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Rutten, Gijsbert, and Marijke J. van der Wal. "Local dialects, supralocal writing systems." Written Language and Literacy 14, no. 2 (September 8, 2011): 251–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/wll.14.2.04rut.
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In historical sociolinguistics, it is often assumed that ego-documents such as private letters represent the spoken language of the past as closely as possible. In this paper, we will try to determine the degree of orality of seventeenth-century Dutch private letters: the degree to which the spoken local dialect is represented in these texts, and at the same time, the extent to which scribes possibly converged towards supralocal writing systems. We study the orthographical representation of four phonemes in a corpus of letters from the provinces of Holland and Zeeland. Clear cases of local writing practices are revealed, contributing to our knowledge of the spoken language in the past, as well as to the different ways in which it was represented in written language. However, the degree to which local features appear in the corpus is remarkably low. Only a minority of the letters contains localizable features, and if a letter contains these, it is usually only in a minority of the positions which, historically, were phonologically possible. We conclude that, in general, scribes did not aim to write their local dialect, but employed an intended supraregional variety instead. Keywords: Historical sociolinguistics; Dutch, seventeenth century; ego-documents; letters; writing systems; historical phonology; language from below; orality
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Bowles, Hugo. "Stenography and Orality in Dickens: Rethinking the Phonographic Myth." Dickens Studies Annual 48, no. 1 (September 1, 2017): 21–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.5325/dickstudannu.48.1.0021.
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Abstract Drawing on Steven Marcus's claim that by learning and practicing stenography in the law courts Dickens had essentially become a “written recording device for the human voice,” Ivan Kreilkamp has argued that Dickens brought the “phonographic innovations in voice writing” to the writing of the novel. The difficulty with this argument is that Dickens learned shorthand from a hybrid system—Thomas Gurney's Brachygraphy—that was radically different from the classic phonography of Isaac Pitman's Stenographic Shorthand. Unlike the Pitman system, which linked shorthand symbols directly to sound, the Gurney system mediated the link through letters—the learner had to memorize symbols which stood for letters rather than for sounds. This essay will argue that Brachygraphy's extra level of alphabetical mediation meant that Gurney shorthand was essentially, and unusually, a creative stenographic system. The nature of the creative language processing implicit in the learning of Gurney shorthand will be described and its implications for Dickens's writing processes will be discussed, drawing on examples which suggest that Gurney stenographic processes were themselves represented in Dickens's fiction and involved in episodes from his life. The overall influence of Gurney shorthand on Dickens's language processing suggests that theories regarding his legacy in relation to “orality,” particularly his position and role in “phonographic” interpretations of nineteenth-century culture, may have to be reconsidered. At the same time, we should recognize the importance of the Gurney method in influencing Dickens's creative use of language.
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Bowles, Hugo. "Stenography and Orality in Dickens: Rethinking the Phonographic Myth." Dickens Studies Annual 48, no. 1 (September 1, 2017): 21–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.5325/dickstudannu.48.2017.0021.
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Abstract Drawing on Steven Marcus's claim that by learning and practicing stenography in the law courts Dickens had essentially become a “written recording device for the human voice,” Ivan Kreilkamp has argued that Dickens brought the “phonographic innovations in voice writing” to the writing of the novel. The difficulty with this argument is that Dickens learned shorthand from a hybrid system—Thomas Gurney's Brachygraphy—that was radically different from the classic phonography of Isaac Pitman's Stenographic Shorthand. Unlike the Pitman system, which linked shorthand symbols directly to sound, the Gurney system mediated the link through letters—the learner had to memorize symbols which stood for letters rather than for sounds. This essay will argue that Brachygraphy's extra level of alphabetical mediation meant that Gurney shorthand was essentially, and unusually, a creative stenographic system. The nature of the creative language processing implicit in the learning of Gurney shorthand will be described and its implications for Dickens's writing processes will be discussed, drawing on examples which suggest that Gurney stenographic processes were themselves represented in Dickens's fiction and involved in episodes from his life. The overall influence of Gurney shorthand on Dickens's language processing suggests that theories regarding his legacy in relation to “orality,” particularly his position and role in “phonographic” interpretations of nineteenth-century culture, may have to be reconsidered. At the same time, we should recognize the importance of the Gurney method in influencing Dickens's creative use of language.
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Davis Westwood, Sarah. "Tragedy and triumph: Depictions of ceɗɗo and tirailleurs sénégalais in the memoryscape of contemporary Senegal." Quaderns de l'Institut Català d'Antropologia 37, no. 2 (June 20, 2022): 259–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.56247/qua.363.
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This article centres on the visual memoryscape of military figures in Senegal, which has been shaped by historical remnants, including street art, statues, and films in popular circulation. As originally envisioned, a memoryscape is based on orality and performance, but I consider the physical landscape of Dakar as a site of memory. I observe the artificial division between heroic anti-colonial warriors, represented by ceɗɗo soldiers, and victimised tirailleurs sénégalais, who are more closely associated with French colonial control. Specifically, I outline the portrayals of these figures in two films by Ousmane Sembène and statues and murals depicting the precolonial hero Lat Joor Joob and tirailleurs sénégalais. These interpretations of ceɗɗo and tirailleurs sénégalais exemplify the struggle in post-independence Senegal over national identity.
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McDowell, Paula. "Defoe and the Contagion of the Oral: Modeling Media Shift in A Journal of the Plague Year." PMLA/Publications of the Modern Language Association of America 121, no. 1 (January 2006): 87–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1632/003081206x96122.
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This essay contributes to a history of evolutionary models of media shift through a reading of Daniel Defoe. Published in 1722 but depicting events of 1664–65, A Journal of the Plague Year represents temporal distance in terms of shifts in modes of communication. Modes that in reality are coexistent and interdependent are here represented as parts of a linear, progressive development. Defoe helped shape an emergent hierarchy of media forms with print at its apex. A key structuring binary of this text opposes a backward past associated with orality to a new, print-oriented modernity linked to the collection and reproduction of accurate statistics and true report. The essay first examines Defoe's handling of the “Women-Searchers”–agents employed to search bodies to determine cause of death, whose oral reports formed the basis for the printed bills of mortality–then considers the depiction of rumors and an oral street culture that is associated with old women, error, and contagious superstition. (PMcD)
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Høgenhaven, Jesper. "Fjenden fra Nord." Dansk Teologisk Tidsskrift 79, no. 4 (December 10, 2016): 261–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.7146/dtt.v79i4.105799.
