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Wanganga, George. "Effective Requirements Management." Thesis, Blekinge Tekniska Högskola, Avdelningen för programvarusystem, 2004. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:bth-2369.
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In many smaller companies, requirements management is a daunting challenge. Smaller groups mean fewer resources, and many organizations focus their efforts on design, development and testing not on managing requirements. Some small organizations may perceive requirements management as an activity only for large organizations that have complex products and large staffs to support the effort. Poor and uncontrolled requirement engineering processes yield low quality, highly expensive software products. Obviously, customers are highly dissatisfied with such systems. One of the most critical requirement engineering processes that grossly contribute to this misnomer is lack of “effective requirements management” Information Technology Associates (ITA) has had many challenges resulting from some poor and uncontrolled requirements engineering processes. Lack of effective requirements traceability has also had its share in plaguing ITA in software development activities. ITA started small and so it handled its requirements documentation manually as it only dealt with few customer requirements. Time has seen the company expand, and manual handling of customer requirement became difficult. This master thesis therefore aims to investigate: ♦ The state-of-practice, regarding requirements engineering and requirements management within a medium-sized software development company. ♦ How to successfully implement effective requirement management process within the ITA Company. ♦ How to successfully migrate ITA Company into this RE process while ensuring minimum hassles.
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Nanda, Vivek. "The impact of environmental evolution on requirements changes." Thesis, McGill University, 1996. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=24030.
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An evolving environment can have such an impact on the requirements of an existing software system that it can render the system obsolete. We have experienced precisely such a loss in our research environment. The Congruence Evaluation System was an innovative proof of concept (CES POC) system, developed over two years with three person-years of effort. It was part of an environment which was constantly evolving, and this change in the environment dictated the fitness of the CES POC system in the environment. The system served excellently for the basic research goal of discovery and proof, but failed seriously in the long-term goal of evolvability of the entire suite of tools being built concurrently by several researchers in the team. In this thesis, we describe a case study of requirements changes in an evolving environment involved in the development of unprecedented systems. In particular, we identify requirements-oriented factors that caused the demise of an innovative system in such an environment. The thesis also describes some lessons learnt from this experience.
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Mühlbacher, Jürgen, and Tom Siebenaler. "Ready For Changes? The Influence of General Self-efficacy and Resistance to Change on Managers' Future Competence Requirements." Mendel University Brno, Faculty of Business and Economics, 2018. http://epub.wu.ac.at/6766/1/131%2DProof%2D707%2D2%2D10%2D20190103.pdf.
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With this study, we will test the interrelations between the psychological concept of self-efficacy
of managers and its influences on the resistance to change. The results show that it makes a
qualitative difference, if change in competences occurs in a positive or a negative direction and
that there is a clear predisposition of managers concerning change. Both results have to be taken
into account in designing changes processes.
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Porter, Lisa Marie. "Structural requirements for conformational changes and substrate binding of the human facilitative glucose transporter-GLUT3." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.360119.
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ANDERSSON, SIRI, and Patricia Lind. "How External Requirements Affect the InsuranceIndustry : An Investigation on Swedish Insurance Companies’Adjustments to Solvency II." Thesis, KTH, Hållbarhet och industriell dynamik, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-189588.
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The financial sector stands for an important part of society’s fundamental infrastructure andnational economy. Previous financial crises indicate the importance of having a well-regulatedfinancial market. Former directives of regulating the insurance industry had insufficient solvencyregulations and were lacking in risk management. Therefore, the regulatory framework SolvencyII, the successor to Solvency I, has been established on the European market. The objective ofSolvency II is to ensure consumer protection by ensuring insurance companies properly reflectthe risks their businesses are vulnerable to.The regulatory framework Solvency II came into force in the turn of 2015/2016. However, it hasbeen on every insurers’ agenda for years and preparations have been done. It is therefore ofinterest to investigate how Swedish insurance companies have adjusted to Solvency II at an earlystage after the transition.This has been investigated by conducting interviews with mainly Chief Risk Officers and RiskManagers at Swedish insurance companies. As a complement, a questionnaire was distributed toasset and capital managers, having insurers as customers, regarding their perception of insurers’changes in investment behaviors.The findings of this study imply that insurance companies have had a compliance focus to adoptthe regulation rather than a business focus. No indications of adjustments to corporate businessstrategy has yet been noticed. However, some companies have developed a risk culture withinthe organizations. The extensive reporting and calculations of capital that Solvency II entails, haslead to implementations of new systems and processes for companies. It is further noticed thatSwedish insurance companies use the standard model for calculating the capital requirements.Solvency II has lead to increased understanding of the trade-off between capital, risk, and returnby holding a risk-adjusted capital. Also, an increased engagement of employees in the riskmanagement process has been noticed. The companies are aligned with the ORSA process, sinceit is one of the requirements, and are aware of the potential benefits the ORSA process cancontribute to. Lastly, this study indicates an improved risk awareness and culture within theinsurance companies by educating existing employees and employing new competentemployees.
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Fuller, Zoe. "Photoperiodic entrainment of seasonally adaptive metabolic changes, the doubly-labelled water technique for estimating energy requirements and the role of pelage in the regulation of energy." Thesis, Liverpool John Moores University, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.310121.
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Aitken, Christopher. "Changing climate and changing behaviour : perceptions of powerlessness and the commons dilemma : a thesis submitted to the Victoria University of Wellington in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Environmental Studies /." ResearchArchive@Victoria e-Thesis, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10063/958.
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Tokadli, Guliz. "Supporting general aviation pilots during rerouting process due to sudden weather changes." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/53961.
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General aviation pilots need different types of flight information in order to follow events and the changes related to the aircraft environment while flying. However, general aviation cockpits have some limitations as space to install flight displays to provide flight information beyond the basics to the pilot. Additionally, more sophisticated instrumentation is often expensive to install and maintain. With the development of the tablet-based software applications (such as ForeFlight, WingX Pro7 or Garmin Pilot applications for iPad), general aviation pilots have started to use them instead of paper documentation. These software applications provide essential flight information such as weather forecast, aviation charts, flight documents, etc. Unfortunately, the expectations for their capabilities are changing with the increased demand and popularity of these software applications. Therefore, these flight planning software applications are compared to find what is missing and what have not met the expectation of pilots.
First, how the software applications support their decision-making process was described and demonstrated to choose the appropriate flight parameters to change flight path while handling with the other cockpit responsibilities. Finally, these design requirements were validated via HITL tests in a part-task flight simulator. The results provided that the suggested design requirements are found highly useful for both novice and expert general aviation pilots. Specifically, novice general aviation pilots might be able to get visualization to compare real-time weather and weather forecast, and then they might gain experience to improve their success for a in-flight re-planning. On the other side, expert pilots might prefer to use this system if they fly an airspace which they are not familiar to weather features of that region.
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Nordin, Åsa. "Changes in requirements management when introducing RUP to a legacy system : a case study at Volvo Information Technology." Thesis, University West, Department of Informatics and Mathematics, 2003. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hv:diva-583.
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Huang, Yu. "Global legality requirements and chain of custody certification : potential impacts of recent changes on China's wood products industry." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/43951.
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Many initiatives have been designed to reduce illegal logging and to legitimize the associated forest products trade. The latest governmental initiatives include the United States Lacey Act Amendment (US LAA) and the European Union Timber Regulation (EU TR). A key non-governmental initiative is Chain of Custody (CoC) certification. Since China is a very large importer of primary wood products and a major exporter of value-added wood products, it is critical to understand the impacts of these initiatives on China.
