Relevant bibliographies by topics / Reproductive hormone

Academic literature on the topic 'Reproductive hormone'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 21 February 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Reproductive hormone"

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Sahadan, Fatin Nabilah, Annie Christianus, Ina-Salwany Md Yasin, Fadhil-Syukri Ismail, Roshani Othman, and Zarirah Zulperi. "Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone (GnRH)- Its Approaches to Improve Reproduction in Fish." Sains Malaysiana 51, no. 11 (November 30, 2021): 3539–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.17576/jsm-2022-5111-03.

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This review briefly highlights previous studies on the gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) and its approaches to improving fish reproduction in the aquaculture industry. Reproductive system dysfunction of the captive fish is the main problem that has to be treated depending on the compatibility of fish species. This problem is caused by the non-synchronized maturation of female and male broodstock, and the low quality of broodstock. As shown in previous studies, induced breeding with exogenous treatment from specialized hormones could be one of the best cures for this issue. Hormonal treatments have been used by farmers to overcome the reproductive system dysfunctions in establishing captive wild or hatchery-based breeding. Although the imitation in its natural condition has been set up, for broodstock to spawn naturally problems still occur, hence the need for hormonal therapy. This review aims to deliver the results and contributions of an established artificial hormone, gonadotropin-releasing hormone analogue (GnRHa), to treat fish reproductive system dysfunction, to improve the qualities of eggs, seedlings, and broodstock, mainly to help fish farmers and can be used in the aquaculture industry to improve the reproduction of cultured fishes for sustainable aquaculture production to achieve the market demand and consumption.
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Rodríguez Gabilondo, Adrian, Liz Hernández Pérez, and Rebeca Martínez Rodríguez. "Hormonal and neuroendocrine control of reproductive function in teleost fish." Bionatura 3, no. 3 (August 15, 2021): 2122–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.21931/rb/2021.06.02.35.

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Reproduction is one of the important physiological events for the maintenance of the species. Hormonal and neuroendocrine regulation of teleost requires multiple and complex interactions along the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonad (HPG) axis. Within this axis, gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) regulates the synthesis and release of gonadotropins, follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), and luteinizing hormone (LH). Steroidogenesis drives reproduction function in which the development and differentiation of gonads. In recent years, new neuropeptides have become the focus of reproductive physiology research as they are involved in the different regulatory mechanisms of these species' growth, metabolism, and reproduction. However, especially in fish, the role of these neuropeptides in the control of reproductive function is not well studied. The study of hormonal and neuroendocrine events that regulate reproduction is crucial for the development and success of aquaculture.
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Althumairy, Duaa, Xiaoping Zhang, Nicholas Baez, George Barisas, Deborah A. Roess, George R. Bousfield, and Debbie C. Crans. "Glycoprotein G-protein Coupled Receptors in Disease: Luteinizing Hormone Receptors and Follicle Stimulating Hormone Receptors." Diseases 8, no. 3 (September 15, 2020): 35. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/diseases8030035.

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Signal transduction by luteinizing hormone receptors (LHRs) and follicle-stimulating hormone receptors (FSHRs) is essential for the successful reproduction of human beings. Both receptors and the thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor are members of a subset of G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) described as the glycoprotein hormone receptors. Their ligands, follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) and a structurally related hormone produced in pregnancy, human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), are large protein hormones that are extensively glycosylated. Although the primary physiologic functions of these receptors are in ovarian function and maintenance of pregnancy in human females and spermatogenesis in males, there are reports of LHRs or FSHRs involvement in disease processes both in the reproductive system and elsewhere. In this review, we evaluate the aggregation state of the structure of actively signaling LHRs or FSHRs, their functions in reproduction as well as summarizing disease processes related to receptor mutations affecting receptor function or expression in reproductive and non-reproductive tissues. We will also present novel strategies for either increasing or reducing the activity of LHRs signaling. Such approaches to modify signaling by glycoprotein receptors may prove advantageous in treating diseases relating to LHRs or FSHRs function in addition to furthering the identification of new strategies for modulating GPCR signaling.
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Nagori, Chaitanya. "Sonoendocrinology and Monitoring Assisted Reproduction Technology." Donald School Journal of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology 10, no. 4 (2016): 376–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.5005/jp-journals-10009-1488.

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ABSTRACT Reproductive function in a human being consists of continuous hormonal changes in the female. These hormonal changes are responsible for dynamic changes occurring in the ovarian and uterine morphology and vascularity. Ultrasound and Doppler are very useful modalities for assessing these changes, and therefore, very effective for diagnosis of hormonal derangements and monitoring the assisted reproductive technology (ART) treated cycles. Among the common hormones that need to be assessed, androgen can be correlated with high antral follicle count (AFC) and high uterine artery resistance and anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) also has a positive correlation with AFC. Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) is reflected as follicular growth, and luteinizing hormone (LH) by ovarian stromal echogenicity and vascularity and endometrial hyperechogenicity. Estrogen adequacy can be judged by follicular and endometrial flow in preovulatory phase whereas progesterone adequacy can be judged by corpus luteal and endometrial flow in mid luteal phase. Day-to-day hormonal assessment can therefore be replaced by ultrasound and Doppler during ART. How to cite this article Panchal S, Nagori C. Sonoendocrinology and Monitoring Assisted Reproduction Technology. Donald School J Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2016;10(4):376-386.
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Hong, Hsin-Tai, and Chean-Ping Wu. "Evaluation of Steroid Sex Hormone Levels in Cockatiels During Their Reproductive Cycle." Journal of Agricultural Science 11, no. 3 (February 15, 2019): 172. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jas.v11n3p172.

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Sexual steroid hormone concentrations differ with respect to the different stages of animal life. For example, hormone concentrations in the reproductive stage show a periodic variation. Studies on variations in sexual hormones in parrots using non-invasive methods as well as the effect of nest-boxes in parrots are less. This study aimed to detect the levels of fecal steroid hormones during the cockatiel reproductive cycle and to investigate the effect of nest-box placement on reproduction. There were 24 mating pairs of cockatiels, and the study was conducted over 13 months. Based on their reproductive status, individual birds were divided into pre-reproduction (PR), incubation (IN), and parent period (PA) in the pre-test; then, the nest box was either temporarily removed for 20 days (RN) or continuously provided (pre-reproduction, PR). The estrogen concentrations measured in the last stage of the PR period and the initial stage of the IN period were significantly higher than those measured in the PA stage, and there were no significant differences in testosterone and progesterone concentrations throughout the reproductive cycle. The nest-box treatments (NB) indicated that eggs were laid 6-13 days after the new box was hung; however, in the pre-test, there was an interval of 30-40 days before the next mating pairs started the next reproductive stage or no reproduction. Estrogen concentrations in PR and testosterone concentrations in RN were significantly higher than those in the other periods during the nest-box treatments. In conclusion, estrogen showed the most significant change among the fecal steroid hormones measured. Nest boxes serve as a positive stimulus for parrot reproduction management and can help non-seasonal reproductive parrots to rapidly enter the next breeding cycle.
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Szpręgiel, Izabela, and Danuta Wronska. "The role of photoperiod and melatonin in the control of seasonal reproduction in mammals." Roczniki Naukowe Polskiego Towarzystwa Zootechnicznego 16, no. 4, Accepted for print (December 30, 2020): 39–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0014.6071.

