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1
Igna, Violeta. "Artificial insemination in dog – techniques and associated problems." Practica Veterinara.ro 1, no. 1 (April 19, 2018): 58–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.26416/pv.30.1.2018.1598.
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The requirements of dog owners regarding assisted reproduction have been gradually increasing over the last period of time. Artificial insemination in dog has become a common demand in veterinary clinics nowadays. The practitioner’s knowledge of the canine reproductive physiology and pathology associated with the skills required to perform specific procedures are essential to ensure success and to avoid problems in the use of artificial insemination in dogs. The aim of this paper is to revise the current knowledge about the techniques used in artificial insemination and some problems associated to these techniques.
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Praxedes, Érica Camila Gurgel, Gislayne Christianne Xavier Peixoto, Andréia Maria da Silva, and Alexandre Rodrigues Silva. "Reproduction in agouti (Dasyprocta spp.): A review of reproductive physiology for developing assisted reproductive techniques." Animal Reproduction 15, no. 4 (2018): 1181–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.21451/1984-3143-ar2018-0058.
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Campbell, Madeleine L. H. "Ethics: use and misuse of assisted reproductive techniques across species." Reproduction and Fertility 2, no. 3 (August 2, 2021): C23—C28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/raf-21-0004.
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The boundaries of what we are able to do using ARTs are fast-moving. In both human and veterinary medicine, this presents a fundamental question: ‘Just because we can, should we?’ or, to rephrase the same question: ‘How can we distinguish between what is a use and a misuse of an ART, across species?’ This paper assesses the scientific evidence base for and against the use of ARTs and offers a personal opinion on how we can use such evidence to inform an ethical distinction between justifiable and unjustifiable uses of the techniques. It is argued that the law provides a necessary but insufficient basis for such distinctions. Based on the evidence about harms and benefits, ARTs may be classified into three groups: those which should be rarely used; those for which current evidence supports arguments both for and against their use and those which there is an ethical imperative to use. To which category a particular ART falls into varies depending upon the species to which it is being applied and the reason we are using it. In order to ensure that our ethical oversight keeps up with our technical prowess, the medical and veterinary professions should keep discussing and debating the moral basis of the use of ARTs, not only with each other but also with the lay public. Lay summary The use of assisted reproductive techniques (ARTs) has become commonplace in both human and veterinary medicine. Technical limitations are rapidly advancing. This raises a fundamental issue: ‘How can we distinguish between what is a use and a misuse of an ART, across species?’. ‘Misuse’ may be defined both in terms of physical and psychological harms and of moral disquiet about ‘interfering with nature’. This paper assesses the scientific evidence base for and against the use of ARTs and provides a personal opinion on how we can use such evidence to inform an ethical distinction between justifiable and unjustifiable uses of the techniques. We need to consider not only legal but also non-legal ethical justifications for their use. Based on the evidence about harms and benefits, ARTs may be classified into three groups: those which should be rarely used; those for which current evidence supports arguments both for and against their use and those for which there is an ethical imperative to use. To which category a particular ART falls into varies depending upon the species to which it is being applied and the reason we are using it. Open discussion between the medical and veterinary professions and the public is necessary to ensure that ethical oversight of the use of ARTs across species keeps up with technical developments.
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Nagashima, Jennifer B., and Nucharin Songsasen. "Canid Reproductive Biology: Norm and Unique Aspects in Strategies and Mechanisms." Animals 11, no. 3 (March 1, 2021): 653. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11030653.
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The reproductive physiology of canids is unique compared to other mammalian species. Specifically, the reproductive cycle of female canids is characterized by extended periods of proestrus and estrus followed by obligatory diestrus and protracted ovarian inactivity (anestrus). Although canid reproduction follows this general pattern, studies have shown variations in reproductive biology among species and geographic regions. Understanding of these differences is critical to the development of assisted reproductive technologies including estrus induction, gamete rescue, and embryo production techniques for canid conservation efforts. This review summarizes current knowledge of canid reproduction, including estrus cyclicity, seasonality, and seminal traits, with the emphasis on species diversity. The application of reproductive technologies in wild canid conservation will also be discussed.
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EBERHARDT, MARIA, WOJCIECH NIŻAŃSKI, WANDA OLECH, and SYLWIA PROCHOWSKA. "Assisted reproductive techniques in wisents: Achievements and further challenges." Medycyna Weterynaryjna 77, no. 06 (2021): 279–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.21521/mw.6539.
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The current population of wisents (Bison bonasus, Linnaeus 1758) originates from only 12 individuals that survived World War II in zoos and private enclosures. For better preservation of genetic variability, research is being conducted to introduce assisted reproductive techniques in this species. In this article, we describe the current state of knowledge and prospects for further development in this field. The article is divided into sections dealing with semen collection and preservation, artificial insemination, oocyte collection, in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer, and further challenges.
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Ververs, C., M. Van Zijl Langhout, J. Govaere, and A. Van Soom. "Features of reproduction and assisted reproduction in the white (Ceratotherium simum) and black (Diceros bicornis) rhinoceros." Vlaams Diergeneeskundig Tijdschrift 84, no. 4 (August 31, 2015): 175–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.21825/vdt.v84i4.16593.
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Despite the worldwide increase of rhinoceros calf numbers, the growth of the population of white and black rhinoceros is slowing down mainly due to anthropogenic causes, such as poaching and habitat loss. Assisted reproduction is one of the methods of preserving the valuable genomes of these animals from being lost, and assists in breeding them in captivity to maintain the specie(s) numbers and provide an option for possible reintroduction into the wild. Since wild rhinoceros are difficult to handle and examine clinically, most of the current information available on their reproductive characteristics has been gained from captive rhinoceros populations. Nevertheless, very little is known about rhinoceros reproduction. Since the rhinoceros belongs to the odd-toed ungulates (Perissodactyls) group, like the horse and the tapir, the horse has been proposed as a suitable model to study reproduction and artificial reproductive techniques in the rhinoceros. In this review, the current knowledge of the reproduction of the rhinoceros is summarized.
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Akhtar, Muhammad Faheem, Muhammad Shafiq, and Ilyas Ali. "Improving Gander Reproductive Efficacy in the Context of Globally Sustainable Goose Production." Animals 12, no. 1 (December 27, 2021): 44. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani12010044.
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The goose is a popular poultry species, and in the past two decades the goose industry has become highly profitable across the globe. Ganders low reproductive performance remains a barrier to achieving high fertility and hatchability in subsequent flocks. To address the global demand for cheaper animal protein, various methodologies for improving avian (re)production should be explored. A large amount of literature is available on reproduction traits and techniques for commercial chicken breeder flocks, while research on improved reproduction in ganders has been carried out to a lesser extent. The present review aims to provide a comprehensive literature overview focusing on recent advancements/techniques used in improving gander reproductive efficacy in the context of ensuring a globally sustainable goose industry.
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Kochan, Joanna, Wojciech Niżański, Nei Moreira, Zalmir Silvino Cubas, Agnieszka Nowak, Sylwia Prochowska, Agnieszka Partyka, Wiesława Młodawska, and Józef Skotnicki. "ARTs in wild felid conservation programmes in Poland and in the world." Journal of Veterinary Research 63, no. 3 (September 13, 2019): 457–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jvetres-2019-0043.
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Abstract With the exception of the domestic cat, all felid species (Felidae) are currently threatened with extinction in their natural habitat. To develop effective and optimal wild cat conservation programmes with assisted reproductive technology (ART) it is necessary to combine advances from different disciplines of science, starting from the biology of the species, through research into the population and habitat, assisted reproductive technologies, establishment of gene banks, developing bioinformatic systems, and ending with biodiversity and endangered species management. In the last few years knowledge of felid reproduction has expanded considerably thanks to comparative studies utilising the domestic cat as a research model for endangered wild cats. Basic reproductive techniques utilised in both domestic cat breeding and rescuing wild felid populations that are threatened with extinction include semen collection and cryopreservation, artificial insemination, oocyte collection, in vitro maturation, in vitro fertilisation, somatic cloning, and embryo transfer. The main directions in which assisted reproductive technologies are being developed in wild cat conservation implementations and the contribution of Polish research centres in advancing these methods are presented.
