Journal articles on the topic 'Reproductive hormone'
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Sahadan, Fatin Nabilah, Annie Christianus, Ina-Salwany Md Yasin, Fadhil-Syukri Ismail, Roshani Othman, and Zarirah Zulperi. "Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone (GnRH)- Its Approaches to Improve Reproduction in Fish." Sains Malaysiana 51, no. 11 (November 30, 2021): 3539–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.17576/jsm-2022-5111-03.
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This review briefly highlights previous studies on the gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) and its approaches to improving fish reproduction in the aquaculture industry. Reproductive system dysfunction of the captive fish is the main problem that has to be treated depending on the compatibility of fish species. This problem is caused by the non-synchronized maturation of female and male broodstock, and the low quality of broodstock. As shown in previous studies, induced breeding with exogenous treatment from specialized hormones could be one of the best cures for this issue. Hormonal treatments have been used by farmers to overcome the reproductive system dysfunctions in establishing captive wild or hatchery-based breeding. Although the imitation in its natural condition has been set up, for broodstock to spawn naturally problems still occur, hence the need for hormonal therapy. This review aims to deliver the results and contributions of an established artificial hormone, gonadotropin-releasing hormone analogue (GnRHa), to treat fish reproductive system dysfunction, to improve the qualities of eggs, seedlings, and broodstock, mainly to help fish farmers and can be used in the aquaculture industry to improve the reproduction of cultured fishes for sustainable aquaculture production to achieve the market demand and consumption.
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Rodríguez Gabilondo, Adrian, Liz Hernández Pérez, and Rebeca Martínez Rodríguez. "Hormonal and neuroendocrine control of reproductive function in teleost fish." Bionatura 3, no. 3 (August 15, 2021): 2122–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.21931/rb/2021.06.02.35.
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Reproduction is one of the important physiological events for the maintenance of the species. Hormonal and neuroendocrine regulation of teleost requires multiple and complex interactions along the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonad (HPG) axis. Within this axis, gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) regulates the synthesis and release of gonadotropins, follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), and luteinizing hormone (LH). Steroidogenesis drives reproduction function in which the development and differentiation of gonads. In recent years, new neuropeptides have become the focus of reproductive physiology research as they are involved in the different regulatory mechanisms of these species' growth, metabolism, and reproduction. However, especially in fish, the role of these neuropeptides in the control of reproductive function is not well studied. The study of hormonal and neuroendocrine events that regulate reproduction is crucial for the development and success of aquaculture.
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Althumairy, Duaa, Xiaoping Zhang, Nicholas Baez, George Barisas, Deborah A. Roess, George R. Bousfield, and Debbie C. Crans. "Glycoprotein G-protein Coupled Receptors in Disease: Luteinizing Hormone Receptors and Follicle Stimulating Hormone Receptors." Diseases 8, no. 3 (September 15, 2020): 35. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/diseases8030035.
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Signal transduction by luteinizing hormone receptors (LHRs) and follicle-stimulating hormone receptors (FSHRs) is essential for the successful reproduction of human beings. Both receptors and the thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor are members of a subset of G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) described as the glycoprotein hormone receptors. Their ligands, follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) and a structurally related hormone produced in pregnancy, human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), are large protein hormones that are extensively glycosylated. Although the primary physiologic functions of these receptors are in ovarian function and maintenance of pregnancy in human females and spermatogenesis in males, there are reports of LHRs or FSHRs involvement in disease processes both in the reproductive system and elsewhere. In this review, we evaluate the aggregation state of the structure of actively signaling LHRs or FSHRs, their functions in reproduction as well as summarizing disease processes related to receptor mutations affecting receptor function or expression in reproductive and non-reproductive tissues. We will also present novel strategies for either increasing or reducing the activity of LHRs signaling. Such approaches to modify signaling by glycoprotein receptors may prove advantageous in treating diseases relating to LHRs or FSHRs function in addition to furthering the identification of new strategies for modulating GPCR signaling.
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Nagori, Chaitanya. "Sonoendocrinology and Monitoring Assisted Reproduction Technology." Donald School Journal of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology 10, no. 4 (2016): 376–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.5005/jp-journals-10009-1488.
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ABSTRACT Reproductive function in a human being consists of continuous hormonal changes in the female. These hormonal changes are responsible for dynamic changes occurring in the ovarian and uterine morphology and vascularity. Ultrasound and Doppler are very useful modalities for assessing these changes, and therefore, very effective for diagnosis of hormonal derangements and monitoring the assisted reproductive technology (ART) treated cycles. Among the common hormones that need to be assessed, androgen can be correlated with high antral follicle count (AFC) and high uterine artery resistance and anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) also has a positive correlation with AFC. Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) is reflected as follicular growth, and luteinizing hormone (LH) by ovarian stromal echogenicity and vascularity and endometrial hyperechogenicity. Estrogen adequacy can be judged by follicular and endometrial flow in preovulatory phase whereas progesterone adequacy can be judged by corpus luteal and endometrial flow in mid luteal phase. Day-to-day hormonal assessment can therefore be replaced by ultrasound and Doppler during ART. How to cite this article Panchal S, Nagori C. Sonoendocrinology and Monitoring Assisted Reproduction Technology. Donald School J Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2016;10(4):376-386.
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Hong, Hsin-Tai, and Chean-Ping Wu. "Evaluation of Steroid Sex Hormone Levels in Cockatiels During Their Reproductive Cycle." Journal of Agricultural Science 11, no. 3 (February 15, 2019): 172. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jas.v11n3p172.
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Sexual steroid hormone concentrations differ with respect to the different stages of animal life. For example, hormone concentrations in the reproductive stage show a periodic variation. Studies on variations in sexual hormones in parrots using non-invasive methods as well as the effect of nest-boxes in parrots are less. This study aimed to detect the levels of fecal steroid hormones during the cockatiel reproductive cycle and to investigate the effect of nest-box placement on reproduction. There were 24 mating pairs of cockatiels, and the study was conducted over 13 months. Based on their reproductive status, individual birds were divided into pre-reproduction (PR), incubation (IN), and parent period (PA) in the pre-test; then, the nest box was either temporarily removed for 20 days (RN) or continuously provided (pre-reproduction, PR). The estrogen concentrations measured in the last stage of the PR period and the initial stage of the IN period were significantly higher than those measured in the PA stage, and there were no significant differences in testosterone and progesterone concentrations throughout the reproductive cycle. The nest-box treatments (NB) indicated that eggs were laid 6-13 days after the new box was hung; however, in the pre-test, there was an interval of 30-40 days before the next mating pairs started the next reproductive stage or no reproduction. Estrogen concentrations in PR and testosterone concentrations in RN were significantly higher than those in the other periods during the nest-box treatments. In conclusion, estrogen showed the most significant change among the fecal steroid hormones measured. Nest boxes serve as a positive stimulus for parrot reproduction management and can help non-seasonal reproductive parrots to rapidly enter the next breeding cycle.
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Szpręgiel, Izabela, and Danuta Wronska. "The role of photoperiod and melatonin in the control of seasonal reproduction in mammals." Roczniki Naukowe Polskiego Towarzystwa Zootechnicznego 16, no. 4, Accepted for print (December 30, 2020): 39–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0014.6071.
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<b>Melatonin secreted by pineal cells is a hormone whose biosynthesis is coordinated by neurons of the master clock located in the hypothalamic suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN), characterized by the generation of a 24-hour rhythm. In many species of mammals, fluctuations in melatonin secretion affect reproductive functions, e.g. by regulating the frequency and amount of pulsatile secretion of hypothalamic and gonadotropic hormones. Seasonal breeding is a common adaptive strategy among mammals, allowing them to reproduce during the periods of the year that are most favourable for the later survival and growth of the offspring. This type of reproduction is characteristic of sheep, with winter reproductive activity, and hamsters, with summer reproductive activity. In these animals, melatonin synthesis is largely regulated by the photoperiod, which indirectly influences the period of reproductive activity or passivity. The aim of this study was to gather available knowledge on melatonin as a key element controlling seasonal reproduction. The paper presents the general shape of the circadian rhythm and the neuroendocrine mechanism regulating animal reproduction depending on the variable photoperiod. The collected results suggest that melatonin, kisspeptins, gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), sex hormones and thyroid hormones participate in the regulation of seasonal reproduction in mammals. </b>
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Mills, Edouard G. A., Waljit S. Dhillo, and Alexander N. Comninos. "Kisspeptin and the control of emotions, mood and reproductive behaviour." Journal of Endocrinology 239, no. 1 (October 2018): R1—R12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/joe-18-0269.