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<b>Melatonin secreted by pineal cells is a hormone whose biosynthesis is coordinated by neurons of the master clock located in the hypothalamic suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN), characterized by the generation of a 24-hour rhythm. In many species of mammals, fluctuations in melatonin secretion affect reproductive functions, e.g. by regulating the frequency and amount of pulsatile secretion of hypothalamic and gonadotropic hormones. Seasonal breeding is a common adaptive strategy among mammals, allowing them to reproduce during the periods of the year that are most favourable for the later survival and growth of the offspring. This type of reproduction is characteristic of sheep, with winter reproductive activity, and hamsters, with summer reproductive activity. In these animals, melatonin synthesis is largely regulated by the photoperiod, which indirectly influences the period of reproductive activity or passivity. The aim of this study was to gather available knowledge on melatonin as a key element controlling seasonal reproduction. The paper presents the general shape of the circadian rhythm and the neuroendocrine mechanism regulating animal reproduction depending on the variable photoperiod. The collected results suggest that melatonin, kisspeptins, gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), sex hormones and thyroid hormones participate in the regulation of seasonal reproduction in mammals. </b>
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Mills, Edouard G. A., Waljit S. Dhillo, and Alexander N. Comninos. "Kisspeptin and the control of emotions, mood and reproductive behaviour." Journal of Endocrinology 239, no. 1 (October 2018): R1—R12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/joe-18-0269.

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Reproduction is fundamental for the survival of all species and requires meticulous synchronisation of a diverse complement of neural, endocrine and related behaviours. The reproductive hormone kisspeptin (encoded by the KISS1/Kiss1 gene) is now a well-established orchestrator of reproductive hormones, acting upstream of gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) at the apex of the hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal (HPG) reproductive axis. Beyond the hypothalamus, kisspeptin is also expressed in limbic and paralimbic brain regions, which are areas of the neurobiological network implicated in sexual and emotional behaviours. We are now forming a more comprehensive appreciation of extra-hypothalamic kisspeptin signalling and the complex role of kisspeptin as an upstream mediator of reproductive behaviours, including olfactory-driven partner preference, copulatory behaviour, audition, mood and emotion. An increasing body of research from zebrafish to humans has implicated kisspeptin in the integration of reproductive hormones with an overall positive influence on these reproductive behaviours. In this review, we critically appraise the current literature regarding kisspeptin and its control of reproductive behaviour. Collectively, these data significantly enhance our understanding of the integration of reproductive hormones and behaviour and provide the foundation for kisspeptin-based therapies to treat related disorders of body and mind.
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Ariz Hamidova, Nurana. "COVİD-19-da müxtəlif yaş qruplarında (reproduktiv və menopauzal) qadınlarda müqayisəvi mənstrual siklə və qadın genital hormonlarına yeni yanaşmalar." SCIENTIFIC WORK 74, no. 1 (January 17, 2022): 68–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.36719/2663-4619/74/68-72.

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NEW APPROACHES AND ALL-ROUND OVERVIEWS TO THE MENSTRUAL CYCLE AND FEMALE GENITAL HORMONES COMPARABLY IN WOMEN OF DIFFERENT AGE GROUPS (REPRODUCTIVE AND MENOPAUSAL) IN COVID-19 Abstract The changes in serum levels of luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FHS), estradiol, and progesterone that occur both early and late in reproductive life were characterized and compared with findings in young, normal women and in patients with certain menstrual disorders. Since the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, there have been accumulating discussions on social media and blogs indicating that women have experienced menstrual changes, including altered menstrual duration, frequency, regularity, and volume (heavier bleeding and clotting), increased dysmenorrhoea and worsened premenstrual syndrome. Key words: SARS CoV-2, COVİD-19, reproduction, changing in hormonal balans Nurana Ariz Hamidova COVİD-19-da müxtəlif yaş qruplarında (reproduktiv və menopauzal) qadınlarda müqayisəvi mənstrual siklə və qadın genital hormonlarına yeni yanaşmalar Xülasə Reproduktiv həyatın həm erkən, həm də gec dövrlərində baş verən luteinləşdirici hormon (LH), follikül stimullaşdırıcı hormon (FHS), estradiol və progesteronun serum səviyyələrindəki dəyişikliklər səciyyələndirilmiş və gənc, orta yaşlı qadınlarda və müəyyən menstrual siklin müəyyən dövründəki məlumatlar müqayisə edilmişdir. COVID-19 pandemiyasının başlanğıcından etibarən qadınların menstrual dəyişiklikləri, o cümlədən menstruasiya müddəti, tezliyi, nizamlılığı və həcminin dəyişməsi (daha ağır qanaxma və laxtalanma), dismenoreyanın artması və daha da pisləşdiyini göstərən məlumatlar öyrənilir.
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Tena-Sempere, Manuel, and Ilpo Huhtaniemi. "Sex in the brain: How the brain regulates reproductive function." Biochemist 31, no. 2 (April 1, 2009): 4–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bio03102004.

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Reproductive functions are maintained by a complex hormonal regulatory network called the hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal (HPG) axis, which is under the hierarchical control of a network of neurohormones that ultimately modulate the synthesis and pulsatile release of the decapeptide gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) by specialized neural cells distributed along the mediobasal hypothalamus. This neuropeptide drives the production of the two gonadotropic hormones of the anterior pituitary gland, luteinizing hormone (LH) and folliclestimulating hormone (FSH), which are released into the circulation and regulate specific functions of the ovary and testis. In turn, hormones produced by the gonads feed back to the hypothalamic– pituitary level to maintain functional balance of the HPG axis, through negative and positive (only in females) regulatory loops. In this article, we review the main hormonal regulatory systems that are operative in the HPG axis with special emphasis on recent developments in our knowledge of the neuroendocrine pathways governing GnRH secretion, including the identification of kisspeptins and G-protein-coupled receptor 54 (GPR54) as major gatekeepers of puberty onset and fertility.
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Schiller, Crystal Edler, Samantha Meltzer-Brody, and David R. Rubinow. "The role of reproductive hormones in postpartum depression." CNS Spectrums 20, no. 1 (September 29, 2014): 48–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1092852914000480.

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Despite decades of research aimed at identifying the causes of postpartum depression (PPD), PPD remains common, and the causes are poorly understood. Many have attributed the onset of PPD to the rapid perinatal change in reproductive hormones. Although a number of human and nonhuman animal studies support the role of reproductive hormones in PPD, several studies have failed to detect an association between hormone concentrations and PPD. The purpose of this review is to examine the hypothesis that fluctuations in reproductive hormone levels during pregnancy and the postpartum period trigger PPD in susceptible women. We discuss and integrate the literature on animal models of PPD and human studies of reproductive hormones and PPD. We also discuss alternative biological models of PPD to demonstrate the potential for multiple PPD phenotypes and to describe the complex interplay of changing reproductive hormones and alterations in thyroid function, immune function, hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis function, lactogenic hormones, and genetic expression that may contribute to affective dysfunction. There are 3 primary lines of inquiry that have addressed the role of reproductive hormones in PPD: nonhuman animal studies, correlational studies of postpartum hormone levels and mood symptoms, and hormone manipulation studies. Reproductive hormones influence virtually every biological system implicated in PPD, and a subgroup of women seem to be particularly sensitive to the effects of perinatal changes in hormone levels. We propose that these women constitute a “hormone-sensitive” PPD phenotype, which should be studied independent of other PPD phenotypes to identify underlying pathophysiology and develop novel treatment targets.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Reproductive hormone"

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de, la Mora Alejandra Nunez. "Developmental effects on reproductive hormone levels : a migrant study." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2005. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1446321/.