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The years 1900-1950 were a fruitful and productive period in Old Testament research in the Nordic countries. Represented by internationally renowned figures like Johannes Pedersen, Sigmund Mowinckel, and Ivan Engnell, Scandinavian Old Testament scholarship gained an independent profile over against the German and Anglo-Saxon realms. This article explores themes of central importance to Nordic scholars in this period, and attempts to spell out some of the more significant nuances and differences among them. Finally, I raise the question to which extent we can meaningfully speak of tendencies and features common to Scandinavian Old Testament scholars1900-1950, and whether such tendencies reflect more general culturaltrends of their time. I tentatively point to some common denominators:A comparative approach that takes seriously the ancient Near Easterncontext of the Old Testament texts, a marked emphasis on cultic perspectives, and an interest in the role played by orality in the formationof Old Testament literary genres and texts. Despite some very differentaccents put by various scholars, these points may be described as characteristic of Scandinavian scholarship in the period.
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Afsaruddin, Asma. "The Qur'an's Self-Image." American Journal of Islam and Society 19, no. 2 (April 1, 2002): 129–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.35632/ajis.v19i2.1950.
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This is a well-researched and carefully thought out book on the highly complex issue of the Qur' an 's self-referential terms to its own status as Scripture. Particularly illuminating are the author, Daniel Madigan's, clear and profound engagements with the semantic content of key Qur'anic words like kitab, mushaf, qur'an, dhikr, tanzil. and wahy, and his discussion of the inter-relatedness of these tenns. Madigan successfully problematizes particularly the key terms kitab and Qur'an since, as he shows, their meanings can be fairly fluid and their essence cannot be easily and crudely reduced to a rigid demarcation between orality and "writtenness" alone.
A central focus of his book is indeed the tension between the orality and the written nature of Islam's sacred scripture, already suggested in the name given to it, al-Qur'an, which itself may be translated as ''the Recitation," and "the Reading." Madigan stresses the primacy of the oral nature of the Qur'an; in his (rather brief) discussion of the terms kalam Allah (the speech of God) and kitabAl/ah (the book of God), he states, ... the focus on the ontological status of the Qur'an [as represented in the usage of the term kalam Allah] may be not merely the result of speculation but rather an attempt to recover something that was lost when the concepts of kitab Allah and Qur'an were collapsed into the content of the mushaf.
Chapters 2 - 4 provide a fine and nuanced exposition of the Qur'anic conception of kitab, which, as Madigan persuasively suggests, has to do with divine, timeless authority becoming manifest in the human, timebound world. The difference between Qur'an and kitab is therefore, not merely a question of display or storage, through the medium of the human voice in the fonner and through written composition in the latter, but has to do rather with the Qur'an's origin, that is, "its author and the source of its composition." ...
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Deniz, Eliane Da Silva, Antônia Lúcia de Queiroz Tenório, Josenil Araújo dos Santos, and Lucy Ferreira Azevedo. "Nas Ondas das Rádios Escolares." Revista de Ensino, Educação e Ciências Humanas 20, no. 1 (April 17, 2019): 58. http://dx.doi.org/10.17921/2447-8733.2019v20n1p58-63.
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As múltiplas aprendizagens e possibilidades desenvolvidas na escola básica, com habilidades e metodologias eficientes, se efetivam tanto no contexto da sala de aula quanto fora dela. Levar o professor a uma reflexão sobre o seu trabalho para além do livro didático e das antigas propostas do ensino gramatical da língua, transpondo os limites da escrita para a oralidade e para a escuta, é fundamental. Por isso se pensou em pormenorizar um projeto de rádio já executado e que foi transmitido nos recreios escolares. O rádio se constituiu, assim, em um objeto linguístico, em uma abordagem que representou ao mesmo tempo uma proposta e um produto. Este trabalho tem o objetivo, então, de descrever a criação de uma rádio escolar, projeto orientado pela Secretaria de Estado de Educação (Seduc/MT), na Escola Estadual Antonio Hortollani e os efeitos que se traduziram na comunidade por meio das atividades. A metodologia, pesquisa descritiva e qualitativa, terá as seguintes reflexões: o PCN de Língua Portuguesa e Educomunicação da Seduc/MT; reflexões sobre linguagem e ensino de Língua Portuguesa sob a ótica do interacionismo. Um dos resultados que se observou foi a sensibilização dos envolvidos para a integração de toda a escola, além da desenvoltura dos alunos em todas as disciplinas na sala de aula. A oralidade desenvolta estimulou a escrita, momento em que se precederam algumas ações que envolveram atualização sobre problemas da comunidade e desenvolvimento de pesquisas. Palavras-chave: Rádio. Escola. Oralidade. Interação. Aprendizagem. AbstractThe multiple learning and possibilities developed in the basic school, with efficient skills and methodologies, take place both in the context of the classroom and outside it. Taking the teacher to a reflection on his or her work beyond the didactic book and the old proposals of the grammatical teaching of the language, transposing the limits of writing to orality and listening, is fundamental. That's why it was thought about detailing a radio project that was already being carried out and was broadcast in school playgrounds. Radio was therefore a linguistic object, in an approach that represented both a proposal and a product. The purpose of this work is to describe the creation of a school radio, a project directed by the State Department of Education of Mato Grosso (Seduc/MT), at the State School Antonio Hortollani and the effects that have been translated into the community through the activities. The descriptive methodology and qualitative research will have the following reflections: The PCN of Portuguese Language and Educommunication of the Seduc/MT; reflections on language and Portuguese language teaching from the point of view of interactionism. One of the results that was observed was the awareness of those involved in the integration of the whole school, in addition to the students' resourcefulness in all disciplines in the classroom. The oral oracles stimulated the writing, moment that preceded some actions that involved updating on community problems and research development. Keywords: Radio. School. Orality. Interaction. Learning.
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Wood, Andy. "Custom and the Social Organisation of Writing in Early Modern England." Transactions of the Royal Historical Society 9 (December 1999): 257–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3679403.
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Social historians of sixteenth- and seventeenth-century England have tended to see literacy as a modernising force which eroded oral tradition and overrode local identities. Whereas the increasing literacy of the period has long appeared an important constituent element of Tudor and Stuart England's early modernity, custom has been represented as its mirror image. Attached to cumbersome local identities, borne from the continuing authority of speech, bred within a plebeian culture which was simultaneously pugnacious and conservative, customary law has been taken to define a traditional, backward-looking mind-set which stood at odds to the sharp forces of change cutting into the fabric of early modern English society. 1 Hence, social historians have sometimes perceived the growing elite hostility to custom as a part of a larger attack upon oral culture. In certain accounts, this elite antipathy is presented as a by-product of die standardising impulses of early capitalism. 2 Social historians have presented the increasing role of written documents in the defence of custom as the tainting of an authentic oral tradition, and as further evidence of the growing dom-nation of writing over speech. Crudely stated, orality, and hence custom, is seen as ‘of the people’; while writing was ‘of the elite’. In this respect as in others, social historians have therefore accepted all too readily John Aubrey's nostalgic recollections of late seventeenth century that Before printing, Old Wives tales were ingeniose and since Printing came in fashion, till a little before the Civil warres, the ordinary Sort of people were not taught to reade & now-a-dayes Books are common and most of the poor people understand letters: and the many good Bookes and the variety of Turnes of Affaires, have putt the old Fables out of dores: and the divine art of Printing and Gunpowder have frighted away Robin-good-fellowe and the Fayries.
