Relevant bibliographies by topics / Reptile

Academic literature on the topic 'Reptile'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 29 July 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Reptile"

1

Azevedo, Alexandre, Leonor Guimarães, Joel Ferraz, Martin Whiting, and Manuel Magalhães-Sant’Ana. "Pet Reptiles—Are We Meeting Their Needs?" Animals 11, no. 10 (October 14, 2021): 2964. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11102964.

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The ability to meet the needs of each species in captivity is at the heart of the ethical debate on the acceptability of keeping reptiles and other animals as pets. Little is known about the ability of reptile owners to understand their pets’ behavior and to meet their welfare requirements. In this study, we surveyed pet reptile owners in Portugal (N = 220) to assess their behavioral knowledge and the provision of essential husbandry needs. Although two-thirds of respondents (68%) scored very good to excellent in terms of knowledge of their pet reptile’s behaviors, only 15% of respondents met four essential reptile husbandry needs (temperature, lighting, diet and refuge) and 43% met two or less. None of the respondents reported their reptile’s welfare as very poor, and only a single respondent reported it as poor. Logistic regression model showed that while snake owners had fourteen times higher odds of reporting adequate husbandry provision, lizard owners had the highest odds of reporting good or very good welfare despite providing less of their animals’ basic husbandry needs. These results suggest that many pet reptiles in Portugal live in, at best, ‘controlled deprivation’ and are at risk of suffering poor welfare throughout their captive lives. Moreover, behaviors indicative of poor welfare and captivity stress were considered ‘normal’ by up to one quarter of respondents. We suggest that the frequency of these behaviors in pet reptiles has led to their acceptance as normal, precluding the search for ways to prevent them. These results suggest that campaigns aimed at challenging the current norm for adequate reptile welfare are warranted.
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2

Woinarski, J. C. Z., B. P. Murphy, R. Palmer, S. M. Legge, C. R. Dickman, T. S. Doherty, G. Edwards, A. Nankivell, J. L. Read, and D. Stokeld. "How many reptiles are killed by cats in Australia?" Wildlife Research 45, no. 3 (2018): 247. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr17160.

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Context Feral cats (Felis catus) are a threat to biodiversity globally, but their impacts upon continental reptile faunas have been poorly resolved. Aims To estimate the number of reptiles killed annually in Australia by cats and to list Australian reptile species known to be killed by cats. Methods We used (1) data from >80 Australian studies of cat diet (collectively >10 000 samples), and (2) estimates of the feral cat population size, to model and map the number of reptiles killed by feral cats. Key results Feral cats in Australia’s natural environments kill 466 million reptiles yr–1 (95% CI; 271–1006 million). The tally varies substantially among years, depending on changes in the cat population driven by rainfall in inland Australia. The number of reptiles killed by cats is highest in arid regions. On average, feral cats kill 61 reptiles km–2 year–1, and an individual feral cat kills 225 reptiles year–1. The take of reptiles per cat is higher than reported for other continents. Reptiles occur at a higher incidence in cat diet than in the diet of Australia’s other main introduced predator, the European red fox (Vulpes vulpes). Based on a smaller sample size, we estimate 130 million reptiles year–1 are killed by feral cats in highly modified landscapes, and 53 million reptiles year–1 by pet cats, summing to 649 million reptiles year–1 killed by all cats. Predation by cats is reported for 258 Australian reptile species (about one-quarter of described species), including 11 threatened species. Conclusions Cat predation exerts a considerable ongoing toll on Australian reptiles. However, it remains challenging to interpret the impact of this predation in terms of population viability or conservation concern for Australian reptiles, because population size is unknown for most Australian reptile species, mortality rates due to cats will vary across reptile species and because there is likely to be marked variation among reptile species in their capability to sustain any particular predation rate. Implications This study provides a well grounded estimate of the numbers of reptiles killed by cats, but intensive studies of individual reptile species are required to contextualise the conservation consequences of such predation.
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3

Jordan, Francis, and Sze-Man Ngai. "REPTILES WITH HOLES." Proceedings of the Edinburgh Mathematical Society 48, no. 3 (September 15, 2005): 651–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s001309150400001x.

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AbstractCroft, Falconer and Guy asked: what is the smallest integer $n$ such that an $n$-reptile in the plane has a hole? Motivated by this question, we describe a geometric method of constructing reptiles in $\mathbb{R}^d$, especially reptiles with holes. In particular, we construct, for each even integer $n\ge4$, an $n$-reptile in $\mathbb{R}^2$ with holes. We also answer some questions concerning the topological properties of a reptile whose interior consists of infinitely many components.
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4

Cerdeña, José, Jackie Farfán, and Aarón J. Quiroz. "A high mountain lizard from Peru: The world’s highest-altitude reptile." Herpetozoa 34 (February 15, 2021): 61–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/herpetozoa.34.61393.

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Life at high altitudes is particularly challenging for ectothermic animals like reptiles and involves the evolution of specialised adaptations to deal with low temperatures, hypoxia and intense UV radiation. As a result, only very few reptile taxa are able to survive above 5,000 m elevation and herpetological observations from these altitudes are exceedingly rare. We report here an exceptional observation of a lizard population (Liolaemus aff. tacnae; Reptilia, Squamata) from the high Andes of Peru. During an ascent of Chachani mountain (6,054 m, 16°11'S, 71°32'W), we observed and documented photographically this species living between 5,000 and 5,400 m above sea level. Following a review of literature, we show that this is the highest known record of a reptile species.
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5

Valdez, Jose W. "Using Google Trends to Determine Current, Past, and Future Trends in the Reptile Pet Trade." Animals 11, no. 3 (March 3, 2021): 676. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11030676.

