses the ethical issues arising from data monitoring, disclosure of interim data, and termination of clinical trials. It outlines unique features of psychiatric research and related cultural issues that may warrant consideration before and during clinical trials. It focuses on the Data Safety Monitoring Boards (DSMBs) overseeing clinical trials their development of detailed plans for monitoring safety and protocol adherence. It looks at the use of statistical programs by DSMBs to document the progression of research studies and make early termination decisions; whether DSMBs actually improve the safety of participants or the integrity of research; how independent DSMBs are; and the factors that DSMBs consider when terminating a trial. Cultural issues involved in clinical trials and challenges that may compromise the neutrality and function of DSMBs are analyzed.
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Dresser, Michelle, and Deborah Rosenbaum. Clinical Research Coordinator Handbook: GCP Tools and Techniques, Second Edition. Taylor & Francis Group, 2015.
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17
Weiss, Jeffrey J., and Michael J. Stirratt. Psychiatric Aspects of Care Engagement and Medication Adherence in Antiretroviral-Based HIV Treatment and Prevention. Edited by Mary Ann Cohen, Jack M. Gorman, Jeffrey M. Jacobson, Paul Volberding, and Scott Letendre. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199392742.003.0029.
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Care engagement and treatment adherence are directly related to HIV treatment outcomes and to mortality. Active drug use and psychiatric illness such as depressive and addictive disorders are significant barriers to care engagement and treatment adherence among persons living with HIV and those at high risk for HIV infection and eligible for pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP). This chapter addresses (1) psychiatric aspects of PrEP for HIV prevention, (2) the care continuum for individuals living with HIV infection, (3) psychiatric determinants of HIV care engagement, (4) behavioral interventions to improve HIV care engagement, (5) psychiatric determinants of antiretroviral (ART) adherence, (6) interventions to improve ART adherence, and (7) implications of research findings for the medical and mental health clinician working with patients with psychiatric illness who are living with HIV or at risk for infection.
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Falcão, Cristina de Santiago Viana, Ana Maria Fontenelle Catrib, Christina César Praça Brasil, Patrícia Maria Santos Batista, Isabelle Cerqueira Sousa, and Juliana Carneiro Melo. Netnographic research on the importance of spirituality and religiosity after the diagnosis of breast cancer. Ludomedia, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.36367/ntqr.13.2022.e705.
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Introduction: Breast cancer affects women of different age groups, generating feelings of fear, anguish and insecurity in the face of the diagnosis. In this context, spirituality and religiosity help in coping with the disease. Objective: To analyze the perception of women about the importance of spirituality and religiosity after the diagnosis of breast cancer. Methodology: This is a netnographic research carried out on the website “Oncoguia”, by reading the testimonies of patients diagnosed with breast cancer, who, in the report of their experience, had some word or brief phrases that referred to spirituality and/or or religiosity. Data collection took place through the reading of several testimonies, excluding those that did not contemplate the object of study of this research. Content analysis in the thematic modality was used to analyze the selected statements, allowing the identification of two themes. The data were interpreted, from a netnographic perspective, from theories that deal with spirituality/religiosity in coping with diseases, emerging the themes: feelings at the time of diagnosis and spirituality/religiosity and adherence to treatment. Results: Twenty (20) reports were selected. The analysis themes are about "feelings at the time of diagnosis" and "spirituality/religiosity and adherence to treatment". It was observed that faith and spirituality help in coping with the disease, increasing strength and hope in healing, both for women and for their families. Conclusions: Spirituality/religiosity should be better explored and strengthened in the process of coping with breast cancer. Knowledge of this perspective helps in oncology treatment strategies.
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Dresser, Michelle, and Deborah Rosenbaum. Clinical Research Coordinator Handbook: GCP Tools and Techniques, Second Edition (Practical Clinical Trials Series). 2nd ed. Informa Healthcare, 2001.
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Soares, Célia, Carla Pereira, Carmen Caeiro, and Madalena Gomes da Silva. Health interventions for self-management: the role of qualitative approaches in mixed methods research. Ludomedia, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.36367/ntqr.11.2022.e548.
