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Journal articles on the topic 'Reproductive policy'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 10 December 2022

Last updated: 29 January 2023

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1

Halpern, Wendy G., Mehrdad Ameri, Christopher J. Bowman, Michael R. Elwell, Michael L. Mirsky, Julian Oliver, Karen S. Regan, et al. "Scientific and Regulatory Policy Committee Points to Consider Review." Toxicologic Pathology 44, no. 6 (July 11, 2016): 789–809. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0192623316650052.

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Standard components of nonclinical toxicity testing for novel pharmaceuticals include clinical and anatomic pathology, as well as separate evaluation of effects on reproduction and development to inform clinical development and labeling. General study designs in regulatory guidances do not specifically mandate use of pathology or reproductive end points across all study types; thus, inclusion and use of these end points are variable. The Scientific and Regulatory Policy Committee of the Society of Toxicologic Pathology (STP) formed a Working Group to assess the current guidelines and practices on the use of reproductive, anatomic pathology, and clinical pathology end points in general, reproductive, and developmental toxicology studies. The Working Group constructed a survey sent to pathologists and reproductive toxicologists, and responses from participating organizations were collected through the STP for evaluation by the Working Group. The regulatory context, relevant survey results, and collective experience of the Working Group are discussed and provide the basis of each assessment by study type. Overall, the current practice of including specific end points on a case-by-case basis is considered appropriate. Points to consider are summarized for inclusion of reproductive end points in general toxicity studies and for the informed use of pathology end points in reproductive and developmental toxicity studies.

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2

Sundby, Johanne. "Reproductive Health Policy in Norway." Reproductive Health Matters 13, no. 26 (January 2005): 153–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0968-8080(05)26196-7.

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3

Horsey, K. "Law, Policy and Reproductive Autonomy." Medical Law Review 23, no. 1 (July 7, 2014): 157–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/medlaw/fwu023.

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4

Savage, O. M. Njikam. "Secrecy Still the Best Policy: Donor Insemination in Cameroon." Politics and the Life Sciences 14, no. 1 (February 1995): 87–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0730938400011813.

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In their recent PLS article, Ken R. Daniels and Karyn Taylor (1993) advocate policies of openness in regard to donor insemination (DI). In this commentary, I examine openness within the social context of fertility, infertility, human reproduction, and social parenthood in Cameroon. The traditional concept of secrecy in reproductive failure, especially in the case of male infertility, is outlined. Some of the social alternatives, such as natural insemination and social parenthood, are discussed. The inappropriateness of openness in DI within a sociocultural milieu that places a high premium on male reproductive ability is highlighted.

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5

Zlotnikov, Anatoly. "Reproductive Processes and Reproductive Installations in Belarus." DEMIS. Demographic Research 2, no. 3 (October 7, 2022): 71–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.19181/demis.2022.2.3.6.

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The problems of demographic development and, above all, the state of reproductive processes in the Republic of Belarus are considered. Based on their analysis, it is noted that reproductive processes in the country tend to worsen, they generate depopulation processes and pose a threat to demographic security. The article analyzes the results of the population census of the Republic of Belarus in 2019. The interpretation of the census data on the reproductive attitudes of Belarusian women is given. The conclusion is made about the role of the subjective factor in demographic processes and the importance of the active demographic policy of the state. It is noted that the social demographic policy has ceased to be state in recent years, and it is subordinated to the necessary, but departmental interests. The article formulates a provision on the implementation of demographic policy aimed at the formation of prestige of family values, aimed at stimulating medium- and large-child reproductive attitudes.

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6

Vandervort, Lucinda. "Reproductive Choice: Screening Policy and Acess to the Means of Reproduction." Human Rights Quarterly 28, no. 2 (2006): 438–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/hrq.2006.0023.

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7

Norton, Noelle H. "Committee Influence Over Controversial Policy: The Reproductive Policy Case." Policy Studies Journal 27, no. 2 (May 1999): 203–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1541-0072.1999.tb01964.x.