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Reptiles are one of the most popular exotic pets in the world, with over a third of all described species currently being traded. However, the most commonly available reptiles are typically non-threatened, captive-bred, and/or domestically obtained, which means they are also largely unregulated and unmonitored, resulting in a large portion of the reptile pet trade remaining unknown. In this study, the past, current, and future trends of the most popular reptiles in the pet trade were examined. Google Trends was used to determine the global popularity of the most popular pets from 2004 to 2020 and compared to the results from an online survey sent to individuals involved in the reptile trade. The most popular pets from the previous five years were also compared globally across regions and countries. The results determined that the most popular reptile species during the last decade is by far bearded dragons, followed by ball pythons and leopard geckos. Although the survey results were similar when asked what the top reptiles were, most respondents named ball pythons as the most popular reptile. However, when asked what reptiles had lost the most popularity during the previous decade, the survey respondents named green iguanas, Burmese pythons, chameleons, red-eared sliders, and green anoles, concurring with what was found with Google Trends. The reptiles thought to be more popular in the upcoming decade by the survey participants were blue-tongued skinks, tegus, uromastyx, crested geckos, and ball pythons—most of which did indeed show an increase in popularity during the last decade, as indicated with Google Trends. The results from Google Trends demonstrated that ball pythons and crested geckos have increased their popularity more than any other reptile in the last two decades. Reptile popularity also differed between countries, with bearded dragons the most popular reptile in Australia, Western Europe, the U.S., and Canada. Leopard geckos were the most popular reptile in Italy and Turkey, and ball pythons were the reptile of choice in Mexico, Indonesia, and India. The general finding of this study is that the reptiles declining in popularity were mostly wild-caught or restricted due to regulations, while current and future species were captive-bred and available in many varieties or morphs. The most popular species were also docile, medium-sized, and easy to handle, with relatively simple care requirements. This study demonstrates that Google Trends can be a useful tool for determining relative popularity among reptiles, or any other pet group, with results closely mirroring those obtained through direct surveying of people involved in the pet trade. However, unlike surveys, this analysis is quick, quantifiable, and can show what is popular and in-demand not only at the global level but at much finer scales. Thus, Google Trends can be a valuable tool in many research applications, especially in topics that may otherwise be difficult to monitor and quantify.
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Madella-Auricchio, Cláudia Renata, Paulo Auricchio, and Enio Saraiva Soares. "Reptile species composition in the Middle Gurguéia and comparison with inventories in the eastern Parnaíba River Basin, State of Piauí, Brazil." Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia (São Paulo) 57, no. 28 (September 15, 2017): 375. http://dx.doi.org/10.11606/0031-1049.2017.57.28.

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The reptile diversity of the Middle Gurguéia River Basin in southern Piauí, Brazil, is little known. The rapid expansion of agriculture in the region is converting the Cerrado and Caatinga into large farming areas, which threatens biodiversity and hastens its loss. In this study, 68 specimens of reptiles from a university collection were examined, comprising 29 species: ten lizards, one amphisbaenian, 15 snakes, two turtles and one crocodilian. They were collected from five locations in the Middle Gurguéia Basin, a region not previously evaluated for reptiles. The most abundant species is a member of Tropidurus. Comparison with eight other areas in the eastern Parnaíba Basin indicated that the diversity of reptiles in the Middle Gurguéia is similar to that in other Caatinga-Cerrado ecotone areas. The reptile assemblage in the eastern Parnaíba Basin comprises 100 species of reptiles: 39 lizards, five amphisbaenians, 50 snakes, four chelonians and two crocodilians. This study expanded the known distributions of some reptiles and recorded the first occurrence of Helicops leopardinus (Schlegel, 1837) for Piauí. A cluster analysis showed that the reptile composition concords with the habitat where species were found, i.e. Cerrado, Caatinga or ecotone. Studies that associate habitat structure with each species are essential to propose efficient strategies for reptile management and conservation for the entire Parnaíba River Basin, mostly in areas that are not yet protected.
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Lemos-Espinal, Julio A., and Geoffrey R. Smith. "Amphibians and reptiles of the state of Hidalgo, Mexico." Check List 11, no. 3 (April 24, 2015): 1642. http://dx.doi.org/10.15560/11.3.1642.

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We compiled a checklist of the amphibians and reptiles of the state of Hidalgo, Mexico. The herpetofauna of Hidalgo consists of a total of 175 species: 54 amphibians (14 salamanders and 40 anurans); and 121 reptiles (one crocodile, five turtles, 36 lizards, 79 snakes). These taxa represent 32 families (12 amphibian families, 20 reptile families) and 87 genera (24 amphibian genera, 63 reptile genera). Two of these species are non-native species (Hemidactylus frenatus Duméril and Bibron, 1836 and Indotyphlops braminus (Daudin, 1803)). This herpetofauna represents a mixture of species from both the Sierra Madre Oriental and the Transvolcanic Belt. In addition, 26% of all categorized amphibian and reptile species in Hidalgo are considered Vulnerable, Near Threatened, Endangered, or Critically Endangered by the IUCN Red List. Thus, Hidalgo represents a relatively unique and threatened diversity of amphibians and reptiles.
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Perry, Sean M., and Mark A. Mitchell. "Reptile assisted reproductive technologies: can ART help conserve 300 million years of evolution by preserving extant reptile biodiversity?" Reproduction, Fertility and Development 34, no. 5 (December 17, 2021): 385–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rd21034.

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Biodiversity loss is the greatest environmental problem threatening ecosystem, animal, and human health. Anthropogenic induced changes to climate, habitat, disease, species distributions, poaching, and unsustainable trade have accelerated extinction rates in all vertebrates, including reptiles. Preventing reptile extinctions will require humans to acknowledge these losses and develop ex situ and in situ plans to preserve them. Assisted reproductive technologies (ART) are management tools used to protect numerous vertebrate taxa; however, progress in developing ART for reptiles has lagged. Creating functional and sustainable reptile ART will strengthen our conservation capacity by capturing genetic material from select individuals to overcome natural or manmade boundaries. Utilising short-term gamete storage and genome resource banking, in conjunction with timed artificial insemination (AI) or ex ovo incubation, could lead to profound advances in reptile conservation, mitigating the loss of reptile biodiversity. In this article, we review ART reptile research completed since the 1970s. Topics include AI, hormonal control of reproduction, gamete collection, gamete storage, and genome resource banking. Additionally, we review the potential application of advanced reproductive methodologies, including in vitro/ex ovo fertilisation, intracytoplasmic sperm injection, cloning (somatic cell nuclear transfer), and genetic editing.
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Deakin, Janine E., and Tariq Ezaz. "Understanding the Evolution of Reptile Chromosomes through Applications of Combined Cytogenetics and Genomics Approaches." Cytogenetic and Genome Research 157, no. 1-2 (2019): 7–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000495974.

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Studies of reptile (nonavian reptiles) chromosomes began well over a century ago (1897) with the initial report on the description of sand lizard (Lacerta agilis) chromosomes. Since then, chromosome analysis in reptiles has contributed significantly to understanding chromosome evolution in vertebrates. Reptile karyotypes are also unique, as being the only vertebrate group where the majority of the species possess variable numbers of macro- and microchromosomes, which was first reported for iguanids and teiids in 1921. In addition, many reptiles have microchromosomes as sex chromosomes, highlighting their evolutionary significance, yet very little is known about their evolutionary origin and significance in shaping amniote genomes. Advances in genomic technologies in recent years have accelerated our capacity to understand how sequences are arranged within a genome. However, genomic and cytogenetic analyses have been combined for only 3 species to provide a deeper understanding of reptile chromosome evolution and sequence organization. In this review, we highlight how a combined approach of cytogenetic analysis and sequence analysis in reptiles can help us answer fundamental questions of chromosome evolution in reptiles, including evolution of microchromosomes and sex chromosomes.
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Warren, Dr Kristin. "Reptile Euthanasia — No Easy Solution?" Pacific Conservation Biology 20, no. 1 (2014): 25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pc140025.