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Hardaker, Glenn, and Aishah Sabki. "The nature of memorisation for embodiment." Journal for Multicultural Education 10, no. 1 (April 11, 2016): 87–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jme-01-2016-0019.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to provide insights on the interconnectedness of the Muslim community, madrasah and memorisation in realising the process of embodiment. Design/methodology/approach Our anthropological study was conducted in 2011 at a prominent madrasah for higher education in England. The madrasah has approximately 400 adult learners that are studying Islamic studies programme. For our anthropological study, the notion of Islamic teaching and embodiment was integral to each other and was illustrative of a long educational tradition of the pedagogy of Islam. For this research, we follow a sensory narrative style in expressing our descriptions. Findings The findings provide an insight into the nature of memorisation for embodiment. The research suggests that the madrasah was teaching memorisation with a purpose to support the process of personal embodiment. Moreover, what we also see when considering madrasah life is that the notion of the “walking Qur’an” endures, and it transcends in the form of locally flavoured articulations of embodiment. To reiterate, the Islamic approach to memorisation for embodiment was found to be a practice relevant to all of us, as individuals, communities and institutions, reflexively engaging in the world around us. For the British madrasah, this was seen to be pivotal to the Islamic pedagogy shaped by the interplay between orality, facilitating memorisation and the didactic approach towards the sacred. From our observations, embodiment has a physical and spiritual dimension where prophecy is retained and is inherent to existence and daily madrasah practice. Originality/value Our narrative experiences bring a spiritual order to the pedagogical matters of memorisation represented by the inseparable nature of knowledge and the sacred. The interweaving of experiential narrative with a theoretical perspective brings forth our understanding towards the nature of memorisation for embodiment.
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Shapiro, Jason M., and Basavaraj Kerur. "Do Orally Administered Immunoglobulin-Based Agents Represent the Future of IBD Therapeutics?" Digestive Diseases and Sciences 60, no. 11 (July 17, 2015): 3155–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10620-015-3802-x.
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Stiefel, U., M. M. Nerandzic, P. Koski, and C. J. Donskey. "Orally administered -lactamase enzymes represent a novel strategy to prevent colonization by Clostridium difficile." Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 62, no. 5 (July 18, 2008): 1105–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jac/dkn298.
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Facchetti, Sergio. "L´enfasi, I´ineffabile e il fatuo: oralità fittizia in D`Annunzio." Revista de Italianística, no. 6-7 (July 30, 2003): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.11606/issn.2238-8281.v0i6-7p9-21.
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D´Annunzio enobrece constantemente seus textos poéticos com perifrases e analogias com um passado mítico e por meo da imitação dos gêneros arcaicos, como o hino grego e a lauda medieval. O texto poético é, assim, transformado em oração e adota o estilo anunciativo desta. Por meio dos mecanismos linguísticos da apóstrofe e da alocução, o poeta personagem é representado como falante a entidades personificadas ou a pessoas presentes na cena da enunciação, imitando a oralidade primitiva da oração. A oralidade fictícia da maior parte da poesia dannunziana atribui à poesia seu característico com teatra recitativo. Estas hipóteses são verificadas na análise detalhada do celebérrimo poema "Sera Fiesolana"
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Rathore, Mohit, Dikshant Gupta, and Dinabandhu Bhandari. "Complaint Classification using Word2Vec Model." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 4.5 (September 22, 2018): 402. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i4.5.20192.
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Attempt has been made to develop a versatile, universal complaint grievance segregator by classifying orally acknowledged grievancesinto one of the predefined categories. The oral complaints are first converted to text and then each word is represented by a vector usingword2vec. Each grievance is represented by a single vector using Gated Recurrent Unit (GRU) that implements the hidden state of Recurrent Neural Network (RNN) model. The popular Multi-Layer Perceptron (MLP) has been used as the classifier to identify the categories.
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Lima, Nair Santos. "A Festa das Tribos: perspectivas folkcomunicativas em um cenário de resistência." Revista Internacional de Folkcomunicação 18, no. 41 (December 22, 2020): 110. http://dx.doi.org/10.5212/rif.v.18.i41.0006.
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O Festival das Tribos Indígenas ou Festribal é um evento que ocorre anualmente na cidade de Juruti (Pará), na Amazônia brasileira, e compreende a competição entre as “tribos” Munduruku e Muirapinima. Concebem-se as festas amazônicas a partir de um tensionamento entre culturas, provenientes da colonização, resultando na dupla consciência, efeito da ampla violência. Este artigo buscou identificar nesse evento, modos de resistência e a forma de expressão desse sentimento. Por meio do audiovisual, na Plataforma YouTube, fez-se uma análise semiótica da festa do ano 2019, e, cuja permanência ocorre com base na oralidade, na contação de histórias, dos mitos, crenças e das festas vivenciadas por seus antepassados. Essa análise encontra abrigo na teoria da folkcomunicação.
Festival das Tribos; Dupla consciência; Resistência; Folkcomunicação.
The Festival of Indigenous Tribes or Festribal is an event that has been held annually since 1995 in the city of Juruti (Pará), in the Brazilian Amazon, and comprises the competition between the “tribes” Munduruku and Muirapinima, competing in this manifestation of popular culture. The Amazon simultaneously synthesizes the uniqueness and complexity of a territory that in a very old time had an abundant scenario, inhabited by several human groups (tribes), in addition to, in modern times, adding brand and product. From the 16th century onwards, with the colonization and the arrival of the European, there was a tension between cultures that resulted in double consciousness, the effect of the widespread violence that was transmuted, being evident in popular festivals. With a focus on the cultural diversity of the region and the commercialization of its products, advertising created the “brand” Amazônia, at parties, music, dance, regional craftsmanship etc., and, based on the origin and projection of the party, this article sought to identify in the lyrics of the songs of the Festa dos tribos, in 2019, ways of resistance represented in this manifestation of popular culture and the way in which this feeling is expressed. From a qualitative approach and exploratory objective, a semiotic analysis of the event was carried out, through the audiovisual on the YouTube Platform - by the perception and apprehension of the feelings of these peoples. Although re-signified, the indigenous festivals have perpetuated based on orality, storytelling of their peoples, myths, beliefs and festivals experienced by their ancestors. This analysis finds shelter in the theory of folk communication.
Festival of the Tribes; Double consciousness; Resistance; Folkcommunication.