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Reproduction is fundamental for the survival of all species and requires meticulous synchronisation of a diverse complement of neural, endocrine and related behaviours. The reproductive hormone kisspeptin (encoded by the KISS1/Kiss1 gene) is now a well-established orchestrator of reproductive hormones, acting upstream of gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) at the apex of the hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal (HPG) reproductive axis. Beyond the hypothalamus, kisspeptin is also expressed in limbic and paralimbic brain regions, which are areas of the neurobiological network implicated in sexual and emotional behaviours. We are now forming a more comprehensive appreciation of extra-hypothalamic kisspeptin signalling and the complex role of kisspeptin as an upstream mediator of reproductive behaviours, including olfactory-driven partner preference, copulatory behaviour, audition, mood and emotion. An increasing body of research from zebrafish to humans has implicated kisspeptin in the integration of reproductive hormones with an overall positive influence on these reproductive behaviours. In this review, we critically appraise the current literature regarding kisspeptin and its control of reproductive behaviour. Collectively, these data significantly enhance our understanding of the integration of reproductive hormones and behaviour and provide the foundation for kisspeptin-based therapies to treat related disorders of body and mind.
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Ariz Hamidova, Nurana. "COVİD-19-da müxtəlif yaş qruplarında (reproduktiv və menopauzal) qadınlarda müqayisəvi mənstrual siklə və qadın genital hormonlarına yeni yanaşmalar." SCIENTIFIC WORK 74, no. 1 (January 17, 2022): 68–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.36719/2663-4619/74/68-72.
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NEW APPROACHES AND ALL-ROUND OVERVIEWS TO THE MENSTRUAL CYCLE AND FEMALE GENITAL HORMONES COMPARABLY IN WOMEN OF DIFFERENT AGE GROUPS (REPRODUCTIVE AND MENOPAUSAL) IN COVID-19 Abstract The changes in serum levels of luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FHS), estradiol, and progesterone that occur both early and late in reproductive life were characterized and compared with findings in young, normal women and in patients with certain menstrual disorders. Since the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, there have been accumulating discussions on social media and blogs indicating that women have experienced menstrual changes, including altered menstrual duration, frequency, regularity, and volume (heavier bleeding and clotting), increased dysmenorrhoea and worsened premenstrual syndrome. Key words: SARS CoV-2, COVİD-19, reproduction, changing in hormonal balans Nurana Ariz Hamidova COVİD-19-da müxtəlif yaş qruplarında (reproduktiv və menopauzal) qadınlarda müqayisəvi mənstrual siklə və qadın genital hormonlarına yeni yanaşmalar Xülasə Reproduktiv həyatın həm erkən, həm də gec dövrlərində baş verən luteinləşdirici hormon (LH), follikül stimullaşdırıcı hormon (FHS), estradiol və progesteronun serum səviyyələrindəki dəyişikliklər səciyyələndirilmiş və gənc, orta yaşlı qadınlarda və müəyyən menstrual siklin müəyyən dövründəki məlumatlar müqayisə edilmişdir. COVID-19 pandemiyasının başlanğıcından etibarən qadınların menstrual dəyişiklikləri, o cümlədən menstruasiya müddəti, tezliyi, nizamlılığı və həcminin dəyişməsi (daha ağır qanaxma və laxtalanma), dismenoreyanın artması və daha da pisləşdiyini göstərən məlumatlar öyrənilir.
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Tena-Sempere, Manuel, and Ilpo Huhtaniemi. "Sex in the brain: How the brain regulates reproductive function." Biochemist 31, no. 2 (April 1, 2009): 4–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bio03102004.
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Reproductive functions are maintained by a complex hormonal regulatory network called the hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal (HPG) axis, which is under the hierarchical control of a network of neurohormones that ultimately modulate the synthesis and pulsatile release of the decapeptide gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) by specialized neural cells distributed along the mediobasal hypothalamus. This neuropeptide drives the production of the two gonadotropic hormones of the anterior pituitary gland, luteinizing hormone (LH) and folliclestimulating hormone (FSH), which are released into the circulation and regulate specific functions of the ovary and testis. In turn, hormones produced by the gonads feed back to the hypothalamic– pituitary level to maintain functional balance of the HPG axis, through negative and positive (only in females) regulatory loops. In this article, we review the main hormonal regulatory systems that are operative in the HPG axis with special emphasis on recent developments in our knowledge of the neuroendocrine pathways governing GnRH secretion, including the identification of kisspeptins and G-protein-coupled receptor 54 (GPR54) as major gatekeepers of puberty onset and fertility.
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Schiller, Crystal Edler, Samantha Meltzer-Brody, and David R. Rubinow. "The role of reproductive hormones in postpartum depression." CNS Spectrums 20, no. 1 (September 29, 2014): 48–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1092852914000480.
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Despite decades of research aimed at identifying the causes of postpartum depression (PPD), PPD remains common, and the causes are poorly understood. Many have attributed the onset of PPD to the rapid perinatal change in reproductive hormones. Although a number of human and nonhuman animal studies support the role of reproductive hormones in PPD, several studies have failed to detect an association between hormone concentrations and PPD. The purpose of this review is to examine the hypothesis that fluctuations in reproductive hormone levels during pregnancy and the postpartum period trigger PPD in susceptible women. We discuss and integrate the literature on animal models of PPD and human studies of reproductive hormones and PPD. We also discuss alternative biological models of PPD to demonstrate the potential for multiple PPD phenotypes and to describe the complex interplay of changing reproductive hormones and alterations in thyroid function, immune function, hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis function, lactogenic hormones, and genetic expression that may contribute to affective dysfunction. There are 3 primary lines of inquiry that have addressed the role of reproductive hormones in PPD: nonhuman animal studies, correlational studies of postpartum hormone levels and mood symptoms, and hormone manipulation studies. Reproductive hormones influence virtually every biological system implicated in PPD, and a subgroup of women seem to be particularly sensitive to the effects of perinatal changes in hormone levels. We propose that these women constitute a “hormone-sensitive” PPD phenotype, which should be studied independent of other PPD phenotypes to identify underlying pathophysiology and develop novel treatment targets.
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Titisari, Nurina, Aulia Firmawati, Ahmad Fauzi, Made Ayu, Ida Masnur, and Iwan Kurniawan. "REPRODUCTIVE CYCLE OF FEMALE JAVAN LANGUR (TRACHYPITHECUS AURATUS) BASED ON ESTROGEN AND LUTEINIZING HORMONE LEVELS." Jurnal Veteriner 22, no. 1 (March 31, 2021): 41–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.19087/jveteriner.2021.22.1.41.
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Currently, the information about Javan langurs female reproductive cycle in both cycle length and hormonal patterns is still widely unknown. Meanwhile, this information can be used as a guide in determining the fertile period of Javan langurs to conduct mating with higher pregnancy rate. The purpose of this study was to determine the reproductive cycle of adult female Javan langurs based on estrogen and luteinizing hormone (LH) levels. The experimental animals was originated from Coban Talun forest in Batu, which was undergoing a rehabilitation program. Feces samples of two female Javan langurs were taken for 40 days. Examination of estrogen and LH hormone levels in the feces was carried out by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method and then analyzed descriptively. The results showed that fluctuations in the graphs of the hormones estrogen and LH appeared on days 8 to 16 and days 30 to 40 which showed the existence of two reproductive cycles. Whereas younger langur showed a pattern of hormonal fluctuations that are less regular, making identification of the reproductive cycle difficult. Based from the results, we concluded that the reproductive cycle of female Javan langur was estimated about 24 days with a hormonal pattern consisting of the follicular phase, the ovulation period and the luteal phase.
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Witorsch, R. J. "Use of Gonadotropic Hormones and Sex Steroids in Assessing Male Reproduction." Journal of the American College of Toxicology 5, no. 4 (July 1986): 235–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/10915818609140748.
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In this presentation we discuss how male reproductive hormones are influenced by various normal and abnormal situations. Puberty is characterized by a progressive increase in serum gonadotropins (FSH and LH) and testosterone. Hormonal profiles in aging men and rats differ significantly, suggesting qualitatively different age-related changes in both species. Gonadal disorders in humans may exhibit similar symptoms (such as delayed or precocious virilization) but may be due to different defects within the hypothalamo-pituitary-testicular axis and, hence, may exhibit different reproductive hormone profiles. Reproductive hormone measurements reveal that toxic agents, such as ketoconazole, alcohol, or opiates, can impair reproductive function at the gonad and/or the hypothalamo-pituitary level. Glucocorticoids released during stress have been shown to have a direct inhibitory effect on testosterone release from the testes, which may be of relevance to toxicology studies. Reproductive hormonal measurements have also revealed that LH levels in the blood fluctuate in a pronounced episodic fashion and that this pattern is due to the pulsatile delivery of GnRH to the anterior pituitary gland. Administration of GnRH in a pulsatile fashion to patients with hypogonadotropic hypogonadism restores gonadal function. Nonpulsatile GnRH delivery to the anterior pituitary suppresses LH and testosterone release, and, consequently, long-acting superanalogs of GnRH appear to be effective in the treatment of prostatic cancer and true precocious puberty. The examples presented in this article illustrate how hormonal measurements have increased our knowledge and understanding of male reproduction.