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The long-term success of health intervention programs for self-management is often compromised by the difficulties felt by participants to maintain adherence to prescribed behavioral changes. Mixed methods research can expand understanding and the insights of complex health research problems such as self-management in chronic conditions. The purpose of this paper is to share key contents of a symposium focusing on the application of mixed methods research in the context of person-centered education, held during the 6th World Conference on Qualitative Research. More specifically, it aims at: 1) exploring examples of implementing mixed methods research in health interventions for self-management of chronic conditions and other health risks; 2) promoting insights and knowledge on the ‘why and how of combinations’ in mixed methods studies; and 3) exploring the valuable role of qualitative strands in mixed methods in the wider context of health research. Three studies are explored as examples of application of mixed methods in self-management programs, considering the experiences of participants for changing self-care behaviors and challenges faced for maintaining such changes. Convergent and explanatory sequential designs have been used, combining questionnaires and semi-structured interviews for data collection. Data analysis included procedures such as thematic analysis and descriptive statistics (examples 1 and 3), and thematic analysis and descriptive/inferential statistics (example 2). Results show how mixed methods designs can contribute to develop self-management strategies, to be considered in planning future interventions, and to expand understanding about their impact as well. Likewise, these examples emphasize why mixed methods can bring added value both to process and results of health research. Thus, exploring the application of mixed methods into a wider context is of utmost importance since the complexity of health phenomena is growing and requires equally complex research designs to capture them.
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Tøllefsen, Inga. Gender and New Religions. Edited by James R. Lewis and Inga Tøllefsen. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190466176.013.21.
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This chapter presents a broad overview of NRM research on gender, and to some extent sexuality. The first section covers early feminist scholarship, Scandinavian scholarship, quantitative approaches and male majority adherence to NRMs. The second section features examples of gender perspectives on select new religions, ranging from the extremely diverse Pagan movement to ‘fundamentalist’ movements such as the Unification Church and Mormonism, with perspectives on cultural change, gender roles and the “youth crisis theory.”
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Colwell, Cynthia M. Researching Music Therapy in Medical Settings. Edited by Jane Edwards. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199639755.013.16.
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Research has indicated that music therapy is effective in hospital contexts for managing pain, reducing anxiety, ameliorating social isolation, slowing the impact of cognitive or developmental regression or delays, expressing emotions, and altering physiological responses as medically needed. Music can impact physiological responses including heart rate, blood pressure, pulse oxygenation, pain indicators, respiration, muscle tension, cardiac output, and immunologic function. Participation in music therapy interventions can improve treatment adherence, reduce deleterious symptoms of diseases and effects of medical procedures, and generally enhance quality of life in an unfamiliar and potentially unappealing environment. This chapter will describe a sample of how music therapists have conducted research in medical contexts and will present ways in which such research can be planned and undertaken.
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Yeeles, Ksenija. Informal coercion: current evidence. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198788065.003.0006.
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This chapter considers non-legislative pressures in mental health community treatment, reviews the current body of evidence, and offers recommendations for future research. It attempts to clarify terminology on treatment pressures including different forms of ‘leverage’ such as housing, financial, criminal justice, childcare leverages, and perceived coercion. Based on a scoping review the chapter portrays current international evidence on prevalence, predictors, and outcomes of informal coercion (for example persuasion, interpersonal leverage, inducement, threats, and force) in both quantitative and qualitative studies with patients, with attention to the issues of the perception of fairness and the effectiveness of treatment, financial incentives to improve adherence, and sources of informal coercion. It also discusses common limitations and recommendations for future research.
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Kölch, Michael, Jörg M. Fegert, and Ulrike M. E. Schulze. Child and Adolescent Mental Health Care. Edited by John Z. Sadler, K. W. M. Fulford, and Cornelius Werendly van Staden. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198732365.013.17.
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In child and adolescent mental health care, the competing goals of protecting young people as a vulnerable population and their increasing legal autonomy constitute a specific ethical problem. Improving care, assessment, and treatment interventions requires research. Research that includes this vulnerable underage population has to be minimally burdensome and harmful and requires the informed consent of both children and parents. Therefore, adherence to evidence-based interventions and weighing the risks and benefits of interventions are of utmost importance in child and adolescent psychiatry. While access to mental health care can vary widely, it is crucial for at-risk populations such as children from families of low socioeconomic status, children of the mentally ill, and, in particular, children in youth welfare systems.
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Lord, Stephen R., Catherine Sherrington, and Vasi Naganathan, eds. Falls in Older People. 3rd ed. Cambridge University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/9781108594455.
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This third edition of a trusted resource brings together the latest literature across multiple fields to facilitate the understanding and prevention of falls in older adults. Thoroughly revised by a multidisciplinary team of authors, it features a new three-part structure covering epidemiology and risk factors for falls, strategies for prevention and implications for practice. The book reviews and incorporates new research in an additional thirteen chapters covering the biomechanics of balance and falling, fall risk screening and assessment with new technologies, volitional and reactive step training, cognitive-motor interventions, fall injury prevention, promoting uptake and adherence to fall prevention programs and translating fall prevention research into practice. This edition is an invaluable update for clinicians, physiotherapists, occupational therapists, nurses, researchers, and all those working in community, hospital and residential or rehabilitation aged care settings.