The study aims to analyze the potential impacts of the US LAA, the EU TR, and CoC certification on China's wood products industry at two levels. First, at the individual producer level, 107 export-oriented Chinese wooden furniture manufacturers were randomly selected to investigate their perceptions of and responses to these initiatives. Guided by an integrated innovation-adoption model, the study identified the factors that affect a firm's legal compliance and its propensity to adopt CoC certification. Second, at the wood products industry level, the potential longer-term impacts of the US LAA and the EU TR on China's wood products industry were estimated using the International Forest and Forest Products (IFFP) trade model.
There were several key results. First, at the individual producer level, multiple linear regression identified factors that were statistically significant in determining a firm's willingness to comply with legality requirements. They included the natural logarithm of firm size, the natural logarithm of export proportion, the interaction between opportunity and: client pressure, the natural logarithm of export experience and the natural logarithm of export proportion. Second, at the individual producer level, binary logistic regression suggested that client pressure, firm size, and the expectation of general benefits were statistically significant in determining a firm's decision to adopt CoC certification. Third, at the wood products industry level, the IFFP results indicated that these governmental initiatives in the US/EU might decrease the production and net export of China's plywood, veneer sheet, and fibreboard. The results also indicated an increase in China's sawnwood and particleboard production, and a decrease in their net imports.
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Smith, Anton. "Changes in Hydrologic Regime to Balance Human and Environmental Requirements: a Case Study in the Långan River Basin, Sweden." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för geovetenskaper, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-329476.
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Dams and reservoirs play an important role in the Swedish energy system, and a large number of rivers are today regulated. How to combine the ecological and economic interests in the regulation of these rivers is a growing concern for stakeholders and authorities. The aim of this study was to develop a conceptual environmentally- oriented dam release plan that combines economic and ecological needs for the Lower Långan Natura 2000 area as well as evaluating how the water stage of the reservoir Lake Landösjön would change with a more environmentally oriented flow regime. Three flow scenarios were established: (0) Current flow regime, (1) EU demand for good ecological status which requires changes in discharge dynamics, and (2) the environmental design flow. The Dundee hydrological regime assessment method (DHRAM) was used to evaluate the hydrological alterations for each of the three scenarios. Scenario 0 exhibited the largest alteration from natural flow and the results from the DHRAM analysis indicated on high risk of ecological impact in the river system. Scenario 1 met EU’s demand of good ecological status but the water stage in Lake Landösjön exceeded the maximum allowed legal limit. Scenario 2 comprised a flow regime encompassing both economic and ecological interests and is the most realistic scenario for improving ecology in the Lower Långan River. In conclusion in order to meet EU demand of good ecological status a change in upstream regulation is needed.Vattenkraften spelar en viktig roll i det svenska energisystemet och i dagsläget är ett stor antal sjöar och vattendrag reglerade. Ett växande problem för aktörer inom vattenkraft och myndigheter är hur ekonomiska och ekologiska intressen skall kombineras för att åstadkomma en mer hållbar vattenanvändning. Långans avrinningsområde ligger i nordvästra Jämtland och har en total yta på 2 287 km2 . Inom avrinningsområdet återfinns fyra regleringsmagasin: Burvattnet, Stora Mjölkvattnet, Korsvattnet och Landösjön. I den sydöstra delen av avrinningsområdet ligger nedre Långans Natura 2000-område vilket har undantagits från vattenkraftsutbyggnad då det innehåller ett antal viktiga naturtyper. Ett centralt begrepp i Natura 2000 är gynnsam bevarandestatus vilket innebär att medlemsstaterna är skyldiga att gynnsam bevarandestatus bibehålls alternativt återställs till naturligt tillstånd. Då gynnsam bevarandestatus är kopplad till rådande hydrologiska förhållanden gäller miljökvalitetsnormen God ekologisk status. I dagsläget klassificeras nedre Långans Natura 2000-område med otillfredsställande ekologisk status. För att nedre Långans skall uppnå EUs krav på god ekologisk status krävs det att flödet anpassas till mer naturliga flödes förhållanden. Syftet med denna studie var att utveckla miljöanpassade flöden enligt tre scenarier. Dessa scenarier med miljöanpassade flöden har konsekvensbeskrivits där huvudmålet har varit att förbättra den ekologiska statusen av nedre Långan samt utvärderat hur vattennivån i Landösjön påverkas om dessa flöden tas i bruk. Följande scenarier fastställdes: (0) Nuvarande flödesregim, (1) EU: s efterfrågan på god ekologisk status vilket kräver att flödet efterliknar det naturliga oreglerade flödet, och (2) kompromissflödet, ett mellanting mellan scenario 0 och 1. Den hydrologiska avvikelsen av scenarierna bedömdes med hjälp av The Dundee Hydrological Regime Alteration Method (DHRAM). DHRAM analysen består av en ett femgradigt system som mäter graden av mänsklig påverkan på naturliga flödesregimen relaterat till scenario 0-2. och är kompatibelt med EU:s ramdirektivet för vatten. Resultatet från DHRAM-analysen uppvisade att Scenario 0 har den största förändringen jämtemot det naturliga flödet och vattendraget löper stor risk för ekologisk påverkan. Scenario 1 uppfyllde EU: s krav på god ekologisk status, men med detta flöde översteg dämningsgränsen i Landösjön med 2m under april till juni. Scenario 2 är baseras på både ekonomiska och ekologiska intressen Utifrån de testade scenariona kunde följande slutsatser dras: (1) scenario 2 är det mest realistiska scenariot för att förbättra ekologin i nedre Långan, (2) för att möta EU: s krav på god ekologisk status krävs en förändring av uppströms liggande regleringsmagasin
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Sherwood, Nicholas L. "System input/output changes required to export the Force Requirements Expert System (FRESH) to the Commander in Chief Atlantic Fleet." Thesis, Monterey, California : Naval Postgraduate School, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/10945/23133.
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The intent of this research has been to identify system input and output changes that will be needed to transport FRESH (an employment scheduling expert system) from CINCPACFLT to CINCLANTFLT. A general discussion of expert system theory is presented tying this theory to FRESH wherever possible. Specific uses of FRESH at CINCPACFLT are discussed as well as the present Pacific FRESH input and output requirements. CINCLANTFLT's existing manual method of scheduling is discussed. Finally CINCLANTFLT's proposed changes to the Pacific FRESH inputs and outputs are analyzed. Conclusions identify what FRESH inputs and outputs must be changed prior to FRESH transference to CINCLANTFLT. FRESH is an extremely useful expert system prototype that is used: 1) to generate long range ship's employment schedules--a macro ship's schedule which covers all major events for a ship over a five year period; 2) to monitor changes that impact Fleet readiness and provide viable replacements for units with major casualties; 3) to evaluate the impact of rescheduling ships; and 4) to improve effectiveness of valuable personnel resources. (kr)
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Wood, Stephanie Jane. "Some factors affecting the digestible energy requirements and dry matter intake of mature donkeys and a comparison with normal husbandry practices." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/4817.