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Boichuk, O. H., U. S. Dorofeieva, and T. V. Kolomiichenko. "Hormonal and genetic causes of poor response to controlled ovarian stimulation in women of late reproductive age." REPRODUCTIVE ENDOCRINOLOGY, no. 66 (August 10, 2022): 62–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.18370/2309-4117.2022.66.62-67.
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Objectives: to investigate the hormonal and genetic determinants of the poor response to controlled ovarian stimulation (COS) in women of late reproductive age.Materials and methods. 130 patients from assisted reproductive technology programs were examined. The main group of 80 older reproductive aged patients (35 years and older) was divided into 2 subgroups according to the POSEIDON criteria. Subgroup 1 included 34 women with a predicted poor response to COS, subgroup 2 – 46 patients with a predicted normal response to COS. The comparison group consisted of 50 patients under the age of 35 with a predicted normal response to COS.The pituitary hormones (luteinizing, follicle-stimulating hormones, prolactin), steroid hormones (testosterone, estradiol, progesterone), cortisol, anti-Mullerian hormone (AMH) and inhibin B values was determined in blood serum by the ELISA. Blood was taken on the third day of the menstrual cycle. A molecular genetic study of FSHR gene polymorphism (Ala307Thr, Ser680Asn) was performed.Results. AMH decrease, estradiol increase and inhibin B decrease in potentially poor responders to COS may be an additional indication of reduced ovarian reserve. The level of follicle-stimulating hormone increases with age, but does not have high specificity as a marker of ovarian reserve. Elevated levels of cortisol emphasize its role in reproduction and correspond to increased stress value. The effectiveness of IVF if there were 4 or more mature oocytes obtained is associated with higher levels of AMH and inhibin B, and lower estradiol and cortisol values. The multifaceted dependence of the COC effectiveness in women of older reproductive age on the parameters of the hormonal profile, confirmed by correlation analysis, reflects the complexity of the reproductive function implementation with the use of auxiliary reproductive technologies in such patients. The combination of AA/SS genotypes for the Thr307Ala and Asn680Ser polymorphisms of the FSHR gene can be an additional marker of COC inefficiency.Conclusions. Determination of the hormones levels (inhibin B, estradiol and cortisol), the study of Thr307Ala and Asn680Ser polymorphisms of the FSHR gene can provide additional information for predicting the response to COS in women of older reproductive age.
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Ren, Bingtao, and Yan Zhu. "A New Perspective on Thyroid Hormones: Crosstalk with Reproductive Hormones in Females." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 5 (February 28, 2022): 2708. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms23052708.
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Accumulating evidence has shown that thyroid hormones (THs) are vital for female reproductive system homeostasis. THs regulate the reproductive functions through thyroid hormone receptors (THRs)-mediated genomic- and integrin-receptor-associated nongenomic mechanisms, depending on TH ligand status and DNA level, as well as transcription and extra-nuclear signaling transduction activities. These processes involve the binding of THs to intracellular THRs and steroid hormone receptors or membrane receptors and the recruitment of hormone-response elements. In addition, THs and other reproductive hormones can activate common signaling pathways due to their structural similarity and shared DNA consensus sequences among thyroid, peptide, and protein hormones and their receptors, thus constituting a complex and reciprocal interaction network. Moreover, THs not only indirectly affect the synthesis, secretion, and action of reproductive hormones, but are also regulated by these hormones at the same time. This crosstalk may be one of the pivotal factors regulating female reproductive behavior and hormone-related diseases, including tumors. Elucidating the interaction mechanism among the aforementioned hormones will contribute to apprehending the etiology of female reproductive diseases, shedding new light on the treatment of gynecological disorders.
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Abdulkadyrova, Zarina K., and Elena I. Abashova. "Inhibin as a reproductive biomarker. Part 1." Journal of obstetrics and women's diseases 68, no. 3 (July 8, 2019): 61–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/jowd68361-70.
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Inhibin is one of the most important hormones of the reproductive system, which is secreted by the granulose cells of the ovary and the Sertoli cells of the testes. Inhibin regulates follicle-stimulating hormone secretion involving a negative feedback loop, participates in ovarian folliculogenesis and spermatogenesis, and has great diagnostic potential in assessing the reproductive status and treating reproductive disorders. More than 90 years have passed since the discovery of inhibin, and it is becoming increasingly clear that its action is not limited to the reproductive system, as the hormone subunits and dimers are found in many organs. Further research is needed to study physiological functions of inhibin and diagnostic possibilities of its use in modern medicine. This review examines the structure and various biological functions of inhibin, as well as its role in human reproduction.
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AJAKAIYE, A. A., M. A. ABDULLAHI, and T. O. OLANREWAJU. "REPRODUCTIVE ORGAN DAMAGE OF DOMESTIC RUMINANTS IN AFRICAN ANIMAL TRYPANOSOMIASIS: A REVIEW." FUDMA Journal of Agriculture and Agricultural Technology 7, no. 2 (June 6, 2022): 47–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.33003/jaat.2021.0702.047.
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Animal African trypanosomiasis affects both production and reproduction in domestic ruminants. The reproductive damages caused by trypanosomes have direct or indirect link to some specific organs like endocrine and pituitary gland which secrets follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), interstitial-cell stimulating hormone (ICSH) and growth hormone (GH). These hormones play an important role in the spermatogenic cycle in males and oestrus cycle in females. However, the pathogenesis of these damages have not been clearly elucidated. We believe that this aspect deserves closer study especially in livestock where reproductive performance is the pillar upon which productivity is built. It is hoped that this review which is centred on the chronological report of works that have been carried out on some reproductive organs damage in domestic ruminants infected with or affected by trypanosomes will add more light to the pathophysiology of the affected organs
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Pehlivan, Erkan, Hüseyin Polat, and Gürsel Dellal. "Annual Change of Reproductive Hormones in Female Angora Goats." Turkish Journal of Agriculture - Food Science and Technology 5, no. 4 (April 6, 2017): 343. http://dx.doi.org/10.24925/turjaf.v5i4.343-348.1220.
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In this research, annual changes of melatonin, gonadotropin-releasing hormone, follicle stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, estrogen, testosterone and progesterone were studied on 6 heads of 1.5 years old female Angora goat. To determine hormones concentrations, blood samples were taken from jugular vein of each goat in every month for a year. The blood samples were centrifuged at 4000xg for 5 min. and serum was stored at -20°C until analyses time. Hormones analyses in the serum were performed by enzyme immunoassay (EIA) method. Monthly climatic values and photoperiod were obtained from the Turkish State Meteorological Service and temperature-humidity index was calculated with climatic values. In the study, in order to determine any possible differences in the observed hormones concentrations with respect to months, repeated measures ANOVA analysis was performed. As a result of statistical analysis, there were no significant differences among the months for gonadotropin-releasing hormone, follicle stimulating hormone and testosterone concentration, while significant differences were found among the months for melatonin, luteinizing hormone and progesterone, and estrogen concentration in female Angora goats. According the results of this study, could be concluded that the releases of reproductive hormones examined in female Angora goats was seasonally dependent.
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Morishita, Fumihiro, Yasuo Furukawa, Osamu Matsushima, and Hiroyuki Minakata. "Regulatory actions of neuropeptides and peptide hormones on the reproduction of molluscsThe present review is one of a series of occasional review articles that have been invited by the Editors and will feature the broad range of disciplines and expertise represented in our Editorial Advisory Board." Canadian Journal of Zoology 88, no. 9 (September 2010): 825–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z10-041.
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Reproductive success of individual animals is essential for the survival of any species. Molluscs have adapted to a wide variety of environments (freshwater, brackish water, seawater, and terrestrial habits) and have evolved unique tactics for reproduction. Both of these features attract the academic interests of scientists. Because neuropeptides and peptide hormones play critical roles in neural and neurohormonal regulation of physiological functions and behaviors in this animal group, the regulatory actions of these messengers in reproduction have been extensively investigated. In this review, we will briefly summarize how peptidergic messengers are involved in various aspects of reproduction, using some peptides such as egg-laying hormone, caudo-dorsal cell hormone, APGWamide, and gonadotropin-releasing hormone as typical examples.
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Garcia-Garcia, R. M. "Integrative Control of Energy Balance and Reproduction in Females." ISRN Veterinary Science 2012 (September 26, 2012): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.5402/2012/121389.