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8

SCHNEIDER, MARY ELLEN. "Changes Expected in Reproductive Health Policy." Internal Medicine News 42, no. 2 (January 2009): 32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1097-8690(09)70078-2.

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9

Golding, Berenice Jane. "Reproductive donation practice, policy and bioethics." Journal of Reproductive and Infant Psychology 32, no. 2 (January 30, 2014): 212–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02646838.2013.869579.

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10

Tongue, Zoe. "Reproductive Justice: The Final (Feminist) Frontier." Law, Technology and Humans 4, no. 2 (November 14, 2022): 95–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.5204/lthj.2468.

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From Gattaca to Star Trek, problematic tropes surrounding reproduction can easily be found in works of mainstream science fiction. Such tropes uphold conservative anxieties around reproductive technologies, abortion, and pregnancy, and these works thus become influential in legal, ethical, and policy discussions on these issues. In contrast, feminist science fiction attempts to expose reproductive injustice, both current and future, through portrayals of prototype social-legal contexts. In this article, I argue that feminist science fiction works are, therefore, of importance for feminist legal theory as they can help us imagine a radically transformed future for reproduction. I consider the work of Octavia Butler and Laura Lam as examples of reproductive dystopia highlighting current, past, and potential future socio-legal injustices. These feminist works call for change grounded in the lived experiences of women and people capable of becoming pregnant.

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11

Stetson, Dorothy McBride, and Jennifer Merchant. "Medical science, public policy, and reproductive rights." European Legacy 1, no. 3 (May 1996): 1024–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10848779608579523.

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12

Richey, Lisa Ann. "Women's Reproductive Health & Population Policy: Tanzania." Review of African Political Economy 30, no. 96 (June 2003): 273–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03056244.2003.9693500.

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13

O'Neill, Michael A. "Comparative Biomedical Policy: Governing Assisted Reproductive Technologies." Canadian Journal of Political Science 38, no. 2 (June 2005): 507–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008423905339990.

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Comparative Biomedical Policy: Governing Assisted Reproductive Technologies, Ivor Bleiklei, Malcolm L. Goggin and Christine Rothmayr, eds., London: Routledge, 2004, pp. 284.Few issues have the potential to combine elements of science fact and science fiction as does the field of biomedical research and its offshoot, assisted reproductive technologies (ART). As newspapers testify with regularity, this area of science and medicine uniquely combines promises for the improvement of human health but also exemplifies the dangers associated with scientists playing god with the very the building blocks of our species. Confronted with these stark opposites, public authorities have entered the fray and have tried, with varied responses, to frame these practices in such as way as to encourage and stimulate the positive elements of this area of research and medicine, such as in vitro fertilization, while cutting off or severely circumscribing the areas which have been deemed immoral or unethical, such as human cloning. It is where issues of morality or ethics enter the policy discourse that the waters get murky and where, as a result, governments find the arbitration between first-person experiences and societal norms the most difficult.

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14

Merz, Jon F. "The search for coherence in reproductive policy." Journal of Legal Medicine 17, no. 1 (March 1996): 169–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01947649609511003.

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15

Filippchenkova, S. I., E. A. Evstifeeva, and I. I. Stolnikova. "Constellation of risk factors of the reproductive potential of youth." SHS Web of Conferences 69 (2019): 00040. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/20196900040.