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Previous studies have established that average profiles of salivary progesterone and oestradiol, differ considerably among populations. Diet, age, and energetics appear responsible for acute inter-populational differences, but significant, unexplained differences in chronic levels of reproductive steroids remain. Based on developmental hypotheses advanced by reproductive ecologists, a migration study was initiated to assess whether environmental conditions experienced during development can influence patterns of adult ovarian hormones. Salivary steroid profiles of Bangladeshi women who migrated to the UK at different times (infancy, childhood, adulthood) were compared to those of women in Bangladesh, second-generation Bangladeshi migrants, and white women bom and resident in the UK. Data on socio- demographics, anthropometry, physical activity, diet and reproductive history were also collected. The following hypotheses and predictions were examined: A) Early life conditions influence adult set points of ovarian steroid hormones - women in Bangladesh and adult migrants will have lower ovarian steroids than child migrants, second generation and white women B) improved conditions during childhood can alter levels of ovarian steroids child migrants will have levels of ovarian steroids that are negatively correlated with age at migration and C) alterations in conditions after maturation do not modify set points established during early life - adult migrants will have steroid levels that are comparable to Bangladeshi sedentees. The predictions were upheld for progesterone but not for oestradiol. Results point to infancy and childhood as a sensitive period when changes in environmental conditions determine the tempo of growth and maturation, as well as later adult progesterone levels. In contrast, no evidence was found of a developmental effect on adult levels of oestradiol. The alterations in hormones levels among Bangladeshi migrants, together with a changing diet and reproductive behaviours, may put child migrants and second-generation women at increased risk for breast cancer in later life.
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Upton, Dannielle Heather. "Follicle stimulating hormone: ovarian reproductive function, health and aging." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/15845.

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Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) is vital for ovarian function; however elevated circulating levels are associated with reproductive ageing and ovarian tumorigenesis in women. Transgenic FSH (TgFSH) mice developed in our laboratory exhibit progressively rising FSH levels with ageing, causing ovarian dysfunction and premature infertility but no ovarian tumours. We hypothesized that high FSH may decrease oocyte developmental competence and quality with age and may also promote ovarian tumorigenesis when combined with ovarian mutations (such as in Pten, Brca1 and Trp53) in mice. Our first study examined the effects of elevated FSH on oocyte developmental capacity and quality (Chapter 3). Follicle stimulating hormone is vital for ovarian function and serum FSH increases with age as ovarian function declines towards menopause. We hypothesize that elevated FSH may rescue follicles from a diminishing pool normally excluded from selection, thereby reducing oocyte function. TgFSH mice expressing progressively rising FSH levels with age displayed increased litter size initially but after 6 months of age exhibited decreased litter size and premature infertility due to increased embryo-foetal resorption; however, the specific mechanism was undefined. We hypothesized that premature infertility observed was due to increased circulating FSH exceeding a threshold thereby impairing oocyte development and functionality. We examined oocyte in vitro maturation and aneuploidy and cumulus cells (from cumulus-oocyte complexes) for gene expression analysis in TgFSH and non-TgFSH control mice aged 6, 12, 18 and 24 months. Oocytes of TgFSH mice exhibited an increased percentage of cells remaining at the germinal vesicle (GV) stage, accompanied by a reduction in oocytes at the meiosis II (MII) stage of maturation vs age-matched littermate controls. The reduced oocyte progression to the MII stage is attributable to stalling of the oocytes in the GV stage. The proportion of aneuploid oocytes increased with age but did not differ between genotypes. We also wanted to examine cumulus cells matched to aneuploidy analysed oocytes for potential biomarkers of oocyte quality. A panel of 12 different candidate genes (Has2, Inhba, Egfr, Grem1, Tnfaip6, Ptgs2, Cyp19, Serpine2, Pgk1, Rgs2, Ctnnd2, Cxcr4) were examined by gene expression analysis utilising aneuploidy analysed oocyte matched cumulus cells revealing three potential markers (Egfr, Inhba, Rgs2) of oocyte quality.
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Jayasena, Channa N. L. "The effects of kisspeptin administration on reproductive hormone release in women." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2011. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.535009.

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Wihlbäck, Anna-Carin. "Ovarian hormones and effects in the brain : studies of neurosteroid sensitivity, serotonin transporter and serotonin2A receptor binding in reproductive and postmenopausal women." Umeå : Univ, 2004. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-365.

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Feehely, Kristie DeBlasio. "Relationship of Reproductive Hormone Levels and Menstrual Distress With Indices of Stress." NSUWorks, 2009. http://nsuworks.nova.edu/cps_stuetd/30.

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Previous research has found that hormone levels change throughout the phases of the menstrual cycle and can affect menstrual distress, however, with inconsistent results. Additionally, research has indicated that stress plays a role in menstrual distress symptoms. There has not been a comprehensive study to date which examines the relationship of reproductive hormone levels (e.g., progesterone, estradiol, LH and PRL) throughout all four phases of the menstrual cycle, while also studying menstrual distress symptoms and indices of stress. Participants include a community sample of women (N = 37) recruited at a university medical center in Mississippi who completed laboratory hormone assays, as well as the Menstrual Distress Questionnaire (Moos, 1968), the Weekly Stress Inventory (Brantley, Jones, Boudreaux, & Catz, 1997), and a global stress measure, throughout four phases of one menstrual cycle. Pearson correlations were conducted to test the potential relationships of hormone levels and indices of stress. The relationships between hormone levels and menstrual distress, as well as the relationships between menstrual distress and stress also were examined. Potential interactions were examined using multiple regressions. The role of menstrual distress in mediating the relationship between hormone levels and indices of stress also were considered and assessed using a series of multiple regression equations.
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Fronstin, Raime Blair. "Juvenile Hormone and Reproductive Tactics in Romalea Microptera, the Eastern Lubber Grasshopper." UNF Digital Commons, 2007. http://digitalcommons.unf.edu/etd/214.

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Isolated populations that inhabit various geographic and climatic ranges tend to diverge in their life history tactics. When development time is constrained by unfavorable seasons, often an organism must trade-off the investment of resource allocation between somatic and reproductive growth. The variation in reproductive tactics and juvenile hormone titers were studied among three populations of Romalea microptera from Athens, GA, Jacksonville, FL, and Miami, FL, all of which exist on a latitudinal cline. The Athens population was significantly younger at oviposition and gained significantly less body mass than both the Jacksonville and Miami populations, which did not differ from each other. Clutch mass did not differ across populations. With respect to both body size and oviposition age, Athens invested significantly more (measured by clutch size) to their first clutch than either Jacksonville or Miami, which did not differ from each other. Juvenile hormone and lipid profiles did not differ among populations. In response to the markedly reduced season length, results suggest that Athens grasshoppers respond with reproductive tactics that support terminal investment by investing more energy in less time to reproduction, at the expense of future reproduction.
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Hai, Lan. "EFFECT OF CONSTITUTIVELY ACTIVATED LUTEINIZING HORMONE RECEPTOR ON THE MOUSE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM." OpenSIUC, 2016. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/dissertations/1208.

