Academic literature on the topic 'Reproduced from type-written copy'

AbstractThis article offers an approach to the De medicina equorum (post 1250–ante 1256) with the aim of analyzing some of the divergences between the manuscript that contains the Galician translation (Biblioteca Nacional de España, ms. 23076) and the Latin text, mainly known through Girolamo Molin’s edition (based on ms. Lat. Cl. VII 24 of the Biblioteca Nazionale Marciana de Venezia). The analysis of the Latin and Romance tradition of Ruffo’s work as well as of other treatises written under its influence show that these divergences do not result from mistakes in the copy of the Galician translation but are rather related to the variations issuing from the process of transmission of this work. Thus, the essay contributes to the establishment of certain textual features of the source text of the Galician version, most likely a Latin manuscript similar to but different from the codex reproduced by Molin.

This paper presents a computer program for analysing pumping test data. The program is interactive and may be used with a minimum knowledge of computers. It can be applied to a wide range of transient problem types, from one dimensional groundwater flow to flow in anisotropic aquifers, horizontally as well as vertically. Various forms of type curves based on analytical solutions to the groundwater flow equation are available for the interpretation. The paper includes a listing of the entire computer program containing a total of about 1. 800 lines. The programming language is a BASIC-version suited for the Tektronix 4054, a graphic screen with a refresh option. This option allows the user to perform type curve matching directly on the screen by moving the chosen type curve to the position where it gives the best fit, in a manner similar to traditional manual chart interpretation. Plots of the measured data may be conveniently reproduced in semilog and log-log diagrams, either on the screen or as a hard copy printed by a plotter. The present version of the program makes use of tape cartridges, both for storing program and data files.

AbstractIn the first half of the 17th century penmanship in the Dutch Republic flourished as never before or since. Responsible for this flowering were a number of schoolmasters from Brabant and Flanders who in the 1570s and 80s had fled to the North and had settled there as writing-masters. To what level they had raised calligraphy may be seen from a large number of manuscript and printed writing-books that have been preserved. Just as they inspired their followers in years to come they had themselves found a source of inspiration in the two copy-books of Clemens Perret, brought out in 1569 and 1571. The earlier of these, the Exercitatio alphabetica, was not only the first ever to be reproduced entirely by copper engraving, but also the first with examples in seven languages, all of them written in the appropriate hands. Moreover in this book, the first to be produced in the Low Countries in such a large, oblong size, all plates had lavishly executed borders, designed on an architectural framework on which a variety of objects, human figures, grotesques, animals and so on were depicted. The book was obviously designed for collectors, wealthy connoisseurs and fellow writing-masters. The later book, the Eximiae peritiae alphabetum, although containing an equal number of plates, likewise in seven languages and in various hands, lacks the beautiful borders and is of slightly smaller size. It is altogether a more modestly conceived book, surely intended for use at school. Little is known about Perret's life. The title-pages of his books tell us that he was born in Brussels in 1551. A poem in a writing-book by Jacobus Houthusius, published in 1591, refers to his death. A contemporary manuscript note in a pamphlet of 1583 states that the writer Etienne Perret was his father. In the Plantin archives it is recorded that he had a brother, named Paul, and a sister. In a pamphlet of 1599 the writing-master Jan van den Velde states that Perret went to England to serve Queen Elizabeth's Chancellor as writing-master and teach the Queen the Italian hand. This seems unlikely as the Queen is known to have learned italic handwriting from Roger Ascham, while still a girl. The author has examined 26 copies of the Exercitatio in public collections and distinguishes two different editions. The first was probably brought out by Perret himself. Nearly all its plates contain errors in spelling, punctuation and word division. When Plantin took the distribution of the book in hand these mistakes were corrected and another plate added, containing within an engraved border a privilege with the text in letterpress: the 2nd edition. A variant of this edition is identical but for the privilege which is now engraved. The 2nd edition, corrected