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Kesler, Shelli R., and Jeffrey S. Wefel. Targeted Treatment for Cognitive Impairment Associated with Cancer and Cancer Treatment. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190214401.003.0013.
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Cognitive difficulty is one of the most common quality-of-life complaints among cancer patients and survivors. Cancer-related cognitive impairment (CRCI) is a common problem among cancer patients and survivors that extends disease-related morbidity; reduces quality of life; interferes with treatment adherence; and is a significant predictor of health behavior, disease progression, and survival. Several emerging management strategies for CRCI show promise for preventing and/or ameliorating CRCI. This chapter describes the incidence, symptoms, and putative mechanisms of CRCI and then discusses potential approaches for addressing CRCI. The focus of the interventions discussed in this chapter is on directions for future research that will potentially lead to widely accessible, effective, and ecologically valid approaches.
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Briggs, Josephine P. Integrative Medicine and Public Policy. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190241254.003.0022.
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This chapter, “Integrative Medicine and Public Policy,” summarizes the public resources supporting the development of integrative medicine and some of the policy and regulatory implications of the model of integrative care that starts with the personal perspective of the patient. This chapter focuses on patient self-education, research on complementary health approaches and the development of an evidence-base for the practice of integrative medicine, professional standards for integrative medicine for complementary and alternative medicine providers, and the costs of complementary and alternative medical care and reimbursement practices. The promise of integrative medicine more effectively engaging patients in their own self care could lead to better outcomes at lower cost, with improved patient satisfaction and adherence.
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Carrico, Adam W., and Michael H. Antoni. Psychoneuroimmunology and HIV. Edited by Mary Ann Cohen, Jack M. Gorman, Jeffrey M. Jacobson, Paul Volberding, and Scott Letendre. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199392742.003.0021.
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Psychoneuroimmunology (PNI) examines the biological and behavioral pathways whereby psychosocial factors may influence the course of chronic medical conditions, including HIV/AIDS. This chapter summarizes PNI research conducted examining the possible role of negative life events (including bereavement), stress reactivity, personality factors, cognitive appraisals, and affective states (depression) in HIV illness progression. Because much of this research was conducted in the era prior to the advent of effective antiretroviral therapy, important questions remain regarding whether there the associations of psychosocial factors with HIV illness progression are independent of medication adherence and persistence. There is also increasing recognition that chronic viral infections such as HIV have neuropsychiatric effects, and more recent PNI research has focused on studying the bidirectional communication between the immune system and central nervous system in HIV. Future research should focus on obtaining definitive answers to these questions to inform the development of novel approaches for reducing psychiatric symptoms and optimizing health outcomes among persons with HIV.
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Cocohoba, Jennifer. The Pharmacist’s Role in Caring for HIV-Positive Individuals. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190493097.003.0024.
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Medications for HIV have become more convenient but not less complex. For this reason, having a clinical pharmacist as a part of the health care team can greatly enhance the care of HIV-positive patients. HIV pharmacists are a diverse group of providers who work to improve the health of HIV-positive individuals via medication therapy management, quality assurance practices, research, and other avenues. HIV pharmacists may be particularly skilled at managing complex antiretroviral drug–drug interactions, recommending therapies for resistant HIV virus, and providing education and support with regard to adherence. If practicing with a physician under a collaborative drug therapy management agreement, an HIV pharmacist may be able to provide more direct management (e.g., prescribing and ordering lab tests) for HIV and its associated conditions.
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Glasman, Joël. What is the Concept of Professionalization Good for? Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190676636.003.0003.
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Drawing on archival material and oral sources from historical research on the Togolese police, this chapter argues that the notion of professionalization, until now a hidden passenger of police studies, is not a useful analytical category to make sense of police organisations. Like many of the notions used in police support and Security Sector Reform projects, it is both teleological and Eurocentric, and as such creates analytical problems. The underlying presupposition is that African police are still not professional enough; and professionalization is often equated with adherence to strict bureaucratic standards. Yet this chapters shows that the bureaucratizsation of late colonial Togolese police was also perfectly in line with a rise in police violence and the neglect of legal norms.
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D’Agostino, Thomas A., Carma L. Bylund, and Betty Chewning. Training patients to reach their communication goals. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198736134.003.0008.
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Although effective physician–patient communication relies on both parties, an overwhelming majority of literature within the field of healthcare communication has focused on the physician or healthcare provider. This chapter presents research aimed at improving patient communication skills and physician–patient interactions through patient training. Published interventions can be categorized as those that entail the presentation of written materials only, materials plus some form of individualized coaching, or a group-based training format. Many patient communication interventions focus exclusively on patient question asking. Interventions reviewed in this chapter incorporate a broader range of skills towards a more comprehensive training. Available literature has demonstrated the impact of patient communication skills training on patient self-efficacy, behavioural intention, observed skill usage, treatment adherence, and more. A notable limitation of current research is the lack of a unifying theoretical model. The chapter proposes concordance, or shared physician–patient agreement, as a useful conceptual framework.