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Reptiles are commonly studied in biological research projects, and wildlife researchers may be required to euthanize a reptile if it sustains a severe injury associated with the research. When conducting euthanasia of any animal it is critical to confirm death. Whilst in mammals and birds euthanasia and confirmation of death can easily be accomplished, in reptiles these are not straight forward processes due to reptilian poikilothermic biology and physiology. Many traditional methods of reptile euthanasia are controversial, and recommended methods of acceptable euthanasia vary amongst the different reptilian orders. Physical methods of euthanasia involving hypothermia or decapitation alone are considered inhumane and are not acceptable methods of euthanasia. Injectable pentobarbitone sodium is considered an acceptable method of euthanasia for all reptiles, except large crocodiles and other large reptile species where carcass removal in the wild may be problematic. However, in Australia pentobarbitone sodium is a Scheduled 4 drug with requirements for locked storage, and users other than registered veterinarians must apply for authorization to administer scheduled drugs. Stunning followed by destruction of the brain is considered acceptable with reservations in some small species of snakes and lizards, where these methods can be effectively accomplished. MS222 has been used in several species of reptiles, however further research is required to determine whether this technique is effective and humane across the diverse range of reptilian species. Humane euthanasia in reptiles is not easily achieved and, whilst recognizing limitations in accessing veterinary anaesthetic and euthanasia drugs, it can best be assured by using a two-stage euthanasia process — whereby the reptile is initially anaesthetized, and then euthanized by administration of pentobarbitone sodium or alternatively a combination of decapitation and brain destruction following anaesthesia.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Reptile"

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Bernarde, Paulo Sérgio [UNESP]. "Composição faunística, ecologia e história natural de serpentes em uma região no sudoeste da Amazônia, Rondônia, Brasil." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/106551.

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Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:35:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2004-09-15Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T18:47:10Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 bernarde_ps_dr_rcla.pdf: 3528491 bytes, checksum: e06755e72c8044a60283b938c4063f37 (MD5)
Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
Em Espigão do Oeste (Rondônia) foi registrada uma riqueza de 56 espécies de serpentes, apresentando uma maior similaridade faunística com a Usina Hidrelétrica de Samuel (RO), localizada relativamente próximo da área de estudo. As serpentes mais comuns foram Liophis reginae (18,6% do total), Oxyrhopus melanogenys (8,4%), Chironius exoletus (6%), Boa constrictor (5,8%), Dipsas catesbyi (5,6%) e Drymarchon corais (5,6%). A freqüência de Bothrops atrox, o viperídeo mais abundante na Amazônia, foi considerado baixo (2%). Um menor número de serpentes foi registrado durante os meses mais secos (junho - agosto), que também coincidiu com a menor ocorrência de anfíbios anuros. Observando a freqüência de potenciais presas (anuros, lagartos, marsupiais e roedores) sazonalmente registrada através das armadilhas de interceptação e queda (todos os grupos), procura limitada por tempo (lagartos dormindo sobre a vegetação à noite e anuros em atividade de vocalização), observa-se que houve disponibilidade de alimento ao longo do ano, embora cada grupo tenha ocorrido em diferentes níveis e picos de abundância. Os principais tipos de presas utilizados pelas serpentes nesta comunidade são lagartos (55,3% das espécies), seguido de anuros (48,2%), mamíferos (26,8%), aves (12,5%) e serpentes (12,5%). Uma análise de agrupamento utilizando dados de tamanho (comprimento rostro-cloacal) e de utilização de recursos (hábitos alimentares, período e substrato de forrageio) originou oito grupos (guildas) de serpentes. Nesta análise de agrupamento, foram reunidas tanto espécies próximas como distantes filogeneticamente, denotando a importância de fatores históricos e ecológicos na estruturação desta comunidade. Maior número de espécies de serpentes foi encontrado dentro de florestas, em relação aos ambientes de pastagens, demonstrando o decréscimo de espécies...
A snake richness of as much as 56 species was recorded at Espigão do Oeste (Rondônia). This makes the studied area faunistically similar to the Samuel Hydroelectric Plant (Rondônia), which is located close to it. The commonest snakes were Liophis reginae (18.6% of the total), Oxyrhopus melanogenys (8.4%), Chironius exoletus (6%), Boa constrictor (5.8%), Dipsas catesbyi (5.6%) and Drymarchon corais (5.6%). It is noticed a low frequency of Bothrops atrox (2%), the most abundant viperid in the Amazon. A lesser number of snakes was recorded during the driest months (from June to August), when there was a lesser occurrence of anuran amphibians as well. By seasonally observing the frequency of potential prey (anurans, lizards, marsupials and rodents), recorded by means of pitfall traps with drift fences (all groups) and time constrained search (lizards sleeping on the vegetation at night and calling anurans), it is noticed that there was availability of food supply throughout the year, although each group occurred at different abundance levels and peaks. Lizards (55.3% of the species), followed by anurans (48.2%), mammals (26.8%), birds (12.5%) and snakes (12.5%), are the main prey for the snakes in this community. A cluster analysis was carried out to produce a dendrogram with information on size (snout-vent length), feeding habits, period and forage substratum. Eight guilds of snakes were formed, according to the similarities in the use of resources. This cluster analysis grouped together species that, phylogenetically, were either close or distant, in order to mark the importance of historical and ecological factors to the structuring of this community. Most snake species were found throughout forested lands more than on pasture lands, showing that the weaker the vegetal structure, the lesser the number of species. Among the causes that may be enhancing or restraining the occurrence...(Complete abstract click electronic access below)
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2

Bernarde, Paulo Sérgio. "Composição faunística, ecologia e história natural de serpentes em uma região no sudoeste da Amazônia, Rondônia, Brasil /." Rio Claro : [s.n.], 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/106551.