El Festival de Tribus Indígenas o Festribal es un evento que se realiza anualmente desde 1995 en la ciudad de Juruti (Pará), en la Amazonía brasileña, y comprende la competencia entre las “tribus” Munduruku y Muirapinima, compitiendo en esta manifestación de la cultura popular. La Amazonía sintetiza simultáneamente la singularidad y complejidad de un territorio que en tiempos muy antiguos tuvo un escenario abundante, habitado por varios grupos humanos (tribus), además de, en los tiempos modernos, sumar marca y producto. A partir del siglo XVI, con la colonización y la llegada de los europeos, se produjo una tensión entre culturas que derivó en una doble conciencia, efecto de la violencia generalizada que se transmutó, manifestándose en las fiestas populares. Con un enfoque en la diversidad cultural de la región y la comercialización de sus productos, la publicidad creó la “marca” Amazônia, en fiestas, música, baile, artesanía regional, etc., y en base al origen y proyección de la fiesta, esta El artículo buscó identificar en la letra de las canciones de la Festa dos tribos, en 2019, las formas de resistencia representadas en esta manifestación de la cultura popular y la forma en que se expresa este sentimiento. Desde un enfoque cualitativo y objetivo exploratorio, se realizó un análisis semiótico del evento, a través del audiovisual en la Plataforma de YouTube - por la percepción y aprehensión de los sentimientos de estos pueblos. Aunque resignificadas, las fiestas indígenas se han perpetuado a partir de la oralidad, el relato de sus pueblos, los mitos, creencias y fiestas vividas por sus antepasados. Este análisis encuentra refugio en la teoría de la comunicación popular.
Festival de las Tribus; Doble conciencia; Resistencia; Comunicación popular.
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Verhagen, Justus V., Mikiko Kadohisa, and Edmund T. Rolls. "Primate Insular/Opercular Taste Cortex: Neuronal Representations of the Viscosity, Fat Texture, Grittiness, Temperature, and Taste of Foods." Journal of Neurophysiology 92, no. 3 (September 2004): 1685–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00321.2004.
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It is shown that the primate primary taste cortex represents not only taste but also information about many nontaste properties of oral stimuli. Of 1,122 macaque anterior insular/frontal opercular neurons recorded, 62 (5.5%) responded to oral stimuli. Of the orally responsive neurons, some (53%) represented the viscosity, tested using carboxymethyl-cellulose in the range 1–10,000 cP. Other neurons (8%) responded to fat in the mouth by encoding its texture (as shown similar responses to nonfat oils), and 8% responded to gritty texture. Some neurons (35%) responded to the temperature of the liquid in the mouth. Some neurons responded to capsaicin, and others to fatty acids. Some neurons (56%) had taste responses. Some (50%) of these neurons were unimodal, responding to one of these types of stimulus, and the majority combined responsiveness to these types of stimulus, with 23% responding for example to both taste and temperature. Some neurons respond to taste, texture, and temperature unimodally, but others combine these inputs. None of these orally responsive neurons responded to odor or to the sight of food. These results provide fundamental evidence about the information channels used to represent the taste, texture, and temperature of food in the first cortical area involved in taste in the primate brain. The results are relevant to understanding the physiological and pathophysiological processes related to how the properties of oral stimuli are represented in the brain and thus to the control of food intake and food selection.
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Dewi, Renita, Raesha Dwina Malika, Ade Mara Meilani, and Fadlina Chany Saputri. "HEPATOPROTECTIVE EFFECT OF 50% ETHANOL EXTRACT OF SEAGRASS RHIZOME (CYMODOCEA ROTUNDATA) AGAINST LIVER TISSUES IN PARACETAMOL-INDUCED RATS." International Journal of Applied Pharmaceutics 10, no. 1 (December 20, 2018): 240. http://dx.doi.org/10.22159/ijap.2018.v10s1.53.
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Objective: This study aimed to determine the hepatoprotective effect of 50% ethanol extract of seagrass rhizome in terms of serum glutamicoxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT) and serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase (SGPT) activities in paracetamol-induced rat plasma.Methods: This study included 28 male, white rats randomly divided into seven groups. Groups I and II represented the normal control and controlgroups, respectively, administered with 280 mg/kg BW of rhizome extract. Group III represented the negative control group induced by a suspensionof paracetamol (2g/kg BW). Group IV represented a positive control group administered with Hepa-Q® at a dosage of 150 mg/kg BW. Groups V, VI,and VII were administered with seagrass rhizome extract at doses of 140, 280, and 560 mg/kg BW, respectively, before paracetamol induction. Thetest material was orally administered for 17 days. On days 12–17, the rats were induced with paracetamol through the same route. On day 18, bloodsampling was performed followed by SGOT and SGPT plasma measurements.Results: Our results revealed that seagrass rhizome extracts could significantly decrease SGPT and SGOT levels in paracetamol-induced rats (p<0.05)compared with those in the negative control group.Conclusion: Thus, seagrass rhizome extracts possess the potential for development as a hepatoprotective agent.
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Stolla, Moritz, Lucia Stefanini, Jessica Hirsch, Claire Roden, Timothy Daniel Ouellette, Mortimer Poncz, and Wolfgang Bergmeier. "The Signaling Molecule CalDAG-GEFI Represents a Novel Target for Antithrombotic Therapy." Blood 114, no. 22 (November 20, 2009): 1077. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v114.22.1077.1077.
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Abstract Abstract 1077 Poster Board I-99 Background/Objective: The signaling molecule Ca2+ and diacylglycerol regulated guanine nucleotide exchange factor I (CalDAG-GEFI) plays a crucial role in the immediate, Ca2+ dependent activation of Rap1 and intergrin αaIIbβ3 in stimulated platelets. Our previous studies demonstrated that signaling by protein kinase C and the Gi-coupled receptor for ADP, P2Y12, provides an alternative pathway that facilitates the delayed but prolonged activation of Rap1. P2Y12 inhibitors such as clopidogrel bisulfate (Plavix) are currently considered the gold standard for the prevention and treatment of thrombotic complications. The aims of the study were to: 1) evaluate CalDAG-GEFI signaling as a potential new target for antithrombotic therapy and 2) to compare the contribution of CalDAG-GEFI and P2Y12 signaling to thrombus formation in pre-clinical models of models of thrombotic disease. Methods/Results: Thrombus formation was compared in: wildtype (WT), CalDAG-GEFI-/-, WT treated with clopidogrel (clopidogrel was administered orally 24h and 3h prior to the experiment at a dosage of 0,075mg/g bodyweight) and CalDAG-GEFI-/- mice treated with clopidogrel. Thrombosis was studied in three different models: 1) laser-induced thrombosis in the microcirculation of the cremasteric muscle (thrombin-dependent, localized), tissue factor-induced pulmonary thromboembolism (thrombin-dependent, systemic) and FeCl3-induced thrombosis in the mesentery (collagen/thrombin-dependent, localized). As shown previously, clopidogrel treatment significantly reduced but did not abolish laser-induced thrombus formation in WT mice. Laser induced thrombosis was completely inhibited in arterioles of CalDAG-GEFI -/- mice, while significant thrombus formation was observed in venules. Clopidogrel treatment of CalDAG-GEFI-/- mice further reduced venous thrombus formation, providing in vivo confirmation that platelet aggregation in the absence of CalDAG-GEFI requires P2Y12 signaling. In line with these findings, we observed that CalDAG-GEF-/- mice were partially protected from tissue factor-induced pulmonary thromboembolism when compared to clopidogrel-treated CalDAG-GEF-/- mice. In the model of FeCl3-induced thrombosis, CalDAG-GEFI-/- platelets adhered to the damaged vascular wall but failed to form thrombi in both venules and arterioles. In contrast clopidogrel-treated WT mice were protected from FeCl3-induced vessel occlusion but continuously formed embolizing thrombi of considerable size that contained activated platelets. This phenomenon was detectable in both arterioles and venules and might be of clinical relevance. Conclusion: Our studies identify CalDAG-GEFI as a promising new target for antiplatelet therapy. CalDAG-GEFI inhibition will have a strong antithrombotic effect as it is a critical component of the near-immediate platelet response to exposed extracellular matrix and/or soluble agonists. However, backup by PKC/P2Y12 signaling should allow for the formation of small but stable mural thrombi, especially under low flow conditions as found in veins and in venules, thus limiting the risk of bleeding complications. Disclosures: Poncz: Diagnostica Stago: Patents & Royalties.