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Buttner, Melissa M., and Michael W. O'Hara. Women’s Health. Edited by C. Steven Richards and Michael W. O'Hara. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199797004.013.034.
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Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a significant mental health problem with deleterious effects, including poor health related quality of life and long-term disability. Epidemiological studies suggest that women in particular are more vulnerable to an increased risk of depression, relative to men, beginning at the time of menarche through the menopausal transition. Depression comorbid with chronic medical conditions can often exacerbate the risk of depression, as well as complicate its recognition and treatment. Depression comorbidity can lead to negative outcomes, including progression of the chronic medical condition, poor treatment adherence, and mortality. In this chapter, we explore chronic medical conditions that are associated with a greater prevalence of depression in women relative to men, including type 2 diabetes, fibromyalgia, and rheumatoid arthritis. An overview of epidemiology is followed by a discussion of theories explaining depression comorbidity and approaches to recognizing and treating depression in the context of these chronic medical conditions. Finally, we discuss future research directions with the goal of informing clinical research and practice.
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Collins, Simon, Tim Horn, Loon Gangte, Emmanuel Trenado, and Vuyiseka Dubula. HIV Advocacy. Edited by Mary Ann Cohen, Jack M. Gorman, Jeffrey M. Jacobson, Paul Volberding, and Scott Letendre. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199392742.003.0010.
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Community responses to the AIDS crisis have changed traditional approaches to medicine, healthcare, health systems, and research. Earlier approaches were rooted in widespread discrimination against key affected populations who were already socially marginalized. The background of community responses, first in the United States and then in other regions, each has a special history. This chapter provides an overview of historical community responses to HIV and is written by activists from the United States, India, South Africa and Western Europe. Examples of key projects include the role of peer advocacy and treatment literacy, which have enabled people living with HIV to learn more about HIV and treatment, adherence, treatment choice, drug resistance, and pipeline research for better drugs in the future. The outcome of this advocacy is that people living with HIV have been empowered to take an active role in their healthcare. HIV advocacy also provides an example of how the international activism that has changed the face of global healthcare is rooted in similar principles developed by early HIV-positive activists and is just as relevant today.
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Niño-Gutiérrez, Naú Silverio, Marvel del Carmen Valencia-Gutiérrez, and García-Ramírez María de Jesús. Productive System Territory and Sustainability TIII. 3rd ed. ECORFAN, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.35429/h.2020.2.1.183.
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In education, the role of teachers and researchers is fundamental in the formation of committed citizens, who know their environment and make decisions for the benefit of a sustainable community. Therefore, as teachers, we must reflect, within our classes, on the current social, economic, environmental, political and cultural challenges, to prepare our students to live in a world that demands new interaction forms between all the agents of society. The main objective of the handbook Productive Systems, Territory and Sustainability T-III 2021 was to enrich the scientific literature on the topics of productive systems, territory and sustainability worldwide with full adherence to the bibliography available in various digital databases such as Web of Science, Scopus, Redalyc, among others, and printed texts from which relevant information concerning basic and applied research on the topics of the handbook was taken. The method used was multimodal given that we resorted to desk research based on quantitative techniques and field work both in Mexico and Brazil where qualitative techniques such as participant observation and the application of questionnaires were applied.
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Miller, Michael M. The Language of Pain and Addiction (DRAFT). Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190265366.003.0004.
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The language employed in managing coexisting pain and addiction affects the management itself. Clinicians working with such patients may not realize that the two disorders share a terminology that can be confusing, imprecise, overlapping and/or stigmatizing. This chapter has two components:1. A description of Pain Medicine as a specialized area of practice, research, and education, whose leaders try to clarify concepts and terminology to improve patient care, professional standards, and public policy.2. The language of Addiction Medicine; arguably, even more complex than that of pain medicine because of the emotions, stigma, and discrimination attached to substance use disorders labels.All physicians’ concern must be that the patient adheres to the treatment plan by using prescription medications in only safe and healthy ways. This requires counseling, and monitoring treatment adherence and the safety of prescriptions, even in the absence of a diagnosable substance use disorder.
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Ahn, Woo-kyoung, Nancy S. Kim, and Matthew S. Lebowitz. The Role of Causal Knowledge in Reasoning About Mental Disorders. Edited by Michael R. Waldmann. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199399550.013.31.