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The purpose of this study was to compile practical feeding guidelines for donkeys in the UK. Current guidelines are to feed 0.75 of horse feeding recommendations on a body weight basis. However, the superior digestive efficiency of donkeys, compared to horses, may render the use of horse recommendations inappropriate. The formulation of guidelines specific to donkeys would enable owners to calculate their donkey‟s requirements with greater accuracy and prevent overfeeding. A postal survey, used to gain information on the body condition score of donkeys in the UK, and the husbandry and feeding practices used to manage them, indicated that approximately 24% of donkeys in the UK are overweight. Feeding practices indicated that although owners were aware of their donkey‟s requirement for fibrous forages, the practice of feeding unnecessary concentrates, chaffs and high energy forages, in addition to grazing, was the likely cause of donkeys becoming overweight. The finding that the majority (85 – 90%) of donkeys were kept as non-working companion animals also reduced the need for owners to feed higher energy foods to their donkeys. Results also suggested that owners were unsure of how to adjust their donkey‟s diet to account for seasonal changes in requirements and pasture availability, as most owners‟ adjusted grazing access, and not the feeding of supplementary feeds. From a study of dry matter (DM) and digestible energy (DE) intakes by 20 mature donkeys maintaining weight during each UK season, the maintenance DE requirements of donkeys were calculated. Results showed no effect of sex on DM or DE intake. Season significantly (P<0.001) affected DM and DE intakes, implying increased requirements in winter compared to spring, summer and autumn. Dry matter intakes (DMI) increased from 51g/kg BW0.75 in spring, summer and autumn to 66g/kg BW0.75 in winter. Digestible energy requirements increased from 0.32MJ/kg BW0.75 in spring, summer and autumn to 0.43MJ/kg BW0.75 in winter. Comparison of results with horse recommendations showed considerably reduced requirements by donkeys. Horse recommendations overestimated DE requirements in summer and winter by 82 and 30%, respectively, making horse recommendations unsuitable for calculating donkey energy requirements. Husbandry practices commonly used by owners to manage their donkeys grazing access (grazing time, grazing area, strip grazing), were assessed for their effect on DMI by grazing donkeys in summer and autumn, using n-alkanes. The effect of grazing time was assessed by restricting donkeys to 8, 12 or 23 hours grazing per day. Season significantly affected food intake with donkeys in the 8 and 23 hour grazing groups eating more during summer when pasture availability was greater. Donkeys responded to the poorer quality summer pasture by grazing more intensively but less selectively, increasing the rate at which food was consumed. Grazing time was only influential over grass intake in summer, when pasture was more abundant. Restricting donkeys to 12 hours or less grazing per day significantly (P<0.001) reduced their grass intake compared to that of donkeys with 23 hours access. When grazing sparse pastures (autumn), grazing time did not influence grass intake, indicating an effect of herbage mass on grazing behaviour. Herbage mass was the most influential factor over diet composition (percentage of grass and straw consumed) in a second grazing study assessing the affect of strip grazing and set stocking systems on intake by grazing donkeys during summer and autumn. Herbage mass per donkey was higher in the set stocking system during both seasons, resulting in higher grass intakes. Determining if either grazing system was more effective at regulating grass intake was prevented due to differences in pasture availability between study sites. It is concluded that donkeys have lower DMI and maintenance DE requirements than horses, requiring donkey feeding guidelines to be formulated. Excess body weight in donkeys is caused in part, by the feeding of energy dense feeds in addition to low energy forages. Most owners place little nutritional importance on pasture, despite its potential to provide a large percentage of daily DM, DE and nutrient intake. Therefore nutritional guidelines must include advice on how to manage access to grazing, and how to feed donkeys with access to pasture. Restricting grazing time to 8 hours a day did reduce grass intake by donkeys, but was only effective when grazing abundant pastures. Providing ad libitum straw to grazing donkeys allows them to satisfy their DM and dietary fibre requirements without consuming excess energy.
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Tiller, Tina Rønhovde. "Exploring the relationship between tourism and concern for the global natural environment : a case study of Wellington residents : a thesis submitted to the Victoria University of Wellington in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Tourism Management /." ResearchArchive@Victoria e-Thesis, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10063/1299.
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Paton, Kathryn Louise. "At home or abroad : Tuvaluans shaping a Tuvaluan future : a thesis submitted to the Victoria University of Wellington in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Development Studies /." ResearchArchive @Victoria e-thesis, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10063/957.
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Marsters, Teuvirihei Helene. "Beach stability on a tropical uplifted coral atoll : Niue Island : a thesis submitted to the Victoria University of Wellington in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of of Science (Hons) in Physical Geography /." ResearchArchive@Victoria e-Thesis, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10063/1216.
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Baylis, Erin Julia. "An investigation of the hazard associated with the alluvial fans on the Kaikoura Coast, South Island, New Zealand : a thesis submitted to the Victoria University of Wellington in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science (Honours) in Physical Geography /." ResearchArchive@Victoria e-Thesis, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10063/1192.
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Bannan, Kelvin. "Industrial relations and institutional changes in Sweden : a response to European integration : a thesis submitted to the Victoria University of Wellington in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in Political Science /." ResearchArchive@Victoria e-Thesis, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10063/1322.
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McGee, S. E. "Software requirements change analysis and prediction." Thesis, Queen's University Belfast, 2014. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.679259.
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Software requirements continue to evolve during application development to meet the changing needs of customers and market demands. Complementing current approaches that constrain the risk that changing requirements pose to project cost, schedule and quality, this research seeks to investigate the efficacy of Bayesian networks to predict levels of volatility early in the project lifecycle. A series of industrial empirical studies is undertaken to explore the causes and consequences of requirements change, the results of which inform prediction feasibility and model construction. Models are then validated using data from four projects in two industrial organisations. Results from empirical studies indicate that classification of changes according to the source of the change is practical and informative to decisions concerning requirements management and process selection. Changes coming from sources considered external to the project are more expensive and difficult to control by comparison to the more numerous changes that occur as result of adjustments to product direction, or requirement specification. Although certain requirements are more change prone than others, the relationship between volatility and requirement novelty and complexity is not straightforward. Bayesian network models to predict levels of requirement volatility constructed based upon these results perform better than project management estimations of volatility when models are trained from a project sharing industrial context. This research carries the implication that process selection should be based upon the types of changes likely, and that formal predictive models are a promising alternative to project management estimation when investment in data collection, re-use and learning is supported.
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Ecker, Myra Yael. "Architecture and etiquette : changes in design of seventeenth and eighteenth century Parisian hotels particuliers (town houses of the nobility in relation to users' requirements and modes of life, and the changing interpretation of the rules of architectu." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.321640.
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Vaughan, Jeni. "Statements issued by the Commissioner of Inland Revenue with recent legislative changes what is their legal status? : a dissertation submitted to Auckland University of Technology in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Business (MBus), 2008." Abstract Full dissertation, 2008.
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Johansson, Martin, and Darius Kvainauskas. "Industrial Usage of Requirements : Ambition and Impeding Factors." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-279670.