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O'Connor, C., and A. M. Traas. "Advanced canine reproductive techniques: the most current approaches in breeding management." Journal of Veterinary Behavior 4, no. 6 (November 2009): 256–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jveb.2009.06.012.
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Rekwot, P. I., V. O. Sekoni, S. P. Mallam, E. K. Bawa, Y. U. Abubakar, and C. B. I. Alawa. "Basic principles of nuclear techniques and applications in livestock production." Nigerian Journal of Animal Production 33, no. 1 (January 16, 2021): 128–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.51791/njap.v33i1.2220.
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It is known. that many of the advances which have been made in improving the feeding, fertility and health of livestock in developed countries would not have been possible without nuclear tech-niques. Nuclear techniques have been used by scientists to study and understand those biological processes which are responsible for growth, reproduction and disease resistance in animals. Tracer tech-niques based on isotopes have been used for tagging feed constituents, amino acids and other metabolites, whereby their fate .can be fol-lowed within the digestive system and other parts of the body. This forms an integral part of the armoury used by animal nutritionists to establish the nutri-tional value of all the materials potentially available to feed animals. The development and use of highly sensitive immunoassay methods, to measure the minute quantities. of reproductive hormones in the blood enables us to determine when. animals are ready- for breeding, check whether animals have been inseminated at the correct time, diagnose pregnancy early enough, and devise corrective measures for reproductive disorders and improve the efficiency of artificial insemination and embryo transfer programmes. Radioisotopic methods have been used to study the immune system. to examine infectious agents and how they Stimulate this system, and to develop specific and sensitive methods for development of veterinary vaccines and diagnostic tests.
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KRAWCZYK, ALEKSANDRA, and JADWIGA JAWORSKA-ADAMU. "Activation of sperm in the female reproductive tract in mammals." Medycyna Weterynaryjna 76, no. 09 (2020): 6445–2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.21521/mw.6445.
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The formation of a new diploidal organism is preceded by a series of mutual interactions of haploidal gametes. This process is very complicated and requires the prior activation of reproductive cells. Male gametes eventually mature in the female reproductive tract, acquiring mobility and fertilization. This process takes place in two stages. Sperms are first capacitated. This phenomenon is reversible and leads to structural, cytophysiological and biochemical changes in the sperm plasma membrane as well as to the sperm hyperactivation. Then, due to the contact with the zona pellucida of the oocyte, the irreversible acrosome reaction occurs. This process involves the fusion of the sperm plasma membrane with the outer membrane of the acrosome, the release of enzymes and exposure of the inner acrosome membrane. This enables sperm to penetrate towards the perivitelline space and oolemma. Contact with the oocyte initiates a series of interactions leading to egg activation and the fusion of gametes. Each of these stages involves many different factors that result in the recognition, attraction and adhesion of reproductive cells. Knowledge about the activation mechanisms can improve the effectiveness of supported and controlled reproduction techniques.
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Turysbayeva, Gulzat, Isatay Jakupov, Aisulu Kuzerbayeva, and Zhanargul Zharkimbayeva. "Advanced Assessing Techniques of the Reproductive Performance of Bulls." American Journal of Animal and Veterinary Sciences 18, no. 1 (January 1, 2023): 19–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.3844/ajavsp.2023.19.26.
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Khan, Imran, Ayman Mesalam, Yun Seok Heo, Seo-Hyun Lee, Ghulam Nabi, and Il-Keun Kong. "Heat Stress as a Barrier to Successful Reproduction and Potential Alleviation Strategies in Cattle." Animals 13, no. 14 (July 19, 2023): 2359. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani13142359.
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In recent decades, the adverse effects of global warming on all living beings have been unanimously recognized across the world. A high environmental temperature that increases the respiration and rectal temperature of cattle is called heat stress (HS), and it can affect both male and female reproductive functions. For successful reproduction and fertilization, mature and healthy oocytes are crucial; however, HS reduces the developmental competence of oocytes, which compromises reproduction. HS disturbs the hormonal balance that plays a crucial role in successful reproduction, particularly in reducing the luteinizing hormone and progesterone levels, which leads to severe problems such as poor follicle development with a poor-quality oocyte and problems related to maturity, silent estrus, abnormal or weak embryo development, and pregnancy loss, resulting in a declining reproduction rate and losses for the cattle industry. Lactating cattle are particularly susceptible to HS and, hence, their reproduction rate is substantially reduced. Additionally, bulls are also affected by HS; during summer, semen quality and sperm motility decline, leading to compromised reproduction. In summer, the conception rate is reduced by 20–30% worldwide. Although various techniques, such as the provision of water sprinklers, shade, and air conditioning, are used during summer, these methods are insufficient to recover the normal reproduction rate and, therefore, special attention is needed to improve reproductive efficiency and minimize the detrimental effect of HS on cattle during summer. The application of advanced reproductive technologies such as the production of embryos in vitro, cryopreservation during the hot season, embryo transfer, and timed artificial insemination may minimize the detrimental effects of HS on livestock reproduction and recover the losses in the cattle industry.
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Kanyó, Katalin, J. Konc, L. Solti, and S. Cseh. "Assisted reproductive research: Laser assisted hatching and spindle detection (spindle view technique)." Acta Veterinaria Hungarica 52, no. 1 (January 1, 2004): 113–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/avet.52.2004.1.11.
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Animal experiments are very important for the development of new assisted reproductive techniques (ART) for use in human and animal reproductive medicine. Most technical aspects of reproductive manipulation of humans and animals are very similar, and many components of successful human ART used nowadays have been derived from animal studies. In this study we examined (1) the use of 'non-contact' laser for assisted hatching, (2) whether spindles in living mouse oocytes could safely be imaged/examined by polarisation microscope (polscope) and (3) the influence of environment (e.g. temperature, in vitro culture, etc.) on spindle detection/visualisation. The data of the study presented here show that (1) laser assisted hatching (AH) is a fast, very accurate and safe procedure without any harmful effect on embryo development and it can support very effectively the implantation of embryos, (2) the use of polscope facilitates the evaluation of oocyte quality and the selection of oocytes with spindle, (3) by monitoring the spindle position during intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI), we can reduce spindle damage and increase the chance of fertilisation. Further studies are underway to test the hypothesised connection between spindle birefringence and developmental capacity of oocytes/embryos.
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Phatak, A. P., and H. L. Whitmore. "Greater participation by veterinarians in the reproductive management of dairy cattle." Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 199, no. 1 (July 1, 1991): 74–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.2460/javma.1991.199.01.74.
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Summary A program involving greater veterinary participation in detection of estrus and artificial insemination of cattle was evaluated in a 700-cow dairy herd from January 1987 through August 1988. Previous reproductive performance was below normal. First-service pregnancy rate from artificial insemination was 42%, and mean number of nonpregnant days for the cows was 120. Between postpartum days 55 and 62, all cows with functional corpus luteum assessed by rectal palpation were administered prostaglandin each Monday morning. Return visits were made to the herd each Thursday and Friday to observe cows and to inseminate those in estrus. On the other 5 days of the week, the owner or his employees inseminated all cows in estrus. The first-service pregnancy rate for 842 cows observed in estrus and inseminated by the veterinarian was 59%. The pregnancy rate for cows inseminated by the owner and his employees increased from 42% to 50%. The mean number of nonpregnant days for all 700 cows decreased from 120 to 98 days, resulting in approximately $46,000 of increased income for the dairyman or approximately a 4 to 1 return on investment in veterinary service. Results indicate that veterinarians could improve herd reproductive performance and solve chronic herd breeding problems by more actively participating with their clients in estrus detection and artificial insemination programs in cattle. The program allows practicing veterinarians an opportunity to observe cows for estrous behavior, establish their own pregnancy rate data, demonstrate to owners the importance of observing primary signs of estrus, and teach expert artificial insemination techniques.
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Prochowska, Sylwia, and Wojciech Niżański. "Infertility In Toms: Clinical approach, experiences and challenges." Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery 24, no. 9 (August 24, 2022): 837–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1098612x221118753.