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Orientador: Augusto Shinya Abe
Banca: Marcio Roberto Costa Martins
Banca: Otavio Augusto Vuolo Marques
Banca: Julio Cesar de Moura Leite
Banca: Francisco Luiz Franco
Resumo: Em Espigão do Oeste (Rondônia) foi registrada uma riqueza de 56 espécies de serpentes, apresentando uma maior similaridade faunística com a Usina Hidrelétrica de Samuel (RO), localizada relativamente próximo da área de estudo. As serpentes mais comuns foram Liophis reginae (18,6% do total), Oxyrhopus melanogenys (8,4%), Chironius exoletus (6%), Boa constrictor (5,8%), Dipsas catesbyi (5,6%) e Drymarchon corais (5,6%). A freqüência de Bothrops atrox, o viperídeo mais abundante na Amazônia, foi considerado baixo (2%). Um menor número de serpentes foi registrado durante os meses mais secos (junho - agosto), que também coincidiu com a menor ocorrência de anfíbios anuros. Observando a freqüência de potenciais presas (anuros, lagartos, marsupiais e roedores) sazonalmente registrada através das armadilhas de interceptação e queda (todos os grupos), procura limitada por tempo (lagartos dormindo sobre a vegetação à noite e anuros em atividade de vocalização), observa-se que houve disponibilidade de alimento ao longo do ano, embora cada grupo tenha ocorrido em diferentes níveis e picos de abundância. Os principais tipos de presas utilizados pelas serpentes nesta comunidade são lagartos (55,3% das espécies), seguido de anuros (48,2%), mamíferos (26,8%), aves (12,5%) e serpentes (12,5%). Uma análise de agrupamento utilizando dados de tamanho (comprimento rostro-cloacal) e de utilização de recursos (hábitos alimentares, período e substrato de forrageio) originou oito grupos (guildas) de serpentes. Nesta análise de agrupamento, foram reunidas tanto espécies próximas como distantes filogeneticamente, denotando a importância de fatores históricos e ecológicos na estruturação desta comunidade. Maior número de espécies de serpentes foi encontrado dentro de florestas, em relação aos ambientes de pastagens, demonstrando o decréscimo de espécies...(Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: A snake richness of as much as 56 species was recorded at Espigão do Oeste (Rondônia). This makes the studied area faunistically similar to the Samuel Hydroelectric Plant (Rondônia), which is located close to it. The commonest snakes were Liophis reginae (18.6% of the total), Oxyrhopus melanogenys (8.4%), Chironius exoletus (6%), Boa constrictor (5.8%), Dipsas catesbyi (5.6%) and Drymarchon corais (5.6%). It is noticed a low frequency of Bothrops atrox (2%), the most abundant viperid in the Amazon. A lesser number of snakes was recorded during the driest months (from June to August), when there was a lesser occurrence of anuran amphibians as well. By seasonally observing the frequency of potential prey (anurans, lizards, marsupials and rodents), recorded by means of pitfall traps with drift fences (all groups) and time constrained search (lizards sleeping on the vegetation at night and calling anurans), it is noticed that there was availability of food supply throughout the year, although each group occurred at different abundance levels and peaks. Lizards (55.3% of the species), followed by anurans (48.2%), mammals (26.8%), birds (12.5%) and snakes (12.5%), are the main prey for the snakes in this community. A cluster analysis was carried out to produce a dendrogram with information on size (snout-vent length), feeding habits, period and forage substratum. Eight guilds of snakes were formed, according to the similarities in the use of resources. This cluster analysis grouped together species that, phylogenetically, were either close or distant, in order to mark the importance of historical and ecological factors to the structuring of this community. Most snake species were found throughout forested lands more than on pasture lands, showing that the weaker the vegetal structure, the lesser the number of species. Among the causes that may be enhancing or restraining the occurrence...(Complete abstract click electronic access below)
Doutor
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3

Bratt, Ian (Ian R. ). "Reptile : a distributed ILP compiler." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/34372.

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Thesis (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 2005.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 69-71).
The past few years witnessed a dramatic shift in computer microprocessor design. Rather than continue with the traditional pursuit of increased sequential program performance, industry and academia alike chose to focus on distributed, multi-core designs. If multi-core designs are to maintain the decades-long trend of increased single threaded performance, compiler technology capable of converting a single threaded program into multiple programs must be developed. In this thesis I present the Raw Explicitly Parallel Tile Compiler (Reptile), a compiler targeting the RAW computer architecture capable of converting a single threaded program into multiple threads communicating at the instruction operand granularity. On applications with sufficient amounts of parallelism Reptile has generated code which, on the Raw processor, achieves a speedup of as much as 2.3x (cycle to cycle) over an Athlon64.
by Ian Bratt.
S.M.
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4

Ma, Chengbang. "Functional genomic studies on reptile venom." Thesis, Queen's University Belfast, 2012. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.579787.

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Natriuretic peptides are common components of reptile venoms and molecular cloning of their biosynthetic precursors has revealed that in snakes, they eo-encode bradykinin-potentiating peptides and in venomous lizards, some eo-encode bradykinin inhibitory peptides such as the helokinestatins. The common natriuretic peptide/helokinestatin precursor of the Gila Monster, Heloderma suspectum, encodes five helokinestatins of differing primary structures. Here we report the molecular cloning of a natriuretic peptide/helokinestatin precursor cDNA from a venom-derived cDNA library of the Mexican beaded lizard (Heloderma horridum) and the Gila Monster (Heloderma suspectum) and the structures of the novel peptides, helokinestatin-6, helokinestatin-7S and helokinestatin-7H, that have inhibitory effects on bradykinin responses in vascular smooth muscle. Snakes of the Elapidae and Viperidae families have evolved to produce venoms with specific well- defined modes of action that lead to prey immobilisation and ultimately death. The venoms of elapids contain neurotoxic components that attack both the peripheral and central nervous systems. In this project, dendrotoxin-K/I sequences from black mamba (Dendroaspis polylepis) venom were obtained, and these have inhibitory effects on the proteases, trypsin and chymotrypsin. The structures were obtained through use of a special primer in the 'shotgun cloning' of a venom- derived cDNA library. By this approach, the structure and precursor sequence of cardiotoxin-3 from the venom of the King Cobra, (Ophiophagus hannah) was also obtained. In contrast, viperid snake venoms contain components that are mainly haemorrhagic in nature or act upon the vascular system in other ways. Using the same molecular cloning strategy as adopted for elapid snakes, the structure of a novel C-type lectin was obtained from Puff Adder (Bitis arietans) venom and that of a novel PLA2 from the venom of the Cantil (Agkistrodon bilineatus).
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Chen, Tianbao. "Molecular studies on selected amphibian and reptile venom." Thesis, University of Ulster, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.398989.

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6

Foucart, Thomas. "L'évolution de l'oviparité à la viviparité chez les reptiles : approche éco-physiologique de l'équilibre des coûts et bénéfices chez une espèce à reproduction bimodale (Zootoca vivipara)." Thesis, Rennes 1, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015REN1S125/document.