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AN ABSTRACT OF THE DISSERTATION OF LAN HAI, for the Doctor of Philosophy degree in Molecular Cellular and Systemic Physiology, presented on 11th December, 2015 at Southern Illinois University Carbondale. TITLE: EFFECT OF CONSTITUTIVELY ACTIVATED LUTEINIZING HORMONE RECEPTOR ON THE MOUSE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM MAJOR PROFESSOR: Dr. Prema Narayan The luteinizing hormone/chorionic gonadotropin receptor (LHCGR) is crucial for fertility, and genetic mutations in LHCGR cause adverse effects in reproductive development. Among the activating mutations identified in LHCGR, replacement of aspartic acid 578 by glycine (D578G) is the most common inherited mutation. Boys with this mutation undergo puberty by 2-4 years, caused by elevated testosterone in the context of prepubertal luteinizing hormone levels and present with Leydig cell hyperplasia. Clinically, these symptoms are associated with familial male-limited precocious puberty (FMPP). Our lab has published a mouse model for FMPP (KiLHRD582G) with D582G mutation equivalent to D578G in human LHCGR. We have previously demonstrated that KiLHRD582G male mice exhibited precocious puberty, Leydig cell hyperplasia and elevated testosterone and was a good model for FMPP. However, unlike women with the D578G mutation who show no abnormal phenotype, our studies revealed that female KiLHRD582G mice were infertile. KiLHRD582G female mice exhibit precocious puberty and irregular estrous cyclicity. A temporal study from 2-24 weeks of age indicated elevated steroid levels and upregulation of steroidogenic acute regulatory protein as well as several steroidogenic enzyme genes. Ovaries of KiLHRD582G mice exhibited significant pathology with the development of large hemorrhagic cysts as early as 3 weeks of age, extensive stromal cell hyperplasia with luteinization, numerous atretic follicles and granulosa cell tumors. Anovulation could not be rescued by exogenous gonadotropins. The body weights of the KiLHRD582G mice was higher that wild type counterparts, but there were no differences in the body fat composition. Hyperandrogenism and polycystic ovary phenotype was not accompanied by impaired glucose tolerance. Blocking the androgen action and estrogen synthesis indicated that reproductive phenotype was primarily due to excess estradiol. These studies demonstrate that activating LHCGR mutations do not produce the same phenotype in humans and mice and clearly illustrates species differences in the expression and regulation of LHCGR in the ovary. As we use male KiLHRD582G mice as breeders, we observed that the KiLHRD582G mice became progressive infertile, and only 8% of KiLHRD582G were fertile at 6 months of age despite normal sperm production. The infertile KiLHRD582G males were not able to form copulatory plugs in WT females, and mating studies suggested that the KiLHRD582G males were not capable of mating and/or ejaculating. Sexual behavioral testing revealed that the infertile KiLHRD582G males were capable of mounting the receptive WT females but were unable to achieve ejaculation indicating a problem with erectile and/or ejaculatory function. To address the reason for the ejaculatory dysfunction, we performed histopathological analysis of the accessory glands and penis. Hematoxylin and eosin staining showed that the normal columnar epithelium was replaced by pseudostratified columnar epithelium in the ampulla and several aggregates of chondrocyte metaplasia were apparent in the penile body of KiLHRD582G male mice. A temporal study indicated the histopathological changes in ampulla and penile body initiated at 7-8 and 12 weeks of age, respectively. Immunohistochemistry indicated that the chondrocytes stained positive for collagen type II, SOX9 and androgen receptor in the nucleus and for LHCGR in the cytoplasm. Penile fibrosis is a major cause of erectile dysfunction and is characterized by an increased collagen/smooth muscle ratio. However, our Image J analysis, hydroxyproline assay and western blot showed that KiLHRD582G penile body exhibited reduced levels of smooth muscle actin but similar total collagen content compared to WT mice. Thus, penile fibrosis was not responsible for the progressive infertility of adult KiLHRD582G mice. We also observed Leydig cell adenoma and disruption of spermatogenesis at 1 year of age. Our results suggest FMPP patients may be susceptible to infertility and testicular tumors later in their life and a follow-up study of FMPP patients is recommended.
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Jones, Geraint Vaughan. "Intrauterine effects of male mouse fetuses on the adult reproductive physiology of their female siblings." Thesis, Keele University, 1993. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.358556.

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Hogg, Carolyn J. "Development of a non-invasive technique to determine reproductive hormones in cetaceans." Faculty of Veterinary Science, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/1865.

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Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
Reproductive physiology plays a vital role in population growth and vitality. Baseline data on reproductive physiology and a comprehensive knowledge of breeding biology are essential to conservation management. Great whales have been hunted from the 16th century to the present day. Although many populations are increasing there are populations with low or declining reproductive rates. In 2001 it was recommended to the International Whaling Commission that new techniques be developed to assess the internal physiology of great whales. This study, based on this recommendation, aims to develop analytical methods to assess reproductive hormones in cetacean blow samples and determine the feasibility of its use with free-swimming great whales. A method for the assessment of steroid hormone concentrations using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) was developed and validated. These methods were then used to determine testosterone and progesterone concentrations in saliva and blow of bottlenose dolphins. The stability of testosterone and progesterone was found to be a major issue. Without inhibitors, hormone concentrations increased by up to 65% over three hours at 21oC. Storing samples at low temperatures (-20oC or -80oC) slowed but did not cease the rate of change. The addition of inhibitors, manganese chloride and amoxycillin potassium/clavulanate, improved the stability of testosterone and progesterone. It is proposed that when using dolphin saliva and blow samples to measure reproductive hormones the samples are extracted as soon as possible after collection to prevent degradation. This study highlighted the need to address steroid hormone stability prior to any longterm biological program, to ensure that changes seen in hormone concentration are due to biological activity rather than storage. A technique to collect blow samples from free-swimming great whales was developed. This technique, in conjunction with the specially developed LC-MS methods allowed for the determination of testosterone and progesterone concentrations in humpback whale blow. The techniques developed in this study to determine reproductive hormones in cetacean saliva and blow have applications for both captive and wild population studies. In captive institutions, saliva and/or blow can be used to monitor reproductive cycling in both females and males. As it is noninvasive it can be used on a daily basis with minimal stress to the animals. The use of blow sampling has the capacity to improve our understanding of reproductive cycling in great whales as it can be used to sample animals in both the breeding and feeding areas. This technique may allow us to now examine whether reproductive dysfunction is playing a role in the slow recovery of critically endangered species such as the North Atlantic right whale.
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Hogg, Carolyn J. "Development of a non-invasive technique to determine reproductive hormones in cetaceans." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/1865.

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Reproductive physiology plays a vital role in population growth and vitality. Baseline data on reproductive physiology and a comprehensive knowledge of breeding biology are essential to conservation management. Great whales have been hunted from the 16th century to the present day. Although many populations are increasing there are populations with low or declining reproductive rates. In 2001 it was recommended to the International Whaling Commission that new techniques be developed to assess the internal physiology of great whales. This study, based on this recommendation, aims to develop analytical methods to assess reproductive hormones in cetacean blow samples and determine the feasibility of its use with free-swimming great whales. A method for the assessment of steroid hormone concentrations using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) was developed and validated. These methods were then used to determine testosterone and progesterone concentrations in saliva and blow of bottlenose dolphins. The stability of testosterone and progesterone was found to be a major issue. Without inhibitors, hormone concentrations increased by up to 65% over three hours at 21oC. Storing samples at low temperatures (-20oC or -80oC) slowed but did not cease the rate of change. The addition of inhibitors, manganese chloride and amoxycillin potassium/clavulanate, improved the stability of testosterone and progesterone. It is proposed that when using dolphin saliva and blow samples to measure reproductive hormones the samples are extracted as soon as possible after collection to prevent degradation. This study highlighted the need to address steroid hormone stability prior to any longterm biological program, to ensure that changes seen in hormone concentration are due to biological activity rather than storage. A technique to collect blow samples from free-swimming great whales was developed. This technique, in conjunction with the specially developed LC-MS methods allowed for the determination of testosterone and progesterone concentrations in humpback whale blow. The techniques developed in this study to determine reproductive hormones in cetacean saliva and blow have applications for both captive and wild population studies. In captive institutions, saliva and/or blow can be used to monitor reproductive cycling in both females and males. As it is noninvasive it can be used on a daily basis with minimal stress to the animals. The use of blow sampling has the capacity to improve our understanding of reproductive cycling in great whales as it can be used to sample animals in both the breeding and feeding areas. This technique may allow us to now examine whether reproductive dysfunction is playing a role in the slow recovery of critically endangered species such as the North Atlantic right whale.
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Books on the topic "Reproductive hormone"

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Natural hormone balance. Orem, Utah: Woodland Pub., 2003.