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Practical relevance: An infertile tom used to be a relatively rare presentation in feline practice. However, as a result of breeding strategies targeting specific morphological/behavioural traits, and the influence of inbreeding (especially practised in rare breeds), among other factors, feline infertility has become a genuine clinical problem. Furthermore, increased interest among cat breeders and pet owners in diagnosing and treating an ‘unsuccessful’ tom (including using assisted reproductive techniques [ARTs]), has made such patients more commonplace in veterinary practice. Clinical challenges: A definitive cause for male infertility is often difficult to identify. One of the biggest challenges is the lack of fertility-based reference values for semen quality and hormone levels. Moreover, the literature in this field is scant and many reproductive tract conditions described in other species have not been reported in cats. The establishment of diagnostic tools and algorithms is essential to facilitate a reliable assessment of fertility potential. Global importance: There is a growing demand for appropriate veterinary care relating to feline reproduction. There is an expectation among breeders, particularly of pedigree cats of high breeding value, that the same options widely used for dogs (including ARTs) should also be available for cats. Equipment and technical skills: Equipment required for investigating male infertility includes a microscope and ultrasound machine; a blood analyser may also be useful, but samples can instead be sent to a laboratory. The skills required are often already performed by veterinarians; for example, catheterising the urethra, performing ultrasonography and blood sampling. Evidence base: There are some reports of fertility problems in male cats in the literature, but this area of feline reproduction is still relatively undeveloped. This review draws on the comprehensive knowledge developed and shared by specialists in this field, and is supported by the authors’ own clinical experience.
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Rola, Luciana Diniz, Marcos Eli Buzanskas, Luciana Magalhães Melo, Maiana Silva Chaves, Vicente José Figueirêdo Freitas, and José Maurício Barbanti Duarte. "Assisted Reproductive Technology in Neotropical Deer: A Model Approach to Preserving Genetic Diversity." Animals 11, no. 7 (June 30, 2021): 1961. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11071961.
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One of the most significant challenges in deer is the ability to maintain genetic diversity, avoiding inbreeding and sustaining population health and reproduction. Although our general knowledge of reproductive physiology is improving, it appears that the application of assisted reproductive technology (ART) will more efficiently advance wildlife conservation efforts and preserve genetic diversity. The purpose of this review is to present the most important results obtained with the use of ART in Neotropical deer. Thus, the state-of-the-art for estrus synchronization, semen technology, artificial insemination, and in vivo embryo production will be presented. In vitro embryo production (IVP) is also a biotechnology that is taking initial steps in deer. In this aspect, the approach with the proteomics of ovarian follicular fluid is being used as a tool for a better understanding of oocyte maturation. Finally, cell banks and the use of interspecific somatic cell nuclear transfer (iSCNT) as well as the use of stem cells for gametes differentiation are promising techniques.
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Zambelli, Daniele, and Marco Cunto. "Artificial Insemination in Queens in the Clinical Practice Setting: Protocols and challenges." Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery 24, no. 9 (August 24, 2022): 871–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1098612x221118756.
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Practical relevance: Despite substantial advances in assisted reproductive techniques having been recently reported in cats, the use of these is limited and routine application is still far from being a reality in veterinary clinics. Nevertheless, there is an increasing demand from domestic cat breeders for artificial insemination (AI) techniques that are already commonly used in dogs. Where natural breeding is not possible in tom cats and queens of high breeding value, AI could offer a solution. Clinical challenges: AI in cats is more difficult than in other species – both in terms of semen collection/handling and oestrous cycle management given that ovulation must be induced. Aim: For practitioners wishing to perform AI in queens, there are challenges to overcome, and a good understanding of the techniques and procedures involved is pivotal. This review aims to contribute to improved knowledge by providing an overview of AI protocols, encompassing choice of breeding animals, procedures for semen collection, oestrus and ovulation induction, AI techniques and equipment. Equipment and technical skills: Depending on the animals involved and the specific AI technique chosen, essential equipment may include an artificial vagina, electroejaculator, endoscope (sialendoscope, which can be fairly expensive) and special catheters for transcervical insemination. Other instrumentation and materials needed are typically readily available in a veterinary clinic. In general, no particular skills are needed to perform the procedures described in this review, with the exception of endoscopic transcervical catheterisation, where the ability to use an endoscope is required. Evidence base: The information and advice/recommendations provided are based on specific feline research and reviews published in scientific peer-reviewed journals, animal reproduction textbooks, and presentations at national and international congresses. The authors also drew on their own clinical experience with regard to the choice of protocols and procedures presented in this review.
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Korzekwa, Anna J., and Angelika M. Kotlarczyk. "Artificial Reproductive Technology (ART) Applied to Female Cervids Adapted from Domestic Ruminants." Animals 11, no. 10 (October 11, 2021): 2933. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11102933.
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There are about 150 Cervidae species on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Only a small part is counted among farm animals, and most of them are free roaming. The universality and large numbers of representatives of cervids such as red deer (Cervus elaphus) and roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) may predispose these species to be used as models for research on reintroduction or assisted reproduction of deer at risk of extinction. We outlined the historical fluctuation of cervids in Europe and the process of domestication, which led to breeding management. Consequently, the reproductive techniques used in domestic ruminants were adapted for use in female deer which we reviewed based on our results and other available results. We focused on stress susceptibility in cervids depending on habitat and antropopression and proposed copeptin as a novel diagnostic parameter suitable for stress determination. Some reproductive biotechniques have been adopted for female cervids with satisfactory results, e.g., in vitro fertilization, while others still require methodological refinement, e.g., cryopreservation of oocytes and embryos.
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Silva, Lúcia Daniel Machado da. "Canine and Feline Testicular Preservation." Animals 12, no. 1 (January 5, 2022): 124. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani12010124.
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The increased interest in breeding dogs and cats and their use as models for other canids and felids demand research to improve reproductive techniques. Among them, testicular cryopreservation stands out. Testicular cryopreservation enables the maintenance of reproductive capacity and allows the establishment of germplasm banks for several species of commercial value or at risk of extinction. Furthermore, it enables the transport of genetic material among different regions. It is noteworthy that this biotechnology represents the only possibility of preserving the fertility of prepubertal animals that have died, so it has great importance in the propagation of the genetic material of animals. The spermatogonia present in the testes can be cultivated in vitro and the sperm obtained can be used in artificial reproduction programs. Although advances have been achieved with the use of testicular fragments to obtain viable and functional germ cells, the establishment of protocols that can be used in clinical routine have not been concluded yet. The testicular cryopreservation process can be carried out through techniques such as slow freezing, fast freezing and vitrification. However, the protocols used for the canine and feline species are still in the experimental phase. Given the importance of the topic, the aim of this review is to draw a profile of the subject approaching the main works on testicular cryopreservation in dogs and cats.
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Flores-Contreras, Elda A., Jorge Alberto Carrasco-González, Daniel C. L. Linhares, Cesar A. Corzo, J. Israel Campos-Villalobos, Alexandra Henao-Díaz, Elda M. Melchor-Martínez, et al. "Emergent Molecular Techniques Applied to the Detection of Porcine Viruses." Veterinary Sciences 10, no. 10 (October 7, 2023): 609. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vetsci10100609.
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Molecular diagnostic tests have evolved very rapidly in the field of human health, especially with the arrival of the recent pandemic caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus. However, the animal sector is constantly neglected, even though accurate detection by molecular tools could represent economic advantages by preventing the spread of viruses. In this regard, the swine industry is of great interest. The main viruses that affect the swine industry are described in this review, including African swine fever virus (ASFV), porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV), and porcine circovirus (PCV), which have been effectively detected by different molecular tools in recent times. Here, we describe the rationale of molecular techniques such as multiplex PCR, isothermal methods (LAMP, NASBA, RPA, and PSR) and novel methods such as CRISPR-Cas and microfluidics platforms. Successful molecular diagnostic developments are presented by highlighting their most important findings. Finally, we describe the barriers that hinder the large-scale development of affordable, accessible, rapid, and easy-to-use molecular diagnostic tests. The evolution of diagnostic techniques is critical to prevent the spread of viruses and the development of viral reservoirs in the swine industry that impact the possible development of future pandemics and the world economy.