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Dans son Historia Animalium en 343 av. J.C., Aristote proposait déjà deux critères qui continuent d’être les bases fondamentales de notre compréhension de la diversité des modes de reproduction : l’origine des nutriments des embryons (lécitotrophie vs. matrotrophie) et le mode de parition (oviparité vs. viviparité). Depuis plusieurs décennies la compréhension de la transition évolutive vers la viviparité a attiré un intérêt scientifique considérable. En effet les analyses phylogénétiques récentes reconnaissent une évolution indépendante de la viviparité dans plus de 150 lignées de vertébrés dont au moins 115 concernent uniquement le taxon des reptiles squamates actuels (lézards, serpents et amphisbènes). Les lignées présentant une transition évolutive de l’oviparité à la viviparité chez les squamates se retrouvent généralement associées aux climats froids, mais pas uniquement. Les explications proposées pour ce patron reposent sur le contrôle comportemental de la température de développement chez les femelles gestantes, offrant ainsi des températures plus favorables que celles des sites de ponte situés sous la surface du sol. Durant cette thèse doctorale nous avons étudié une espèce à reproduction bimodale (Zootoca vivipara) chez qui coexistent des populations ovipares et vivipares disjointes. Ce contexte nous a permis de comparer les modes reproducteurs en minimisant les biais phylogénétiques. Nous avons pu mettre en évidence et quantifier différents coûts « potentiels » de la reproduction (énergétique, contrainte volumique, phénotype des nouveau-nés) et certains bénéfices (phénologie et performance des nouveau-nés) associés à la régulation maternelle du développement. Nos résultats nous amènent à discuter des différentes pressions de sélection s’exerçant sur la durée de rétention des embryons, dont les directions seraient opposées et/ou dont l’intensité serait variable au cours du développement embryonnaire. Dans ce schéma, la viviparité ne devrait être favorisée que dans des contextes plus contraignants et où les bénéfices thermiques compensent les coûts de prolongation de la rétention. Ce contexte sélectif aurait abouti chez les squamates à l’existence de deux modalités reproductives avec entre elles une instabilité évolutive des états intermédiaires
In his Historia Animalium in 343 B.C., Aristotle proposed two fundamental distinguishing criteria for reproductive diversity: the source of nutrients for embryonic development (lecitotrophy vs. matrotrophy) and partuition mode (oviparity vs. viviparity). Understanding the evolutionary transition to viviparity attracted considerable scientific interest over the past few decades. Phylogenetic analyses indicate that viviparity has originated independently in more than 150 vertebrate lineages, including in a minimum of 115 clades of extant squamate reptiles (lizards, snakes and amphisbaenians). Transitions from oviparity to viviparity in squamate reptiles seem closely related to cold climates, but not exclusively. Explanations for this pattern are based on the fact that pregnant females can behaviouraly thermoregulate and thus offer more suitable developmental temperatures than those available in nests under the soil surface. During this PhD thesis we studied a reproductively bi-modal species (Zootoca vivipara) in which non-overlapping oviparous and viviparous populations exist. This context allowed us to compare oviparous and viviparous reproductive modes while minimizing phylogenetic biases. We identified and quantified potential reproductive costs (energy, volume constraints, offspring phenotype) and also benefits (phenology and offspring performances) associated with maternal thermoregulation. Our results provide support for multiple selective pressures on embryo retention, with variable intensities and opposite directions depending on embryonic developmental stage. In this scheme, viviparity should be selected in constraining environments where thermal advantages exceed the costs of increased retention. This context may explain the dichotomy observed in squamate reproductive modes and the evolutionary instability of intermediate stages
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Olsson, Cecilia. "Amphibian and reptile distribution in forests adjacent to watercourses." Thesis, Karlstad University, Faculty of Social and Life Sciences, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-3301.

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Worldwide amphibians and reptiles are declining with habitat fragmentation and destruction as the primary cause. Riparian areas are important for the herpetofauna, but as land is converted to agriculture or harvested for timber the areas are diminishing. The aim of this study was to examine amphibian and reptile abundance in relation to distance from water and in relation to habitat characteristics, foremost per cent deciduous trees. The survey was conducted during spring at six different locations, with continuous forest along streams or rivers, outside of Karlstad, Sweden. Animals were searched along four lines parallel to the water and each study area was visited five times. Statistical analyses were made for grass snake (Natrix natrix), common lizard (Lacerta vivipara) and frogs with joined data of common frog (Rana temporaria) and moor frog (R. arvalis). As expected both reptiles were positively correlated with per cent deciduous trees, with the strongest significance for the common lizard. For grass snake there was also a difference between survey periods, which might reflect the importance of weather. Frogs revealed no trends to trees, but there was a significant difference for habitat characteristics like amount woody debris and per cent bare ground. None of the species were correlated with distance from water which was surprising, especially for the frogs which is more dependent on water than the reptiles. Grass snakes hunt in the water, but the common lizard has no such associations to the water, yet the latter did reveal a slight trend towards being more numerous closer to the water. The causes behind lacking correlation to distance from water may be many, but water characteristics seem very important. Many amphibians prefer warm and calm ponds over running water that in general are colder and likely to inhabit more predators. It was assumed that the amphibians breed in the streams or rivers, but it is possible that other water bodies may have served as breeding sites, which mean the starting point was incorrect.

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Queissada, Ingrid Carolline Soares Tiburcio [UNESP]. "Diversidade da herpetofauna de uma área de Mata Atlântica do estado de Alagoas: a reserva particular da usina Porto Rico, Campo Alegre." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/99537.