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There is a strong association between nutrition and reproduction. Chronic dietary energy deficits as well as energy surpluses can impair reproductive capacity. Metabolic status impacts reproductive function at systemic level, modulating the hypothalamic GnRH neuronal network and/or the pituitary gonadotropin secretion through several hormones and neuropeptides, and at the ovarian level, acting through the regulation of follicle growth and steroidogenesis by means of the growth hormone-IGF-insulin system and local ovarian mediators. In the past years, several hormones and neuropeptides have been emerging as important mediators between energy balance and reproduction. The present review goes over the main sites implicated in the control of energy balance linked to reproductive success and summarizes the most important metabolic and neuroendocrine signals that participate in reproductive events with special emphasis on the role of recently discovered neuroendocrine peptides. Also, a little overview about the effects of maternal nutrition, affecting offspring reproduction, has been presented.
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Stachenfeld, Nina S., and Hugh S. Taylor. "Challenges and methodology for testing young healthy women in physiological studies." American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism 306, no. 8 (April 15, 2014): E849—E853. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.00038.2014.
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Physiological responses and control of body systems differ between women and men. Moreover, within women, female gonadal hormones have important influences on organs and systems outside of reproduction. Until the NIH Revitalization Act of 1993, laboratories focused physiological research primarily on men, and this focus placed limitations on women's health care. Thus, the NIH directive to include women required scientists and physicians studying humans to consider female reproductive physiology. Even though this directive was enacted over 20 years ago, there is still a great deal of misunderstanding as to the best methods to control hormones or account for changes in internal hormone exposure in women. This discussion describes common methods investigators use to include women in physiological studies and to examine the impact of female reproductive hormone exposure for research purposes. In some cases, the goal is to control for phase of the cycle, so women are studied when the endogenous hormones should be similar to each other. When the goal of the research is to examine the effects of hormones on a physiological response, it is important to use methods that will change hormone exposure in a controlled fashion. We recommend a method that employs gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) agonist or antagonist to suppress estrogens, gonadotropins, progesterone, and androgens followed by administration of these hormones. While this method is more invasive, it is safe and is the strongest research design to examine both hormone effects within women and between women and men.
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Romerowicz-Misielak, Maria, and Marek Koziorowski. "The Gonadotropins Subunits, GNRH and GNRH Receptor Gene Expression and Role of Carbon Monoxide in Seasonal Breeding Animals." Annals of Animal Science 12, no. 1 (November 1, 2012): 15–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10220-012-0002-x.
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The Gonadotropins Subunits, GNRH and GNRH Receptor Gene Expression and Role of Carbon Monoxide in Seasonal Breeding AnimalsSeasonality in reproduction occurs mainly in wild species and it is the result of natural selection. Signals to start or finish the period of reproductive activity, both environmental and hormonal depend on the neuroendocrine pathway - synthesis and secretion of pituitary hormones, luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), under the control of the hypothalamic gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) neurons. Variable frequency of GnRH pulses is not only the main factor governing primary and preovulatory release of gonadotropins, but it can also play a role in the specific transcriptional activity of gonadotropin subunit genes (LHβ, FSHβ and Cga). However, changes in release of GnRH pulse pattern do not explain the preferential stimulation of the synthesis and secretion of gonadotropins in the annual reproductive cycle. In this regulation also a GnRH independent mechanism participates. It seems that the main factor responsible for the occurrence of the seasonal modulation of reproduction in sheep and other mammals, is significant changes in response of GnRH systems to gonadal steroids. The effect of carbon monoxide on regulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis has not been studied to date. There is substantial evidence to suggest that it may play a role in the transduction of information on day length. The presence of heme oxygenase-2 in hypothalamic areas important for regulation of pituitary secretory function and in the pituitary itself suggests that carbon monoxide, the product of this enzyme, may participate in the regulation of hormone secretion by the pineal gland.
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Hashem, Nesrein M., and Antonio Gonzalez-Bulnes. "State-of-the-Art and Prospective of Nanotechnologies for Smart Reproductive Management of Farm Animals." Animals 10, no. 5 (May 13, 2020): 840. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani10050840.
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Many biotechnological assisted reproductive techniques (ART) are currently used to control the reproductive processes of farm animals. Nowadays, smart ART that considers technique efficiency, animal welfare, cost efficiency and environmental health are developed. Recently, the nanotechnology revolution has pervaded all scientific fields including the reproduction of farm animals, facilitating certain improvements in this field. Nanotechnology could be used to improve and overcome many technical obstacles that face different ART. For example, semen purification and semen preservation processes have been developed using different nanomaterials and techniques, to obtain semen doses with high sperm quality. Additionally, nanodrugs delivery could be applied to fabricate several sex hormones (steroids or gonadotrophins) used in the manipulation of the reproductive cycle. Nanofabricated hormones have new specific biological properties, increasing their bioavailability. Applying nanodrugs delivery techniques allow a reduction in hormone dose and improves hormone kinetics in animal body, because of protection from natural biological barriers (e.g., enzymatic degradation). Additionally, biodegradable nanomaterials could be used to fabricate hormone-loaded devices that are made from non-degradable materials, such as silicon and polyvinyl chloride-based matrixes, which negatively impact environmental health. This review discusses the role of nanotechnology in developing some ART outcomes applied in the livestock sector, meeting the concept of smart production.
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Fedotov, S. V., E. E. Oleinikova, S. G. Yakovlev, and E. A. Mukha. "Determining the reproductive potential of repair heifers." Genetics and breeding of animals, no. 4 (January 7, 2021): 43–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.31043/2410-2733-2020-4-43-47.
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Reproduction and culling of productive animals are the main factors that affect the number of cows in a herd. Timely determination of fertility in replacement heifers with subsequent culling of problem heifers will help reduce direct economic losses in breeding dairy cattle. When making a diagnosis, veterinarians should exclude all forms of temporary or permanent infertility, including Congenital anomalies (infantilism, freemartinism, deformities, etc.).In order to establish the hormonal status of heifers-freemartin in the blood serum, the concentration of sex hormones (progesterone, estradiol-17ᵦ, and testosterone) and anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) was determined.Studies of the level of AMH using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in blood serum have proven the possibility of early assessment of fertility in heifers. This method will allow early culling of Freemartin heifers from a productive herd. The study of AMH levels showed that its amount directly correlates with fertility in cattle, regardless of the period of the estrous cycle. When the concentration of AMH in the blood serum is below 100 pg / ml, heifers are not capable of fruitful insemination, while a high level of anti-Müllerian hormone (more than 380 ng / ml) makes it possible to successfully fertilize animals on the first attempt. All clinically healthy replacements obtained during a single pregnancy were successfully inseminated. At low concentrations of anti-Müllerian hormone, Freemartin heifers were sterile, even after hormonal stimulation (Co-Synx) and sperm doses were administered without clinical manifestation of sexual desire.The introduction of testing for the level of AMH by the ELISA method in the mandatory gynecological clinical examination of cattle in livestock enterprises is expedient and effective.
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Ouyang, Jenny Q., Peter J. Sharp, Alistair Dawson, Michael Quetting, and Michaela Hau. "Hormone levels predict individual differences in reproductive success in a passerine bird." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 278, no. 1717 (January 19, 2011): 2537–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2010.2490.
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Hormones mediate major physiological and behavioural components of the reproductive phenotype of individuals. To understand basic evolutionary processes in the hormonal regulation of reproductive traits, we need to know whether, and during which reproductive phases, individual variation in hormone concentrations relates to fitness in natural populations. We related circulating concentrations of prolactin and corticosterone to parental behaviour and reproductive success during both the pre-breeding and the chick-rearing stages in both individuals of pairs of free-living house sparrows, Passer domesticus . Prolactin and baseline corticosterone concentrations in pre-breeding females, and prolactin concentrations in pre-breeding males, predicted total number of fledglings. When the strong effect of lay date on total fledgling number was corrected for, only pre-breeding baseline corticosterone, but not prolactin, was negatively correlated with the reproductive success of females. During the breeding season, nestling provisioning rates of both sexes were negatively correlated with stress-induced corticosterone levels. Lastly, individuals of both sexes with low baseline corticosterone before and high baseline corticosterone during breeding raised the most offspring, suggesting that either the plasticity of this trait contributes to reproductive success or that high parental effort leads to increased hormone concentrations. Thus hormone concentrations both before and during breeding, as well as their seasonal dynamics, predict reproductive success, suggesting that individual variation in absolute concentrations and in plasticity is functionally significant, and, if heritable, may be a target of selection.