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Yulianeta, Yulianeta. "REPRESENTASI RONGGENG DALAM TIGA NOVEL INDONESIA." Jurnal Pendidikan Bahasa dan Sastra 14, no. 1 (April 1, 2014): 79. http://dx.doi.org/10.17509/bs_jpbsp.v14i1.712.
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This paper is based on the phenomenon of dancer or “tayub” which is celebrated as a very popular cultural artifact in public life, particularly in Java. This tradition is originally part of a sacred ritual, which ultimately became a performing art, but tends to be viewed negatively. In a historical context, the dancer was originally seen based on cultural concept and evolves into culturally sacred profane. Negative reception of ronggeng is not only uttered orally but also embodied in the written tradition. It is found in the genre of literary fiction such as in Trilogy Ronggeng Dukuh Paruk written Ahmad Tohari (2003), Ronggeng works Dewi Lingga Sari (2007), and Karti Kledek Ngrajek by S.W. Warsito (2009) . The results of this study illustrate that the figure of dancer who is represented in Indonesian fiction are various. Although there are similarities, but the authors tend to have different reception levels regarding “ronggeng”. “Ronggeng” as cultural artifacts is the manifestation of the ability of local communities to respond and adapt to the environment actively. Similarly, what is represented in fiction about “ronggeng” is a mirror of the society where the work was born.
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Vitek, J. L., J. Ashe, M. R. DeLong, and G. E. Alexander. "Physiologic properties and somatotopic organization of the primate motor thalamus." Journal of Neurophysiology 71, no. 4 (April 1, 1994): 1498–513. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1994.71.4.1498.
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1. To examine the functional organization of the primate "motor" thalamus, neuronal activity was studied systematically in awake behaving monkeys throughout the nucleus ventralis lateralis, pars oralis (VLo), nucleus ventralis posterior lateralis, pars oralis (VPLo), ventralis lateralis, pars caudalis (VLc), and portions of ventralis anterior (VA) and Area X. In addition, portions of the sensory nucleus ventralis posterior lateralis, pars caudalis (VPLc) were explored. Isolated neurons were examined for their responses to somatosensory examination and active movement (n = 919) and for their response to torque-induced joint displacements (n = 375). A total of 684 neurons was determined histologically to lie within specific subnuclei of the motor (n = 574) or sensory (n = 110) thalamus. 2. The sensorimotor response properties of neurons in the thalamic subnuclei showed clear differences in their response to somatosensory examination. In order of decreasing frequency, the percent of neurons responding to passive somatosensory examination in each subnucleus were as follows: VPLc, 96% (106/110), VPLo, 93% (252/270), VLc, 77% (43/56), VLo, 37% (59/155), Area X, 22% (12/53), and VA, 12% (5/40). Conversely, neurons that responded only to active movement were most frequent in VLo, 44% (68/155), VA, 45% (18/40), and Area X, 40% (21/53) and relatively infrequent in VLc 11% (6/56) and VPLo, 3% (7/270). In VPLc, no neurons were found that responded only to active movement (0/110). 3. A well-defined somatotopic organization was found in VLo, VPLo, and VPLc and was suggested strongly for VLc. Individual body regions were represented in a series of lamellae, organized in a partial onion skin-like arrangement with the leg represented in the outermost lamella, and the trunk, arm, and orofacial regions represented in successively deeper lamellae. In general the body representations, although present for each subnucleus thoroughly examined, i.e., VLo, VPLo, and VPLc, also were contiguous across subnuclei. Based on the available data, a clear somatotopic picture could not be discerned for Area X or VA. 4. Responses to torque application were more common in neurons in VPLo (77%; 60/78) and VLc (73%; 16/22) than in VLo (44%; 12/27). Mean latencies were shortest for neurons in VPLo (25 +/- 14 ms; mean +/- SD) and the bordering (shell) region of VPLc (22 +/- 15 ms) and were approximately twice as long in VLc (51 +/- 23 ms) and VLo (47 +/- 21 ms).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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Kalyani, Gade, and Bhagyasree P. "NEUROPROTECTIVE EFFECT OF ANACARDIUM OCCIDENTALE (CASHEW APPLE FRUIT) AGAINST ALUMINUM TOXICITY: AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON COGNITIVE DYSFUNCTION AND BIOCHEMICAL ALTERATIONS IN RATS." Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research 10, no. 3 (March 1, 2017): 164. http://dx.doi.org/10.22159/ajpcr.2017.v10i3.15937.
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ABSTRACTObjective: To study the protective role of fruit extract of Anacardium occidentale (cashew apple) in aluminum-induced cognitive dysfunction andoxidative damage in albino rat, and to explore the neuroprotective effect of A. occidentale represented by behavior and memory tests.Methods: Male Wistar rats (30) were divided into 5 groups of 6 rats each. Group I received normal saline. Group II was administered orally withaluminum chloride (100 mg/kg). Group III received rivastigmine 0.3 mg/kg body orally. Groups IV and V were administered with A. occidentale200 and 400 mg/kg along with aluminum chloride of 100 mg/kg orally after 1 hr interval. The study was carried out for 42 days (6 weeks). Thebehavioral assessment was performed using Rota-rod apparatus and Elevated plus maze and Biochemical parameters from brain homogenate such asacetylcholinesterase activity, total protein, lipid peroxidation malondialdehyde, superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase, and glutathione reductase (GR)were estimated. All the data were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance followed by Tukey’s multiple comparison test.Results: The % reduction of acetylcholinesterase, GR observed in A.O (400 mg/kg) dose as compared with that of standard drug was found to be87.5% and 89%, respectively, whereas % reduction of catalase and SOD observed in A.O (400 mg/kg) dose as compared with that of standard drugwas found to be 97% and 99%, respectively.Conclusion: This study demonstrates A. occidentale fruit has a neuroprotective effect against aluminum-induced behavioral changes.Keywords: Occidentale, Neuroprotective, Alzheimer’s disease, Aluminum.