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Organizations are changing and growing constantly, which leads to higher complexity in development processes. For the development of complex products in a systematic way, requirements provide support. At Scania, it is of interest to investigate how engineers in the company work with requirements since a new safety standard is set to be implemented, which entails a change in the work with requirements. Thus, the purpose of this study is to investigate the ambition for working with requirements at Scania and to identify factors that can impede a change improvement in requirement engineering. This study aids in providing support for applying new practices when implementing a new safety standard. Literature within the fields of organizational change, change management and requirement engineering are considered. A qualitative case study at an automotive OEM has been conducted, where data was collected through 21 semi-structured interviews and internal documents. The findings show that the ambition level from the company perspective is not clear at Scania, thus engineers and units at the company set their own individual ambition for working with requirements and work in different ways across the organization. Also, several impeding factors such as standardization and different processes have been identified that could impede a change initiative for an improvement in the requirement engineering process. The findings contribute to the understanding of engineers purposes and motivation for requirement engineering. Furthermore, a change initiative in requirement engineering is investigated, where the impeding factors for the change are identified. Also, safety critical system development using requirement engineering is explored. It is suggested that future studies could compare other units and companies requirement engineering, and also leverage qualitative methods. Originality – To the best knowledge of the authors this is the first study to examine change initiative using Schein’s change model in a requirement engineering setting.Organisationer förändras och växer ständigt, vilket leder till högre komplexitet i utvecklingsprocesser. För utveckling av komplexa produkter på ett systematiskt sätt ger krav stöd. Hos Scania är det av intresse att undersöka hur ingenjörer arbetar med krav i företaget eftersom en ny säkerhetsstandard är på väg att implementeras, vilket innebär en förändring av kravarbetet. Syftet med denna studie är därför att undersöka hur ambitionen att arbeta med krav är hos Scania och att identifiera faktorer som kan hindra en förbättring av arbetet med krav. Denna studie bidrar med att ge stöd vid tillämpning av nya metoder under implementeringen av en ny säkerhetsstandard. Litteratur inom områdena organisationsförändring, förändringshantering och kravhantering beaktas. En kvalitativ fallstudie hos en fordonstillverkare har genomförts där data samlades in genom 21 semistrukturerade intervjuer och från interna dokument. Resultaten visar att ambitionsnivån från ett företagsperspektiv inte är tydligt på Scania, vilket gör att ingenjörerna eller avdelningar sätter en individuell ambition för att arbeta med krav och arbetar på olika sätt inom organisationen. Dessutom har flera faktorer så som standardisering och olika arbetssätt identifierats, vilka kan förhindra ett förändringsinitiativ för en förbättring av kravhanteringsprocessen. Resultaten bidrar till att förstå ingenjörers syften och motivationen för kravhantering. Vidare undersöks förändringsinitiativ inom kravhantering samt faktorer som kan förhindra förändringen. Dessutom undersöks hur säkerhetskritiska system utvecklas med användning av krav. Det föreslås att framtida studier kan jämföra andra enheters och företags kravhantering, och även utnyttja kvalitativa metoder. Originalitet – Enligt författarnas uppfattning är detta den första studien som undersöker förändringsinitiativ med Scheins förändringsmodell i samband med kravhantering.
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Lin, Fangfei, and Hao Chen. "Comparative Study of Requirements Traceability in Facing Requirements Change: Systematic Literature Study and Survey." Thesis, Blekinge Tekniska Högskola, Institutionen för programvaruteknik, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:bth-17841.
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Context: Requirements change commonly occurs during the software development lifecycle. Requirements traceability is one of the important techniques to support requirement change management and analysis, ensure quality and keep requirements consistent during development. We find that existing research mentioned various issues and challenges during practicing requirements traceability, and the practitioners show certain obstacles on the subject. Major existing work of the area focuses on requirements traceability processes, frameworks, and techniques to address certain issues accordingly. And we want to focus on and investigate the existing challenges to practice requirements traceability systematically. Method: We investigate the requirements traceability and its challenges through a systematic literature review (SLR) of various concepts and existing challenges of requirements traceability, and a survey of 7 Chinese small-and-medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). With 7 interviews, we studied different traceability practices and situations with the surveyed companies under the possible impact of requirement change, development processes, tools, and other factors. And then we conducted conventional qualitative content analysis to identify and classify the challenges in practicing requirements traceability. Results: With the systematic literature review, we classified 14 categories of academic identified challenges. Through the collected data of the survey, we identified and discussed 6 categories of the requirement traceability challenges, involving costs, tools, awareness, documentation, etc. And we compared and discussed the connections and differences of the survey results with the literature for validation of our survey results and possible extension to the existing work. Through research, we may help the practitioners to deal with requirements change with traceability practice better by recognizing and preventing the obstacles. Our research may provide researchers with more information on practical situations. And in the future, researchers may study the traceability models more effectively aiming at addressing the existing problems.
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Dahlstedt, Åsa G. "Requirements Managements from a Life Cycle Perspective : Overview and Research Areas." Thesis, University of Skövde, Department of Computer Science, 2001. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:his:diva-631.
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Requirements Engineering (RE) is nowadays considered to be an activity, that aims at supporting the whole lifecycle of an information system by: eliciting, documenting, validating, and managing the requirements of the system. This thesis aims at providing an overview of the area of Requirements Management (RM) and to identify important and interesting issues or areas where further research is needed.
RM includes two major areas; organising requirements and requirements change management. Organising requirements is concerned with structuring the requirements and storing additional relevant information about them e.g. attributes and traceability information. Requirements change management is concerned with dealing with changing requirement in a systematic way i.e. making informed decisions whether to implement a certain change or not, and support the implementation of approved changes.
In order to provided a broader view of RM, the literature study were complemented by an interview study of how RM is conducted in practice. This interview study shows that the effort resources spent on RM differs substantially between different organisations. Various reasons for these discrepancies are elaborated in the work, but one of the main reasons are the type of software development that is conducted in the organisation. There is a tendency that organisations that develop software products and continuously releases new versions of there products are more likely to spend resources on RM, compared with organisations that develop customers specific solutions in one shoot projects. The need to reuse requirements and knowledge, as well as the maturity of the RE/RM process, are other factors that affects the resources spent on RM. The RM activities performed in practice are concordant with the activities found in literature.
A number of areas where further research is needed were identified: requirements change management, dependencies between requirements, RM tools, and information management
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Al-Zaid, Asad S. "A new methodology for requirements elicitation." Thesis, Loughborough University, 1999. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/12637.
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A survey of the literature has suggested that most of IT system failure in information system development is due to problems of identifying and meeting users' requirements. Conventional systems that support the waterfall approach try to focus on defining information processing requirements rather than looking at IT from a wider perspective. This approach complicates the relationship between the client who 'owns' the problem and the developer who seeks to solve it. Therefore it is common for systems to be created which do not satisfy the needs of their human operators even though they are technically sound. The main aim of the research is to develop a new methodology that can contribute to the effective determination of user requirement. The new methodology has been constructed from unifying ORDIT (Organisational Requirement Definition for Information Technology) and ISAC (Information System Work and Analysis of Change) methodologies. Therefore it can solve a certain set of problems, some which are solved by ORDIT, some which are also solved by ISAC and some which neither of the two methodologies can solve. The activity model used in ISAC is insufficient for solving the organisational issues, therefore it is replaced with the responsibility model which is taken from ORDIT. The responsibility model is used in order to give a clearer understanding of the organisation's structure, aim, objectives and policies. The tables and tools, which are used in the change analysis stage ofISAC, will be used in the new methodology for the purpose of identifying the business problem, user objectives and change needs. These tools and models are used in order to elicit requirements for different problem owner in different levels of the organisation. The new methodology has been applied to a real case study in order to demonstrate and evaluate its performance and usefulness. This case study showed the new methodology to be useful and effective.
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Narmanli, Murat. "A Business Rule Approach To Requirements Traceability." Master's thesis, METU, 2010. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12612399/index.pdf.
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In this thesis, a requirements traceability model is proposed in order to make efficient and effective change request impact analysis. The proposed model is a requirements &ndashrequirements traceability model. There are several researches regarding software requirements traceability problem. The main problem of these researches is that the proposed solutions can not be applied to software industry with affordable changes. However, current literature begins to see that describing all the software requirements in a huge black box is not so much applicable to today&rsquo
s more dynamic and bigger software projects, especially regarding change management. The proposed traceability model tries to be a solution to these problems. Change requests and business rules are two important and popular terms for today&rsquo
s software industry. The traceability model consists of three types of software requirements: data definitions, business rules and use cases. The traceability model proposes bidirectional traces between these types. Data definitions, business rules and use cases are related to each other and they all should be seen as parts of a software system which should work together to make the software system work properly. Empirical investigation is made on a real industrial software project. These types were configured in order to match to the project specific needs in a reconfigurable way. Experimental results show that the traceability model has an acceptable degree of correctness.