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Despite the lack of scientific consensus about the etiologies of mental disorders, practicing clinicians and laypeople alike hold beliefs about the causes of mental disorders, and about the causal relations among symptoms and associated characteristics of mental disorders. This chapter summarizes research on how such causal knowledge systematically affects judgments about the diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment of mental disorders. During diagnosis, causal knowledge affects weighting of symptoms, perception of normality of behaviors, ascriptions of blame, and adherence to the DSM-based diagnostic categories. Regarding prognosis, attributing mental disorders to genetic or neurobiological abnormalities in particular engenders prognostic pessimism. Finally, both clinicians and laypeople endorse medication more strongly as an effective treatment if they believe mental disorders are biologically caused rather than psychologically caused. They also do so when considering disorders in the abstract versus equivalent concrete cases. The chapter discusses the rationality, potential mechanisms, and universality of these phenomena.
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Kriemler, Susi, Thomas Radtke, and Helge Hebestreit. Exercise, physical activity, and cystic fibrosis. Edited by Neil Armstrong and Willem van Mechelen. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198757672.003.0027.
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Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a genetic disease resulting in an impaired mucociliary clearance, chronic bacterial airway infection, and inflammation. The progressive destruction of the lungs is the main cause of morbidity and premature death. Diverse other organ systems such as heart, muscles, bones, gastro-intestinal tract, and sweat glands are often also affected and interfere with exercise capacity. Hence, exercise capacity is reduced as the disease progresses mainly due to reduced functioning of the muscles, heart, and/or lungs. Although there is still growing evidence of positive effects of exercise training in CF on exercise capacity, decline of pulmonary function, and health-related quality of life, the observed effects are encouraging and exercise should be implemented in all patient care. More research is needed to understand pathophysiological mechanisms of exercise limitations and to find optimal exercise modalities to slow down disease progression, predict long-term adherence, and improve health-related quality of life.
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Fowler, Robert, and Abhijit Duggal. Management of pandemic critical illness. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0009.
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Adequate and appropriate provision of critical care services during pandemics may dramatically alter vital outcomes of patients who develop acute respiratory distress syndrome and critical illness. Specific anti-viral therapy, antibiotics directed towards probable secondary infections, supportive ventilation and oxygenation, and adherence to multisystem critical care ‘best practices’ can prevent substantial mortality and morbidity, and lessen the pandemic’s impact on global health. However, severe acute respiratory syndrome and the 2009 H1N1 pandemic also highlighted the limited capacity for increased provision of critical care, even in well-resourced settings, and the potential for dramatic differences in mortality in under-resourced settings. Pandemic preparedness hinges on the development of appropriately-trained staff with well-defined roles, and the ability to manage surge in the number of patients. A rigorous infection control programme, and triage protocols based on equitable distribution of resources and ethical principles of justice, beneficence and non-maleficence. Research preparedness, with approved protocols, electronic case report forms and harmonized clinical trials is necessary.
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Blashill, Aaron J., Janna R. Gordon, Matthew J. Mimiaga, and Steven A. Safren. HIV/AIDS and Depression. Edited by C. Steven Richards and Michael W. O'Hara. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199797004.013.010.
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Depression is highly prevalent among individuals living with HIV/AIDS. Depression not only affects quality of life for this population but also confers significant barriers to optimizing self-care behaviors, which are essential to medical care. Two of the most important HIV/AIDS care behaviors are medication adherence and safe sex practices; inadequacy in both can be associated with depression. Depression among those living with HIV/AIDS also is associated with substance abuse, which in turn predicts poor self-care. Importantly, there has recently been an emphasis on creating and testing integrative psychosocial interventions that address depression and self-care behaviors among people living with HIV/AIDS. These combination treatments have displayed initial efficacy and appear to be efficient in addressing multiple health behaviors. This chapter briefly reviews the epidemiology of HIV/AIDS and salient biological outcomes in the context of depression. It then discusses the role of depression and self-care behaviors and it concludes with a review of interventions and future research priorities.
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Hobson, R. Peter. Brief Psychoanalytic Therapy. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med:psych/9780198725008.001.0001.
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This book outlines the principles and practice of Brief Psychoanalytic Therapy. An introductory chapter distills those aspects of psychoanalysis that provide a basis for the approach. Special attention is given to how a therapist may promote a patient’s development by registering and containing emotional states that the patient is unable to manage alone. This is followed by an overview of themes and variations in six forms of brief psychodynamic therapy. The remainder of the book is concerned less with theory than with clinical practice. Treatment and Adherence Manuals detail the specifics of therapist orientation and technique, and a formal research study comparing the approach with Interpersonal Therapy is reported. Case histories of individual treatments unfolding over time are complemented by detailed examination of short sequences of patient–therapist dialogue from transcribed sessions. What emerges is a picture of a psychoanalytic treatment that, while brief, is disciplined and coherent in its concentrated focus on analyzing the transference and countertransference in the therapeutic relationship.