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The concept of reproduction as a value-semantic formation, a natural biological process, a bloodrelated nature, and a psychological responsibility for preserving the genus is transforming in modern youth. Youth perceptions of life quality, demographic projections, levels of claims, degrees of satisfaction with life situations, and behavioral patterns are influenced by such psychological predictors as responsibility, reflexivity, value-semantic matrix, personal risk factors of decision making. The following issues were analyzed: sexual behavior, reproductive behavior, reproductive attitudes, reproductive function risks, attribution of responsibility, contraception, bad habits, sexually transmitted infections, caring for health in general and reproductive health in particular, needs for specialists in the field of sexual and reproductive health, demographic expectations of young people, awareness of the federal demographic policy and psychological support, social institutions aimed to preserve reproductive health, gender differences in the demographics of expectations. Attitudes of young people to sexuality and reproduction, family-marriage relations were studied. Sources of information on these issues were determined and their effectiveness was evaluated. Identification of features of the relationship between reproductive health and psychological characteristics of youth was embedded in the authors’ psychological model.

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16

Shepherd, Ashley, Ruth Jepson, Andrew Watterson, and Josie M. M. Evans. "Risk Perceptions of Environmental Hazards and Human Reproduction: A Community-Based Survey." ISRN Public Health 2012 (November 20, 2012): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.5402/2012/748080.

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Objectives. We have investigated the Australian public's perceived risks on human reproductive health from a number of identified environmental hazards. Methods. A sample of 1261 subjects was interviewed. This interview included specific questions related to perceived risks of certain environmental hazards to human reproductive health. Results. Women were almost twice as likely to rank all hazards as harmful or very harmful to human reproduction than men. Age also influenced perceived risk with those in the 35 and older age groups more likely to rank lead as a harmful hazard when compared with the 18–34 group. Pesticides were identified by 84.5% of the sample as the most harmful environmental hazard to human reproduction. Conclusions. Similar to other environmental hazards, different groups of people in the general population perceive hazards relating to reproductive health differently. This information is important for both policy makers and health professionals dealing with reproductive environmental health issues.

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17

Jadav, Swati D. "Occupational Female Reproductive Hazards." Journal of Health Management 6, no. 2 (October 2004): 201–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/097206340400600210.

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18

Stephenson, Rob, Amy Ong Tsui, Sara Sulzbach, Phil Bardsley, Getachew Bekele, Tilahun Giday, Rehana Ahmed, Gopi Gopalkrishnan, and Bamikale Feyesitan. "Franchising Reproductive Health Services." Health Services Research 39, no. 6p2 (December 2004): 2053–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-6773.2004.00332.x.

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19

Holm, Søren, and Thomas Ploug. "The use of empirical evidence in formulating reproductive policy advice and policy." Monash Bioethics Review 33, no. 1 (March 2015): 7–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40592-015-0020-4.

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20

Fatoni, Zainal, Yuly Astuti, Augustina Situmorang, Widayatun NFN, and Sri Sunarti Purwaningsih. "IMPLEMENTASI KEBIJAKAN KESEHATAN REPRODUKSI DI INDONESIA: SEBELUM DAN SESUDAH REFORMASI." Jurnal Kependudukan Indonesia 10, no. 1 (June 23, 2015): 65. http://dx.doi.org/10.14203/jki.v10i1.56.

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Policy on reproductive health is one of the essential determinant to address the goals of population and health development in Indonesia. Maternal Mortality Ratio (MMR), teenage marriage, and Total Fertility Rate (TFR) are among the indicators that show the important role of reproductive health policy. This article discusses the progress of reproductive health policy implementation in Indonesia and its implication to early marriage, TFR, and MMR. Data used in this paper are mainly derived through desk studies from previous research conducted by the Research Center for Population Indonesian Institute of Sciences. The studies consist of reproductive health policy and regional autonomy (2000-2005), BKKBNs decentralization (2005), HIV/AIDS in border areas (2006-2009), and the implementation of integrated reproductive health services in primary health care (2007). Desk reviews are also used to analyze current studies from LIPI that are related to these issues.LIPIs [AD1]studies showed that there is a gap between the implementation of reproductive health policy at the global and national level with the district level. The implementation of reproductive health services are not yet integrated as it is less popular than adolescent reproductive health policy. Policy priorities for relevant stakeholders have not been implemented synergically. The implementation of decentralization policy in early 2000s created various commitments from the local government in prioritizing reproductive health programs. BKKBNs decentralization, for example, has affected not only the structure of its institution at district level, but also the function of the family planning facilitator at village level. Meanwhile, pilot project implementation on the integrated essential reproductive health services in primary health cares that has significant contribution also faced uncertainty in terms of its continuation. Hence, this article suggests the importance of synergizing reproductive health policy at the global, national, and district level to meet the appropriate situation and needs at the local context. Otherwise, teenage marriage, TFR, and MMR as well as other population issues will be further overlooked.[AD1]Disini tidak menyebutkan P2 Kependudukan