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Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)
A Mata Atlântica é reconhecida internacionalmente como uma das 25 hotspots do planeta e engloba áreas com elevado endemismo, grande diversidade de espécies e fortes pressões antrópicas. É a segunda floresta mais ameaçada e abriga muitas espécies com risco de extinção. Os anfíbios e répteis constituem a chamada herpetofauna, formando um grupo que se destaca em quase todos os habitats terrestres e também são abundantes e importantes em ambientes aquáticos. No Brasil esse grupo está representado por 841 espécies de anfíbios, e 701 espécies de répteis. A maior diversidade desse grupo de animais ocorre em florestas tropicais úmidas, porém o frequente processo de fragmentação que estas florestas vêm sofrendo pode causar efeitos como a redução e até a extinção de populações. O presente estudo foi realizado na Reserva Particular da Usina Porto Rico e seu entorno, município de Campo Alegre, estado de Alagoas. O trabalho teve como principal objetivo conhecer a composição de espécies da herpetofauna na Reserva e comparar área de borda e área de interior de mata em relação à composição de espécies. Para as análises estatísticas só foram utilizados dados obtidos com o uso das armadilhas de interceptação e queda. Durante o período de junho de 2006 a agosto de 2007 foram registradas 29 espécies de anuros, 17 espécies de lagartos e 19 espécies de serpentes, capturados pelos métodos de busca ativa e de armadilhas de interceptação e queda e através de encontros acidentais. A composição herpetofaunística foi bastante similar quando comparados interior e borda de mata (coeficiente de Jaccard = 0,75862). Uma espécie típica de áreas abertas, Physalaemus cuvieri, foi a mais abundante tanto no interior da mata quanto na borda. Uma espécie considerada rara, Macrogenioglottus alipioi, foi encontrada na área de estudo enfatizando a importância da conservação desse remanescente florestal.
Atlantic Forest is internationally recognized as one of the 25 hotspots on the planet which embodies high endemism and high diversity areas over strong anthropic influence. This forest composing the second mort threatened forest, and representing an unique shelter for many endangered species. Amphibians and reptiles constitute what we named herpetofauna. This group to detach about all terrestrials habitats also is important and abundant in aquatics environments. In Brazil, the herpetofauna represent 841 amphibians species, and, 701 reptiles species. Its diversity occurs mainly within rain forests, but in these forests the frequent fragmentation processes may result on severe effects such as population reduction as extinct species. This study was developed at Usina Porto Rico Particular Reserve, Campo Alegre municipal district, Alagoas State. This aim of this work was to know the herpetofauna species composition in Reserve and to compare edge and interior of the forest. Only used data obtained about pittfall traps to statistical analyzes. From June 2006 to August 2007, 29 amphibians species, 17 lizards species and 19 snakes species were registered about pitfall traps and active look search and about accidental encounter. The herpetofauna composition was similar between edge and interior of the forest (Jaccard coefficient = 0,75862). One specie, Physalaemus cuvieri, typical of the open areas, was the most abundant in the edge as much as interior of the forest. One rare specie Macrogenioglottus alipioi was found within the studied área, pointing out the importance of this Forest remnant conservation.
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Laurencio, David Edelman. "Environmental correlates to amphibian and reptile diversity in Costa Rica." [College Station, Tex. : Texas A&M University, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/ETD-TAMU-1675.

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Quinn, Alexander E., and n/a. "EVOLUTION OF SEX-DETERMINING MECHANISMS IN REPTILES." University of Canberra. Institute for Applied Ecology, 2008. http://erl.canberra.edu.au./public/adt-AUC20090311.120346.

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Reptiles exhibit marked diversity in sex-determining mechanisms. Many species exhibit genotypic sex determination (GSD) with male heterogamety (XX females/XY males), others have GSD with female heterogamety (ZW females/ZZ males), and still others exhibit temperature-dependent sex determination (TSD). The distribution of these mechanisms throughout the reptile phylogeny implies evolutionary lability in sex determination, and in some lineages there has been a number of transitions between GSD and TSD. Despite this diversity, GSD and TSD have traditionally been viewed as mutually-exclusive mechanisms of sex determination in reptiles, since there is little evidence for their co-occurrence. Considerable empirical and theoretical effort has been directed towards understanding the adaptive significance of TSD in reptiles. In comparison, there has been little focus on understanding how evolutionary transitions between GSD and TSD occur at a genetic and mechanistic level. I addressed this question by applying both empirical and theoretical approaches to investigate interaction of genotypic and temperature influences in the sex determination of two endemic species of Australian lizards. The three-lined skink, Bassiana duperreyi, has XX/XY chromosomal sex determination, yet a previous investigation reported a significant male bias in the sex ratio of eggs incubated at low temperatures. To enable an explicit test for temperature induced sex reversal in this species, a 185 bp Y chromosome marker was isolated by Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism (AFLP) analysis. The marker was subsequently converted into a duplex PCR assay that co-amplified a 185 bp (or 92 bp) Y chromosome fragment and a 356 bp fragment of the single-copy nuclear gene C-mos (from both sexes) as a positive control. The accuracy of the PCR sex assay was tested on 78 individuals for which sex reversal was not expected. PCR genotype and sex phenotype were concordant for 96% of the animals. This is one of the very few sex tests developed for a reptile, and the first report of Y chromosome sequence from a reptile. The PCR assay was subsequently applied to genotype hatchlings from both cool (16-7.5C) and warm (22-7.5C) cyclical incubation temperature treatments, and identified sex reversal in 15% of genotypically female (XX) embryos (n=26) from the cool treatment, but no sex reversal in eggs from the warmer treatment (n=35). Thus, low incubation temperatures can over-ride genotypic sex determination in B. duperreyi, indicating that GSD and TSD co-occur in this species. The Central bearded dragon, Pogona vitticeps (Agamidae), has ZZ/ZW chromosomal sex determination, and is a member of a lizard family in which GSD and TSD are both widespread, indicating evolutionary lability in sex determination. AFLP analysis was applied to isolate homologous Z and W chromosome-linked markers (71 bp and 72 bp, respectively) from this species. The AFLP sequences were subsequently extended into larger genomic fragments by a reiterated genome walking procedure, producing three non-overlapping contigs of 1.7 kb, 2.2 kb and 4.5 kb. The latter two fragments were verified as distinct, homologous Z/W chromosome fragments by PCR analyses. An amplified 3 kb fragment of the 4.5 kb contig was physically mapped to metaphase spreads, identifying the W microchromosome, and for the first time in this species, the Z microchromosome. PCR analyses indicated the presence of homologous sequences in other Australian agamid species, including both GSD and TSD species. The isolated sequences should therefore prove useful as a comparative genomic tool for investigating the genomic changes that have occurred in evolutionary transitions between sexdetermining mechanisms in agamids, by enabling the identification of chromosomes in TSD species that are homologous to the sex chromosomes of P. vitticeps. The isolated sequences were further converted into a duplex DNA sex assay that co-amplified a 224 bp W chromosome fragment and a 963 bp positive control fragment in both sexes. This PCR assay diagnosed chromosomal sex in three Pogona species, but was not effective outside the genus. Incubation treatment of P. vitticeps eggs revealed a strong and increasing female bias at high constant temperatures (34-36C), but an unbiased sex ratio between 22-32C. Hatchlings from three clutches split between 28C and 34 or 36C incubation treatments were genotyped with the W chromosome AFLP marker. At 28C, the sex ratio was 1:1 but the high temperature treatments produced 2 males and 33 females. All but one of the 30 lizards (97%) incubated at 28C had concordant sex phenotype and genotype, but only 18 of 35 animals (51%) from the high temperature treatment were concordant. All discordant animals were genotypic males (ZZ) that developed as females. Thus, temperature and genotypic influences can interact to determine sex in P. vitticeps. These empirical findings for B. duperreyi and P. vitticeps were extended into a novel theory for the evolution of sex-determining mechanisms in reptiles, working within the framework that species with temperature-induced reversal of chromosomal sex determination are a window to transitional stages of evolution between GSD and TSD. A model was derived from the observation that in both lizards, an extreme of incubation temperature causes sex reversal of the homogametic genotype. In this model, the strength of a genetic regulatory signal for sex determination must exceed a threshold for development of the homogametic sex to occur (male in Pogona, female in Bassiana). The strength of this signal is also temperature-sensitive, so diminishes at extremes of temperature. Simulation modelling demonstrated that increasing the relative magnitude of the threshold for sexual development can cause evolutionary transitions between GSD and TSD. Even more remarkably, decreasing the relative magnitude of the threshold value causes an evolutionary transition between female and male heterogametic GSD. Quantitative adjustment of a single model parameter (the threshold value) thus charts a continuous evolutionary pathway between the three principal mechanisms of sex determination in reptiles (XX/XY-ZZ/ZW-TSD), which were previously considered to be qualitatively distinct mechanisms. The experimental demonstration of temperature-induced reversal of chromosomal sex determination in both B. duperreyi and P. vitticeps presents a challenge to the traditional view that reptilian sex determination is strictly dichotomous (GSD or TSD), and suggests instead that sex determination in reptiles consists of a continuum of systems of interaction between genotypic and temperature influences. Simulation modelling provided solid theoretical support for this proposition, demonstrating that transitions along this continuum are effected simply through shifts in the mean population value for the sex-determining threshold, without requiring substantial genotypic innovation. An important implication of this theory is that transitions between XX/XY and ZZ/ZW modes of GSD may retain the same sex chromosome pair, and the same primary sexdetermining gene, in contrast to previous models for heterogametic transitions. A more immediate implication of these findings is that many reptile species believed to have strict TSD (in particular, lizards and crocodilians), may in fact have a sex-determining system of GSD-TSD interaction, where there is an equilibrium between GSD and TSD individuals within the population.
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Books on the topic "Reptile"