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Reich, Zvi. "New Technologies, Old Practices: The Conservative Revolution in Communication Between Reporters and News Sources in the Israeli Press." Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly 82, no. 3 (September 2005): 552–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/107769900508200305.
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The study explores to what extent new communication technologies have played a revolutionizing role in the ways in which news reporters acquire information. Reporters reconstructed how they used different technologies in order to obtain each of their sampled items, both before and after the introduction of new communication technologies into the Israeli daily press. Changes appear to be minor. Reporters continued to contact sources directly, negotiate their versions orally, and use technologies to replace physical presence at news scenes and face-to-face interviews. This relative stability might reflect the fact that, in the interplay between forces for continuity (represented by the ongoing patterns of newswork) and forces for change (suggested by the new technologies), the role of the former has been dominant.
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Peters, Katherine, Mallika Patel, Candice Alford, Gerardo Chavez, Jung-Young Kim, Jennifer Durling, Tracy Novack, et al. "INNV-20. RADIOGRAPHIC RESPONSE AND SEIZURE CONTROL IN IDH1 MUTANT GLIOMA PATIENTS USING IVOSIDENIB." Neuro-Oncology 23, Supplement_6 (November 2, 2021): vi109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/neuonc/noab196.431.
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Abstract Isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (IDH1) is commonly mutated in grade II-III gliomas, and the mutant enzyme leads to the production of the oncometabolite 2-hydroxyglutarate (2-HG). 2-HG is responsible for the gliomagenesis associated with these tumors and the promotion of seizures via glutamate receptors. Ivosidenib, a small molecule oral mIDH1 inhibitor, has shown promise in clinical trials to treat IDH1 mutant gliomas, and providers can utilize this agent in IDH1 mutant glioma patients. We evaluated our IDH1 mutant glioma patients treated off-label with ivosidenib and described the radiographic response and seizure control in this cohort when ivosidenib was initiated between October 2020 to February 2021. Radiographic response was determined using RANO criteria, and seizure control was determined by comparing seizures per month before and after initiation of ivosidenib. All patients represented received single-agent ivosidenib dosed at 500 mg orally once a day. One patient required a dose reduction to 250 mg orally once a day because of drug-induced diarrhea. In our cohort of six patients, patient age range was 31 to 74 years with four female patients and two male patients. Diagnoses represented were astrocytoma, IDH1 mutant (n=3) oligodendroglioma (WHO), IDH1 mutant, 1p19q co-deleted (n=2), and anaplastic astrocytoma IDH1 mutant (n=1). Three patients experienced a reduction of seizure frequency, two patients did not have seizures before or after therapy, and one patient remained with the same level of seizures (1 seizure/month). Radiographic responses recorded included three patients with stable disease, two patients with minor responses, and one patient with a partial response. Treatment with ivosidenib is ongoing for this cohort of mIDH1 glioma patients. Updated information on prolonged disease control and seizure control in this cohort of IDH1 mutant glioma patients will be presented. Therapeutics, such as ivosidenib, can lead to improved seizure control and radiographic outcomes in IDH1 mutant glioma patients.
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Mukhtar, Imran, Arslan Iftikhar, Muhammad Imran, Muhammad Umar Ijaz, Shahzad Irfan, and Haseeb Anwar. "The Competitive Absorption by the Gut Microbiome Suggests the First-Order Absorption Kinetics of Caffeine." Dose-Response 19, no. 3 (July 2021): 155932582110331. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/15593258211033111.
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In the literature archive, the intestinal microbiome is now considered as a discrete organ system. Despite living symbiotically with the human body, the gut microbiome is represented as potential drug targets because of its ability to modify the pharmacokinetics of orally administered drugs. Structural biology analysis indicates the existence of homology between transport proteins of microbial cells and membranes of enterocytes. It is speculated that structural similarity in the protein transporters may provoke an unwanted phenomenon of drug uptake by the gut microbiome present in the small intestine of the host. Considering this hypothesis, we analyzed the absorbance of orally administered caffeine by the gut microbiota in in vivo albino rat model through the RP-HPLC-UV approach. Microbiome absorbed the caffeine maximally at 2 hours and minimally at 5 hours post-drug administration following first-order absorption kinetics in a nonlinear way. Drug absorbance of microbial pellet and percent dose recovery was found significantly higher ( P ≤ .05) at 2 hours post-administration as compared to all other groups. As speculated, our findings advocated the phenomenon that the gut microbiome influences the absorption of caffeine molecules. Members of the gut microbiome exhibited grouped behavior following first-order absorption kinetics in a nonlinear pattern.
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Kayesh, R., M. R. H. Bhuiya, M. F. Islam, and J. A. Chowdhury. "Quality-by-Design Approach and Optimization of Risk Factors by Box-Behnken Design in Formulation Development of Aspirin and Glycine Orally Disintegrating Tablet." Journal of Scientific Research 13, no. 3 (September 1, 2021): 935–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jsr.v13i3.51952.
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Quality-by-design approach (QbD) was applied to develop an orally disintegrating tablet (ODT) formulation of aspirin and glycine. At first, the target quality profile and critical quality attributes (CQAs) of the product were identified. Risk assessment was accomplished by failure mode and effects analysis (FMEA) method to assess the factors having a significant effect on CQAs like disintegration time (DT), friability and assay of aspirin and glycine. Low substituted hydroxypropyl cellulose (L-HPC), croscarmellose sodium (CCS) and punch-diameter were found critical for DT and friability. The box-Behnken design was applied to optimize those 3 factors to reach a target DT of ≤ 30 sec. It was found that a punch-diameter between 8.7 ~ 9.3 mm, CCS in a range of 4 % ~ 5 %, and L-HPC in a range of 2 % ~ 8 % produced the best oral disintegrating property and reduced the risk. In summary, this work represented an excellent example of the application of QbD approach in ODT formulation development.
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Olaisen, Maya, Arnar Flatberg, Atle van Beelen Granlund, Elin Synnøve Røyset, Tom Christian Martinsen, Arne Kristian Sandvik, and Reidar Fossmark. "Bacterial Mucosa-associated Microbiome in Inflamed and Proximal Noninflamed Ileum of Patients With Crohn’s Disease." Inflammatory Bowel Diseases 27, no. 1 (May 25, 2020): 12–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ibd/izaa107.