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Nugroho, Rudy, Retno Aryani, Hetty Manurung, Dwi Feby Anindita, Fitria Sari Nur Hidayati, Widha Prahastika, and Rudianto Rudianto. "Effects of the Ethanol Extracts of Ficus deltoidea leaves on the Reproductive Parameters in Male Mice." Open Access Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences 10, A (January 18, 2022): 146–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.3889/oamjms.2022.8068.
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BACKGROUND: Indonesia, and in particular East Kalimantan, has a very high diversity of flora that has the potential to be used as traditional medicine. One type of flora is the leaves of Ficus deltoidea Jack. At present, there are no available data about the impact of F. deltoidea leaf ethanol extract on the male reproductive system. AIM: The present study aims to investigate the effect of F. deltoidea leaf ethanol extract on several parameters of reproductive function in male mice, including changes in testicular biochemistry, reproductive hormones profile, and histopathology of the testes after subchronic exposure. METHODS: In total, 25 male mice were divided into five groups: The control group and four treatment groups that received extract doses of 125, 250, 500, and 1000 mg/kgbw for 28 days, respectively. At the end of the treatment, surgery was performed, weight of body and reproductive organs (testis, epididymis, and seminal vesicles) were measured, and testicular biochemistry, reproductive hormone profile, antioxidant activity, and testes histopathology were analyzed. RESULTS: In the subchronic toxicity test, there were no significant changes in body weight or in weight and relative weight of reproductive organs. Levels of testosterone, luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone, protein, cholesterol, and activity of enzymes in the testes (alkaline phosphatase, lactate dehydrogenase, and glutamyltransferase) and activity of the enzyme superoxide dismutase increased significantly in the treated mice when compared to control mice (p < 0.05). Glycogen levels were not significantly different, but lipid peroxide (MDA) decreased significantly, though it did not change the histological structure of the testes. CONCLUSION: Ethanolic extract of the leaves of F. deltoidea Jack does not cause toxic effects and even has a beneficial effect on the reproduction of male mice by increasing fertility, reproductive hormones, and antioxidant activity, and it does not change the histological structure of the testes.
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Nakao, Nobuhiro, Hiroko Ono, and Takashi Yoshimura. "Thyroid hormones and seasonal reproductive neuroendocrine interactions." REPRODUCTION 136, no. 1 (July 2008): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/rep-08-0041.
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Many animals that breed seasonally measure the day length (photoperiod) and use these measurements as predictive information to prepare themselves for annual breeding. For several decades, thyroid hormones have been known to be involved in this biological process; however, their precise roles remain unknown. Recent molecular analyses have revealed that local thyroid hormone activation in the hypothalamus plays a critical role in the regulation of the neuroendocrine axis involved in seasonal reproduction in both birds and mammals. Furthermore, functional genomics analyses have revealed a novel function of the hormone thyrotropin. This hormone plays a key role in signaling day-length changes to the brain and thus triggers seasonal breeding. This review aims to summarize the currently available knowledge on the interactions between elements of the thyroid hormone axis and the neuroendocrine system involved in seasonal reproduction.
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Bruner, Brenda, Karen Chad, and Donna Chizen. "Effects of exercise and nutritional counseling in women with polycystic ovary syndrome." Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism 31, no. 4 (August 2006): 384–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/h06-007.
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This pilot study assessed the effects of exercise and nutritional counseling on hormonal, menstrual, and reproductive function in women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Twelve females with a clinical, biochemical, and ultrasonographic diagnosis of PCOS were randomly assigned to endurance and resistance exercise plus nutritional counseling (EN) or nutritional counseling only (N) for a period of 12 weeks. Anthropometry, resting metabolic rate (RMR), selected hormones, and ovarian follicle population were measured pre and post-intervention. Following the 12 week intervention, greater decreases in sum of 2 skinfolds (p = 0.002) and a greater increase in estimated VO2 max (p = 0.017) occurred in the exercise group. Significant decreases in waist girth (p = 0.001) and insulin levels (p = 0.03) occurred in both groups. Hormonal changes were not statistically significant; however, a trend towards an improved hormonal profile, specifically sex-hormone binding globulin (EN, 39% increase; N, 8% increase) and lutenizing hormone : follicle-stimulating hormone (LH:FSH) (EN, 9% decrease; N, 27% decrease) occurred in the absence of weight loss. These findings suggest exercise and nutritional counseling may benefit the metabolic and reproductive abnormalities associated with PCOS.
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Michal, Ješeta, Chmelíková Eva, Crha Igor, Sedmíková Markéta, Žáková Jana, and Ventruba Pavel. "Endocrine disruptive compounds and male reproduction." Medical Journal of Cell Biology 6, no. 4 (December 1, 2018): 131–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/acb-2018-0021.
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AbstractEndocrine disruptors (EDs) are chemical substances that affect physiological processes in the organism via hormonal regulation. The EDs are present in the environment and objects of everyday use. They are often detected in food, particularly released from packaging of canned food, but also from plastic water bottles, and they are also found in cosmetics and fertilizers. They are commonly detected in children's toys, banknotes, receipts and many more objects. Permanent and long-term utilization of EDs has harmful effects on human reproductive health mainly by interference with sex hormone synthesis and mechanism of action. The endocrine disruptors show many negative effects on male reproductive system. Any change during synthesis or activity of sex hormones can cause abnormal reproduction, including developmental anomalies of the sexual system, disruption of testicular development or deterioration of sperm quality. Mainly the impact on the development of testicles in prenatal and early postnatal period can be crucial for reproductive health in males. This review provides an overview of the EDs and their possible impact on reproductive health in males with focus on sperm quality and development of testicles.
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VITORATOS, N., D. C. PAPATHEODOROU, S. N. KALANTARIDOU, and G. MASTORAKOS. ""Reproductive" Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone." Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1092, no. 1 (December 1, 2006): 310–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1196/annals.1365.029.
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Abdul-Rahman, Imad, and Atheer Abdul-Ameer. "REPRODUCTIVE HORMONAL ASSAY OF A SAMPLE OF IRAQI OBESE MALES." Iraqi Journal of Medical Sciences 17, no. 2 (June 30, 2019): 114–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.22578/ijms.17.2.4.
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Background:The World Health Organization considered obesity as a medical condition that may lead to reduced life expectancy and/or increased health problems. While much of the focus on the impairments caused by obesity is on somatic health, recent data suggest that reproductive health may also be impacted. Objective:To quantify the relation between obesity and the reproductive hormones. Methods:This cross-sectional study was carried out at nutrition clinic in three teaching hospitals and one obesity clinic in a medical college in Baghdad. The body mass index (BMI) calculation, blood sugar, serum cholesterol, triglyceride, testosterone, prolactin, follicular stimulating hormone (FSH), and luteinizing hormone (LH) were measured. Results:Ninety-five adult obese males participated in this study. Serum testosterone had significant negative correlation with BMI, weight, serum cholesterol, and serum triglyceride while serum LH had significant positive correlation with BMI (p value was 0.013), weight (p value was 0.027), and serum triglyceride (p value was 0.049). Conclusion:Male obesity has significant effect on serum level of testosterone and LH. Keywords:Obesity, reproductive hormones Citation:Abdul-Rahman IM., Abdul-Ameer AJ. Reproductive hormonal assay of a sample of Iraqi obese males. Iraqi JMS. 2019; 17(2): 114-119. doi: 10.22578/IJMS.17.2.4
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Pasyechko, N. V., T. Y. Krytskyi, S. V. Kadubets, U. V. Naumova, and L. V. Naumova. "Primary hypothyroidism as a predictor of the hypogonadism development." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENDOCRINOLOGY (Ukraine) 17, no. 6 (January 4, 2022): 482–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.22141/2224-0721.17.6.2021.243211.
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Background. Human lifestyle significantly affects human health and reproductive functions. The presence of hypothyroidism negatively impacts the health, activity, and reproductive status. This study was aimed to assess hormonal status, metabolic and anthropometric parameters in men of active reproductive age with primary hypothyroidism. Materials and methods. Totally 60 males with primary hypothyroidism were included in the study. A comparative analysis of hormonal, anthropometric, and metabolic parameters in 60 men with hypothyroidism (basic group) and 25 men without hypothyroidism and other chronic somatic diseases (control group) was performed. The mean age of the subjects was 42.4 ± 2.7 years. Results. It has been established that hypothyroidism was accompanied by an increase in serum concentrations of cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in comparison with control group (25 men without hypothyroidism) indicating metabolic disturbance. The data shows the significant effect of hypothyroidism on testosterone and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) serum concentration but not on luteinizing hormone, estradiol levels. Patients with hypothyroidism had lower circulating testosterone and higher FSH level in comparison with the controls. The reproductive hormone changes in men with hypothyroidism can result in deleterious effects on sexual functions including erectile dysfunction, reduced libido, and alteration in spermatogenesis. Conclusions. In men with hypothyroidism, changes in hormonal status have been found, which manifested in a decrease in testosterone and an increase in the blood level of follicle-stimulating hormone. The effect of hypothyroidism on the blood level of other hormones (luteinizing, estradiol, cortisol) has not been established. Hypothyroidism in men is accompanied by changes in lipid metabolism (increased levels of total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol).