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G, Frajese, Steinberger Emil 1928-, and Rodriguez-Rigau Luis J, eds. Reproductive medicine: Medical therapy : proceedings of the Second International Symposium on Reproductive Medicine, held in Fiuggi, Italy, 29 September-1 October 1988. Amsterdam: Excerpta Medica, 1989.

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Jean, Ginsburg, and Prelević Gordana M, eds. Drug therapy in reproductive endocrinology. London: Arnold, 1996.

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Papadopoulou, Nikoletta. Localisation of corticotropin releasing hormone and its receptors in human endometrium and rat reproductive tissues. [s.l.]: typescript, 1998.

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International Capri Conference on Neuroendocrine and Peripheral Disorders of Female Reproductive System: Pathophysiology and Therapies. (2nd 1992). Neuroendocrinology of female reproductive function: Proceedings of 2nd International Capri Conference on Neuroendocrine and Peripheral Disorders of Female Reproductive System--Pathophysiology and Therapies, Capri, May 1992. Carnforth, Lancs, UK: Parthenon Pub. Group, 1993.

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Lila, Nachtigall, ed. Clinical management of the menopause. New York ; Toronto: McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1993.

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Laucella, Linda. Hormone replacement therapy: Your personal guide tomaking the right decisions. Chicago: Contemporary Books, 1994.

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E, Rivlin Michel, ed. Handbook of drug therapy in reproductive endocrinology and infertility. Boston: Little, Brown, 1990.

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Meeting, Endocrine Society. Brain-gut peptides and reproductive hormone secretion: Satellite of the 71st annual meeting of the Endocrine Society, June 18-19, 1989, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington. [Pullman, Wash: Washington State University, 1989.

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Shames, Richard. Feeling fat, fuzzy, or frazzled?: A 3-step program to beat hormone havoc, restore thyroid, adrenal, and reproductive balance--feel better fast! New York, N.Y: Plume, 2006.

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Book chapters on the topic "Reproductive hormone"

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Klinga, K. "Determination of Hormones and Hormone Receptors." In Gynecological Endocrinology and Reproductive Medicine, 45–54. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-60390-7_2.

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Henson, Michael C., and V. Daniel Castracane. "Leptin as a Reproductive Hormone." In Reproductive Endocrinology, 215–27. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-88186-7_19.

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Rabe, T., B. Runnebaum, and S. Kellermeier-Wittlinger. "Hormone Therapy." In Gynecological Endocrinology and Reproductive Medicine, 55–130. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-60390-7_3.

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Rozell, Tim G., and Rena J. Okrainetz. "FSH: One Hormone with Multiple Forms, or a Family of Multiple Hormones." In Reproductive Endocrinology, 145–60. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-88186-7_14.

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McCue, Patrick M. "Diagnostic Endocrinology: Baseline Hormone Levels." In Equine Reproductive Procedures, 492–93. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118904398.ch151.

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McCue, Patrick M. "Hormone Therapy in Cycling Mares." In Equine Reproductive Procedures, 149–54. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118904398.ch47.

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McCue, Patrick M. "Management of Seasonal Anestrus: Hormone Therapy." In Equine Reproductive Procedures, 146–48. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118904398.ch46.

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Blázquez, Miguel A., and José León. "Reproductive Development." In Annual Plant Reviews Volume 24: Plant Hormone Signaling, 293–310. Oxford, UK: Blackwell Publishing Ltd, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470988800.ch10.

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Helvacioglu, A. "Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone Treatment." In New Trends in Reproductive Medicine, 176–86. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-60961-9_17.

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Friesen, Henry G., May C. Robertson, Mary Lynn Duckworth, Ingo Schroedter, Ni Quan, and Jean-Claude Vuille. "Placental Lactogen/Growth Hormone Gene Family." In Molecular Basis of Reproductive Endocrinology, 171–80. New York, NY: Springer New York, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-9260-6_11.

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Conference papers on the topic "Reproductive hormone"

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Bunting, Haley A., Ryan T. Cassilly, Brian Jin, Christopher S. Ahmad, Louis U. Bigliani, William N. Levine, and Thomas R. Gardner. "Effect of Hormone Therapy on Tensile Strain of the Macaque Inferior Glenohumeral Ligament." In ASME 2011 Summer Bioengineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/sbc2011-53531.

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The effect of hormone treatment on the material properties of ligaments has been extensively studied for the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL). However, there have been few studies on the effects of hormones on the material properties of the shoulder. Shoulder ligaments contribute to overall shoulder stability, and a change in ligament properties could contribute to a change in overall shoulder laxity. Cynomolgus monkeys have served as nonhuman primate models in studies examining the effects of hormone replacement therapy on the cardiovascular system, as well as serving as a model for menopause, reproductive support structures, the knee joint and shoulder joint. The cynomolgus macaques are commonly used for studies involving hormone replacement therapy because they have 28-day menstrual cycles with very similar hormonal patterns to that of women. This study uses female cynomologus macaque (Macaca fascicularis) monkeys as an animal model of the human shoulder to determine if estrogen has an effect on the strain distribution of the inferior glenohumeral ligament (IGHL).
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Gardner, Thomas R., Ryan T. Cassilly, Brian Jin, Anuli N. Mkparu, Christoper S. Ahmad, Louis U. Bigliani, and William N. Levine. "Effect of Estrogen on Viscoelastic Properties of the Anterior Pouch of the Macaque Animal Model of the Inferior Glenohumeral Ligament." In ASME 2009 Summer Bioengineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/sbc2009-206835.

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The effect of hormone treatment on the material properties of ligaments has been extensively studied for the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL). However, there have been very few studies on the effects of hormones on the material properties of the shoulder. These shoulder ligaments contribute to overall shoulder stability, and a change in ligament properties could contribute to a change in overall shoulder laxity. This study uses female cynomologus macaque (Macaca fascicularis) monkeys as an animal model of the human shoulder to determine if estrogen has an effect on the viscoelastic properties of the anterior pouch of the inferior glenohumeral ligament (IGHL). Cynomolgus monkeys have served as nonhuman primate models in several studies, including monkey models of menopause, the effects of hormone replacement therapy on the cardiovascular system, reproductive support organs, and the knee joint. The cynomolgus macaques are commonly used for studies involving hormone replacement therapy because they have 28-day menstrual cycles with very similar hormonal patterns to that of women.
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Triebner, Kai, Simone Accordini, Lucia Calciano, Ane Johannessen, Bryndís Benediktsdóttir, Ersilia Bifulco, Pascal Demoly, et al. "Hormone replacement therapy may preserve lung function during reproductive aging." In ERS International Congress 2017 abstracts. European Respiratory Society, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/1393003.congress-2017.oa4420.