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Abstract Background Microbiota is most likely essential in the pathogenesis of Crohn’s disease (CD). Fecal diversion after ileocecal resection (ICR) protects against CD recurrence, whereas infusion of fecal content triggers inflammation. After ICR, the majority of patients experience endoscopic recurrence in the neoterminal ileum, and the ileal microbiome is of particular interest. We have assessed the mucosa-associated microbiome in the inflamed and noninflamed ileum in patients with CD. Methods Mucosa-associated microbiome was assessed by 16S rRNA sequencing of biopsies sampled 5 and 15 cm orally of the ileocecal valve or ileocolic anastomosis. Results Fifty-one CD patients and forty healthy controls (HCs) were included in the study. Twenty CD patients had terminal ileitis, with endoscopic inflammation at 5 cm, normal mucosa at 15 cm, and no history of upper CD involvement. Crohn’s disease patients (n = 51) had lower alpha diversity and separated clearly from HC on beta diversity plots. Twenty-three bacterial taxa were differentially represented in CD patients vs HC; among these, Tyzzerella 4 was profoundly overrepresented in CD. The microbiome in the inflamed and proximal noninflamed ileal mucosa did not differ according to alpha diversity or beta diversity. Additionally, no bacterial taxa were differentially represented. Conclusions The microbiome is similar in the inflamed and proximal noninflamed ileal mucosa within the same patients. Our results support the concept of CD-specific microbiota alterations and demonstrate that neither ileal sublocation nor endoscopic inflammation influence the mucosa-associated microbiome.
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Lebădă, Ioana-Codruţa, and Mihaela Stanciu. "The Efficiency of Pulse Therapy with Glucocorticoids in Inflammatory Orbital Disorders: Case Report." Acta Medica Transilvanica 25, no. 4 (December 1, 2020): 22–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/amtsb-2020-0063.
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Abstract Orbital pseudotumor represents a benign inflammatory disorder of the orbit, with unspecified etiology, whose clinical presentation can mimic the ocular pathology of Basedow disease, namely Graves’ ophthalmopathy, the two of them representing two of the most common orbital conditions. Imagistic methods and laboratory analyses can establish the diagnosis through orbital MRI images specific for the orbital pseudotumor, especially by dosage of the TSH receptor antibodies (TRAb) which will have increased values in Basedow disease with ocular damage. In both situations, the treatment is represented as a first therapeutic line by administration of corticotherapy in high dosage orally or intravenously, with favorably evolution, which is also observable in the case of our patient who was diagnosed with orbital pseudotumor based on MRI images, with associated thyroid dysfunction with negative TRAb, in which the pulse therapy with Solumedrol has determined the improvement of ocular symptoms and signs.
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Hussin, Amer M., Ali A. Tala’a, Safa Abdul Naser Fadhil, and Hamzah Abdulrahman Salman. "The adverse effect of long term intake of Monosodium Glutamate on kidney performance." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 880, no. 1 (October 1, 2021): 012056. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/880/1/012056.
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Abstract Monosodium glutamate (MSG) is a food additive that is considered as a water and environmental pollutant and affects the tissues of the living being. This study was aimed to find the effect of long-term administration of MSG on the mass of mesangial cells of the kidneys. Forty adult male rats were divided into four groups (10 each). Control groups 1&2 were supplied orally with distilled water for 30 and 60 days, respectively. Treatment groups 1&2 were supplied orally with 15 mg/kg Bwt of MSG for 30 & 60 days, respectively. Control and treatment groups were sacrificed, specimens of kidneys were obtained, fixed with 10% neutral buffered formalin, processed by Routine histological techniques, stained by Hematoxylin and eosin, and PAS (Periodic Acid-Schiff) stains then examined under the light microscope. The result found enlargement in a mesangial mass represented by hypertrophy and hyperplasia of mesangial cells leading to mesangial proliferative glomerulonephritis. Accordingly, the study showed an increase in creatinine values, indicating a disturbance in renal function. This will lead to a decrease in the sizes of the glomeruli of renal corpuscles and a relative increase of Bowman’s space. With the time of the experiment, the glomerular capillaries and gates of basement membranes will be closed, resulting in renal filtration disorders. It was concluded that the long-term intake of MSG leads to indirect narrowing of the glomerular capillary lumen, causing kidney failure.
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Sansone, David. "Heracles at the Y." Journal of Hellenic Studies 124 (November 2004): 125–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3246154.
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AbstractThe article seeks to show that, contrary to the standard view, the ‘Choice of Heracles’ preserved at Xen. Mem. 2.1.21–33 is not a summary or paraphrase, but is a very close approximation to the actual wording of Prodicus' epideixis. The language and style are shown to be uncharacteristic of Xenophon, and the fact that Prodicus' original was known to exist in both written and orally performed versions serves to explain why the piece is framed by language that disclaims strict accuracy in reproducing it. It is further shown that the way in which near-synonyms are used in the piece is not necessarily inconsistent with other evidence for Prodicus' practice: it is rather the personified character Vice whose usage conflicts with that of Prodicus himself and with that of the personification of Virtue. Finally, it is proposed that the ‘Choice of Heracles’ represented the contents, not of Prodicus' advanced teaching, but of the popular, cut-rate lecture intended for a general audience.
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Binder, Marni. "The Storied Lives Children Play: Multimodal Approaches Using Storytelling." Journal of Childhood Studies 39, no. 2 (April 30, 2014): 11–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.18357/jcs.v39i2.15219.
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This paper explores a qualitative research project that drew on the work of Vivian Gussin Paley’s (1991) storytelling curriculum, where the following concepts were explored: children’s narratives through stories told, acted, and visually represented; how children construct meaning in their world; and the empowerment of voice. The study focused on the processes and growth that a diverse junior and senior kindergarten class underwent over eight weeks. The study has important implications for pedagogy and offers an innovative approach to a storytelling curriculum that engages multimodal frameworks for early literacy learning. Presenting opportunities for children to voice their storied lives orally, in image and text, and nonverbally through acting out stories enables them to explore and connect their identity texts to self, others, and the world. By engaging in, with, and through story, children reveal the complexity of their meaning-making processes, interconnecting imaginative and real experiences. By opening up learning spaces for socially constructed experiences, children’s storied lives are made visible.
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Afshar, S., AA Farshid, R. Heidari, and M. Ilkhanipour. "Histopathological changes in the liver and kidney tissues of Wistar albino rat exposed to fenitrothion." Toxicology and Industrial Health 24, no. 9 (October 2008): 581–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0748233708100090.
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The aim of this study was to investigate the dose-related effects of fenitrothion (FNT) on the liver and kidney. The study was conducted on 8-week-old male Wistar rats that were divided into four groups (three experimental groups and one control group) and were treated orally with different doses (25, 50, 100 mg/kg) of FNT for 28 consecutive days. After treatment, the rats were anesthetized with ether and liver and kidney samples were taken for histological studies. The results showed that the histopathological changes in the liver were mainly represented by parenchymatous degeneration of hepatocytes with mild necrosis, leukocytic infiltration in the portal area, severe congestion, and hemorrhage. These changes were dose dependent. Marked tubular dilation, hydropic degeneration in tubular epithelium, moderate congestion, and hemorrhage in the cortical and medulla part of the kidney were recorded. Histopathologic examination of the liver and kidney indicated a significant injury only in rats receiving 100 mg/kg FNT.