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Volk, Katrina M., Veronika V. Pogrebna, Jackson A. Roberts, Jennifer E. Zachry, Sarah N. Blythe, and Natalia Toporikova. "High-Fat, High-Sugar Diet Disrupts the Preovulatory Hormone Surge and Induces Cystic Ovaries in Cycling Female Rats." Journal of the Endocrine Society 1, no. 12 (November 2, 2017): 1488–505. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/js.2017-00305.
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Abstract Diet-induced obesity has been associated with various metabolic and reproductive disorders, including polycystic ovary syndrome. However, the mechanisms by which obesity influences the reproductive system are still not fully known. Studies have suggested that impairments in hormone signaling are associated with the development of symptoms such as acyclicity and ovarian cysts. However, these studies have often failed to address how these hormonal changes arise and how they might contribute to the progression of reproductive diseases. In the present study, we used a high-fat, high-sugar (HFHS) diet to induce obesity in a female rodent model to determine the changes in critical reproductive hormones that might contribute to the development of irregular estrous cycling and reproductive cycle termination. The HFHS animals exhibited impaired estradiol, progesterone (P4), and luteinizing hormone (LH) surges before ovulation. The HFHS diet also resulted in altered basal levels of testosterone (T) and LH. Furthermore, alterations in the basal P4/T ratio correlated strongly with ovarian cyst formation in HFHS rats. Thus, this model provides a method to assess the underlying etiology of obesity-related reproductive dysfunction and to examine an acyclic reproductive phenotype as it develops.
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Boekelheide, K., M. Olugbosi, J. Nedelman, D. Everitt, E. Smith, M. Betteridge, E. Sun, and M. Spigelman. "Male reproductive hormones in patients treated with pretomanid." International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease 26, no. 6 (June 1, 2022): 558–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.5588/ijtld.21.0654.
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BACKGROUND: Pretomanid (Pa) is a nitroimidazole-class drug recently approved by the US Food and Drug Administration and other regulatory authorities as part of a regimen for treating highly drug-resistant pulmonary Mycobacterium tuberculosis infections. Studies in rodents identified the testis as a target organ of concern, which led to monitoring of reproductive hormones in >800 male patients enrolled in four clinical trials of Pa-containing regimens and the HRZE (isoniazid+rifampin+pyrazinamide+ethambutol) control regimen.METHODS: Serum hormone levels relevant to male reproductive health – follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), inhibin B (InhB) and total testosterone (T) – from the four clinical trials were summarized numerically and analyzed by repeated-measures modeling.RESULTS: Hormone levels generally behaved similarly in Pa-containing and HRZE arms. Relative to baseline, serum T and InhB levels generally increased at the end of treatment and follow-up. FSH and LH levels were variable, but were generally at or below baseline levels by follow-up. Before treatment, many patients were borderline hypogonadal, with T levels near the lower limits of the normal range.CONCLUSION: Changes in male hormones in four clinical trials studying patients with TB indicate that Pa-containing treatment was not associated with testicular toxicity but rather led to improvement in the underlying hypogonadism.
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Evans, Maggie C., and Greg M. Anderson. "Neuroendocrine integration of nutritional signals on reproduction." Journal of Molecular Endocrinology 58, no. 2 (February 2017): R107—R128. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/jme-16-0212.
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Reproductive function in mammals is energetically costly and therefore tightly regulated by nutritional status. To enable this integration of metabolic and reproductive function, information regarding peripheral nutritional status must be relayed centrally to the gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GNRH) neurons that drive reproductive function. The metabolically relevant hormones leptin, insulin and ghrelin have been identified as key mediators of this ‘metabolic control of fertility’. However, the neural circuitry through which they act to exert their control over GNRH drive remains incompletely understood. With the advent of Cre-LoxP technology, it has become possible to perform targeted gene-deletion and gene-rescue experiments and thus test the functional requirement and sufficiency, respectively, of discrete hormone–neuron signaling pathways in the metabolic control of reproductive function. This review discusses the findings from these investigations, and attempts to put them in context with what is known from clinical situations and wild-type animal models. What emerges from this discussion is clear evidence that the integration of nutritional signals on reproduction is complex and highly redundant, and therefore, surprisingly difficult to perturb. Consequently, the deletion of individual hormone–neuron signaling pathways often fails to cause reproductive phenotypes, despite strong evidence that the targeted pathway plays a role under normal physiological conditions. Although transgenic studies rarely reveal a critical role for discrete signaling pathways, they nevertheless prove to be a good strategy for identifying whether a targeted pathway is absolutely required, critically involved, sufficient or dispensable in the metabolic control of fertility.
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Norman, Victoria C., Tobias Pamminger, Fabio Nascimento, and William O. H. Hughes. "The role of juvenile hormone in regulating reproductive physiology and dominance in Dinoponera quadriceps ants." PeerJ 7 (March 1, 2019): e6512. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.6512.
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Unequal reproductive output among members of the same sex (reproductive skew) is a common phenomenon in a wide range of communally breeding animals. In such species, reproductive dominance is often acquired during antagonistic interactions between group members that establish a reproductive hierarchy in which only a few individuals reproduce. Rank-specific syndromes of behavioural and physiological traits characterize such hierarchies, but how antagonistic behavioural interactions translate into stable rank-specific syndromes remains poorly understood. The pleiotropic nature of hormones makes them prime candidates for generating such syndromes as they physiologically integrate environmental (social) information, and often affect reproduction and behaviour simultaneously. Juvenile hormone (JH) is one of several hormones that occupy such a central regulatory role in insects and has been suggested to regulate reproductive hierarchies in a wide range of social insects including ants. Here we use experimental manipulation to investigate the effect of JH levels on reproductive physiology and social dominance in high-ranked workers of the eusocial ant Dinoponera quadriceps, a species that has secondarily reverted to queenless, simple societies. We show that JH regulated reproductive physiology, with ants in which JH levels were experimentally elevated having more regressed ovaries. In contrast, we found no evidence of JH levels affecting dominance in social interactions. This could indicate that JH and ovary development are decoupled from dominance in this species, however only high-ranked workers were investigated. The results therefore confirm that the regulatory role of JH in reproductive physiology in this ant species is in keeping with its highly eusocial ancestors rather than its secondary reversion to simple societies, but more investigation is needed to disentangle the relationships between hormones, behaviour and hierarchies.
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Andi, Melani, Muhammad Irfan, and Juharni Juharni. "The Role of Inferent Hormones on Gonad Maturity Index and Growth of Ambon Betok Fish (Chrysiptera cyanea)." Agrikan: Jurnal Agribisnis Perikanan 13, no. 2 (December 3, 2020): 160. http://dx.doi.org/10.29239/j.agrikan.13.2.160-167.
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One type of marine ornamental fish that can be developed through cultivation is betok Ambon fish. Cultivation of this fish is quite profitable, and easy to maintain. To maintain the sustainability and sustainability of Betok Ambon fish farming, one way to take is to understand and know the growth and reproduction aspects of this type of fish through the provision of inferent hormones appropriately. Review article This aims to reveal the role of the inferent hormone on the aspects of reproduction and growth of Betok Ambon fish. Reproduction is the reproduction process in living things including Betok Ambon fish. The number of eggs produced by Betok Ambon fish varies between 900 and 3,500. Inferent hormone is one type of reproductive hormone that functions to spur and accelerate the level of gonad maturity in animals including fish. The determination of the inferent hormone dosage is based on the determination of the inferent dose in fish, generally around 10 mg - 80 mg or about 0.1 ml - 0.8 ml. Generally, fish that are given inferent hormone at a dose of 40-60 mg / l can increase the gonad maturity index by 25%, in betok Ambon fish by 30%. Inferent hormone doses around 20-40 mg can increase the growth and survival of ambon betok fish.
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Avigdor, Mauricio, Shannon D. Sullivan, and Paul D. Heideman. "Response to selection for photoperiod responsiveness on the density and location of mature GnRH-releasing neurons." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 288, no. 5 (May 2005): R1226—R1236. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.00562.2004.