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Kotseva, Kornelia, Neil Oldridge, and Massimo F. Piepoli. Evaluation of preventive cardiology. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199656653.003.0026.
Full textAbstract:
The Joint European Societies guidelines on cardiovascular disease (CVD) prevention define lifestyle and risk factor targets for patients with coronary or other atherosclerotic disease and people at high risk of developing CVD. However, several surveys in Europe and the United States showed inadequate lifestyle and risk factor management and under-use of prophylactic drug therapies in primary and secondary CVD prevention. Various professional associations have developed core components, standards, and outcome measures to evaluate quality of care and provide guidelines for identifying opportunities for improvements. Optimal control of cardiovascular risk factors is one of the most effective methods for reducing vascular events in patients with atherosclerotic disease or high cardiovascular risk. Improving treatment adherence is also very important. Health-related quality of life (HRQL) is considered as an outcome measure in research studies and in clinical practice. HRQL measures can help in improving patient-clinician communication, screening, monitoring, and continuous assessment of quality of care.
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Kotseva, Kornelia, Neil Oldridge, and Massimo F. Piepoli. Evaluation of preventive cardiology. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199656653.003.0026_update_001.
Full textAbstract:
The Joint European Societies guidelines on cardiovascular disease (CVD) prevention define lifestyle and risk factor targets for patients with coronary or other atherosclerotic disease and people at high risk of developing CVD. However, several surveys in Europe and the United States showed inadequate lifestyle and risk factor management and under-use of prophylactic drug therapies in primary and secondary CVD prevention. Various professional associations have developed core components, standards, and outcome measures to evaluate quality of care and provide guidelines for identifying opportunities for improvements. Optimal control of cardiovascular risk factors is one of the most effective methods for reducing vascular events in patients with atherosclerotic disease or high cardiovascular risk. Improving treatment adherence is also very important. Health-related quality of life (HRQL) is considered as an outcome measure in research studies and in clinical practice. HRQL measures can help in improving patient-clinician communication, screening, monitoring, and continuous assessment of quality of care.
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Oliveira, Edinamar Rezende de, and Sônia M. Gomes Sousa. Atendimento Psicossocial às Crianças Vítimas de Abuso sexual. Brazil Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31012/978-65-5861-412-8.
Full textAbstract:
This work is the result of a Stricto Sensu Graduate Program research study in psychology at the Pontifical Catholic University of Goiás (PUC Goiás). It aimed to capture the methodologies used and the meanings experienced by psychology professionals while performing psychosocial work on child victims of sexual abuse. In this scenario, the referred research was developed seeking to provoke reflections, expressions and co-production of meanings in relation to this theme. This study is based on the vigotskian socio-historical conception and bibliographical, documentary and empirical research was used as methodological support for data collection. The study concluded that, in several aspects of the psychosocial care offered by Creas, there are numerous challenges for the professionals involved, such as: lack of training for the expected performance, lack of physical structure for most units, lack of diverse resources, lack of specialized materials and lack of collaboration between the different parties within the child care and protection network of the city. Failure in family adherence is an obstacle in treatments according to psychologists. In addition, there are insufficient materials, space and human resources to provide quality care. Finally, the collaboration in the network is pointed as a crucial key for efficiency in treatment.
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Patel, Bela, and Eric J. Thomas. Telemedicine in critical care. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0012.
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The majority of critically-ill patients are admitted to hospitals that do not have physician intensivist coverage, despite strong evidence that clinical outcomes are improved with intensivist staffing. Telemedicine can leverage clinical resources by providing critical care expertise to patients in intensive care units (ICUs) by off-site clinicians using video, audio, and electronic links. In the past 10 years, telemedicine in critical care has seen tremendous growth in the number of ICU patients being supported by this care model across the USA. The impact of ICU telemedicine coverage has been studied rigorously only in a few studies and the outcomes have been mixed and inconsistent. Telemedicine has been shown in some studies to improve adherence to ICU best practices for the prevention of deep venous thrombosis, stress ulcers, ventilator-associated pneumonia, and catheter-related bloodstream infections. Further research in ICU telemedicine is required to understand the variability of outcomes among the telemedicine programmes studied and to effectively implement the technology to consistently improve outcomes and reduce costs in the critical care environment.
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Crescenzi, Mark J. C., Rebecca H. Best, and Bo Ram Kwon. Reciprocity in International Studies. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190846626.013.414.