ABSTRACT The germ line genome of ciliates is extensively rearranged during development of the somatic macronucleus. Numerous sequences are eliminated, while others are amplified to a high ploidy level. In the Paramecium aurelia group of species, transformation of the maternal macronucleus with transgenes at high copy numbers can induce the deletion of homologous genes in sexual progeny, when a new macronucleus develops from the wild-type germ line. We show that this trans-nuclear effect correlates with homology-dependent silencing of maternal genes before autogamy and with the accumulation of ∼22- to 23-nucleotide (nt) RNA molecules. The same effects are induced by feeding cells before meiosis with bacteria containing double-stranded RNA, suggesting that small interfering RNA-like molecules can target deletions. Furthermore, experimentally induced macronuclear deletions are spontaneously reproduced in subsequent sexual generations, and reintroduction of the missing gene into the variant macronucleus restores developmental amplification in sexual progeny. We discuss the possible roles of the ∼22- to 23-nt RNAs in the targeting of deletions and the implications for the RNA-mediated genome-scanning process that is thought to determine developmentally regulated rearrangements in ciliates.

The article analyzes an epitaph dedicated to Dimitry of Rostov. It was written in Ukraine after the death of the metropolitan in 1709, but before his official canonization in 1757. Unlike the two other well-known epitaphs dedicated to Saint Dimitry (the funeral oration by Stephen Yavorsky and the inscription by Michail Lomonosov engraved on the silver icon case of his tomb complex), this text, which belongs to the syllabic epitaph genre, was an inscription under Dimitry’s lifetime portrait that was kept in the Novgorod-Seversky monastery. This epitaph, like the first two texts, can be clearly characterized as a baroque text, however, it differs significantly from them in content and style. It reflects other artistic phenomena of baroque poetics and has the features of synthesis, a combination of an iconographic image and signature, illustrations and text, words and images. The portrait-icon with verses was delivered to Rostov to metropolitan Arseny (Matseevich) through Fyodor Dubyansky, the confessor of Empress Elizabeth Petrovna. For a long time, it was preserved at the tomb of St. Dimitry in the interior of the Trinity (Conception) monastery. This epitaph reflects the Ukrainian tradition, in which portraits with epitaphs were hung at the graves of bishops and churchwardens. Who was the author of this epitaph to Dimitry of Rostov? It was most certainly a representative of the Ukrainian elite who knew Dimitry’s biography very well. Perhaps it was Ioann (Maksimovich), the future metropolitan of Tobolsk. The location of the original icon with the inscription is unknown, but a copy has survived in the museum of the Kiev-Pechersk monastery. However, this epitaph continued to exist in the written tradition. Several copies of it are known, and its text was reproduced and perceived separately from the iconographic model as a hagiographic text. It served, in turn, as a source of other such texts dedicated to Dimitry of Rostov and created after his canonization. The subsequent fate of this epitaph is also associated with the phenomena of the new cultural epoch, in which different types of art did not merely complement each other, but also led to the expansion of artistic expression, to the creation, interaction and interchangeability of new artistic forms, evolution of genre, which are undoubtedly important for the studying the genre poetics of the 18th century.

ABSTRACTThe soil bacterium and potential biothreat agentBurkholderia pseudomalleicauses the infectious disease melioidosis, which is naturally acquired through environmental contact with the bacterium. Environmental detection ofB. pseudomalleirepresents the basis for the development of a geographical risk map for humans and livestock. The aim of the present study was to develop a highly sensitive, culture-independent, DNA-based method that allows direct quantification ofB. pseudomalleifrom soil. We established a protocol forB. pseudomalleisoil DNA isolation, purification, and quantification by quantitative PCR (qPCR) targeting a type three secretion system 1 single-copy gene. This assay was validated using 40 soil samples from Northeast Thailand that underwent parallel bacteriological culture. All 26 samples that wereB. pseudomalleipositive by direct culture wereB. pseudomalleiqPCR positive, with a median of 1.84 × 104genome equivalents (range, 3.65 × 102to 7.85 × 105) per gram of soil, assuming complete recovery of DNA. This was 10.6-fold (geometric mean; range, 1.1- to 151.3-fold) higher than the bacterial count defined by direct culture. Moreover, the qPCR detectedB. pseudomalleiin seven samples (median, 36.9 genome equivalents per g of soil; range, 9.4 to 47.3) which were negative by direct culture. These seven positive results were reproduced using a nested PCR targeting a second, independentB. pseudomallei-specific sequence. Two samples were direct culture and qPCR negative but nested PCR positive. Five samples were negative by both PCR methods and culture. In conclusion, our PCR-based system provides a highly specific and sensitive tool for the quantitative environmental surveillance ofB. pseudomallei.