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21

Stabile, Bonnie. "Reproductive policy and the social construction of motherhood." Politics and the Life Sciences 35, no. 2 (2016): 18–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/pls.2016.15.

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Background. Reproductive technologies allow women to embrace or forgo motherhood, but a woman’s ability to make autonomous reproductive choices depends on access to these technologies. In the United States, public policies — laws, regulations, appropriations, and rulings — have either broadened or narrowed this access.Question. Have U.S. public policies affecting reproductive choices conformed to attitudinal distinctions about motherhood itself?Methods. I identified policies covering infertility, contraception, and abortion and examined them contextually within the Ingram-Schneider social construction framework.Findings. Women’s choices fell within social construction quadrants as being positively portrayed and powerful; negatively portrayed but powerful; positively portrayed but powerless; and negatively portrayed and powerless. Married heterosexual women embracing motherhood were likely to be viewed positively and to reap benefits. Women forgoing motherhood, poor women, and women seeking to form nontraditional families were likely to be viewed negatively and to bear burdens; critical among these burdens was restriction of access to technologies that could be used to support a decision to avoid motherhood or to achieve motherhood through nontraditional methods.Conclusion. Yes, U.S. public policies affecting reproductive choices have conformed to attitudinal distinctions about motherhood itself. These policies may also have altered those choices.

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22

Greenhalgh, Susan, and Jiali Li. "Engendering Reproductive Policy and Practice in Peasant China: For a Feminist Demography of Reproduction." Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society 20, no. 3 (April 1995): 601–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/495002.

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23

Rothschild, Joan, Robert H. Blank, Rita Arditti, Renate Duelli Klein, and Shelley Minden. "Redefining Human Life: Reproductive Technologies and Social Policy." Technology and Culture 26, no. 3 (July 1985): 676. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3104891.

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24

Fulfer, Katy. "Cross-Border Reproductive Travel, Neocolonialism, and Canadian Policy." IJFAB: International Journal of Feminist Approaches to Bioethics 10, no. 1 (February 2017): 225–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/ijfab.10.1.225.

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25

Hodgson, Dennis, and Ruth Dixon-Mueller. "Population Policy and Women's Rights: Transforming Reproductive Choice." Contemporary Sociology 23, no. 3 (May 1994): 397. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2075339.

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26

Greenhalgh, Susan, and Ruth Dixon-Mueller. "Population Policy and Women's Rights: Transforming Reproductive Choice." Population and Development Review 19, no. 4 (December 1993): 873. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2938424.

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27

Zhironkin, Sergey A., and Konstantin A. Kolotov. "Reproductive forms of neo-industrial import substitution policy." Economics and innovation management, no. 4 (2018): 43–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.26730/2587-5574-2018-4-43-53.

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28

Isaacs, Stephen L. "Incentives, Population Policy, and Reproductive Rights: Ethical Issues." Studies in Family Planning 26, no. 6 (November 1995): 363. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2138101.

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29

Jones, Shirley L. "reproductive genetic technologies: Exploring Ethical and Policy Implications." AWHONN Lifelines 4, no. 5 (October 2000): 33–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1552-6356.2000.tb01206.x.