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Ravichandar, Ramya. "Capabilities Engineering:Promoting Change-Reduction and Constructing Change-Tolerant Systems." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/27732.
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We propose a Capabilities-based approach for constructing complex emergent systems such that they are change-tolerant, and the development effort promotes change-reduction. The inherent complexity of software systems increases their susceptibility to change when subjected to the vagaries of user needs, technology advances, market demands and other change inducing factors. Despite the inevitability of change, traditional Requirements Engineering strives to develop systems based on a fixed solution. This is a mostly unsuccessful approach as evidenced by the history of system failures. In contrast, we utilize Capabilities â functional abstractions that are neither as amorphous as user needs nor as rigid as system requirements â to architect systems to accommodate change with minimum impact. These entities are designed to exhibit desirable characteristics of high cohesion, low coupling and balanced abstraction levels.
Capabilities are generated by a two-phased process called Capabilities Engineering. Phase I mathematically exploits the structural semantics of the Function Decomposition graph â a representation of user needs â to formulate change-tolerant Capabilities. Phase II optimizes these Capabilities to conform to schedule and technology constraints. Results from an empirical evaluation of a real-world Course Evaluation System indicate, with statistical significance, that a Capabilities-based design is more change-tolerant than a requirements-based design. In addition, we observe that the use of the CE process inherently reduces change, otherwise generated, during the regular development effort. Empirical analysis on the change-requests of Sakai, a complex emergent system, supports this claim. Finally, we observe that the process of Capabilities Engineering assists in pre-requirement specification traceability by bridging the complexity gap between the problem and solution spaces.Ph. D.
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Hussain, Waqar. "Requirements Change Management in GlobalSoftware Development: A Case Study inPakistan." Thesis, Linnaeus University, School of Computer Science, Physics and Mathematics, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-6079.
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Global software development has been a phenomenon of growing interest for almost past decade or so; and its adoption trend continues to gain momentum. Globally distributed work istaken up as an alternative to single-site mainly because of the economic and strategic benefits itoffers. Software development at geographically distributed environment is not a straightforwardtask and entails numerous challenges which are unique to this form of development.
Requirements change management is considered challenging even in the best of conditions andit becomes even harder when performed at geographically distributed development locations.There is no existing model for managing requirements change in globally distributed softwaredevelopment context.
This study uses qualitative research method to explore requirements change managementprocess and investigates the underlying causes of requirements change in geographicallydistributed software development. The research work proposes a model for requirementschange management for global software development. This model tries to incorporate the roles,activities and artifacts identified in the change management models.
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Knethen, Antje von. "Change-oriented requirements traceability : support for evolution of embedded systems /." Stuttgart : Fraunhofer IRB Verlag, 2001. http://opac.nebis.ch/cgi-bin/showAbstract.pl?u20=3816761216.
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Tang, Samuel Wa Sun. "Corporate responses to climate change reporting requirements in the UK." Thesis, King's College London (University of London), 2016. https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/corporate-responses-to-climate-change-reporting-requirements-in-the-uk(544e2c92-281e-46d2-a2c7-0cd848e095ee).html.
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UK-listed companies have multiple mandatory climate reporting requirements that aim to not only engage them in climate change, but also get them to take action beyond reporting. The thesis looks at the two latest mandatory requirements—‘Mandatory Carbon Reporting’, and ‘Adaptation Reporting Power’—and discusses what they mean for business performance and management of climate change. To understand the rationales, practices, and impacts of climate reporting on organisational cultures and behaviours an extensive desktop review analysed websites and Annual reports of 176 companies listed either on the FTSE 100 or as one of the UK’s critical infrastructure providers. This was supplemented by an intensive phase of 36 interviews with individuals representing 19 companies in one of four case-study sectors (e.g., Energy utility, Extractive, Financial service, Water); and an additional 24 third party conversations with Government officials, Regulators, Consultants, and Independent body organisations. It emerged that 93% of companies sampled regard climate change as meriting at least some engagement, with four levels of reporting identified, and a difference in the number of companies engaged in carbon reporting (93%) and adaptation reporting (28%). Rationales for climate reporting mirror those for wider social and environmental reporting. Companies report because of potential win-win outcomes, they are legitimacy seeking, and/or want to ensure auditability. However, reporting per se does not necessarily lead to corporate action on climate change. Instead there are economic, reputational, and regulatory factors, and sectoral characteristics (e.g., environmental sensitivity, energy intensity) that affect reporting’s impact. This research has implications for the aims, designs and purposes of imposing reporting requirements to help business and society tackle climate change and the challenges presents. It contributes to a growing debate on the social implications of corporate reporting by highlighting the need to better understand what motivates businesses to not only disclose information, but also take action beyond reporting.
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Jallow, Abdou Karim. "Integrated lifecycle requirements information management in construction." Thesis, Loughborough University, 2011. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/8522.
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Effective management of information about client requirements in construction projects lifecycle can contribute to high construction productivity; within budget and schedule, and improve the quality of built facilities and service delivery. Traditionally, requirements management has been focused at the early stages of the construction lifecycle process where elicited client requirements information is used as the basis for design. Management of client requirements does not extend to the later phases. Client requirements often evolve and change dramatically over a facility's life. Changing client requirements is one of the principal factors that contribute to delays and budget overruns of construction projects. This results in claims, disputes and client dissatisfaction. The problems of current requirements management process also include: lack of integrated and collaborative working with requirements; lack of integrated requirements information flow between the various heterogeneous systems used in the lifecycle processes, and between the multiple stakeholders; inefficient and ineffective coordination of changes within the lifecycle processes; manual checking of dependencies between changing requirements to facilitate assessment of cost and time impact of changes. The aim of the research is to specify a better approach to requirements information management to help construction organisations reduce operational cost and time in product development and service delivery; whilst increasing performance and productivity, and realising high quality of built facilities. In order to achieve the aim and the formulated objectives, firstly, a detailed review of literature on related work was conducted. Secondly, the research designed, developed and conducted three case studies to investigate the state-of-the-art of managing client requirements information. A combination of multiple data collection methods was applied which included observations, interviews, focus group and questionnaires. Following this, the data was analysed and problems were identified; the necessity for a lifecycle approach to managing the requirements information emerged. (Continues...).
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Doria, Rufa. "Impact of climate change on crop water requirements in Eastern Canada." Thesis, McGill University, 2011. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=104583.