Abstract It is generally assumed that the JAK2-V617F mutation is the cause of disease in a large proportion of patients with myeloproliferative disorders. However, recent evidence suggests that additional genetic alterations might be collaborating with JAK2-V617F. Most importantly, screenings of hematopoietic cells from JAK2-V617F positive patients using quantitative PCR-based methods have revealed a strong variability in the fraction of cells that carry the mutation and in some patients a striking discrepancy with the extent of clonal hematopoiesis. On the other hand, retroviral overexpression of JAK2-V617F in mouse bone marrow transplantation models causes phenotypes that resemble human polycythemia vera, the MPD entity in which the incidence of JAK2-V617F is highest. In the mouse transplantation models described to date, retroviral vectors were used that bear the risk of insertional mutagenesis and in most cases lead to a strong overexpression of JAK2-V617F. These limitations might hamper an accurate reproduction of the human disease. To express the mutant JAK2 at physiological levels in a mouse model, we generated JAK2-V617F transgenic mice. The transgene was constructed based on a human BAC containing JAK2 exons 1–12 and approximately 100 kb of upstream sequence. A cDNA fragment covering exons 13–25 of JAK2, which includes the V617F mutation, was appended by homologous recombination in bacteria. We also generated an identical construct with the JAK2 wild type sequence as a control. Pronuclear microinjection of the control construct yielded 8 viable and fertile founders with transgene copy numbers ranging from 1 to 18. We also obtained 3 mice that were positive for the JAK2-V617F transgene. One of these mice died 2 days after birth, a second mouse died at the age of 5 weeks. This mouse had 3 integrated copies of the transgene and interestingly an approximately 10-fold enlarged spleen. Unfortunately, we were unable to obtain additional data from this mouse. The third mouse with one integrated copy of the transgene was viable and gave rise to a transgenic line (VF1). The VF1 line expresses the transgene at approximately 25% of the endogenous wild-type Jak2 level. We analyzed blood counts at the age of 5–6 weeks and observed a small but significant elevation of platelet numbers (approximately 1.2-fold), which was reproduced when transplanting JAK2-VF1 bone marrow into wild type recipients. No changes in hematocrit or white blood cell count were detected. The low yield of JAK2-V617F transgenic mice together with the early death of two of the founders suggested that the transgene could be lethal when expression exceeds a certain level. To overcome this potential problem and to allow for inducible expression of the JAK2-V617F transgene, we generated a second construct in which exons 13–25 of the original transgene were inverted to abolish expression of catalytically active Jak2 in this configuration. Antiparallel loxP sites were placed at the borders of this inverted fragment to allow Cre-mediated repair of the transgene. These loxP sites contain previously characterized mutations to prevent continuous recombination. We have obtained 4 founders of this Cre-activated JAK2-V617F transgene with copy numbers between 1 and 9. After crossing to Mx-Cre mice and inducing Cre we observed repair of the transgene at the DNA level. Furthermore, mRNA of the recombined JAK2-V617F allele was detectable in peripheral blood. The effects of the JAK2-V617F transgene induction on the hematopoietic system are currently being studied in detail and will be presented.