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Belina, Dinaol, Amare Eshetu, Sisay Alemu, Bekyad Shasho, Tajudin Mohammed, Ahmedin Mohammed, Bahar Mummed, and Dereje Regassa. "Reproductive Diseases and Disorders of Female Camels: An Assessment and Pathological and Bacteriological Study in Eastern Ethiopia." Veterinary Medicine International 2021 (February 13, 2021): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/6641361.
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Camels are the most efficient domesticated animals in arid and semiarid areas of the world. In Ethiopia, they are the main livestock kept to sustain the livelihoods of pastoralists, as camels are used for milk and meat production and also for transportation. However, she-camel reproductive diseases are one of the major constraints for camel-producing communities. A cross-sectional study was conducted from November 2018 to December 2019 to identify and characterize pathological lesions and isolate possible bacteria associated with reproductive diseases and disorders in she-camels slaughtered at Dire Dawa and Babille municipal abattoirs. A total of 155 study animals were examined by recruiting all she-camels slaughtered during every abattoir visit. Overall, 562 reproductive organs, the ovaries, oviducts, uterus, and cervix, were examined through observation, palpation, and incision, and the animal- and organ-level pathological lesion prevalence were found to be 29% and 64.6%, respectively. Degenerative changes, inflammatory lesions (endometritis and salpingitis), growth disturbances (e.g., ovarian hypoplasia), and noninflammatory lesions (e.g., noninflammatory edema) were the identified pathological lesions. Occurrences of pathological changes among reproductive organs had differences where significantly the highest proportion ( p = 0.00) was observed in the uteri. Of the 119 microbiological samples processed, 77.3% were positive for single or mixed bacterial genera, from which 7 different bacterial isolates and 14 other unidentified Gram-negative bacteria were detected. E. coli, Salmonella, and Staphylococcus spp. were the most frequently isolated organisms with 28.2%, 26.9%, and 12.8% frequencies, respectively. The result of the questionnaire survey showed 74% of the respondents had culled the she-camel at productive age because of poor reproductive performance associated with refused mating, abortion, and repeat breeding (poor conception). On the other hand, a majority of camel herders had poor to no information and access to modern veterinary services; nevertheless, they had good indigenous knowledge on how to manage reproductive abnormalities. Considering the importance of camels in our study area, further research on camel reproductive diseases and abnormalities with wider sample and epidemiology need to be conducted using molecular and hormonal assay techniques.
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Milićević, Vesna, Branislav Kureljušić, Ljubiša Veljović, Miroslav Valčić, Nataša Stević, Božidar Savić, and Sonja Radojičić. "The Performance of Seven Molecular Methods for the Detection of PRRSV." Acta Veterinaria 70, no. 1 (March 1, 2020): 51–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/acve-2020-0003.
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AbstractPorcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome is a viral disease of swine characterized by reproductive failure of breeding animals and respiratory disorders in all categories. The first PRRS case in Serbia was recorded in 2001 after illegal import of boar semen. PRRS is economically the most important disease due to significant direct and indirect losses. Today, for routine diagnosis of PRRS in infected herds serological methods (ELISA) and molecular methods are used. Although modern diagnostic techniques are very robust, exceptional diversity of the viral strains is often the obstacle for an accurate diagnosis. To estimate the performance of seven different methods for PRRSV genome detection, twenty samples were used. However, none of the methods was able to detect all PRRSV strains. The best sensitivity was obtained by combining two methods. Until today, there is no absolutely accurate test which enables the detection of all circulating strains.
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Tran, Helena, Malcolm McConville, and Panayiotis Loukopoulos. "Metabolomics in the study of spontaneous animal diseases." Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation 32, no. 5 (August 18, 2020): 635–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1040638720948505.
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Using analytical chemistry techniques such as nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and liquid or gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC/GC-MS), metabolomics allows detection of most endogenous and exogenous metabolites in a biological sample. Metabolomics has a wide range of applications, and has been employed in nutrition science, toxicology, environmental studies, and systems biology. Metabolomics is particularly useful in biomedical science, and has been used for diagnostic laboratory testing, identifying targets for drug development, and monitoring drug metabolism, mode of action, and toxicity. Despite its immense potential, metabolomics remains underutilized in the study of spontaneous animal diseases. Our aim was to comprehensively review the existing literature on the use of metabolomics in spontaneous veterinary diseases. Three databases were used to find journal articles that applied metabolomics in veterinary medicine. A screening process was then conducted to eliminate references that did not meet the eligibility criteria; only primary research studies investigating spontaneous animal disease were included; 38 studies met the inclusion criteria. The main techniques used were NMR and MS. All studies detected metabolite alterations in diseased animals compared with non-diseased animals. Metabolomics was mainly used to study diseases of the digestive, reproductive, and musculoskeletal systems. Inflammatory conditions made up the largest proportion of studies when articles were categorized by disease process. Following a comprehensive analysis of the literature on metabolomics in spontaneous veterinary diseases, we concluded that metabolomics, although in its early stages in veterinary research, is a promising tool regarding diagnosis, biomarker discovery, and in uncovering new insights into disease pathophysiology.
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Laseca, Nora, Gabriel Anaya, Zahira Peña, Yamila Pirosanto, Antonio Molina, and Sebastián Demyda Peyrás. "Impaired Reproductive Function in Equines: From Genetics to Genomics." Animals 11, no. 2 (February 3, 2021): 393. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11020393.
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Fertility is one of the key factors in the economic and productive success of the equine industry. Despite this, studies on the genetic causes affecting reproductive performance are scarce, especially in mares, where the genetic architecture of the reproductive traits is extremely complex. Today, with the increasing availability of new genomic methodologies for this species, we are presented with an interesting opportunity to understand the genetic basis of equine reproductive disorders. These include, among others, novel techniques for detecting chromosomal abnormalities, whose association with infertility in horses was established over 50 years ago; new sequencing technologies permitting an accurate detection of point mutations influencing fertility, as well as the study of inbreeding and molecular homozygosity, which has been widely suggested as one of the main causes of low reproductive performance in horses. Finally, over the last few years, reproductive performance has also been associated with copy number variants and candidate genes detected by genome-wide association studies on fertility traits. However, such studies are still scarce, probably because they depend on the existence of large and accurate phenotypic datasets of reproductive and/or fertility traits, which are still difficult to obtain in equines.
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Groppetti, Debora, Alessandro Pecile, Stefano Frattini, Giulio Pagnacco, and Silvana Arrighi. "Histological Feature of Ovarian Structures Throughout the Reproductive Cycle in Alpine Goats (Capra Hircus)." Macedonian Veterinary Review 42, no. 1 (March 1, 2019): 23–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/macvetrev-2018-0027.
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AbstractThe knowledge about ovarian physiology in small ruminants is still limited, especially when compared to other domestic species. Ovarian function in goats is mainly assessed by ultrasonographic techniques, whereas a quali-quantitative feature of the follicular and luteal structures throughout the reproductive cycle in naturally cycling goats is scarce. This study provides a detailed description of the functional morphology and size of 742 ovarian structures (follicles, corpora hemorrhagica and corpora lutea) in relation to the oestrus phase, the body weight and the age of 25 Alpine goats (Capra hircus). The current study demonstrated that, the number and size of the follicles were related to the stage of the reproductive cycle (P < 0.0001). Also, the mean number of follicles was high during both prepubertal anestrus and diestrus, whereas it was low in the oestrus. Large (3-4 mm in diameter) and very large follicles (> 4 mm) (P < 0.001), and small follicles (< 2 mm; P < 0.05) varied throughout the reproductive cycle, while medium follicles (2-3 mm) were invariably observed. Large and very large follicles were predominant during the diestrus phase and small follicles in the prepubertal anestrus. It is evident from the current study that the number of follicles (P < 0.05) was significantly affected with both body weight and age. On the other hand, the size of follicles was significantly affected with body weight only (P < 0.0001). These results could contribute to a deeper understanding of ovarian transformations with important implications in assisted reproductive technologies, thereby concurring in advancing the efficiency of ultrasound in breeding programs for this species.
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-, Devender, and Ramesh Kumar Chandolia. "Applications of transabdominal ultrasonography in bovine reproduction: A review." Buffalo Bulletin 41, no. 2 (June 26, 2022): 225. http://dx.doi.org/10.56825/bufbu.2022.4122365.