1

Mccarthy, Colin. Reptile (Reptiles). S.l: Dorling Kindersley, 2004.

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Burton, John A. Reptile. New York: DK Pub., 1998.

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McCarthy, Colin. Reptile. New York: Knopf, 1991.

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ill, Shone Karl, ed. Reptile. New York: Knopf, 1991.

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ill, Shone Karl, ed. Reptile. New York: Dorling Kindersley, 2000.

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Kaspar, Anna. What's a reptile? =: Qué es un reptil? New York: PowerKids Press, 2012.

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Hackbarth, Rolf. Reptile diseases. Neptune City, NJ: T.F.H. Publications, 1990.

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J, Jennings Terry. Reptile park. Mankato, Minn: QEB Pub., 2011.

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Hall, Gaston. Reptile rhymes. Kenilworth: H.G. Hall, 2002.

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McLean, Robin. Reptile House. Rochester, NY: BOA Editions Ltd., 2015.

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Book chapters on the topic "Reptile"

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Vickaryous, Matthew K., and Katherine E. McLean. "Reptile Embryology." In Methods in Molecular Biology, 439–55. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-61779-210-6_17.

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Schneider, Carrington S., James T. Pokines, Ericka N. L’Abbé, and Briana Pobiner. "Reptile Taphonomy." In Manual of Forensic Taphonomy, 667–94. 2nd ed. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003171492-19.

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Girling, Simon J. "Reptile Diagnostic Imaging." In Veterinary Nursing of Exotic Pets, 337–45. West Sussex, UK: Blackwell Publishing, Ltd,., 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118782941.ch23.

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Saviola, Anthony J., and Juan J. Calvete. "Reptile Venom Disintegrins." In Handbook of Venoms and Toxins of Reptiles, 211–24. 2nd ed. Second edition. | Boca Raton : CRC Press, 2021.: CRC Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780429054204-17.

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Ahmed, Mushtaq, Wasim Ahmad, Nadia Mushtaq, Rehmat Ali Khan, and Maria Rosa Chitolina Schetinger. "Reptile Venom Acetylcholinesterases." In Handbook of Venoms and Toxins of Reptiles, 445–52. 2nd ed. Second edition. | Boca Raton : CRC Press, 2021.: CRC Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780429054204-33.

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Weinstein, Scott A. "Reptile Venom Glands." In Handbook of Venoms and Toxins of Reptiles, 99–122. 2nd ed. Second edition. | Boca Raton : CRC Press, 2021.: CRC Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780429054204-10.

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Williams, David L. "The Reptile Eye." In Ophthalmology of Exotic Pets, 159–96. West Sussex, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118709627.ch10.

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Kemp, T. S. "1. What is a reptile?" In Reptiles: A Very Short Introduction, 1–18. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780198806417.003.0001.

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There are close to 10,000 different species of reptiles, with five different kinds of living animals making up the Class Reptilia: chelonians (turtles and tortoises); lizards; snakes; crocodilians; and the tuatara of New Zealand. ‘What is a reptile?’ explains that despite their huge range of body forms and ways of life, zoologists recognize them all as reptiles because of the fundamental characters that they all share, including dry and scaly skin, the ability to excrete urine waste as a solid, and the reproductive process of laying amniotic eggs on dry land. The evolutionary adaptations for moving to life on dry land, which began about 320 million years ago, are explained.
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"REPTILE." In Albatross, 21. University of Pittsburgh Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvthhdc3.16.

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Denver, Mary C. "Reptile Protozoa." In Zoo and Wild Animal Medicine, 154–59. Elsevier, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-141604047-7.50022-1.

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Conference papers on the topic "Reptile"

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Heckenberg, Daniel, Joseph Hegarty, and Jean Pascal leBlanc. "RepTile." In ACM SIGGRAPH 2014 Talks. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2614106.2614146.

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Jhang, Shang-Jhih, and Chi-Yi Tsai. "Reptile Meta-Tracking." In 2019 16th IEEE International Conference on Advanced Video and Signal Based Surveillance (AVSS). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/avss.2019.8909863.

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Chavan cholke, Puja, Pritam Shinde, Pratiksha Shinde, Sanket Shinde, Shobit Shinde, and Suyash Shinde. "Augmented Reptile Feeder." In 2022 IEEE Pune Section International Conference (PuneCon). IEEE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/punecon55413.2022.10014933.

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Baharudin, Erwan, and Ernawati Ernawati. "Kinship with Reptile: New Meaning of Kinship in Family Reptile Lovers." In International Conference on Social Sciences, Humanities, Economics and Law. EAI, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4108/eai.5-9-2018.2281261.

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Ganesh, S., S. Arun Kumar, and V. Manidheep. "Path planning using RISC reptile robot." In 2013 International Conference on Green Computing, Communication and Conservation of Energy (ICGCE). IEEE, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icgce.2013.6823506.

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Santos, P., J. Alves, and P. Carneiro. "Monitoring and control of a reptile terrarium." In 2014 11th International Conference on Remote Engineering and Virtual Instrumentation (REV). IEEE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/rev.2014.6784268.