This article, written by JPT Technology Editor Chris Carpenter, contains highlights of paper OTC 30838, “Shell Appomattox Model-Based Operations From Design to Production: A Game Changer in Gulf of Mexico Deepwater Operation,” by Robert Tulalian, Shell, and Evan Keever and Ankur Rastogi, Kongsberg, prepared for the 2020 Offshore Technology Conference, originally scheduled to be held in Houston, 4–7 May. The paper has not been peer reviewed. Copyright 2020 Offshore Technology Conference. Reproduced by permission. The complete paper discusses how large operations such as Appomattox in the Gulf of Mexico’s deepwater Norphlet formation can use an integrated dynamic simulation-based solution throughout the project life cycle to aid in design verification, operator training, startup support, and real-time surveillance. The authors write that their recommendations and findings can be applied to similar project implementation efforts elsewhere in the industry. Introduction The Appomattox development spans Mississippi Canyon Blocks 348, 391, 392, and 393. Peak production rates are estimated to be approximately 175,000 BOE/D, with water injection planned for the future to support reservoir pressures. Appomattox includes a combined cycle steam system, using process waste heat to generate steam. This steam can be used to drive a generator, providing extra power for the facility. The Appomattox facility can be seen in Fig. 1. A multipurpose dynamic simulator (MPDS) was developed to address the inherent complexities of the Appomattox system, providing a high-fidelity integrated model that simulates both top-sides and subsea process conditions. This model was integrated with the Appomattox control system and deployed in a setup to mimic the offshore control room, creating a realistic training environment for operators. The MPDS was completed over 1 year before first oil, providing ample time for operator training and other use cases such as distributed-control-system (DCS) checkout and engineering studies. Because of the success of the MPDS, the operator applied the existing Appomattox model to the operation phase through the creation of a real-time surveillance system (RTS). Connecting the process model to the facility’s historian by open-platform communications (OPC) enables the RTS to serve as a virtual copy of the live facility, mimicking process conditions in real time. This enables the RTS to serve as a platform for useful surveillance applications such as virtual flow metering, blockage detection, and equipment-performance monitoring. Process Model Development Once the decision to build an MPDS was made, the project team determined which systems would be included in the scope of the model as well as what data would be used for input and validation. Because the MPDS would be used for both engineering and operations use, most systems were included in the scope and modeled at high fidelity to maximize potential benefits.

BACKGROUND The accurate assignment of alleles embedded within trisomic or duplicated regions is an essential prerequisite for assessing the combined effects of single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and genomic copy number. Such an integrated analysis is challenging because heterozygotes for such a SNP may be one of 2 genotypes—AAB or ABB. Established methods for SNP genotyping, however, can have difficulty discriminating between the 2 heterozygous trisomic genotypes. We developed a method for assigning heterozygous trisomic genotypes that uses the ratio of the height of the 2 allele peaks obtained by mass spectrometry after a single-base extension assay. METHODS Eighteen COL6A2 (collagen, type VI, alpha 2) SNPs were analyzed in euploid and trisomic individuals by means of a multiplexed single-base extension assay that generated allele-specific oligonucleotides of differing Mr values for detection by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. Reference data (mean and SD) for the allele peak height ratios were determined from heterozygous euploid samples. The heterozygous trisomic genotypes were assigned by calculating the z score for each trisomic allele peak height ratio and by considering the sign (+/−) of the z score. RESULTS Heterozygous trisomic genotypes were assigned in 96.1% (range, 89.9%–100%) of the samples for each SNP analyzed. The genotypes obtained were reproduced in 95 (97.5%) of 97 loci retested in a second assay. Subsequently, the origin of nondisjunction was determined in 108 (82%) of 132 family trios with a Down syndrome child. CONCLUSIONS This approach enabled reliable genotyping of heterozygous trisomic samples and the determination of the origin of nondisjunction in Down syndrome family trios.