Full textAbstract:
Reciprocity refers to the character of the actions and reactions between two or more actors. This character is commonly one of responding in kind to the actions of another. As such, reciprocity is considered one of the fundamental processes observed by scholars in the study of international relations (IR). In the realm of international politics, the study of reciprocity typically encompasses formal/experimental and empirical research. Some scholars look at ethical dimensions and the propagation of norms such as the Golden Rule, while others undertake empirical analysis of patterns of reciprocity in search of answers to questions about the existence, predictability, and diffusion of reciprocity. As a concept, reciprocity has applications in a range of IR topics such as the basic ingredients of cooperation, the escalation and return of conflict, and the adherence to international law. Within the realm of conflict processes, the iterated Prisoner’s Dilemma (PD) and formal frameworks are often used to represent arms races and similar security concerns. Related to the iterated PD is the work of Robert Axelrod, who demonstrated the robustness of the reciprocal strategy known as tit-for-tat (TFT). One puzzle on reciprocity that deserves consideration in future research is that the expectation of a long time horizon for interaction should stimulate the incentive to cooperate, but long time horizons may also be associated with long pasts. One way to find the answer to this puzzle is to incorporate reciprocity into more general models of international interaction.
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Penn, Joseph V. Standards and accreditation for jails, prisons, and juvenile facilities. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199360574.003.0063.
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Numerous challenges confront correctional health staff in serving the needs of incarcerated adults and juveniles. Effective screening, timely referral, and appropriate treatment are critical. Their implementation requires interagency collaboration, adherence to established national standards of care, and implementation of continuous quality improvement practices and research on the health needs of this vulnerable patient population. Effective evaluation and treatment during incarceration meets important public health objectives and helps improve health services and effective transition into the community upon release. Many types of ‘free world’ health care organizations—such as hospitals, nursing homes, and psychiatric facilities—are accredited by the Joint Commission. Similarly, jails, prisons, juvenile detention, and other correctional facilities may be accredited by the National Commission on Correctional Health Care (a spinoff from the American Medical Association), the American Correctional Association, the Joint Commission, or a combination of the above. Although national accreditation is typically voluntary, it is often a contractual requirement for universities, other health care systems, and private vendors who provide health care services to correctional systems. In addition, when facilities undergo investigation or litigation, or are placed in receivership or federal oversight, they are often mandated to establish and maintain national accreditations. This chapter presents a brief historical narrative of the events that resulted in the development and adoption of national jail, prison, and juvenile correctional health care standards; a cogent review of jail and prison standards with particular relevance to psychiatry and mental health; and discussion of accreditation programs.
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Svantesson, Dan Jerker B. Solving the Internet Jurisdiction Puzzle. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198795674.001.0001.
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Internet jurisdiction has emerged as one of the greatest and most urgent challenges online, severely affecting areas as diverse as e-commerce, data privacy, law enforcement, content take-downs, cloud computing, e-health, Cyber security, intellectual property, freedom of speech, and Cyberwar. In this innovative book, Professor Svantesson presents a vision for a new approach to Internet jurisdiction––for both private international law and public international law––based on sixteen years of research dedicated specifically to the topic. The book demonstrates that our current paradigm remains attached to a territorial thinking that is out of sync with our modern world, especially, but not only, online. Having made the claim that our adherence to the territoriality principle is based more on habit than on any clear and universally accepted legal principles, Professor Svantesson advances a new jurisprudential framework for how we approach jurisdiction. He also proposes several other reform initiatives such as the concept of ‘investigative jurisdiction’ and an approach to geo-blocking, aimed at equipping us to solve the Internet jurisdiction puzzle. In addition, the book provides a history of Internet jurisdiction, and challenges our traditional categorisation of different types of jurisdiction. It places Internet jurisdiction in a broader context and outlines methods for how properly to understand and work with rules of Internet jurisdiction. While Solving the Internet Puzzle paints a clear picture of the concerns involved and the problems that needs to be overcome, this book is distinctly aimed at finding practical solutions anchored in a solid theoretical framework.
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Larson, Carlton F. W. The Trials of Allegiance. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190932749.001.0001.
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The Trials of Allegiance examines the law of treason during the American Revolution—a convulsive, violent civil war in which nearly everyone could be considered a traitor, either to Great Britain or to America. Drawing from extensive archival research in Pennsylvania—one of the main centers of the revolution—Carlton Larson provides the most comprehensive analysis yet of the treason prosecutions brought by Americans against British adherents—through committees of safety, military tribunals, and ordinary criminal trials. Although popular rhetoric against traitors was pervasive in Pennsylvania, jurors consistently viewed treason defendants not as incorrigibly evil, but as fellow Americans who had made a political mistake. This book explains the repeated—and violently controversial—pattern of acquittals. Juries were carefully selected in ways that benefited the defendants, and jurors refused to accept the death penalty as an appropriate punishment for treason. The American Revolution, unlike many others, would not be enforced with the gallows. More broadly, Larson explores how the Revolution’s treason trials shaped American national identity and perceptions of national allegiance. He concludes with the adoption of the Treason Clause of the United States Constitution, which was immediately put to use in the early 1790s in response to the Whiskey Rebellion and Fries’s Rebellion. In taking a fresh look at these formative events, The Trials of Allegiance will reframe how we think about treason in American history—up to and including the present.