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Natural variation in neuroendocrine traits is poorly understood, despite the importance of variation in brain function and evolution. Most rodents in the temperate zones inhibit reproduction and other nonessential functions in short winter photoperiods, but some have little or no reproductive response. We tested whether genetic variability in reproductive seasonality is related to individual differences in the neuronal function of the gonadotropin-releasing hormone network, as assessed by the number and location of mature gonadotropin-releasing hormone-secreting neurons under inhibitory and excitatory photoperiods. The experiments used lines of Peromyscus leucopus previously developed by selection from a wild population. One line contained individuals reproductively inhibited by short photoperiod, and the other line contained individuals nonresponsive to short photoperiod. Expression of mature gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) immunoreactivity in the brain was detected using SMI-41 antibody in the single-labeled avidin-biotin-peroxidase-complex method. Nonresponsive mice had 50% more immunoreactive GnRH neurons than reproductively inhibited mice in both short- and long-day photoperiods. The greatest differences were in the anterior hypothalamus and preoptic areas. In contrast, we detected no significant within-lines differences in the number or location of immunoreactive GnRH neurons between photoperiod treatments. Our data indicate that high levels of genetic variation in a single wild population for a specific neuronal trait are related to phenotypic variation in a life history trait, i.e., winter reproduction. Variation in GnRH neuronal activity may underlie some of the natural reproductive and life history variation observed in wild populations of P. leucopus. Similar genetic variation in neuronal traits may be present in humans and other species.
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Vdovichenko, Serhii, Anna Bober, Oleksandra Lubkovska, and Vitalii Strakhovetskyi. "UTERINE FIBROIDS IN EARLY REPRODUCTIVE AGE WOMEN: FEATURES OF MORPHOLOGY, HORMONAL STATUS AND REHABILITATION." ScienceRise, no. 1 (February 28, 2021): 55–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.21303/2313-8416.2021.001680.
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The object of the study: Uterine fibroids (UF) in women of early reproductive age.
The problem to be solved: Improving the effectiveness of postoperative rehabilitation in women of early reproductive age with uterine fibroids based on the study of its morphological features and improvement of rehabilitation measures.
The main scientific results: It was found that in women of early reproductive age with UF the most common complaints are posthemorrhagic anemia (61.0 %, or 61 women). Regarding the menstrual cycle, the most common dysmenorrhea – 26.0 % (in 26 women). The importance of heredity in the development of such pathology in young women (32.0 %, or 32 women) was confirmed. The most common localization of fibroids is interstitial – 79.0 % (in 79 women).
Morphological study found that women of early reproductive age most often have a simple UF, namely 96 % (96 women). Uterine leiomyoma was present in 56 % (56 women).
A study of the hormonal status of women of early reproductive age found that the mean values of hormones such as follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), estradiol, progesterone, prolactin and testosterone were higher before surgery than after. When comparing rehabilitation methods (combined oral contraceptives (COCs) or gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonists (GnRH agonists), it was found that postoperative rehabilitation by using COCs for 6-12 months provides significantly better indicators of recovery of hormonal status, indicating the effectiveness of rehabilitation method.
Scope of practical application of research results: Practical medicine specializing in the diagnosis, treatment and prevention of recurrence of uterine fibroids.
Innovative technological product: Improved algorithm of postoperative rehabilitation measures by applying COC for 6-12 months after myomectomy, which provides significantly better results in restoring hormonal status during rehabilitation.
Scope of application of innovative technological product: clinical medical practice related to the diagnosis, treatment and prevention of recurrence of uterine fibroids.
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Vasudevan, Nandini, Sonoko Ogawa, and Donald Pfaff. "Estrogen and Thyroid Hormone Receptor Interactions: Physiological Flexibility by Molecular Specificity." Physiological Reviews 82, no. 4 (January 10, 2002): 923–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/physrev.00014.2002.
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The influence of thyroid hormone on estrogen actions has been demonstrated both in vivo and in vitro. In transient transfection assays, the effects of liganded thyroid hormone receptors (TR) on transcriptional facilitation by estrogens bound to estrogen receptors (ER) display specificity according to the following: 1) ER isoform, 2) TR isoform, 3) the promoter through which transcriptional facilitation occurs, and 4) cell type. Some of these molecular phenomena may be related to thyroid hormone signaling of seasonal limitations upon reproduction. The various combinations of these molecular interactions provide multiple and flexible opportunities for relations between two major hormonal systems important for neuroendocrine feedbacks and reproductive behaviors.
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Wierman, Margaret E. "Sex steroid effects at target tissues: mechanisms of action." Advances in Physiology Education 31, no. 1 (January 2007): 26–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/advan.00086.2006.
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Our understanding of the mechanisms of sex hormone action has changed dramatically over the last 10 years. Estrogens, progestins, and androgens are the steroid hormones that modulate reproductive function. Recent data have shown that many other tissues are targets of sex hormones in addition to classical reproductive organs. This review outlines new advances in our understanding of the spectrum of steroid hormone ligands, newly recognized target tissues, structure-function relationships of steroid receptors, and, finally, their genomic and nongenomic actions. Sex-based specific effects are often related to the different steroid hormone mileu in men compared with women. Understanding the mechanisms of sex steroid action gives insight into the differences in normal physiology and disease states.
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Marpaung, Ferdy Royland, Trieva Verawaty Butarbutar, and Sidarti Soehita. "HORMONE EXAMINATION IN MENOPAUSE." INDONESIAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL PATHOLOGY AND MEDICAL LABORATORY 25, no. 2 (April 13, 2019): 233. http://dx.doi.org/10.24293/ijcpml.v25i2.1449.
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World Health Organization (WHO) and Stages of Reproductive Aging Workshop (STRAW) define menopause as a permanent end point of menstrual cycle that occurs naturally or by induction of surgical procedure, chemotherapy, or radiation. Clinically, menopause involved women over 40 or 50 years old. Approximately, fifty million women in the world is experiencing menopause annually. The etiology of menopause is classified into physiologic and non-physiologic. Pathophysiology of menopause includes decline of ovary function in menopause, response to loss of ovarian feedback mechanism, decline of hypothalamus and pituitary function. Endocrine changes in menopause lead to alteration of gonadotropin secretion cycle patterns, changes in steroid and peptide hormones through monophasic patterns to increase gonadotropin, decrease of estrogen, progesterone and inhibin. Clinical symptoms of menopause or estrogen deficiency syndrome classified into short term clinical symptoms and long term clinical symptoms. Hormonal examination in menopause consist of Follicular Stimulating Hormone (FSH), Anti-Mullerian Hormone (AMH), Luteinizing Hormone (LH), Inhibin B and Estradiol. The important of time to examine the hormones should be considered carefully.
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Kistanova, Elena. "The use of the biologically active substances from plant and animal products for the stimulation of the reproduction in domestic animals." Biotehnologija u stocarstvu 19, no. 1-2 (2003): 57–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/bah0302057k.
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The important aim of animal industry is the production of ecologically clean animal products. It is known that the wide use of synthetic hormones for stimulation of reproductive functions had shown numerous negative consequences, most important being their ability to accumulate in meat and milk. During the last 10 years the researches concerning the use of natural bio stimulants for reproduction have progressed. In this literature preview the experience in application of different bio stimulants from plant and animal products (placenta, colostrum, plant extracts, plant hormone) is described, which can improve the male and female reproductive functions of domestic animals.
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Bennett, Nigel C., Christopher G. Faulkes, and Cornelia Voigt. "Socially Induced Infertility in Naked and Damaraland Mole-Rats: A Tale of Two Mechanisms of Social Suppression." Animals 12, no. 21 (November 4, 2022): 3039. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani12213039.
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The naked mole-rat (Heterocephalus glaber) and the Damaraland mole-rat (Fukomys damarensis) possess extreme reproductive skew with a single reproductive female responsible for reproduction. In this review, we synthesize advances made into African mole-rat reproductive patterns and physiology within the context of the social control of reproduction. Non-reproductive female colony members have low concentrations of luteinising hormone (LH) and a reduced response of the pituitary to a challenge with gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH). If the reproductive female is removed from the colony, an increase in the basal plasma LH and increased pituitary response to a GnRH challenge arises in the non-reproductive females, suggesting the reproductive female controls reproduction. Non-reproductive male Damaraland mole-rats have basal LH concentrations and elevated LH concentrations in response to a GnRH challenge comparable to the breeding male, but in non-breeding male naked mole-rats, the basal LH concentrations are low and there is a muted response to a GnRH challenge. This renders these two species ideal models to investigate physiological, behavioural and neuroendocrine mechanisms regulating the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis. The recently discovered neuropeptides kisspeptin and RFamide-related peptide-3 are likely candidates to play an important role in the regulation of reproductive functions in the two mole-rat species.
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Rajeswari, Jithine Jayakumar, and Suraj Unniappan. "Nesfatin-1 suppresses fish reproductive axis and gonadal steroidogenesis." Reproduction 160, no. 3 (September 2020): 445–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/rep-20-0068.