_ This article, written by JPT Technology Editor Chris Carpenter, contains highlights of paper IPTC 22368, “Study and Implementation of a Large Amount of Data From a Divided-Time Transmission System Using Microchip-Storage-Ball Release While Drilling,” by Sanguo Li, State Key Laboratory of Shale Oil and Gas Enrichment Mechanism and Effective Development and SINOPEC, and Ruixiang Gao and Jibo Li, SINOPEC, et al. The paper has not been peer reviewed. Copyright 2022 International Petroleum Technology Conference. Reproduced by permission. _ A key question posed in the field is how to transmit logging-while-drilling (LWD) data losslessly back to the surface effectively. Conventional LWD tools face challenges in transmitting all data to the surface efficiently. The complete paper proposes a method that uses the concept of a flash drive downloading and exchanging data among computers. Methodology Two conventional methods exist for data exchange between computers, one of which is network data transmission. The speed of network data transmission determines the efficiency of data exchange between computers. The other method is to use a flash disk to copy and transfer data between computers. Similarly, the downhole LWD tool and the surface data computer can be regarded as two computers. When the bandwidth of the real-time network between surface and underground is limited, the principle of a flash drive dumping and exchanging data between the computers can be used. First, LWD data are dumped into a microchip storage ball (MSB). The circuit sends a release command to the power device to release the MSB from the drill collar. The MSB is carried up to the ground by the drilling fluid and will be recovered on the ground. The data in the MSB then will be uploaded to a computer. The releasable time-divisional data-transmission system mainly consists of MSBs for storing LWD data, sealed chambers for storing the MSBs, a power device for releasing the MSBs, and a circuit for detecting the release signal and controlling the release operation. Large-Capacity MSBs An MSB essentially is a flash drive for storing LWD data. Because of the space constraints of downhole release tools and the limitations posed by the downhole drilling environment, an MSB must have characteristics such as large capacity, small size, high pressure resistance, high temperature resistance, low power consumption, high performance, and high-speed data-dumping capability. In the presented method, the control and power management module controls the data read/write (R/W) command and the power supply to the MSB so that it can read data from the LWD tools and save it using the RS485 communication mode. The network topology of the RS485 mode can send data to multiple MSBs simultaneously. The MSB uses an MSP430 chip to manage reading, writing, and erasing of data. The capacity of the memory chip determines the data capacity of the MSB. Currently, the data capacity of one MSB is 1 Mbit. The diameter of the MSB circuit board is 11 mm. The power supply cable and RS485 cable are connected to the circuit board. This type of wired power supply and data transmission eliminates the need for a battery and a wireless data-exchange module. The MSBs are installed in the sealed chambers of a downhole release tool. Four contacts are designed on an MSB to supply power and to connect the data-circuit system. The four contacts on the MSB are connected to the corresponding four spring contacts in the sealed chambers.

The article discusses several textual features of the second Church Slavonic version of 1–4 Kingdoms, which has come down to us in two manuscripts, written in Serbian Resavian orthography. The earliest copy dates from 1418 (National Research Library of Odessa, no. 6 [1/106]), while the second is from 1523–1543 (Moscow, Russian State Library, f. 87 N° 1 [1684]). The paper presents this tradition to scholars as new material for the study of the Antiochene or Lucianic recension of 1–4 Kingdoms, a text-type found in five Greek manuscripts. The analysis shows that it represents a new witness, not only to the Antiochene recension of 1–4 Kingdoms as a whole, but also to its proto-Lucianic textual stratum.

Abstract During the summer of 1941, while working in California, I came across a copy of The Listener containing an article about George Crabbe by E. M. Forster. I did not know any of the poems of Crabbe at that time, but reading about him gave me such a feeling of nostalgia for Suffolk, where I had always lived, that I searched for a copy of his works, and made a beginning with ‘The Borough.’ Mr. Forster’s article is reproduced in this book: it is easy to see how his excellent account of this ‘entirely English poet’ evoked a longing for the realities of that grim and exciting seacoast around Aldeburgh.1Earlier in the year, I had written the music of Paul Bunyan, an operetta to a text by W H. Auden, which was performed for a week at Columbia University, New York.2 The critics damned it unmercifully, but the public seemed to find something enjoyable in the performances. Despite the criticisms, I wanted to write more works for the stage. ‘The Borough’-and particularly the story of ‘Peter Grimes’-provided a subject and a background from which Peter Pears and I began trying to construct the scenario of an opera.