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Agostini, Domenico, Samuel Thrope, Shaul Shaked, and Guy Stroumsa. The Bundahišn. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190879044.001.0001.
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The Bundahišn, meaning primal or foundational creation, is the central Zoroastrian account of creation, cosmology, and eschatology and one of the most important of the surviving testaments to Zoroastrian literature and pre-Islamic Iranian culture. Touching on geography, cosmogony, anthropology, zoology, astronomy, medicine, legend, and myth, the Bundahišn can be considered a concise compendium of Zoroastrian knowledge. The Bundahišn is well known in the field as an essential primary source for the study of ancient Iranian history, religions, literature, and languages. It is one of the most important texts composed in Zoroastrian Middle Persian, also known as Zoroastrian Book Pahlavi, in the centuries after the fall of the Sasanian Empire to the invading Arab and Islamic forces in the mid seventh century. The Bundahišn provides scholars with a particularly profitable window on Zoroastrianism’s intellectual and religious history at a crucial transitional moment: centuries after the composition of the Avesta, the Zoroastrian sacred scriptures, and before the transformation of Zoroastrianism into a minority religion within Iran and adherents’ dispersion throughout Central and South Asia. However, the Bundahišn is not only a scholarly tract. It is also a great work of literature in its own right and ranks alongside the creation myths of other ancient traditions: Genesis, the Babylonian Emunah Elish, Hesiod’s Theogony, and others. Informed by the latest research in Iranian Studies, this translation aims to bring to the fore the aesthetic quality, literary style, and complexity of this important work.
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Gartzke, Erik A., and Paul Poast. Empirically Assessing the Bargaining Theory of War: Potential and Challenges. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.013.274.
Full textAbstract:
What explains war? The so-called bargaining approach has evolved quickly in the past two decades, opening up important new possibilities and raising fundamental challenges to previous conventional thinking about the origins of political violence. Bargaining is intended to explain the causes of conflict on many levels, from interpersonal to international. War is not the product of any of a number of variables creating opportunity or willingness, but instead is caused by whatever factors prevent competitors from negotiating the settlements that result from fighting. Conflict is thus a bargaining failure, a socially inferior outcome, but also a determined choice.Embraced by a growing number of scholars, the bargaining perspective rapidly created a new consensus in some circles. Bargaining theory is radical in relocating at least some of the causes of conflict away from material, cultural, political, or psychological factors and replacing them with states of knowledge about these same material or ideational factors. Approaching conflict as a bargaining failure—produced by uncertainty and incentives to misrepresent, credible commitment problems, or issue indivisibility—is the “state of the art” in the study of conflict.At the same time, bargaining theories remain largely untested in any systematic sense: theory has moved far ahead of empirics. The bargaining perspective has been favored largely because of compelling logic rather than empirical validity. Despite the bargaining analogy’s wide-ranging influence (or perhaps because of this influence), scholars have largely failed to subject the key causal mechanisms of bargaining theory to systematic empirical investigation. Further progress for bargaining theory, both among adherents and in the larger research community, depends on empirical tests of both core claims and new theoretical implications of the bargaining approach.The limited amount of systematic empirical research on bargaining theories of conflict is by no means entirely accident or the product of lethargy on the part of the scholarly community. Tests of theories that involve intangible factors like states of belief or perception are difficult to pursue. How does one measure uncertainty? What does learning look like in the midst of a war? When is indivisibility or commitment a problem, and when can it be resolved through other measures, such as ancillary bargains? The challenge before researchers, however, is to surmount these obstacles. To the degree that progress in science is empirical, bargaining theory needs testing.As should be clear, the dearth of empirical tests of bargaining approaches to the study of conflict leaves important questions unanswered. Is it true, for example, as bargaining theory suggests, that uncertainty leads to the possibility of war? If so, how much uncertainty is required and in what contexts? Which types of uncertainty are most pernicious (and which are perhaps relatively benign)? Under what circumstances are the effects of uncertainty greatest and where are they least critical? Empirical investigation of the bargaining model can provide essential guidance to theoretical work on conflict by identifying insights that can offer intellectual purchase and by highlighting areas of inquiry that are likely to be empirical dead ends. More broadly, the impact of bargaining theory on the study and practice of international relations rests to a substantial degree on the success of efforts to substantiate the perspective empirically.