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The non-invasive nature of ultrasonography makes it an important clinical and research tool in bovine reproduction and obstetrics. Ultrasound techniques are becoming increasingly important in animal reproduction and obstetrics and these techniques are helpful in evaluation of various disease conditions of uterus during advance pregnancy in bovines. Accordingly, understanding the use of ultrasound technology is of utmost importance in animal sciences, since ultrasound examinations are now a routine part of diagnostic workups in reproduction and obstetrics. Up to now, most of studies were conducted to assess the status of fetal and uterine structures by trans-rectal ultrasonography, but sometimes it was found to be inefficient in judging the complete status of fetal and uterine structures during mid and advance pregnancy when the fetus is located deep into the abdominal cavity. So, in modern times transabdominal ultrasonography is getting popularity over trans-rectal ultrasonography in bovines during mid and advance gestation to determine the complete status of pregnant animals. The new information that has been generated by use of transabdominal ultrasonography has thrown light on diagnostic and research aspects and created new areas for research. Transabdominal ultrasonographic examination of the reproductive tract can provide useful information related to fetal viability, diagnosis of mid to late term pregnancies, gestational age, assessment of fetus and fetal organs, placentomes, fetal fluids, uterine wall, umbilicus, and identification of developmental abnormalities. To best of my knowledge this is the first review of applications of transabdominal ultrasonography in bovine reproduction because literature related to transabdominal ultrasonography in bovine reproduction and obstetrics is very scanty.
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Pinto-Pinho, Patrícia, Maria de Lurdes Pinto, José Monteiro, Margarida Fardilha, Rosário Pinto-Leite, and Bruno Colaço. "Pregnancy Complications and Feto-Maternal Monitoring in Rabbits." Veterinary Sciences 10, no. 10 (October 17, 2023): 622. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vetsci10100622.
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Rabbit production holds significant relevance in modern agriculture due to its potential as a sustainable source of high-quality protein and efficient feed conversion, contributing to food security and economic diversification. Nevertheless, studies incorporating feto-maternal monitoring in this species are uncommon. This review gathers research on the monitoring and evaluation of factors affecting rabbit gestation, providing a better understanding of the causes of prenatal development abnormalities. These include studies regarding how chronic maternal hypertension, gestational diabetes, maternal stress, ectopic gestation, maternal uterine ischemia and fetal hypoxia, intrauterine growth restriction, superfetation, maternal age, maternal nutritional status, maternal physical condition, maternal and embryonic genotype, and the intrauterine location of rabbit fetuses can potentially impact rabbits’ reproduction and maternal and fetal health. Among other monitoring techniques, ultrasonography, considered one of the best tools for diagnosing pregnancy and conducting follow-up, is also reviewed. Details on measurable fetal-development parameters in rabbits and precautions to be considered before and during the examination are also provided. Additional studies are required to understand why some events occur and their consequences throughout gestation, allowing the determination of new biomarkers or cut-offs that can be helpful for early diagnosis and improve reproductive efficiency.
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Cseh, S., and László Solti. "IMPORTANCE OF ASSISTED REPRODUCTIVE TECHNOLOGIES IN THE CONSERVATION OF WILD, RARE OR INDIGENOUS UNGULATES: REVIEW ARTICLE." Acta Veterinaria Hungarica 48, no. 3 (July 1, 2000): 313–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/avet.48.2000.3.8.
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Biodiversity is increasingly threatened by intensive agriculture, environmental pollution, extinction of natural habitats and several other factors. Several mammalian species including ungulates have disappeared or are threatened by extinction. However, ungulates play an important role both in the ecosystem and in the economy. In general, species or breeds are considered endangered if their population does not exceed 1,000 individuals. In these cases conservation programmes should be initiated in order to maintain or even increase their number. This review deals with the possibilities and limitations of assisted reproductive technologies (ART) in the conservation of ecologically valuable wild, rare and indigenous ungulates. The methods discussed here are artificial insemination, cryopreservation of semen and embryos, embryo recovery and transfer,in vitroproduction of embryos, as well as micromanipulation techniques including sperm injection, assisted hatching and cloning. Some of these procedures are already being exploited in the breeding of farm ungulates, but more basic information about the reproductive patterns of wild, rare and indigenous animal species is needed before the routine use of ARTs.
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Benammar, Achraf, Emilie Derisoud, François Vialard, Eric Palmer, Jean Marc Ayoubi, Marine Poulain, and Pascale Chavatte-Palmer. "The Mare: A Pertinent Model for Human Assisted Reproductive Technologies?" Animals 11, no. 8 (August 4, 2021): 2304. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11082304.
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Although there are large differences between horses and humans for reproductive anatomy, follicular dynamics, mono-ovulation, and embryo development kinetics until the blastocyst stage are similar. In contrast to humans, however, horses are seasonal animals and do not have a menstrual cycle. Moreover, horse implantation takes place 30 days later than in humans. In terms of artificial reproduction techniques (ART), oocytes are generally matured in vitro in horses because ovarian stimulation remains inefficient. This allows the collection of oocytes without hormonal treatments. In humans, in vivo matured oocytes are collected after ovarian stimulation. Subsequently, only intra-cytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) is performed in horses to produce embryos, whereas both in vitro fertilization and ICSI are applied in humans. Embryos are transferred only as blastocysts in horses. In contrast, four cells to blastocyst stage embryos are transferred in humans. Embryo and oocyte cryopreservation has been mastered in humans, but not completely in horses. Finally, both species share infertility concerns due to ageing and obesity. Thus, reciprocal knowledge could be gained through the comparative study of ART and infertility treatments both in woman and mare, even though the horse could not be used as a single model for human ART.
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Al Haideri, Dhurgham Hameed, Hussein Kareem Ibraheim, and Falah Baiee. "Comparative study between the excision-ligation and autoligation of vas deferens technique for teaser rams preparation." Veterinary World 12, no. 6 (June 2019): 901–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.14202/vetworld.2019.901-908.
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Aim: The present study was designed to demonstrate the autoligation (AL) of vas deferens and the excision-ligation (EL) technique to generate vasectomized rams to reduce the complications, operative time, and price of the vasectomy techniques. Materials and Methods: A total of 12 healthy and mature Iraqi Awassi rams were used, which divided into two groups, six rams for each one. The former group was performed the EL technique while the latter group, the AL of vas deferens technique was used. Results: The results of the present study found that both techniques were same with the reproductive efficient examinations that mean the two techniques had same ability to close the male genital passage for teaser rams preparation. However, the methods were different with the histopathological changes, operation time, prices, and complications, which were minor in the AL of vas deferens compared with the EL technique. Conclusion: The AL technique of vas deferens to prepare teaser animal is recommended over the EL technique due to different aspects such as cost, fewer complications, and active teaser for a long period are the main aspects of AL technique.
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Barreto, José V. P., Patrícia A. M. Oliveira, Simone F. N. Pertile, Maria C. R. Sbizera, Fabiola C. A. Rego, Gustavo R. Queiroz, and Luiz F. C. Cunha Filho. "Non-agreement between 2 serologic techniques for detecting antibody to Brucella ovis in naturally infected sheep." Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation 34, no. 1 (October 26, 2021): 164–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/10406387211053589.
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Brucella ovis is the causative agent of ovine brucellosis, which is an important infectious disease in sheep farming worldwide and is responsible for economic losses because of its negative effect on the reproductive system of rams and ewes. Serologic tests are the main tools for detection of infection; however, these tests commonly yield a high frequency of false-negative results. We compared 2 serologic tests, agar gel immunodiffusion (AGID) and ELISA, for the detection of anti– B. ovis antibodies in naturally infected sheep. Of the 728 serum samples analyzed, 0.3% were positive by AGID and 9.2% by ELISA. Positive results were obtained for different animals and flocks. There was no statistical difference between the detection frequency of the 2 methods ( p = 0.674), and the kappa test indicated low concordance (κ = 0.005). The lack of agreement between results obtained using AGID and ELISA, associated with the absence of clinical signs, makes it difficult to detect ovine brucellosis efficiently, and demonstrates the need for effective tests for the definitive detection of B. ovis infection.