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Nesfatin-1 is a naturally occurring orphan ligand in fish and mammals. Research in our lab resulted in the identification of an inhibitory role for nesfatin-1 on pituitary hormones (goldfish) and oocyte maturation (zebrafish). The present study is an extension of these original findings and aimed to determine whether nesfatin-1 has any additional effects on HPG genes in male and female goldfish. We found that a single i.p. injection of synthetic nesfatin-1 (50 ng/g body weight) downregulated the expression of salmon gonadotropin-releasing hormone (sgnrh), chicken gnrh-II (cgnrh-II), kisspeptin receptor (gpr54a) and brain aromatase (cyp19a1b) mRNAs in the hypothalamus of both male and female goldfish at 15 min post-administration. In the pituitary of both males and females, nesfatin-1 reduced luteinizing hormone beta (lhβ) and follicle stimulating hormone beta (fshβ) mRNA expression at 60 min and gpr54a mRNA at 15 min. Similarly, the gonadotropin receptors lhr and fshr were downregulated in the gonads. Meanwhile, gonadotropin inhibiting hormone (gnih), gnih receptor, kisspeptin 1 (kiss1) and gpr54a mRNA expression in the gonads were increased post-nesfatin-1 treatment. Nesfatin-1 negatively influences the star, cytochrome P450 family 11 subfamily A member 1, anti-mullerian hormone and aromatase mRNAs. In agreement with these results, nesfatin-1 reduced plasma estradiol and testosterone in female and male goldfish circulation at 60 min post-injection. The information generated through this research further solidified nesfatin-1 as an inhibitor of reproductive hormones in fish. Targeting nesfatin-1 and related peptides could yield beneficial effects in fish reproduction and aquaculture.
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Mills, Edouard G. A., Kevin T. O'Byrne, and Alexander N. Comninos. "Kisspeptin as a Behavioral Hormone." Seminars in Reproductive Medicine 37, no. 02 (March 2019): 056–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0039-3400239.
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AbstractSuccessful reproduction is dependent not only on hormonal endocrine responses but also on suitable partner selection, copulatory acts, as well as associated emotional, behavioral, and cognitive processes many of which are supported by the limbic system. The reproductive hormone kisspeptin (encoded by the KISS1/kiss1 gene) is now recognized as the key orchestrator of the reproductive axis. In addition to the hypothalamus, prominent kisspeptin neuronal populations have been identified throughout limbic and paralimbic brain regions across an assortment of species. In this review, we detail the emerging roles of kisspeptin signaling in the broader aspects of behavioral, emotional, and cognitive control. Recent studies from zebrafish through humans have provided new molecular and neural insights into the complex role of kisspeptin in interpreting olfactory and auditory cues to govern sexual partner preference, in regulating copulatory behaviors and in influencing mood and emotions. Furthermore, emerging roles for kisspeptin in facilitating memory and learning are also discussed. To this end, these findings shed new light onto the importance of kisspeptin signaling, while informing the pharmacological development of kisspeptin as a potential therapeutic strategy for individuals suffering from associated reproductive, emotional, and cognitive disorders.
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Nur Mahendra, Mohamad Yusril, Tri Bhawono Dadi, Juriah Kamaludeen, and Herinda Pertiwi. "Beneficial Effects of Lactic Acid Bacteria on Animal Reproduction Function." Veterinary Medicine International 2022 (November 30, 2022): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/4570320.
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Considering the importance of a healthy uterus to the success of breeding, the beneficial effects of lactic acid bacteria on animal reproduction function are of particular interest. In recent decades, infertility has become a widespread issue, with microbiological variables playing a significant role. According to reports, dysbiosis of the vaginal microbiota is connected with infertility; however, the effect of the normal vaginal microbiota on infertility is unknown. In addition, lactic acid bacteria dominate the reproductive system. According to evidence, vaginal lactic acid bacteria play a crucial role in limiting the invasion of pathogenic bacteria by triggering anti-inflammatory chemicals through IL-8, IL-1, and IL-6; immunological responses through inhibition of the adherence of other microorganisms, production of inhibiting substances, and stimulation of mucus production; and also reproductive hormones by increased testosterone hormone release, enhanced the levels of luteinizing hormone, follicle stimulating hormone, the amount of prostaglandin E (2), and prostaglandin F2 alpha. The objective of this study was to compare the advantages of lactic acid bacteria in animal reproduction based on the most recent literature. The administration of a single strain or numerous strains of lactic acid bacteria has a favourable impact on steroidogenesis, gametogenesis, and animal fertility.
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Arutiunian, A. V., G. О. Kerkeshko, М. G. Stepanov, А. V. Korenevskiy, and Е. К. Aylamazian. "Role of bio-genic amines for the hypothalamic regulation of reproductive function." Journal of obstetrics and women's diseases 53, no. 1 (January 14, 2004): 98–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/jowd87166.
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The present review is dedicated to monoaminergic systems involved in hypothalamic regulation of reproduction, as well as to the role of the systems in GnRH synthesis and secretion regulation. Data are presented on the ovarian steroid hormones, the suprachiasmatic nuclei of the hypothalamus, in which the central oscillator of a mammalian organism's diurnal rhythms is located, and on the pineal hormone melatonin involved in formation of reproductive cycles. Both own results and literature data referring to the role of diurnal rhythms of the activity of monoaminergic systems of the hypothalamus in the central regulation of reproduction are discussed.
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Muhamad Amin, Faraidoon Abdul Sattar. "od additive on female reproductive organs and hormones fo AzorubineEffects of in Sprague Dawley rat." Iraqi Journal of Veterinary Medicine 42, no. 2 (January 31, 2019): 66–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.30539/iraqijvm.v42i2.299.
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The objective of the present study was to assess the effects of various doses of Azorubine which is a food additive on the female reproductive organs in Sprague Dawley rats. Twenty four female Sprgue Dawley rats were divided randomly into 4 equal groups. Group 1(control group), group, 2, 3 and 4 were received Azorubine (5, 10 and 20 mg/kg) orally, daily for 30 days respectively. Blood samples were taken for estimation of white blood cells, red blood cells, hemoglobin and platelets, in addition Luteinizing, follicular stimulation, estrogen and progesterone hormones from the sera. The reproductive hormones levels affected drastically under the effects of different doses of treatment like Luteinizing hormone (0.69±0.25, 0.60±0.75 and 0.55±0.63), Follicular Stimulation hormone (0.17±0.11, 0.13±0.33 and 0.3±0.45), Progesterone hormone (0.50±0.77, 0.14±0.56 and 0.10±0.85), and estrogen hormone (0.45+0.43, 0.30±0.29 and 0.14±0.27) hormones were decreased significantly (P˂0.05) in groups of rats treated with each 5, 10 and 20 mg/kg doses of Azorubine respectively. Histopathologically, the ovaries treated with 5 mg/kg doses of Azorubine showing follicles at the beginning stages of growth with no Graffian follicle while the ovaries with 10 mg/kg doses of Azorubine contain fully grown Graffian follicles with no follicles at various stages as well as those with 20 mg/kg doses of treatment displaying no mature Graffian follicle with many atretic and shrunk follicles. The hematological outcomes are significantly affected by this food additive. The results of this work is concluded that Azorubine can be considered as one of the most important causes of infertility, hormonal disturbances and irregular estrus cycle in the female rat.
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Pamminger, Tobias, David Treanor, and William O. H. Hughes. "Pleiotropic effects of juvenile hormone in ant queens and the escape from the reproduction–immunocompetence trade-off." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 283, no. 1822 (January 13, 2016): 20152409. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2015.2409.
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The ubiquitous trade-off between survival and costly reproduction is one of the most fundamental constraints governing life-history evolution. In numerous animals, gonadotropic hormones antagonistically suppressing immunocompetence cause this trade-off. The queens of many social insects defy the reproduction–survival trade-off, achieving both an extraordinarily long life and high reproductive output, but how they achieve this is unknown. Here we show experimentally, by integrating quantification of gene expression, physiology and behaviour, that the long-lived queens of the ant Lasius niger have escaped the reproduction–immunocompetence trade-off by decoupling the effects of a key endocrine regulator of fertility and immunocompetence in solitary insects, juvenile hormone (JH). This modification of the regulatory architecture enables queens to sustain a high reproductive output without elevated JH titres and suppressed immunocompetence, providing an escape from the reproduction–immunocompetence trade-off that may contribute to the extraordinary lifespan of many social insect queens.
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Codner, Ethel, and Fernando Cassorla. "Growth hormone and reproductive function." Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology 186, no. 2 (January 2002): 133–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0303-7207(01)00653-0.
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