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30

TAYLOR, J. "Case X: Irish Reproductive Policy and European Influence." Social Politics: International Studies in Gender, State & Society 6, no. 2 (June 1, 1999): 203–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sp/6.2.203.

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31

Cook, Rebecca J., and Ruth Dixon-Mueller. "Population Policy and Women's Rights: Transforming Reproductive Choice." Political Science Quarterly 109, no. 1 (1994): 202. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2151684.

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32

Smyth, Ines. "Population policy and reproductive choice in South Asia." Development in Practice 3, no. 2 (January 1993): 133–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/096145249100077161.

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33

O'Brien, Brendan, Mandeep Janeja, and Anila Gopalakrishnan. "Applied interest-group analysis in reproductive health policy." Lancet 369, no. 9559 (February 2007): 368. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(07)60186-x.

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34

Merrick, Janna C. "Selling Reproductive Rights: Policy Issues in Surrogate Motherhood." Politics and the Life Sciences 8, no. 2 (February 1990): 161–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0730938400009709.

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35

Woliver, Laura R. "Reproductive Technologies and Surrogacy: Policy Concerns for Women." Politics and the Life Sciences 8, no. 2 (February 1990): 185–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0730938400009722.

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36

Sen, Gita. "Population policy and women’s rights: Transforming reproductive choice." Reproductive Health Matters 2, no. 4 (January 1994): 131–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0968-8080(94)90071-x.

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37

Tullock, Gordon. "Redefining human life: Reproductive technologies and social policy." International Review of Law and Economics 6, no. 1 (June 1986): 148. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0144-8188(86)90053-0.

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38

Tovar Cortés, Luisa Fernanda. "Social reproduction, the popular economy and informality: Feminist reflections from Latin America." Cuadernos de Economía 41, no. 86 (May 4, 2022): 367–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.15446/cuad.econ.v41n86.88531.

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The economic discipline is characterised by hierarchical dualisms. This paper examines formal/informal and productive/reproductive binary categories by means of a dialogue between the social reproduction theory and the popular economy. A starting point is the wealth of feminist contributions that highlight both reproduction and work as the heart of socioeconomic phenomena. Based on formalization processes in Latin America, the article explores how public policy interventions focus on the productive sphere. However, upon closer examination, these policies seem to neglect reproductive activities, as well as the demands of popular sectors. We argue that the contributions of feminism are necessary to broaden the economic field.

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39

Hudzeliak, I. "The impact of demographic policy on birth rate processes in Ukraine." Visnyk of the Lviv University. Series Geography, no. 39 (December 15, 2011): 122–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.30970/vgg.2011.39.2170.

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The article analyzes the dynamics of birth rate and natural increase of population of Ukraine in 20– 21th century. The influence of age structure and demographic measures pro-natality policy on birth rate trends today. An comparison was made between regional-level birth rate in 2001 and 2009. The groups of regions were highlighted with the highest rate of change of the total birth rate for the period. Key words: pro-natality policy, the total birth rate, reproductive behavior, the nature of population reproduction.

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40

Bonnicksen, Andrea L. "Human Embryos and Genetic Testing: A Private Policy Model." Politics and the Life Sciences 11, no. 1 (February 1992): 53–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0730938400017202.

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The practice of medicine, which traditionally falls outside the sphere of substantive governmental control, poses challenges to political scientists who perceive the need for oversight regarding problematic new technologies. The challenge is even greater when the technologies involve reproduction, in which constitutional liberties are at stake. This article suggests a private policy model for overseeing one problematic emerging reproductive technology—the diagnosis of chromosomal and genetic disorders in human embryos. It bids political scientists to examine and recommend creative private sector policies appropriate to biomedicine. Rules developed in the private sector, if regarded as obligatory by clinicians, offer a theoretically interesting bridge between voluntary ethical principles and mandatory public sector rules.

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41

Condit, Deirdre M. "Writing reproduction: Reproductive technologies and motherhood examined." Policy Sciences 27, no. 2-3 (1994): 287–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00999894.