Amplification of DNA may be necessary to increase the quantity of sample available for profiling, to reduce the analysis time, or to produce probes for the hybridization process (Higuchi 1989, Li 1988, Marx 1988, Mullis 1990, Paabo 1989, Saiki 1986). Stretches of nucleotides up to at least 3,000 bp from any DNA-containing samples may be efficiently amplified by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Alternatively, living tissue can be placed in culture, and fibroblasts, epithelial type cells, or lymphoblasts grown. The culture process differs considerably from the PCR approach in that the total genome is reproduced. Also, tissue culture is usually at least a two-week procedure, whereas the polymerase chain reaction requires only a few hours. Cultured cells can be used for enzyme and other biochemical tests, and storage in liquid nitrogen is a standard practice for regrowth at a later time. Probe material, that is, DNA capable of hybridizing with its complementary region in the genome, must be amplified, aliquoted, and stored to provide an ongoing source for use with each profile analysis. Probe amplification has been mainly carried out in bacterial culture; however, probes can be chemically synthesized as discussed in Chapter 2 or amplified by the PCR system. At least 10 to 50 ng of high molecular weight genomic DNA are required for VNTR analysis using single-locus probes, and at least 0.5 to 1.0 μg required if multilocus probes are used. If only a small quantity of DNA is available, amplification using the PCR may be the only feasible option for obtaining sufficient material for analysis. PCR has revolutionized the approach to the recovery of DNA from a variety of sources. Microgram quantities of DNA can be produced in vitro by the amplification of picogram starting amounts. Single-copy genomic sequences greater than 2 kb in length have been amplified more than 10 millionfold in a few hours. Amplified material can also be directly sequenced without the necessity of incorporating DNA fragments into vectors such as M13 (Gyllensten 1989,1989a). Availability of oligonucleotide primers is the key to the amplification process.

Abstract Brideprice—a globally widespread practice that is a type of reverse dowry in which the groom makes a payment to the bride’s family—is a controversial topic in Timor-Leste. Timorese women’s organizations have long campaigned against brideprice, but there has been no explicit, long-term, or well-funded intervention to challenge the practice. Indeed, this chapter argues that the uneven outcomes of the LADV can be explained by the enduring and central role of brideprice, and in particular because of the material link it creates between gender relations and class relations. The discussion focuses on kinship, but the state is not absent from the argument. Many scholars have demonstrated the centrality of Timorese kinship networks, and these networks are structured to cope with poverty in the absence of state welfare (see Chapter 4). However, the networks are formed not by relations of equals but by relations between ranked families, and the payment of brideprice creates and reproduces these hierarchies.

Abstract Jacobsen, Jens Peter (1847-1885) Danish poet and novelist who introduced the techniques of NATURALISM to Danish literature. He subsequently gained prominence as the movement’s best known exponent in Denmark. Jacobsen exemplifies the type of writer whom the young Joyce admired and sought to emulate, and Joyce refers to him in his early essay “The DAY OF THE RABBLEMENT” (1901), in which Joyce illustrates the limitations of contemporary Irish literature by contrasting the innovative prose of Jacobsen’s style with the more pedestrian efforts of George MOORE. After he left Ireland Joyce continued to read Jacobsen, and he had a copy of an English translation of Jacobsen’s second novel, Siren Voices (Niels Ly/me), in his Trieste library. Evidence from his correspondence indicates that he first read the book early in 1905. (See Letters II.83.) “James Clarence Mangan” An essay written by Joyce as a university student and first delivered as a lecture at the 1 February 1902 meeting of the Literary and Historical Society of UNIVERSITY COLLEGE, DUBLIN. It was subsequently published in the unofficial university magazine, St Stephen’s, in May of the same year.

Abstract One Great peculiarity of mathematics is the set of allied ideas which have been invented in connexion with the integral numbers from which we started. These ideas may be called extensions or generalizations of number. In the first place there is the idea of fractions. The earliest treatise on arithmetic which we possess was written by an Egyptian priest, named Ahmes, between 1700 B.c. and 1100 B.c., and it is probably a copy of a much older work. It deals largely with the properties of fractions. It appears, therefore, that this concept was developed very early in the history of mathematics. Indeed the subject is a very obvious one. To divide a field into three equal parts, and to take two of the parts, must be a type of operation which had often occurred. Accordingly, we need not be surprised that the men of remote civilizations were familiar with the idea of two­thirds, and with allied notions. Thus as the first generalization of number we place the concept of fractions. The Greek thought of this subject rather in the form of ratio, so that a Greek would naturally say that a line of two feet in length bears to a line of three feet in length the ratio of 2 to 3. Under the influence of our algebraic notation we would more often say that one line was two-thirds of the other in length, and would think of two-thirds as a numerical multiplier.

This new ASTM manual introduces the concept of the Master Curve Method so it can be understood and used by engineers who have had limited exposure to elastic-plastic fracture mechanics and/or advanced statistical methods. It addresses the practical design-related problem of defining the ductile-to-brittle fracture transition temperature of structural steels directly in terms of fracture mechanics data. 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