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Li, C., J. Xie, X. Wang, X. Liu, and G. Chen. "AB0502 Strong reduction of anti-mÜllerian hormone in systemic lupus erythematosus woman of reproductive age." In Annual European Congress of Rheumatology, 14–17 June, 2017. BMJ Publishing Group Ltd and European League Against Rheumatism, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/annrheumdis-2017-eular.1489.

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Pokrzywinski, Kaytee L., Elliot T. Rosen, Julia Bonanno, Thomas Biel, Delaram Moshkelani, Baikuntha Aryal, Steven Mog, and V. Ashutosh Rao. "Abstract 4639: Reproductive hormone levels modulate doxorubicin induced cardiomyopathy in female tumor-bearing spontaneously hypertensive rats." In Proceedings: AACR 107th Annual Meeting 2016; April 16-20, 2016; New Orleans, LA. American Association for Cancer Research, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1538-7445.am2016-4639.

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Milojevic, Dejana, and Aleksandar Milojevic. "The use of bioidentical hormone therapy and the quality of women’s health after the reproductive period." In RAD Conference. RAD Centre, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21175/rad.abstr.book.2021.6.10.

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Pokrzywinski, Kaytee L., Elliot T. Rosen, Julia Bonnano, Thomas Biel, Delaram Moshkelani, Baikuntha Aryal, Steven Mog, and V. Ashutosh Rao. "Abstract 4640: Doxorubicin induced cardiomyopathy associated with natural reproductive hormone cycling in female tumor-bearing spontaneously hypertensive rats." In Proceedings: AACR 107th Annual Meeting 2016; April 16-20, 2016; New Orleans, LA. American Association for Cancer Research, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1538-7445.am2016-4640.

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Chung, Seokang, Nan Song, Hyuna Sung, Sue K. Park, Wonshik Han, Dong-Young Noh, Sei-Hyun Ahn, Keun-Young Yoo, Daehee Kang, and Ji-Yeob Choi. "Abstract 128: Chronological changes of hormone receptor status in breast cancer by reproductive factors: results from Seoul Breast Cancer Study (SeBCS)." In Proceedings: AACR 104th Annual Meeting 2013; Apr 6-10, 2013; Washington, DC. American Association for Cancer Research, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1538-7445.am2013-128.

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Shpakov, Alexander. "PROSPECTS OF APPLICATION OF LOW-MOLECULAR-WEIGHT AGONISTS OF LUTHEINIZING HORMONE RECEPTOR FOR RESTORING THE MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM IN METABOLIC DISORDERS." In XVII INTERNATIONAL INTERDISCIPLINARY CONGRESS NEUROSCIENCE FOR MEDICINE AND PSYCHOLOGY. LCC MAKS Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.29003/m2418.sudak.ns2021-17/440.

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Kusumawati, Widya, and Lely Khulafa’ur Rosidah. "The Effect of Hormonal Contraception on Body Mass Index among Women in Reproductive Age." In The 7th International Conference on Public Health 2020. Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.26911/the7thicph.03.20.

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ABSTRACT Background: Hormonal contraception is still a popular contraceptive method for most women. More than six million women worldwide use the injectable hormonal contraceptive method. The hormones estrogen and progesterone contained in hormonal birth control can affect the increase of sodium and fluids. This will affect the fat layer and appetite which will cause weight gain, thus impacting body mass index (BMI). This study aimed to determine the effect of hormonal contraception on BMI. Subjects and Method: This was a cross-sectional study conducted in Ngampel village, Mojoroto District, Kediri, East Java, in June – July 2019. The total of 30 women in reproductive age were selected using purposive sampling technique. The independent variable was the use of hormonal contraception. the dependent variable was BMI. The data were collected by questionnaire then analyzed using Chi Square test. Results: The use of hormonal contraception was increased the BMI among women in reproductive age. Conclusion: The use of hormonal contraception can give an effect on BMI. Sometimes, woman body should be given the opportunity to rest using non-hormonal birth control. Keywords: family planning, hormonal contraception, body mass index Correspondence: Widya Kusumawati. Dharma Husada Kediri Academy of Midwifery. Jl. Coverage No 41 A Kediri City. Email: widya.koesoemawati@gmail.com. Mobile: 085722223910. DOI: https://doi.org/10.26911/the7thicph.03.20
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Reports on the topic "Reproductive hormone"

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Applebaum, Shalom W., Lawrence I. Gilbert, and Daniel Segal. Biochemical and Molecular Analysis of Juvenile Hormone Synthesis and its Regulation in the Mediterranean Fruit Fly (Ceratitis capitata). United States Department of Agriculture, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1995.7570564.bard.

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Original Objectives and revisions: (1) "To determine the biosynthetic pathway of JHB3 in the adult C. capitata CA in order to establish parameters for the future choice and synthesis of suitable inhibitors". Modified: to determine the pattern of FR-7 biosynthesis during normal reproductive maturation, and identify enzymes potentially involved in its synthesis. (2) "To correlate allatal epoxidase activity to the biosynthesis of JHB3 at different stages of reproductive maturation/vitellogenesis and evaluate the hypothesis that a specific JH-epoxidase may be rate limiting". Modified: to study the effects of epoxidase inhibitors on the pattern of allatal JH biosynthesis in vitro and on female reproduction in vive. (3) "To probe and clone the gene homologous to ap from C. capitata, determine its exon-intron organization, sequence it and demonstrate its spatial and temporal expression in larvae, pupae and adults." The "Medfly" (Ceratitis capitata) is a serious polyphagous fruit pest, widely distributed in subtropical regions. Damage is caused by oviposition and subsequent development of larvae. JH's are dominant gonadotropic factors in insects. In the higher Diptera, to which the Medfly belongs, JHB3 is a major homolog. It comprises 95% of the total JH produced in vitro in D. melanogaster, with JH-III found as a minor component. The biosynthesis of both JH-III and JHB3 is dependent on epoxidation of double bonds in the JH molecule. The specificity of such epoxidases is unknown. The male accessory gland D. melanogaster produces a Sex Peptide, transferred to the female during copulation. SP reduces female receptivity while activating specific JH biosynthesis in vitro and inducing oviposition in vive. It also reduces pheromone production and activates CA of the moth Helicoverpa armigera. In a previous study, mutants of the apterous (ap) gene of D. melanogaster were analyzed. This gene induces previteilogenic arrest which can be rescued by external application of JH. Considerable progress has been made in recombinant DNA technology of the Medfly. When fully operative, it might be possible to effectively transfer D. melanogaster endocrine gene-lesions into the Medfly as a strategy for their genetic control. A marked heterogeneity in the pattern of JH homologs produced by Medfly CA was observed. Contrary to the anticipated biosynthesis of JHB;, significant amounts of an unknown JH-like compound, of unknown structure and provisionally termed FR-7, were produced, in addition to significant amounts of JH-III and JHB3. Inhibitors of monooxygenases, devised for their effects on ecdysteroid biosynthesis, affect Medfly JH biosynthesis but do not reduce egg deposition. FR-7 was isolated from incubation media of Medfly CA and examined by various MS procedures, but its structure is not yet resolved. MS analysis is being done in collaboration with Professor R.R.W. Rickards of the Australian National University in Canberra, Australia. A homologue of the ap gene of D. melanogaster exists in the Medfly. LIM domains and the homeo-domain, important for the function of the D. melanogaster ap gene, are conserved here too. Attempts to clone the complete gene were unsuccessful. Due to the complexity of JH homologs, presence of related FR-7 in the biosynthetic products of Medfly CA and lack of reduction in eggs deposited in the presence of monooxygenase inhibitors, inhibition of epoxidases is not a feasible alternative to control Medfly reproduction, and raises questions which cannot be resolved within the current dogma of hormonal control of reproduction in Diptera. The Medfly ap gene has similar domains to the D. melanogaster ap gene. Although mutant ap genes are involved in JH deficiency, ap is a questionable candidate for an endocrine lesion, especially since the D. melanogoster gene functions is a transcription factor.
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Bazer, Fuller W., Arieh Gertler, and Elisha Gootwine. Role of Placental Lactogen in Sheep. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2001.7574339.bard.