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42

Lind, Judith. "The rights of intended children: The best interests of the child argument in assisted reproduction policy." Childhood 26, no. 3 (June 18, 2019): 352–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0907568219853331.

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Assisted reproduction policies constitute a particularly interesting case for the study of child rights governance as the child here is an intended child. The child’s rights are in potential conflict not with the parental, but the reproductive rights of adults. The article aims to analyse the mobilisation of the best interests of the child principle as a rhetorical resource in Swedish assisted reproduction policies and to trace the limits of governance in the name of the rights of the child.

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43

Johnson, Candace. "Pregnant woman versus mosquito: A feminist epidemiology of Zika virus." Journal of International Political Theory 13, no. 2 (April 21, 2017): 233–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1755088217702671.

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This article investigates the contradictions between public health protocols and infection containment efforts concerning Zika virus and reproductive rights. In El Salvador, for example, women are being advised to avoid pregnancy until 2018, at which time local authorities hope that the virus will be under control. This is not so easy, however, as there is limited access to contraception, abortion is illegal in all instances, and women tend to have little household authority. In this article, I examine the policy, legal, and political contradictions related to the global proliferation of Zika virus in the context of ongoing debates about stratified reproduction. This term conceptualizes the phenomenon that accords different values to reproductive tasks undertaken by women in different socioeconomic, cultural, and national contexts. Whereas reproduction and reproductive autonomy tend to be highly respected and protected for relatively privileged women in the Global North, they tend to be much less so for women of the Global South. Furthermore, the adherence to public and private divisions in both national and transnational contexts segregates reproductive rights from the mainstream of political negotiation and public health intervention, and in doing so frustrates progress toward the realization of global reproductive rights.

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44

Khanna, Anoop, R.S. Goyal, and Rahul Bhawsar. "Menstrual Practices and Reproductive Problems." Journal of Health Management 7, no. 1 (April 2005): 91–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/097206340400700103.

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45

Khanna, Anoop, Jalandhar Pradhan, Harun-Ar-Rashid, Erik Beekink, Manu Gupta, and Ajay Sharma. "Financing Reproductive Health in Bangladesh." Journal of Health Management 15, no. 2 (June 2013): 177–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0972063413489004.

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46

DuMaine, Pierre, and Gerald D. Coleman. "Reproductive Technologies: Ethical Implications." Linacre Quarterly 63, no. 1 (February 1996): 25–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/20508549.1999.11878333.

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47

Noguera Vargas, Claudia Milena. "Imágenes de la mujer en la Política Nacional de Salud Sexual y Reproductiva de Colombia, 2003 – 2006." La Manzana de la Discordia 7, no. 1 (March 18, 2016): 73. http://dx.doi.org/10.25100/lamanzanadeladiscordia.v7i1.1574.

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Resumen: En las instituciones, leyes y políticasen las sociedades occidentales, las figuras institucionalizadasde la madre y del padre van ligadasa la subordinación sociocultural de la mujer, demodo que la relación jerárquica aparece vinculadaa la reproducción. La Política de Salud Sexual yReproductiva de Colombia, 2003-2006, basada enesta asociación imaginaria entre la mujer y la madre,si bien en principio busca contribuir al cambiodel estatuto de las mujeres en el país, choca contrala barrera simbólica que impide comprender yatender las problemáticas que afectan a las mujeresen tanto que tales, y no únicamente como madres yprotectoras de las futuras generaciones. Este trabajose propone contribuir a hacer visibles estas barrerasanalizando el origen de dichos imaginariosy centrando la discusión en las problemáticas queafectan a las mujeres en tanto que sujetos de derechosy no solamente en tanto que progenitoras.Palabras clave: diferencia sexual, imaginarios dela mujer, salud sexual y reproductiva, políticas públicas.Images of Women in the Sexual and ReproductiveHealth Public Policy in Colombia, 2003-2006Abstract: In institutions, laws and policy inWestern societies, the institutionalized figures of themother and the father are linked to women’s socioculturalsubordination, so that the hierarchical relationis linked to reproduction. Colombia’s Sexualand Reproductive Health Policy, 2003-2006, basedon the imaginary association between woman andthe mother, although seeking in principle to contributeto changes in women’s status, clashes againstthe symbolic barrier that prevents understandingof and attention to women’s problems, tending toview them only as mothers and caregivers for futuregenerations. This paper aims to contribute to makethese barriers visible by analyzing the origin ofthese images and centering the discussion on problemsaffecting women as subjects of rights and notmerely as mothers.Key words: sexual difference, images of women,sexual and reproductive health, public policies