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García-Salinas, Pablo, Victor Gallego, and Juan F. Asturiano. "Reproductive Anatomy of Chondrichthyans: Notes on Specimen Handling and Sperm Extraction. II. Sharks and Chimaeras." Animals 11, no. 8 (July 23, 2021): 2191. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11082191.
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The chondrichthyan fishes, which comprise sharks, rays, and chimaeras, are one of the most threatened groups of vertebrates on the planet. Given this situation, an additional strategy for the protection of these species could be the ex situ conservation projects developed in public aquaria and research centers. Nevertheless, to increase sustainability and to develop properly in situ reintroduction strategies, captive breeding techniques, such as sperm extraction and artificial insemination, should be developed. These techniques are commonly used in other threatened species and could be also used in chondrichthyans. However, the different reproductive morphologies found in this group can complicate both processes. Therefore, a comparison of the reproductive anatomy of eight distinct chondrichthyans, with an emphasis on those important differences when performing sperm extraction or artificial insemination, is carried out herein. Sharks and chimaeras belonging to the Scyliorhinidae, Carcharhinidae, Centrophoridae, Etmopteridae, Hexanchidae, and Chimaeridae families were obtained from commercial fisheries, public aquaria, and stranding events. In addition, the process of obtaining viable sperm samples through cannulation, abdominal massage, and oviducal gland extraction is described in detail for both living and dead animals.
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Ribeiro, João C., David F. Carrageta, Raquel L. Bernardino, Marco G. Alves, and Pedro F. Oliveira. "Aquaporins and Animal Gamete Cryopreservation: Advances and Future Challenges." Animals 12, no. 3 (February 2, 2022): 359. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani12030359.
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Cryopreservation is globally used as a method for long-term preservation, although freeze-thawing procedures may strongly impair the gamete function. The correct cryopreservation procedure is characterized by the balance between freezing rate and cryoprotective agents (CPAs), which minimizes cellular dehydration and intracellular ice formation. For this purpose, osmoregulation is a central process in cryopreservation. During cryopreservation, water and small solutes, including penetrating cryoprotective agents, cross the plasma membrane. Aquaporins (AQPs) constitute a family of channel proteins responsible for the transport of water, small solutes, and certain gases across biological membranes. Thirteen homologs of AQPs (AQP0-12) have been described. AQPs are widely distributed throughout the male and female reproductive systems, including the sperm and oocyte membrane. The composition of the male and female gamete membrane is of special interest for assisted reproductive techniques (ART), including cryopreservation. In this review, we detail the mechanisms involved in gamete cryopreservation, including the most used techniques and CPAs. In addition, the expression and function of AQPs in the male and female gametes are explored, highlighting the potential protective role of AQPs against damage induced during cryopreservation.
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Oberlender, Guilherme, Thais P. Pontelo, José R. Miranda, David R. Miranda, Márcio G. Zangeronimo, Adriana C. Silva, Tila A. Menezes, and Luiz G. P. Rocha. "Morphological and morphometric evaluation of prepubertal gilt ovaries, uterine tubes and uterus at different oestrus cycle stages." Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 34, no. 1 (January 2014): 83–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-736x2014000100014.
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Studies are performed in developing techniques/procedures that provide greater reproductive performance in farm animals, including pigs. In this sense, the study of gilts reproductive organs at different oestrus cycle stages for assessing the presence of abnormalities and/or other parameters that may affect the future animal fertility is important. In order to evaluate the morphological, morphometric and histomorphometric features of ovaries, uterus and uterine tubes (UTs) characteristics of prepubertal gilts at different oestrus cycle stages, reproductive tracts from 48 animals immediately after slaughter were obtained. After, the structures were dissected and removed, and the ovaries were used for classification of oestrus cycle stage of each gilt in follicular phase (FP) and luteal phase (FL). Then, morphometric evaluations of ovaries, UTs, uterine horns and uterine body were performed. Besides that, medial segments of UTs and uterus were fixed in Bouin solution, processed and included in paraffin, when histological sections of 5.0 micrometers (µm) were obtained and stained with Hematoxylin and Eosin. Histomorphometric analyzes using image capture system and specific software were performed. Afterwards, data were submitted to Student's t test for assessment the statistical differences (P<0.05) between the two different oestrus cycle stages (FP × LP) and between the placement of reproductive structures (right × left antimer). Among the gilts evaluated, 35 were in the FP and 13 in LP. There was no difference (P>0.05) between morphometric parameters of ovaries, UTs and uterus of gilts in FP and LP. Likewise, in respect to the placement of reproductive structures, both in the oestrus cycle stages, as in the general average, there was no difference (P>0.05). Regarding the histomorphometric variables, gilts classified in FP presented a higher (P<0.05) height of glandular and UT epithelium compared to animals in LP. On the other hand, the diameter of endometrial glands was higher (P<0.05) in gilts at LP compared to FP. Furthermore, gilts in LP presented a higher (P<0.05) proportion of endometrium occupied by glands, whereas animals in FP had a higher (P<0.05) proportion of connective tissue and blood vessels. In conclusion, in prepubertal gilts, the histomorphometric parameters as endometrial glands diameter, the height of glandular epithelium and of UT epithelium and the proportion of endometrium occupied by connective tissue, besides the glands and blood vessels varies through the oestrus cycle, possibly under the influence of ovarian steroids.
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Erdoğan, Güneş. "The gynecological controls in the elderly female dogs." Journal of the Hellenic Veterinary Medical Society 73, no. 1 (April 29, 2022): 3583–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/jhvms.25807.
Full textAbstract:
In canine geriatric medicine has many different research areas such as cardiology, endocrinology, dentistry. However, diagnosing many related diseases and complications can be late related to thoughts that spayed dog's genital exams are thought of as unneeded approaches. Reproductive infections, mammary/gynecologic tumoural diseases, and their complications decrease their life quality and have a considerable mortality rate in aged intact and spayed bitches. Therefore, an effective gynecologic health check program supported with different imaging techniques is highly needed in small animal clinics. In this review, it is planned an annual gynecologic examination for older/geriatrics dogs and presented the main steps to early diagnose and prevent genital diseases with high mortality and lower their life quality and longevity.
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Erdoğan, Güneş. "The gynecological controls in the elderly female dogs." Journal of the Hellenic Veterinary Medical Society 73, no. 1 (April 29, 2022): 3583–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/jhvms.25807.
Full textAbstract:
In canine geriatric medicine has many different research areas such as cardiology, endocrinology, dentistry. However, diagnosing many related diseases and complications can be late related to thoughts that spayed dog's genital exams are thought of as unneeded approaches. Reproductive infections, mammary/gynecologic tumoural diseases, and their complications decrease their life quality and have a considerable mortality rate in aged intact and spayed bitches. Therefore, an effective gynecologic health check program supported with different imaging techniques is highly needed in small animal clinics. In this review, it is planned an annual gynecologic examination for older/geriatrics dogs and presented the main steps to early diagnose and prevent genital diseases with high mortality and lower their life quality and longevity.
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Khan, Sami Ullah, Muhammad Ameen Jamal, Yanhua Su, Hong-Jiang Wei, Yubo Qing, and Wenmin Cheng. "Towards Improving the Outcomes of Multiple Ovulation and Embryo Transfer in Sheep, with Particular Focus on Donor Superovulation." Veterinary Sciences 9, no. 3 (March 4, 2022): 117. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vetsci9030117.
Full textAbstract:
Considerable improvements in sheep multiple ovulation and embryo transfer (MOET)protocols have been made; however, unlike for cattle, MOET is poorly developed in sheep, and thus has not been broadly applicable as a routine procedure. The tightly folded nature of the ewe cervix, the inconsistent ovarian response to various superovulatory treatments, and the requirement of labor to handle animals, particularly during large-scale production, has limited the implementation of successful MOET in sheep. Moreover, several extrinsic factors (e.g., sources, the purity of gonadotrophins and their administration) and intrinsic factors (e.g., breed, age, nutrition, reproductive status) severely limit the practicability of MOET in sheep and other domestic animals. In this review, we summarize the effects of different superovulatory protocols, and their respective ovarian responses, in terms of ovulation rate, and embryo recovery and transfer. Furthermore, various strategies, such as inhibin immunization, conventional superovulation protocols, and melatonin implants for improving the ovarian response, are discussed in detail. Other reproductive techniques and their relative advantages and disadvantages, such as artificial insemination (AI), and donor embryo recovery and transfer to the recipient through different procedures, which must be taken into consideration for achieving satisfactory results during any MOET program in sheep, are also summarized in this article.