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Central problems in sheep and dairy cattle production are reproductive failure due to embryonic/fetal mortality and low birth weights, especially in prolific breeds, and reduced milk yields which adversely affect neonatal survival and economy of production. The sheep placenta expresses lactogenic (ovine placental lactogen, oPL) and somatogenic (ovine placental growth hormone, oGH) hormones. Our research has focused on the biological roles of oPL and oGH in function of the uterine endometrium during gestation and the mammary gland during pregnancy and lactation. Major conclusions were that: ( 1 ) immunization of prepubertal ewes against oPL resulted in increased birth weights of their lambs and their milk production during lactation; (2) neither oPL nor oGH had an antiluteolytic effect on uterine endometrium to affect lifespan of the corpus luteum; (3) only sequential exposure of the progesterone stimulated uterus to oIFNt and oPL or oGH increased endometrial gland proliferation and secretory protein gene expression; (4) oPL signals through a homodimer of ovine prolactin receptor (PRL-R) and heterodimer of oPRL-R and growth hormone receptor (GH-R); (5) exogenous recombinant oPL and oGH stimulated mammogenesis and milk yield during lactation; and (6) mutation of oPL and oGH was used to define specific biological effects and a rational basis for design of a specific receptor agonists or antagonists. This project was very productive in elucidating basic biological effects of oPL and oGH on intracellular signal transduction pathways, uterine development and secretory function, as well as mammogenesis and lactogenesis. We determined that immunization of prepubertal ewes against roPL increased birth weights of their lambs, especially those born as twins and triplets, as well as enhanced lactational performance. These studies significantly extended our knowledge of uterine and fetal-placental physiology and provided a foundation for new strategies to enhance reproductive and lactation efficiency. Based on these results, the major achievements were: 1) creation of a practical and cost effective management tool for producers to increase reproductive performance, neonatal survival, and milk yield of ewes in commercial flocks; and 2) define, for the first time, biological effects of oPL on endometrial functions and gene expression by uterine gland epithelium.
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Delwiche, Michael, Boaz Zion, Robert BonDurant, Judith Rishpon, Ephraim Maltz, and Miriam Rosenberg. Biosensors for On-Line Measurement of Reproductive Hormones and Milk Proteins to Improve Dairy Herd Management. United States Department of Agriculture, February 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2001.7573998.bard.

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The original objectives of this research project were to: (1) develop immunoassays, photometric sensors, and electrochemical sensors for real-time measurement of progesterone and estradiol in milk, (2) develop biosensors for measurement of caseins in milk, and (3) integrate and adapt these sensor technologies to create an automated electronic sensing system for operation in dairy parlors during milking. The overall direction of research was not changed, although the work was expanded to include other milk components such as urea and lactose. A second generation biosensor for on-line measurement of bovine progesterone was designed and tested. Anti-progesterone antibody was coated on small disks of nitrocellulose membrane, which were inserted in the reaction chamber prior to testing, and a real-time assay was developed. The biosensor was designed using micropumps and valves under computer control, and assayed fluid volumes on the order of 1 ml. An automated sampler was designed to draw a test volume of milk from the long milk tube using a 4-way pinch valve. The system could execute a measurement cycle in about 10 min. Progesterone could be measured at concentrations low enough to distinguish luteal-phase from follicular-phase cows. The potential of the sensor to detect actual ovulatory events was compared with standard methods of estrus detection, including human observation and an activity monitor. The biosensor correctly identified all ovulatory events during its testperiod, but the variability at low progesterone concentrations triggered some false positives. Direct on-line measurement and intelligent interpretation of reproductive hormone profiles offers the potential for substantial improvement in reproductive management. A simple potentiometric method for measurement of milk protein was developed and tested. The method was based on the fact that proteins bind iodine. When proteins are added to a solution of the redox couple iodine/iodide (I-I2), the concentration of free iodine is changed and, as a consequence, the potential between two electrodes immersed in the solution is changed. The method worked well with analytical casein solutions and accurately measured concentrations of analytical caseins added to fresh milk. When tested with actual milk samples, the correlation between the sensor readings and the reference lab results (of both total proteins and casein content) was inferior to that of analytical casein. A number of different technologies were explored for the analysis of milk urea, and a manometric technique was selected for the final design. In the new sensor, urea in the sample was hydrolyzed to ammonium and carbonate by the enzyme urease, and subsequent shaking of the sample with citric acid in a sealed cell allowed urea to be estimated as a change in partial pressure of carbon dioxide. The pressure change in the cell was measured with a miniature piezoresistive pressure sensor, and effects of background dissolved gases and vapor pressures were corrected for by repeating the measurement of pressure developed in the sample without the addition of urease. Results were accurate in the physiological range of milk, the assay was faster than the typical milking period, and no toxic reagents were required. A sampling device was designed and built to passively draw milk from the long milk tube in the parlor. An electrochemical sensor for lactose was developed starting with a three-cascaded-enzyme sensor, evolving into two enzymes and CO2[Fe (CN)6] as a mediator, and then into a microflow injection system using poly-osmium modified screen-printed electrodes. The sensor was designed to serve multiple milking positions, using a manifold valve, a sampling valve, and two pumps. Disposable screen-printed electrodes with enzymatic membranes were used. The sensor was optimized for electrode coating components, flow rate, pH, and sample size, and the results correlated well (r2= 0.967) with known lactose concentrations.
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Schwacke, Lori. The Bottlenose Dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) as a Model to Understand Variation in Stress and Reproductive Hormone Measures in Relation to Sampling Matrix, Demographics, and Environmental Factors. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, September 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada573796.

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Wells, Randall S. The Bottlenose Dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) as a Model to Understand Variation in Stress and Reproductive Hormone Measures in Relation to Sampling Matrix, Demographics, and Environmental Factors. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, September 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada573926.

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Wells, Randall S. The Bottlenose Dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) as a Model to Understand Variation in Stress and Reproductive Hormone Measures in Relation to Sampling Matrix, Demographics, and Environmental Factors. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, September 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada616647.

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Dunham, Rex A., Boaz Moav, Thomas Chen, and Benzion Cavari. Expression and Inheritance of Growth Hormone Gene Constructs and Selective Breeding of Transgenic Farmed Fish. United States Department of Agriculture, August 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1994.7568774.bard.