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Huang, Zezhou, and Eugene Wu. "Reptile: Aggregation-level Explanations for Hierarchical Data." In SIGMOD/PODS '22: International Conference on Management of Data. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3514221.3517854.

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"Innovative Strengthening of Antwerp Zoo's Reptile Building." In SP-215: Field Applications of FRP Reinforcement: Case Studies. American Concrete Institute, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.14359/12874.

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Kan, Tai-Jung, and Chia-Hui Chang. "Home Appliance Review Analysis Via Adversarial Reptile." In WI-IAT '21: IEEE/WIC/ACM International Conference on Web Intelligence. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3486622.3493958.

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Rajput, Shweta, Resham Chawra, Palash Shirish Wani, and Satyasai Jagannath Nanda. "Noisy Sonar Image Segmentation using Reptile Search Algorithm." In 2022 International Conference on Connected Systems & Intelligence (CSI). IEEE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/csi54720.2022.9923950.

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Reports on the topic "Reptile"

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Coonan, Timothy, Lena Lee, and Laura Shaskey. Reptile and amphibian monitoring: Channel Islands National Park 2010–2015 annual report. National Park Service, June 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/nrr-2286638.

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Lozar, Robert C., and James D. Westervelt. Application of Maxent Multivariate Analysis to Define Reptile Species Distributions and Changes Related to Climate Change. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, June 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ad1012035.

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Moseley, Kurtis R., W. Mark Ford, John W. Edwards, and Mary B. Adams. Reptile, amphibian, and small mammal species associated with natural gas development in the Monongahela National Forest, West Virginia. Newtown Square, PA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northern Research Station, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.2737/nrs-rp-10.

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Teralene S. Foxx, Timothy K. Haarmann, and David C. Keller. Amphibians and Reptiles of Los Alamos County. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), October 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/15211.

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Corn, Paul Stephen, and R. Bruce Bury. Sampling methods for terrestrial amphibians and reptiles. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.2737/pnw-gtr-256.

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Garavito Mendoza, Lina María, and N. Naranjo Robayo. Reptiles de los Cerros Orientales de Bogotá. Universidad Militar Nueva Granada, November 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.18359/litgris.7039.

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Los reptiles, animales de “sangre fría” o ectotermos, están cubiertos de escamas y tal vez son uno de los animales que causa más curiosidad entre las personas cuando tienen la posibilidad de verlos, una curiosidad que por nuestra historia cultural y por el escaso conocimiento a disposición del público, ha derivado en miles de mitos y leyendas que lastimosamente termina costándole la vida a estos inofensivos animales. Entre bosques, potreros, casas, jardines de Bogotá D.C. y sus alrededores se puede encontrar seis especies de reptiles únicos en el mundo. Dos de ellas son serpientes, la serpiente de pantano (Liophis bimaculatus), la serpiente sabanera (Atractus crassicaudatus); y cuatro son lagartijas, el “camaleón sabanero” (Anolis heterodermus), las lagartijas de tierra (Anadia bogotensis y Riama striata) y el lagarto collarejo (Stenocercus trachycephalus). Ninguno de estos reptiles representa peligro alguno para los seres humanos. Por el contrario, estos animales, que solo se pueden encontrar en nuestro país, han vivido aquí desde antes que el humano cruzara el estrecho de Bering, por lo que hacen parte del equilibrio natural que tienen nuestros páramos y bosques andinos. Estos reptiles se desplazan entre piedras y ramas para tomar el sol, de esta forma obtienen la energía necesaria para comenzar su día. Entre la maleza se ocultan, al acecho de pequeñas moscas y otros insectos, de los cuales se alimentan, también cavan túneles finos bajo tierra, los cuales nos ayudan a mantener las raíces de nuestros cultivos sanas y oxigenadas. Estos servicios gratuitos son apenas una muestra de los servicios ecosistémicos que nos brindan las lagartijas y serpientes de Bogotá, esto evidencia lo mucho que necesitamos estar en equilibrio con el mundo natural. Por ello es importante crear y mantener en buen estado los ambientes urbanos verdes, así nuestra fauna nativa puede encontrar los refugios necesarios para vivir. Y en estos ambientes podemos observar, aprender y admirar nuestra biodiversidad. La cual lleva mucho tiempo adaptándose al ambiente bogotano, y de ellos, es preciso de quienes debemos aprender para afrontar problemáticas ambientales actuales y futuras. Dado el historial de colonización que ha vivido La Sabana de Bogotá, tal vez nunca sepamos cuál era la herpetofauna (especies de reptiles y anfibios) original que habitaba en los Cerros Orientales. Hoy sabemos lo que nos queda, sabemos que son especies únicas o endémicas de Colombia, que se encuentran en distintos grados de amenaza (peligro de extinción), en su mayoría debido a la acelerada expansión urbana, la cual cambia las condiciones bioclimáticas dentro de las cuales estos reptiles han vivído durante muchos años. Además junto con la ciudad llegan nuevos depredadores introducidos, como ratas y gatos, quienes diesman las poblaciones de fauna endémica de forma crítica. Por lo cual, somos afortunados de tener la oportunidad aún de conocerlos y conservar los sitios claves para que puedan seguir ejerciendo sus servicios ecosistémicos por mucho tiempo más. Existen muchos relatos y mitos que rodean a los reptiles, los cuales nacieron como arte de supervivencia de nuestros ancestros, pero gracias a la curiosidad nata de los seres humanos, base de los avances científicos, hoy en día podemos descartar varios mitos respecto a su peligrosidad, que aún persisten en el imaginativo colectivo. Los reptiles de Bogotá no son especies venenosas, no pican con la cola, tampoco se meten en la nariz de las personas, ni se pegan a la piel o chupan leche de las vacas. Por ello, el conocimiento es la mejor herramienta que tenemos como humanidad para poder superar el miedo a lo que no conocemos bien. Por tal razón, se realizó esta cartilla, una herramienta que sirve para poder identificar las distintas especies de reptiles bogotanos. Finalmente, los invito a aprender sobre la mayor riqueza que poseemos, nuestras especies nativas y sus distintas interacciones con la naturaleza que nos rodea.
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7

Sperry, Jinelle H. Reptiles and Amphibians of Fairchild Air Force Base, WA. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, May 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada582968.

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Bazhenov, YU A. REPTILES OF THE ZABAIKALSKY REGION: STUDY AND PROTECTION ISSUES. Ljournal, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.18411/2020-3108-7784-59812.

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Korbin, John. X-ray CT Scans - New Mexico Reptiles - Set 1. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), August 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1813910.

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Russell, D. A. Jurassic marine reptiles from Cape Grassy, Melville Island, Arctic Canada. Natural Resources Canada/ESS/Scientific and Technical Publishing Services, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/194022.

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