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Tharasanit, Theerawat, and Paweena Thuwanut. "Oocyte Cryopreservation in Domestic Animals and Humans: Principles, Techniques and Updated Outcomes." Animals 11, no. 10 (October 13, 2021): 2949. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11102949.
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Oocyte cryopreservation plays important roles in basic research and the application of models for genetic preservation and in clinical situations. This technology provides long-term storage of gametes for genetic banking and subsequent use with other assisted reproductive technologies. Until recently, oocytes have remained the most difficult cell type to freeze, as the oocytes per se are large with limited surface area to cytoplasm ratio. They are also highly sensitive to damage during cryopreservation, and therefore the success rate of oocyte cryopreservation is generally poor when compared to noncryopreserved oocytes. Although advancement in oocyte cryopreservation has progressed rapidly for decades, the improvement of cryosurvival and clinical outcomes is still required. This review focuses on the principles, techniques, outcomes and prospects of oocyte cryopreservation in domestic animals and humans.
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Carreira, Janaina Torres, Loïc Lesobre, Sylvain Boullenger, Toni Chalah, Frédéric Lacroix, and Yves Hingrat. "Assisted Reproduction Techniques to Improve Reproduction in a Non-Model Species: The Case of the Arabian Bustard (Ardeotis arabs) Conservation Breeding Program." Animals 12, no. 7 (March 28, 2022): 851. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani12070851.
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Artificial reproductive technologies are highly valuable for ex situ conservation. While Arabian bustard populations are declining and extinct in some parts of the range, the International Fund for Houbara Conservation in the United Arab Emirates implemented a conservation breeding program. Since 2012, a total of 1253 eggs were laid through natural reproduction, 1090 were incubated and 379 of these were fertile (fertility rate of 34.8%), leading to the production of 251 chicks. To improve fertility and acquire crucial knowledge for other endangered large birds, artificial reproduction was implemented in 2018 using fresh, refrigerated, and frozen sperm. A total of 720 ejaculates were collected from 12 birds. We analysed these samples for concentration, volume, motility score (0 to 5), viability (eosin/nigrosine), length, and morphology. The first age at collection was 35.7 ± 18.8 months, mean volume was 89.2 ± 65.3 µL, mean concentration was 928 ± 731 sptz/mL and mean motility score was 2.61 ± 0.95. Morphology analyses revealed a bimodal distribution of sperm length. Five hundred and thirty-five ejaculates were cryopreserved and the initial motility score was 3.4 ± 0.7 and 2.0 ± 0.6 after thawing, while the percentage of normal and intact membrane sperm cells decreased from 88.8 ± 7.5% to 52.9 ± 1%. Sixty-five artificial inseminations were performed, leading to a global fertility rate of 84.3%—more precisely, 85.2% and 83.3%, respectively, for fresh and cryopreserved semen. All methods successfully produced fertile eggs, indicating that artificial insemination is an efficient tool for the conservation and genetic management of the species.
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García-Salinas, Pablo, Victor Gallego, and Juan F. Asturiano. "Reproductive Anatomy of Chondrichthyans: Notes on Specimen Handling and Sperm Extraction. I. Rays and Skates." Animals 11, no. 7 (June 25, 2021): 1888. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11071888.
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The superorder Batoidea (rays, skates, and relatives), constitutes one of the most threatened group of vertebrates. Strengthening ex situ conservation programs developed in research centers and public aquaria could be a way of addressing this situation. However, captive breeding programs must be improved to prevent the capture of wild animals and to develop proper in situ reintroduction strategies. Sperm extraction and artificial insemination are two techniques commonly used in other threatened species, which could also be used in rays and the like. However, the different reproductive morphologies present within this group of animals may hamper both processes. Here, we present a comparison of the reproductive anatomies of 11 distinct batoid species, emphasizing the important differences between the species when performing sperm extraction or artificial insemination. Both male and female animals, belonging to the Rajidae, Dasyatidae, Torpedinidae and Myliobatidae families, from the Mediterranean Sea were studied. In addition, we describe the procedure to extract sperm using both cannulation and abdominal massage, either from live or dead batoids Finally, the obtention of motile sperm recovered from the oviducal gland of females is described. These techniques generate a new range of possibilities for the conservation of these threatened species.
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Faigl, Vera, Nóra Vass, András Jávor, Margit Kulcsár, László Solti, Georgios Amiridis, and Sándor Cseh. "Artificial insemination of small ruminants — A review." Acta Veterinaria Hungarica 60, no. 1 (March 1, 2012): 115–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/avet.2012.010.
Full textAbstract:
Artificial insemination (AI) can undoubtedly be regarded as the oldest and most widely used assisted reproductive technique/technology (ART) applied in livestock production and it is one of the most important ARTs. The three cornerstones of its application are that it is simple, economical and successful. Artificial insemination offers many well-known benefits for producers. Fresh, fresh + diluted + chilled and frozen semen can be used for AI in small ruminants. To ensure its successful use, the AI technique must be selected on the basis of the type of semen planned to be used. This review paper gives a detailed overview of semen processing and its effects on semen quality, as well as of the AI techniques applied in small ruminants and their success rates.
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Cicirelli, Vincenzo, Alice Carbonari, Matteo Burgio, Francesca Giannini, and Annalisa Rizzo. "Ovariectomy in Mouflons (Ovis aries) in the Field: Application of Innovative Surgical and Anaesthesiological Techniques." Animals 13, no. 3 (January 31, 2023): 491. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani13030491.
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This report describes an innovative technique of ovariectomy useful for the birth control in the mouflon population. Thirteen female mouflons in reproductive age were submitted to ovariectomy via midline and left flank, using the AESCULAP CAIMAN® Seal and Cut device. The CAIMAN® was useful for clamping the ovary, stapling the vessels, and cutting in one stroke, thus reducing the surgery times. The day after the gonadectomy all animals were mobilized to another enclosure. In this study, no intraoperative and post-operative complications were observed, and all animals were gonadectomized without side effects. This study sets the guidelines for the surgical sterilization of mouflons in the field using anesthetic protocols and high-quality surgical procedures.
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Vlizlo, V. V., D. D. Ostapiv, I. M. Petrukh, M. R. Kozak, N. V. Kuzmina, and Yu V. Martyn. "Laboratory of molecular biology and clinical biochemistry, Institute of Animal Biology NAAS: the history and present state." Animal Biology 22, no. 3 (September 2020): 53–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/animbiol22.03.053.
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The Laboratory of molecular biology and clinical biochemistry was established with the foundation of Scientific Production Center (SPC) for the study of prion infections in 2001. SPC for the study of prion infections was founded by orders of the Ukrainian Academy of Agrarian Sciences and the State Department of Veterinary Medicine of Ukraine. Scientists of the laboratory provide scientific support of the livestock products production based on studies of animal metabolism peculiarities according to the norms and internal pathology, study of the mechanisms of prion infection development, biological aspects and application of cell culture techniques in new veterinary drug discovery, development of nanocarriers with adjuvant properties, physiological and biochemical processes in semen. The conducted researches allow an improvement of the production profitability, livestock safety, reproductive capacity and live weight gain. For the reduction of the cost of livestock production the laboratory offers advanced diagnostic tests, effective measures for the treatment and prevention of metabolic diseases of high yielding cows, new generation tools for the development of vaccines and drugs, methods of treatment and prevention of BSE, methods for assessing and normalizing metabolic processes in ejaculate to increase the fertility of sperm.
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Julanova, Nursulu, Orynbay Tagayev, Mardan Julanov, Meruyert Alimbekova, Kanat Koibagarov, Yessengali Ussenbekov, and Askar Mautenbaev. "The method of preparation and use of vasectomized stallions to regulate the sexual function in mares during hippodrome testing." Acta Veterinaria Brno 85, no. 1 (2016): 63–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.2754/avb201685010063.