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Objectives: To accomplish stable expression, inheritance of transgenes and growth improvement in transgenic channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus, and common carp, Cyprinus carpio, containing growth hormone (GH) genes, develop transgenic fish with all fish constructs, determine the relationships between copy number, expression and growth, determine the combined affect of selective breeding and gene transfer and assess environmental risk of transgenic fish. To develop mechanisms of triploidization for transgenic carp. Results: Performance of transgenic channel catfish was made uniform by selection. Growth of channel catfish and common carp was improved 40-50% more by combining gene transfer of GH genes with selection and crossbreeding than with either selection of crossbreeding. Growth improvement of transgenic catfish was not strongly correlated with copy number and expression levels. Progress was made in producting triploid transgenic common carp. Insertion of salmonid GH gene did not alter reproductive performance in channel catfish. Transgenic channel catfish grew no faster than controls when they had to forage on natural food and transgenic individuals were slightly more vulnerable to predation indicating that fitness of transgenic individuals in natural conditions is less than or equal to non-transgenic channel catfish. Contribution to Agriculture: These experiments are the first to demonstrate that transgenic fish can increase aquaculture production in the aquaculture production in the aquaculture environment. This research also demonstrated that maximum benefit of gene transfer in farmed fish is attained when combined with traditional selective breeding.
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El Halawani, Mohamed, and Israel Rozenboim. Environmental factors affecting the decline in reproductive efficiency of turkey hens: Mediation by vasoactive intestinal peptide. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2007.7696508.bard.

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Reproductive failure associated with heat stress is a well known phenomenon in avian species. Increased prolactin (PRL) levels in response to heat stress have been suggested as a mechanism involved in this reproductive malfunction. To test this hypothesis, laying female turkeys were subjected to 40°C for 12 h during the photo-phase daily or maintained at 24–26°C. Birds in each group received oral treatment with parachlorophenyalanine (PCPA; 50 mg/kg BW/day for 3 days), an inhibitor of serotonin (5-HT) biosynthesis; or immunized against vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP). Both treatments are known to reduce circulating PRL levels. Non treated birds were included as controls. In the control group, high ambient temperature terminated egg laying, induced ovarian regression, reduced plasma luteinizing hormone (LH) and ovarian steroids (progesterone, testosterone, estradiol) levels, and increased plasma PRL levels and the incidence of incubation behavior. Pretreatment with PCPA reduced (P< 0.05) heat stress-induced decline in egg production, increase in PRL levels, and expression of incubation behavior. Plasma LH and ovarian steroid levels of heat stressed birds were restored to that of controls by PCPA treatment. As in PCPA-treated birds, VIP immunoneutralization of heat-stressed turkeys reduced (P< 0.05) circulating PRL levels and prevented the expression of incubation behavior. But it did not restore the decline in LH, ovarian steroids, and egg production (P> 0.05). The present findings indicate that the detrimental effect of high temperature on reproductive performance may not be related to the elevated PRL levels in heat-stressed birds but to mechanism(s) that involve 5-HT neurotransmission and the induction of hyperthermia.
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Spencer, Thomas E., Elisha Gootwine, Arieh Gertler, and Fuller W. Bazer. Placental lactogen enhances production efficiency in sheep. United States Department of Agriculture, December 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2005.7586543.bard.

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Abstract:
The key objectives of this BARD project were to: (1) study long-term effects of immunization of prepubertal ewes against recombinant ovine placental lactogen (roPL) on subsequent birth weights of their lambs and their milk production; (2) optimize the anti-roPL immunization protocol using adjuvant preparations acceptable to producers and regulatory agencies; and (3) determine the physiological mechanism(s) whereby immunization against oPL increases fetal growth and development and mammogenesis. These objectives were based on key findings from a previous BARD project that: (a) immunization of ewes against roPL increased lamb birth weight and ewe milk production during lactation; (b) roPL and recombinant ovine growth hormone (roGH) increased the proliferation and differentiated function of endometrial glands that, in turn, would enhance uterine secretions necessary for fetal and placental growth; and (c) exogenous roPL and roGH stimulated mammogenesis and milk production during lactation. The BARD projects address central problems in sheep production, including reproductive failure due to embryonic/fetal mortality, low birth weight of lambs especially in prolific breeds, and reduced milk yields which affect neonatal survival. The sheep placenta secretes both lactogenic (oPL) and somatogenic (oGH) hormones. The receptors for those hormones are present in the fetus and placenta as well as maternal uterus, and mammary gland. Our research has focused on determining the biological role of these placental hormones in development and differentiation of the uterus during gestation and the mammary gland during pregnancy and lactation. Studies conducted in the current BARD project indicated that the effects of anti-roPL immunization were variable in ewes and that commercially available and widely acceptable adjuvant preparations were not effective to produce high anti-roPL titers in pre-pubertal ewes. In the non-prolific Rambouillet ewe in Texas and in the Awassi and the Assaf in Israel, anti-roPL immunization increased lamb birth weight; however, the magnitude of this effect and the inherent variability precluded our ability to determine the physiological mechanism of how the immunization increases fetal growth. Collectively, our findings suggest that anti-roPL immunization is not currently feasible as an easy and efficacious tool for the producer to increase flock reproductive and production efficiency. The variability in response of individual ewes to anti-roPL immunization likely includes modifying the recombinant hormone and the type of adjuvant used for the immunization. In particular, the oPL may need to be modified to ensure maximum antigenicity in a broad range of breed types. Nonetheless, the investigators continue to collaborate on identifying fundamental mechanisms that can be improved by genetics or management to enhance the efficiency of uteroplacental function and, in turn, fetal growth and development. High prolificacy is a desirable trait in intensive sheep production systems. One of the main limitations of using prolific breeds of sheep is that increased litter size is associated with low birth weights and increased mortality of lambs. Further, low birth weight is associated with an increased propensity for adult diseases and decreased production efficiency. Indeed, our recent studies find that the birth weights of lambs born in large litters can be improved by both genetics and management. Future cooperative research will continue to focus on reproductive efficiency of sheep that have broader implications for improving production efficiency in all types of ruminant livestock.
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10

Gothilf, Yoav, Yonathan Zohar, Susan Wray, and Hanna Rosenfeld. Inducing sterility in farmed fish by disrupting the development of the GnRH System. United States Department of Agriculture, October 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2007.7696512.bard.

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Abstract:
Hypothalamic gonadotropinreleasing hormone (GnRH1) is the key hormone in the control of gametogenesis and gonadal growth in vertebrates. Developmentally, hypothalamic GnRHproducing neurons originate from the olfactory placode, migrate along olfactory axons into the forebrain, and continue to the preoptic area and hypothalamus where they function to stimulate gonadotropin secretion from the pituitary gland. An appropriate location of GnRH neurons within the hypothalamus is necessary for normal reproductive function in the adult; abnormal migration and targeting of GnRH neurons during embryogenesis results in hypogonadism and infertility. The developmental migration of GnRH neurons and axonal pathfinding in mammals are modulated by a plethora of factors, including receptors, secreted molecules, adhesion molecules, etc. Yet the exact mechanism that controls these developmental events is still unknown. We investigated these developmental events and the underlying mechanisms using a transgenic zebrafish model, Tg(gnrh1: EGFP), in which GnRH1 neurons and axons are fluorescently labeled. The role of factors that potentially affect the development of this system was investigated by testing the effect of their knockdown and mutation on the development of the GnRH1 system. In addition, their localization in relation to GnRH1 was described during development. These studies are expected to generate the scientific foundation that will lead to developing innovative technologies, based on the disruption of the early establishment of the GnRH system, for inducing sterility in farmed fish, which is highly desirable for economical and environmental reasons.
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