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Crop production is highly dependent upon weather; therefore, future climate change could adversely affect the burgeoning global population. The primary objective of this study was to predict the consequences of climate change on agriculture. Since current climate projections use general circulation models (GCMs) on a global scale, a statistical downscaling model (SDSM) was used to downscale these outputs into a local scale, essential for reliable crop model simulations.By linking predicted changes in local climate to soil properties and crop characteristics through field and laboratory studies, thresholds of soil moisture content for efficient irrigation scheduling were defined, and an irrigation requirements model (IRM) was developed. Using the IRM, irrigation was triggered when soil moisture was 18 or 24 mm for peaches grown in clay and sandy soils, respectively, and was also triggered at 56 mm for grapes grown in clay soils. It was noteworthy that the IRM reduced irrigation needs by 20 to 25% without affecting yield of peaches (50 to 60 kg/tree). Regarding predicted increases in temperatures and variability in precipitation, the SDSM-HadCM3 A2 scenario forecast the greatest increases, namely ~3.5 and ~2.5°C in average monthly maximum and minimum temperatures, respectively, during the growing season, compared to a 1961-1990 base period. Moreover, precipitation events were also predicted to be more frequent (8 to 30%) and intense (10 to 50%) during crop growing months.With these future climate change scenarios, irrigated peach yield could increase 5 to 20%, since actual tree transpiration reached 0.8 kg/h (compared to a maximum of 0.4 kg/h without irrigation). Furthermore, with irrigation, fruit firmness, the best indicator of ripening and predictor of peach storage potential, is expected to improve by 20% over the current value of 340 kPa.The most novel aspect of this study was development of the IRM, and its prediction of optimal irrigation needed to sustain or increase crop yield and quality, and concurrently conserve water.La production agricole est très dépendante du climat; par conséquent, les futurs changements climatiques globaux pourraient avoir des effets adverses sur la population mondiale en plein essor. L'objectif principal de cette étude était de prédire les conséquences du changement climatique sur l'agriculture. Puisque les projections climatiques actuelles utilisent des modèles de circulation générale à une échelle globale, un modèle statistique de réduction (MSR) a été utilisé pour réduire ces données à l'échelle locale, ce qui est essentiel pour des simulations de production agricole.En reliant les changements du climat locaux prédits (modélisation) aux propriétés du sol et les caractéristiques des cultures (études sur le terrain et en laboratoire), les seuils du contenu en humidité du sol pour la planification d'un horaire d'irrigation efficace ont été définis, et un modèle de besoin en irrigation (MBI) a été développé. En utilisant ce modèle, l'irrigation était déclenchée lorsque l'humidité du sol était de 24 ou 18 mm pour les pêchers croissant en sols sablonneux ou argileux, respectivement, et a été déclenchée à 56 mm pour les vignes croissant en sol argileux. Il était remarquable que le MBI a réduit le besoin en irrigation de 20 to 25% sans affecter le rendement en pêches (50 to 60 kg/arbre).Concernant les augmentations de températures et les variabilités de précipitations prédites, le scénario SDMS-HadCM3 A2 prédit les plus fortes hausses, environ 3.5 et 2.5oC en moyenne pour les températures mensuelles maximum et minimum, respectivement, pendant la saison de croissance (comparé à une période de base 1961-1990). De plus, des précipitations plus fréquentes (8 to 30%) et plus intenses (10 to 50% durant les mois de croissance ont aussi été prédites.Avec ces scénarios de changements climatiques futurs, le rendement en pêches irriguées pourrait augmenter de 5 to 20%, puisque la transpiration des arbres a atteint 0.8 kg/h (comparé à un maximum de 0.4 kg/h sans irrigation). De plus, avec l'irrigation, la fermeté des fruits, le meilleur indicateur du mûrissement et prédicateur du potentiel d'entreposage des pêches, devrait s'améliorer de 20% (valeur actuelle, 340 kPa).L'aspect le plus novateur de cette étude a été le développement du modèle MBI, qui a prédit l'irrigation optimale requise pour maintenir ou augmenter le rendement et la qualité des cultures tout en conservant l'eau.
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Khan, Safoora Shakil. "Composing requirements dependencies across architectural views for improving change impact analysis." Thesis, Lancaster University, 2013. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.658055.
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Due to the ever-changing needs of stakeholders, changes in environment and technology requirements have a tendency to evolve during system development. It is essential that prior to incorporating change the analyst must determine the impact of change on the system. It is not,desirable to incorporate a change without understanding and determining its impacts on the system. Requirements traceability (traceability) is the ability to "follow the life of a requirement. in both a forwards and backwards direction (i .e .. from. its origins. through its development and specification. to its subsequent deployment and use. and th.rough periods of on-going refinement and iteration in any of these phases)" (Gotel and Finkelstein 1994; Gotel and Finkelstein 1997). When requirements evolve, the analyst determines the impact by following the traces from the changing requirement to the dependent requirements, design, architecture, and source code. A few traceability approaches and tools capture requirements traces by referential links (trace From and traceTo, or source and target. id= "]". "2" ... id= "n ") or hyperlinks. Such traces are not expressive and they do not explicitly capture the rationale for the existence of dependencies between requirements. When a requirement evolves the impact set includes all the requirements that trace from the changing requirement. The analyst will have to analyse each individual requirement to identify the requirements actually impacted. For a large system with many requirements such trace information is not sufficient to rationalize and assess the impact of change. Hence, finer and more expressive traces will provide an effective and improved impact analysis. This thesis presents a requirements dependency taxonomy that comprises of the minimal set of semantically expressive and architecturally significant dependencies. It captures the rationale for the existence of dependencies between artefacts through explicitly defined meta-models that provide guidelines for capturing requirements dependencies. The aim is to enrich the traces with additional information (metadata), which makes the traces less coupled to the structure of the artefacts and more meaningful independently. There is a huge traceability gap between requirements and architecture (Griinbacher et at. 2001; Matthias 2006; Omoronyia et al. 2011). The existing approaches fall short in providing a better understanding of the system. A few deficiencies in the traceability approaches are because of the syntactic nature of the traces and mapping requirements to standalone architecture. The syntactic traces couple tightly to the structure of the artefact. The requirements trace to a standalone architecture that may not capture complete information and may not be adequate for change impact analysis. The requirements dependencies syntactically map to subsequent phase artefacts, which causes a loss of useful traceability information.
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Uddin, Mahatab. "Climate Change and Requirement of Transfer of Environmentally Sound Technology." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för geovetenskaper, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-160461.
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Technology and policy play a twofold role in international environmental laws. Stronger environmental policies encourage new green technologies and likewise, better technologies make it easier to regulate. “Technology transfer” refers to the transfer from one party, an association or institution that developed the technology, to another that adopts, adapts, and uses it. As different kinds of threats posed by climate change are continuously increasing all over the world the issue of “technology transfer” especially the transfer of environmentally sound technologies has become one of the key topics of international environmental debates. This thesis addresses, firstly, the possible methods of technology transfer and secondly, how current international environmental laws play its role to facilitate the transfer. Accordingly, I have focused on the concerned provisions of Kyoto Protocol and its subsequent implementation measures. I have also taken in to account the decisions of the annual meetings of the Conference of the parties (COPs) of the UNFCCC. The thesis has also made a brief comparative discussion between the provisions of international environmental laws and the provisions of intellectual property rights in terms of technology transfer. However, at the last stage of the thesis, some potential recommendations are mentioned and briefly discussed in view to come up with a sustainable solution. In addition to the international environmental law, I have also tried to figure out some other international or multinational instruments which concern the transfer of environmentally sound technologies.
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Mello, Luiz Reis de. "Technological change in capital requirement matrices : a balanced growth approach." Thesis, University of Kent, 1993. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.334042.
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Boateng, Amma Serwah, and Narine Sargsyan. "Materialization and Management of Emergent Requirements of Key Stakeholders : A Case Study of Umeå Wastewater Treatment Plant Project." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Företagsekonomi, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-98646.