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48

Zharovska, I. M., M. M. Blikhar, R. M. Matkivska, and L. A. Cherkasova. "Protection of reproductive health: international and national experience." REPRODUCTIVE ENDOCRINOLOGY, no. 66 (August 10, 2022): 109–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.18370/2309-4117.2022.66.109-117.

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Objectives: consideration at the scientific level of the problem of the nation’s reproductive health protection in the context of international regulation and individual national experience.Materials and methods. The statistical method and the author’s survey method were used for the collection and effective processing of public information. 200 women and 100 men aged 21 to 45 were selected as respondents. It was used a direct interview with respondents. The survey was conducted in Kyiv, Lviv, and Volyn regions in 2020–2022. International monitoring reports, global and national statistics, doctrinal developments of scientists of foreign countries (among them Great Britain, China, USA) were also used.Results. The main causes of impaired human reproductive health are: environmental, socio-economic (unresolved issues of abortion and proper contraception, violence against women and children) and medical problems. In Ukraine, neither specialized legislative acts nor bylaws contain a comprehensive strategy for the protection of reproductive health, which causes gaps in the legal regulation and social security of this area. Gender discrimination is a widespread phenomenon in our country. We must state the discriminatory situations and oppression of both sexes in the reproductive sphere. There are no systematic mechanisms for the prevention of this problem, and the attention of state legal, scientific and public institutions to this problem is insufficient.Conclusions. Legal policy in the field of reproductive health needs a complementary approach and renewal of strategic understanding at the level of the state legal policy. Only comprehensive consideration of reproductive health problems in Ukraine can ensure their solution. Reproductive counseling should be proactive and encouraged because its implementation is beneficial for the patient’s mental health, quality of life, and adherence to treatment. Providing reproductive health education improves knowledge, attitudes and practices in the field of human reproduction.

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Mahboobi, Aminullah. "Evaluation of Reproductive Health Statues in Afghanistan." Modern Health Science 1, no. 1 (May 9, 2018): p1. http://dx.doi.org/10.30560/mhs.v1n1p1.

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In the past 16 years, Afghanistan has formulated the first national development strategy, health and nutrition policy. The reproductive health policy formulated in 2002 was completed for the first time. Reproductive health strategies BPHS and EPHS are developed and updated every five years. We analyze the changes through data analysis and comparison.

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Shen, Yang, and Lai Jiang. "Reproductive Choices of Highly Educated Employed Women with two Children Under the Universal Two-child Policy." Journal of Family Issues 41, no. 5 (October 9, 2019): 611–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0192513x19881186.

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This study focuses on urban women who were born in the 1970s and 1980s, and who gave birth during the transformation of China’s family planning policy. We conducted 22 interviews with highly educated women who had given birth to two children each, and who were employed full time. We examined why the respondents had decided to have a second child and how their reproductive choices responded to the policy changes. We found that their reproductive choices were a result of the intersection between state policy interventions and individual choices, and were markers of class distinction. Their reproductive choices were inseparable from their high academic achievements, which was affected by the one-child policy (OCP). Our research enriches understanding of women’s reproductive choices by examining the effects of government-imposed policies on individual choices.

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