Full textAbstract:
The objective of this study was to develop a method of preparation and use of vasectomized stallions, and to test them as a factor preventing genital functional disorders in mares during training and hippodrome testing. Thoroughbred mares of English, Arabic and Akhal-Teke breeds owned by horse ranches of the Republic of Kazakhstan were used in the research. Vasectomy techniques were mastered on a slaughtering material, and then field tested on stallions. A series of experiments were set for comparative evaluation of various methods of preparation and use of a vasectomized stallion, resulting in a technique based on removing the front section of sperm ducts in the ventro-caudal portion of the scrotum. The developed method is convenient, safe, and easy to perform in field conditions. The surgery is not time consuming, and there are no postoperative complications. We found a positive effect of the vasectomized stallion on the course of the mares’ oestrous cycles, on their performance during hippodrome testing, and their reproductive function. The method reduced the standing heat period, and the mares quickly recovered their performance. Thus, it decreased the time of the mares’ elimination from the training schedule and had a positive effect on the performance during hippodrome testing. The use of a vasectomized stallion during training significantly predetermined the course of the mares’ reproductive cycle after completion of the hippodrome testing. The results of this study are relevant to the practical needs of sport horse breeding.
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Orsolini, Morgan F., Stuart A. Meyers, and Pouya Dini. "An Update on Semen Physiology, Technologies, and Selection Techniques for the Advancement of In Vitro Equine Embryo Production: Section II." Animals 11, no. 11 (November 20, 2021): 3319. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11113319.
Full textAbstract:
As the use of assisted reproductive technologies (ART) and in vitro embryo production (IVP) expand in the equine industry, it has become necessary to further our understanding of available semen selection techniques. This segment of our two-section review will focus on the selection of spermatozoa based on quality and sex for equine intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI), as well as current and future developments in sperm sorting technologies. Ultimately, novel methods of semen selection will be assessed based on their efficacy in other species and their relevance and future application towards ARTs in the horse.
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Orsolini, Morgan F., Stuart A. Meyers, and Pouya Dini. "An Update on Semen Physiology, Technologies, and Selection Techniques for the Advancement of In Vitro Equine Embryo Production: Section I." Animals 11, no. 11 (November 13, 2021): 3248. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11113248.
Full textAbstract:
As the use of assisted reproductive technologies (ART) and in vitro embryo production (IVP) expand in the equine industry, it has become necessary to further our understanding of semen physiology as it applies to overall fertility. This segment of our two-section review will focus on normal sperm parameters, beginning with development and extending through the basic morphology of mature spermatozoa, as well as common issues with male factor infertility in IVP. Ultimately, the relevance of sperm parameters to overall male factor fertility in equine IVP will be assessed.
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Pulinas, Luisa, Giovanni Cosso, Maria Consuelo Mura, Melissa Carvajal-Serna, Hatem Ouled Ahmed, Vincenzo Carcangiu, and Sebastiano Luridiana. "Effect of Body Condition Score, Treatment Period and Month of the Previous Lambing on the Reproductive Resumption of Melatonin-Treated Sarda Breed Sheep during Spring." Animals 11, no. 7 (June 25, 2021): 1898. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11071898.
Full textAbstract:
Stakeholders place great emphasis upon rationalizing the management and rearing techniques which are utilized within sheep farms. The present study aimed to investigate factors which may improve the reproductive performance of melatonin-treated Sardinian sheep via a series of three trials. The first trial (n = 100) investigated the effect of melatonin treatment alongside body condition score (BCS), the second trial (n = 150) investigated the effect of treatment alongside the date of treatment (treatment period) and the third trial (n = 150) investigated the effect of treatment alongside the previous lambing of the ewes. The findings indicated that melatonin is an effective tool for anticipating and improving the reproductive activity of in Sarda breed sheep during the springtime. Furthermore, to obtain optional results, melatonin implantation should be conducted in April, in ewes that have a BCS of >2.5 and that have passed their third month of lactation.
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Dias, Eduardo Antunes, Marcilio Nichi, and Marcelo A. B. V. Guimarães. "Comparison of two commercial kits and two extraction methods for fecal glucocorticoid analysis in ocelots (Leopardus pardalis) submitted to ACTH challenge." Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 28, no. 7 (July 2008): 329–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-736x2008000700002.
Full textAbstract:
The ocelot (Leopardus pardalis) is included in list of wild felid species protected by CITES and is part of conservation strategies that necessarily involve the use of assisted reproduction techniques, which requires practical and minimally invasive techniques of high reproducibility that permit the study of animal reproductive physiology. The objective of this study was to compare and validate two commercial assays: ImmuChem Double Antibody Corticosterone 125I RIA from ICN Biomedicals, Costa Mesa, CA, USA; and Coat-a-Count Cortisol 125I RIA from DPC, Los Angeles, CA, USA, for assessment of fecal glucocorticoid metabolites in ocelots submitted to ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone) challenge. Fecal samples were collected from five ocelots kept at the Brazilian Center of Neotropical Felines, Associação Mata Ciliar, São Paulo, Brazil, and one of the animals was chosen as a negative control. The experiment was conducted over a period of 9 days. On day 0, a total dose of 100 IU ACTH was administered intramuscularly. Immediately after collection the samples were stored at 20C in labeled plastic bags. The hormone metabolites were subsequently extracted and assayed using the two commercial kits. Previously it was performed a trial with the DPC kit to check the best extraction method for hormones metabolites. Data were analyzed with the SAS program for Windows V8 and reported as means ± SEM. The Schwarzenberger extraction method was slightly better when compared with the Wasser extraction method (103,334.56 ± 19,010.37ng/g of wet feces and 59,223.61 ± 12,725.36ng/g of wet feces respectively; P=0,0657). The ICN kit detected an increase in glucocorticoid metabolite concentrations in a more reliable manner. Metabolite concentrations (ng/g wet feces) on day 0 and day 1 were 66,956.28 ± 36,786.93 and 92,991.19 ± 28,555.63 for the DPC kit, and 205,483.32 ± 83,811.32 and 814,578.75 ± 292,150.47 for the ICN kit, respectively. The limit of detection for the ICN kit was 7.7 ng/mL for 100% B/Bo (25ng/mL for 88%B/Bo) and for the DPC kit it was 0.2ug/dL for 90.95% B/Bo (1ug/dL for 81.27% B/Bo). In conclusion it was confirmed that the Schwarzenberger extraction method and the ICN kit are superior for extracting and measuring fecal glucocorticoid metabolites in ocelot fecal samples.
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Wojtusik, Jessye, Terri L. Roth, and Erin Curry. "Case Studies in Polar Bear (Ursus maritimus) Sperm Collection and Cryopreservation Techniques." Animals 12, no. 4 (February 11, 2022): 430. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani12040430.
Full textAbstract:
Assisted reproductive technologies can aid conservation efforts via support of ex situ population management and preservation of genetic material. Data from 38 sperm collection attempts from 17 polar bears (1–5 procedures/bear) were evaluated. Sample collections were attempted via electroejaculation (EEJ; n = 6), urethral catheterization (UC; n = 25), or sperm rescue (SR; n = 7) during the breeding season (Jan. 1-May 21; n = 27) and nonbreeding season (May 22-Dec. 31; n = 11). Sperm retrieval was successful in 1 EEJ (16.7%), 18 UC (72.0%) and 4 SR (57.1%) collections. Initial sperm motility and viability were 50.0% and 77.0% for EEJ, 64.3 ± 7.4% and 80.9 ± 3.8% for UC, and 56.7 ± 8.8% and 80.5 ± 0.5% for SR. UC and SR were more likely to be successful during the breeding season (84.2–100%) than the nonbreeding season (25.0–33.3%). Testicular tumors were observed in four males (57%) during SR. In total, 13 samples were cryopreserved (n = 1 EEJ, 9 UC, and 3 SR) with egg-yolk-based equine extender (EQ) or OptiXcell (OP). For both extenders, post-thaw motility and viability were reduced by 20–60% and 30–65%, respectively. Further efforts to optimize procedures are warranted, but this summary provides data useful for enhancing the success of polar bear sperm collection and cryopreservation.