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Stakeholder satisfaction has in the modern day, become an imperative criterion to achieve project success. Satisfaction of stakeholders’ requirements however is challenging because these requirements evolve as the project progresses. Previous research indicates that as stakeholders continuously interact with a project, they gain more information and new requirements or request for modifications are likely to emerge as a result of this increased intelligence. Nonetheless, conventional project management elicits requirements from stakeholders at the onset of the project, and uses these pre-defined requests to design the project. This practice hinders the ability of stakeholders to influence the project as it advances, and ill equips managers to handle and implement stakeholder requirements that materialize at subsequent phases. It is therefore important to investigate how emergent requirements of stakeholders come about and how they are managed in practice. The objective of this thesis is to answer the research question, “From the perspective of managers, in the Scandinavian management context, how do emergent requirements of key stakeholders materialize, and how are they managed?” by probing into the ways via which emergent requirement of stakeholders come about, and investigating how managers deal with these emergent requirement upon their occurrence. This qualitative study was conducted in the Scandinavian region using semi-structured interviews. Five respondents in managerial positions of the Umeå wastewater treatment plant project participated in the research and data collected concerned materialization and management of emergent requirements that surfaced during different phases of the project. The resulting data was then analyzed with reference to previously established theoretical frameworks. Results from this study confirm that, new or modified requirements and consequently, requests for changes do emerge at even the execution phase of projects, despite careful planning. These emergent requirements are traced to three different sources and are managed in different ways depending on the type of requirement, whether strategic and critical or minor.
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Agyeman, Addai Daniel. "A Cloud Based Framework For Managing Requirements Change In Global Software Development." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2020. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1593266480093711.
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Ayuk, James. "Water regime requirements and possible climate change effects on Fynbos Biome Restionaceae." University of the Western Cape, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/6766.
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Philosophiae Doctor - PhDThe Cape Floristic Region (CFR) of southern Africa is one of the world’s most unique biodiversity hotspots. However, this biodiversity continues to be threatened by habitat loss due to rapid urbanisation, agriculture and alien vegetation encroachment, and now, by future groundwater extraction and climate change. Previous work had shown that soil moisture is important in structuring wetland plant communities at fine-scale. What is not fully known, however, is how the spatial distribution of species at a local scale is related to soil hydrology and what the response in the future of species distributions will be to perturbations arising from changes in climate or subsurface moisture in the future. The current research investigated the water regime of the Restionaceae which is a key family in the Fynbos biome and the implications of possible changes in soil hydrology caused by climate change in communities within this region. The Restionaceae were particularly appropriate because they are shallow rooted perennials with the ability to tolerate a wide range of water regimes which allows them to successfully co-habit within mixed plant communities as segregated clusters along fine-scale hydrologic gradients. Vegetation survey counts for the presence of these species along with measurements of soil water table depth and moisture content data generated from eight small-scale plots (50 x 50 m) were used to investigate the possible hydrological niches and to envision the potential impacts of a substantial reduction in rainfall and an increase in temperature as projected by Global Climate Models (GCMs) on the structure of Restionaceae communities in seasonal wetlands by 2100. A comparative analysis of the effects of two extreme Representative Concentration emission Pathways (RCP2.6 and RCP8.5) on significant hydrological variables to plant water regimes was carried out. The IPCC AR5 report describes the RCP8.5 emissions scenario as the likely ‘business as usual’ scenario where emissions continue to rise through the 21st century while the RCP2.6 scenario assumes that emissions peak between 2010 and 2020 and substantially subside thereafter.
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Bylund, Markus. "A Design Rationale for Pervasive Computing - User Experience, Contextual Change, and Technical Requirements." Doctoral thesis, Stockholm : Swedish Institute of Computer Science (SICS), Department of Computer & Systems Sciences, Stockholm University, 2005. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-259.
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Watson, Christopher. "Requirements-driven modelling as a means of controlling change in object-oriented systems." Thesis, University of Hull, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.342868.
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Schmidt, Wayne K. "Developing a proposal for change in the membership requirements of Kentwood Community Church." Theological Research Exchange Network (TREN), 1994. http://www.tren.com.
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Ocampo, Alexis. "The REMIS approach to rationale-based support for process model evolution." Stuttgart Fraunhofer-IRB-Verl, 2008. http://d-nb.info/993138411/04.
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Hachigonta, Sepo Promise. "Assessing maize water requirements in the context of climate change uncertainties over southern Africa." Doctoral thesis, University of Cape Town, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/10604.
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Climate change studies are subject to high uncertainties partly resulting from data reliability. This study investigates the challenges of using statistical downscaled climate data to examine the likely impacts of climate change on maize growth in southern Africa in the context of these uncertainties.
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Sannö, Anna. "Model for change in production systems triggered by environmental requirements : considerations, drivers, key factors." Licentiate thesis, Mälardalens högskola, Innovation och produktrealisering, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mdh:diva-27644.
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Industry is a key player in the transition to a sustainable society where manufacturing companies need to respond to the challenges of environmental concerns in several ways. Still, even if several efforts have been made in practise and academia, more research within operations management is addressed in relation to implementing sustainable solutions. The management of change in production systems, such as energy efficiency, will be one of the important future areas for the industry. In accordance, the objective of the licentiate thesis is, by theoretical and empirical work, focused on developing a model to support the implementation of environmental requirements. Literature reviews as well as two empirical case studies have been conducted in order to explore the environmentally driven change. The first case study conducted is an retrospective multiple case study, including four cases studying the implications of implementation of technology and identifying key factors effecting the outcome of the change. The second case study is an international multiple study, including nine case companies. The study explores what needs to be considered, the drivers for initiating change as well as the key factors effecting the outcome of the change process. The studies conducted and the results are presented in five appended papers. The research identifies three important links for managing environmentally driven change: how the requirements are introduced, how and if the link between strategic and operational level has been considered and how the need for change is transferred to action and implementation. By providing a system approach for managing change, it also points out the importance of understanding the organisational abilities and maturity of the companies that influence the projects. The result points out sets of drivers as well as key factors, related to the organisational abilities, that are effecting the outcome. As future research the model, that is developed to support operations management in their work to implement environmentally driven change, needs to be validated in practise. In particular research on the personal commitment and the collaboration is addressed to be studied in relation to a systematic approach as well as how to balance the priorities during the implementation.INNOFACTURE - innovative manufacturing development
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Jordan, Nicole Catherine. "Multidisciplinary spacesuit modeling and optimization : requirement changes and recommendations for the next-generation spacesuit design." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/35296.
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Thesis (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Aeronautics and Astronautics; and, (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Engineering Systems Division, Technology and Policy Program, 2006.This electronic version was submitted by the student author. The certified thesis is available in the Institute Archives and Special Collections.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 101-111).
The ability for crew members to perform spacewalks is an essential component of human spaceflight. Spacewalks are absolutely crucial for planetary exploration because they enable astronauts to explore their environment, conduct scientific experiments on the planetary surface, construct space-based infrastructure, and perform maintenance activities. The spacesuit is the primary piece of enabling hardware for spacewalks. Given that the United States is embarking on an ambitious mission to return to the Moon and eventually travel to Mars (as mandated by the U.S. Vision for Space Exploration), a new spacesuit will be built. The objective of this thesis is to aid the designers of the next generation spacesuit through critical analysis of existing spacesuits and quantitative optimization of future spacesuit architectures. Spacesuits change substantially over their design lifetimes; for example, the American spacesuit, the Extravehicular Mobility Unit (EMU) has undergone over five hundred changes in its twenty-five year operational life. These design changes have been triggered by requirement changes, which in turn were mandated by political and technological changes in the system's environment.
(cont.) This observation points to the fact that the next generation spacesuit must be designed with the ability to cope with the likelihood of changing requirements after it has been fielded. This goal, as I show in this thesis, can be accomplished in two steps: first, the system designer must have an understanding of what requirement changes are likely to occur; second, quantitative analysis can be used to determine how requirement changes affect the design and subsequently what designs can more readily accommodate change. This thesis is divided into two parts that map into the two steps. Part I is comprised of a comparative analysis of the EMU and Russian Orlan spacesuits. In order to understand how the spacesuits have changed, I propose a change framework that links changes in a system's environment to changes in its requirements, which in turn necessitate design changes. In Part I, I trace a single environment change, the use of the Shuttle EMU aboard the International Space Station (ISS), to ten requirements changes that resulted in a multitude of EMU design changes.
(cont.) This section finds that the divergence of the American and Soviet spaceflight programs in the late 1970s, with the Americans concentrating on the Shuttle and the Soviets on station-based flight, is essential to understanding differences in American and Soviet/Russian spacesuit design. Because of the Soviet/Russian space program's experience with long-duration, station-based spaceflight, the Orlan spacesuit was able to more readily adapt to the ISS environment. Whereas Part I looks back at the evolution of spacesuit architectures, Part II looks ahead toward the future of spacesuit design. The second part of the thesis discusses the development of a multidisciplinary spacesuit model and uses an N-Branch Tournament Genetic Algorithm to optimize the spacesuit design vector for mass, mobility, and pre breathe time. Because the model used for this optimization is multidisciplinary, fundamental tensions in spacesuit design are captured that have not before been explored with existing single-discipline models. Part II finds that the optimal spacesuit garment is different in microgravity than on the planetary surface because the desired mobility is different. Taken as a whole, this thesis offers a comprehensive evaluation of spacesuit design and evolution, and should prove useful in the design of the next-generation spacesuit.
by Nicole Catherine Jordan.
S.M.
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Kinská, Marcela. "Správa a řízení požadavků a její implementace do projektů IS/ICT." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2008. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-10458.
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This diploma thesis defines the issue of software requirements engineering and the implementation of software requirement into IS/ICT projects. One of the aims is to highlight the importance of systematic requirements management to successful IS/ICT projects. The theoretical part of thesis includes requirements definition, requirements typology and qualitative parameters of good requirement and actors, that are involved into the process of requirements management. The practical part of this thesis defines the process of requirements management general accepted methodologies of as it is specified in the internationally recognizable methodologies. Author's own contribution is the definition of a methodological process for managing requirements specifications, based on rigorous methodologies and extended to reflect author's practical experience. Methodological approach is tailored to the needs of smaller software companies and small to medium scale IS / ICT projects, and, if necessary, is further extendable. Another practical benefit of this thesis is the recommended methodology for change management requirements. Proposal process is based on the ITIL set of best practices; sub-threads are adapted to be able to meet the change management requirements and the broader business environment infrastructure. This methodology emphasizes an individual approach to the requirement. There is a recommendation of appropriate software tools for development and management requirements support divided into partial ITIL processes.
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Fitzgerald, Morgan Choi. "The IMPActS Framework: the necessary requirements for making science-based organizational impact." The Ohio State University, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1557191348657812.
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Hoey, Barbara. "A Comprehensive Study on the Global Regulatory Requirements for the submission of a Post-Approval Change, specifically a Change in Manufacturing Site." University of the Western Cape, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/6128.
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Magister Scientiae - MSc (Pharmacy Administration and Policy Regulation)Regulatory requirements for post-approval changes vary for different countries around the world. It is a challenging and costly process for pharmaceutical companies to manage changes to the approved regulatory dossier over the lifecycle of the product when it is registered in many countries. In practice the process can be complex, unpredictable and time consuming because of regional differences and frequent changes in regulatory procedures, requirements and timelines. The global regulatory requirements for the submission of a post-approval change, specifically a change in manufacturing site, were reviewed for six jurisdictions for this study. These include United States of America (US), Europe (EU), South Africa, Brazil, Russia and China. The study centred on the differences in the documentation required when submitting a post-approval change for a change in manufacturing site in these countries. The study compared and contrasted the differences and similarities between the jurisdictions. An analysis of the challenges for implementation of the change was performed. The study also examined what resources a company may need in order to meet the requirements. Some notable similarities but also many differences in the post-approval submission requirements between the countries were identified. Some of the similarities included classification of the type of variation, the submission application process, and the requirement to provide supportive stability data and updates to the common technical dossier (CTD). Differences highlighted were the types of application forms required, the amount of stability data required to support the change and the time lines for review of post-approval changes in each jurisdiction. The challenge for pharmaceutical companies arises in the effective management of these differences. Investment in a robust regulatory change management team is an essential resource requirement for pharmaceutical companies. Adoption of a QbD approach and careful consideration of the global requirements during the product development phase could potentially be of use in strategic planning within a company in order to ensure continued product access globally.
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Wilson-Evered, Elisabeth 1956. "The leadership and workgroup requirements that organizations need to ignite and fan the flames of innovation." Monash University, Dept. of Management, 2002. http://arrow.monash.edu.au/hdl/1959.1/7899.
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Bazsefidpay, Nahal. "Utvärdering av Posten Scannings kundärendehanteringssystem CIS." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för informations- och kommunikationsteknik (ICT), 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-177498.
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Detta examensarbete har utförts på uppdrag av Posten Scanning AB, ett helägt dotterbolag till Postnord-koncernen, tillsammans med sina systerbolag, Data Scanning A/S i Danmark och Data Scanning Finland AB. Företaget arbetar med scanning, datafångst och dokumenthanteringstjänster. Posten Scanning använde sedan 2013 av ett kundärendehanteringssystem, Customer Information System (CIS), för all hantering av ärenden som berör kunder och/eller intern utveckling. Efter ca 1,5 år som företaget har använt sig av CIS 1.0 önskas nu ett underlag för planering av version 2.0 av CIS. För att kunna planera för CIS 2.0 behövde uppdragsgivaren att undersöka, sammanställa och prioritera de nya krav som olika intressenter ställer på systemet. Utvärderingen har fokuserat på de interna och externa kundernas krav och kända förändringsbehov. Målet var att utifrån utvärderingsresultatet ta fram ett beslutsunderlag i form av en sammanställd, prioriterad och tidsestimerad kravspecifikation som även kan utgöra ett underlag för ett utvecklingsprojekt. Den relativa betydelsen av behoven avgjordes med hjälp av metoden om översättning av kundernas behov till verkställande kravspecifikationer som grundade specifikationen för förändringsarbetet. Resultatet av arbetet visade att kundärendehanteringssystemets kravlistor kunde prioriteras baserad på vad CIS användes mest till och samt efter hur ofta förändringar upprepades av olika användargrupper.This thesis has been carried out on behalf of Posten Scanning AB, a wholly owned subsidiary of PostNord Group, together with its sister companies, Data Scanning A/S in Denmark and Data Scanning Finland AB. The company works with scanning, data capture and document management services. Posten Scanning has been since 2013 using a client case management system, Customer Information System (CIS) for handling all matters pertaining to customers and/or internal development from 2013. After about 1.5 years that the company has used the CIS 1.0, they wish to develop a gathered basis for planning the version 2.0 of the CIS. In order to plan for the CIS 2.0, they wanted to investigate, compile and prioritize the new requirements imposed by various stakeholders in the system. The evaluation has focused on internal and external customer requirements regarding usage of CIS and known need for changes in the system. The goal has been based on evaluation findings to develop a decision support in the form of a compiled, prioritized and time estimated requirements specification that can also serve as a basis for a development project. The relative importance of the needs was determined using the method of translation of customer needs for managing requirements document based specification for change. The results of this project showed that customer case management system requirements lists could be prioritized based on what CIS were mostly used to and how often changes were repeated by various user groups.