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King, Samantha J., Adrian M. Whatmore, and Christopher G. Dowson. "NanA, a Neuraminidase from Streptococcus pneumoniae, Shows High Levels of Sequence Diversity, at Least in Part through Recombination with Streptococcus oralis." Journal of Bacteriology 187, no. 15 (August 1, 2005): 5376–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.187.15.5376-5386.2005.
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ABSTRACT Streptococcus pneumoniae, an important human pathogen, contains at least two genes, nanA and nanB, that express sialidase activity. NanA is a virulence determinant of pneumococci which is important in animal models of colonization and middle ear infections. The gene encoding NanA was detected in all 106 pneumococcal strains screened that represented 59 restriction profiles. Sequencing confirmed a high level of diversity, up to 17.2% at the nucleotide level and 14.8% at the amino acid level. NanA diversity is due to a number of mechanisms including insertions, point mutations, and recombination generating mosaic genes. The level of nucleotide divergence for each recombinant block is greater than 30% and much higher than the 20% identified within mosaic pbp genes, suggesting that a high selective pressure exists for these alterations. These data indicate that at least one of the four recombinant blocks identified originated from a Streptococcus oralis isolate, demonstrating for the first time that protein virulence determinants of pneumococci have, as identified previously for genes encoding penicillin binding proteins, evolved by recombination with oral streptococci. No amino acid alterations were identified within the aspartic boxes or predicted active site, suggesting that sequence variation may be important in evading the adaptive immune response. Furthermore, this suggests that nanA is an important target of the immune system in the interaction between the pneumococcus and host.
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Blanche, Stephane, Anne-Marie Duliege, Marianne Debré, Claude Griscelli, Maria Soledad Navarette, Serge Kouzan, Marc Tardieu, Christine Rouzioux, and Jorgen Seldrup. "Low-Dose Zidovudine in Children With an Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Infection Acquired in the Perinatal Period." Pediatrics 88, no. 2 (August 1, 1991): 364–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.88.2.364.
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This report describes the one-year results of a noncomparative study designed to assess the safety and tolerance of low-dose zidovudine (azidothymidine) given orally to 60 human immunodeficiency virus type 1-infected infants and children. At baseline, the mean age was 1.9 years (±1.4), and all were symptomatic: 43% were P2A and 57% were P2B to F according to the Centers for Disease Control classification. All the patients received zidovudine for at least 6 months, and 52 of them (87%) completed a full year of therapy. The mean duration of follow-up was 346 days (±42) (range, 183 to 366 days). The initial therapy consisted of four daily doses of 100 mg/m2 (400 mg/m2 per day, equivalent to 20 mg/kg per day). However, this treatment was modified when neutropenia or anemia was observed. Twenty-nine children (48%) remained at the initial therapy for the entire study. Zidovudine dosage was adjusted 92 times in the other 31 children (52%), mostly due to neutropenia (83%). Altogether, the time under full-dose therapy represented 81% of the total duration of the protocol for all patients. Children with mild symptoms, P2A at study entry, were more likely to remain under full-dose therapy than children with severe symptoms, P2B to F: the time under full-dose therapy represented 91% of the duration of the protocol for the former group and only 74% for the latter one (P < .02). No clinical adverse experiences were attributed directly to zidovudine. Thirty-seven children were prescribed trimethoprim-sulfametoxazole as a prophylaxis for Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. In a multivariate analysis, this comedication had no influence on the hematologic tolerance of zidovudine.
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Ahlberg, Aija Katriina, Kenneth Eklund, Suzanne C. S. A. Otieno, and Lea Nieminen. "From abugida to alphabet in Konso, Ethiopia." Written Language and Literacy 22, no. 1 (November 20, 2019): 1–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/wll.00018.ahl.
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Abstract This study examines the interplay between phonological awareness and orthography in Konso, a Cushitic language in Southwest Ethiopia. Thirty-two adults reading the Konso abugida but with minimal exposure to alphabetic literacy completed an orally administered phoneme deletion task. The responses were then examined using the minimal edit distance hypothesis (Wali, Sproat, Padakannaya & Bhuvaneshwari, 2009) as a framework for the analysis. The results suggest that the difficulty of a deletion was related to the way the phoneme was represented in the Konso abugida. Content-based error analysis of the incorrect responses gave indications of how Konso abugida readers’ processing of sounds is linked to Konso abugida sound-symbol relationships. The Konso language community is undergoing a change in their writing system from abugida to alphabetic writing. As abugida symbols primarily denote consonant-vowel sequences, the change requires learning new sound-symbol mappings. By examining Konso abugida readers’ phonemic awareness the study contributes to developing transfer literacy teaching methods from abugida to alphabetic writing in Konso and elsewhere.
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Yabe, Koichi, Yuka Yamamoto, Takami Suzuki, Sanae Takada, and Kazuhiko Mori. "Functional and Morphological Characteristics of Pancreatic Islet Lesions Induced by Quinolone Antimicrobial Agent Gatifloxacin in Rats." Toxicologic Pathology 47, no. 1 (November 8, 2018): 35–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0192623318809062.
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We characterized pancreatic islet lesions induced by several quinolones using functional and morphological examinations of the pancreatic islets in male rats orally administered gatifloxacin, lomefloxacin, or levofloxacin at 300 mg/kg for 14 consecutive days. Consequently, in contrast to lomefloxacin or levofloxacin, gatifloxacin increased serum glucose and glycosylated albumin on day 14 and elevated serum glucose tended to decrease insulin in the intravenous glucose tolerance test. Microscopically, only gatifloxacin induced cytoplasmic vacuoles containing eosinophilic homogenous contents in islet cells. Immunohistochemical examination revealed that vacuolated islet cells were positively stained for insulin, demonstrating they were pancreatic β cells. Electron microscopy showed that the cytoplasmic vacuoles represented dilated cisterna of the rough endoplasmic reticulum filled with electron-lucent materials in pancreatic β cells. Moreover, insulin secretory granules were drastically decreased in vacuolated islet cells, suggesting impaired insulin synthesis and/or transport. This gatifloxacin-induced pancreatic toxicity in rats was considered to be associated with high pancreatic drug distribution. These results demonstrated that gatifloxacin provoked functional and morphological pancreatic β cell alteration associated with impaired insulin synthesis and/or transport, leading to hyperglycemia.
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Jarosz-Lesz, Anna, Aniceta Brzozowska, and Iwona Maruniak-Chudek. "Copeptin Concentrations in Plasma of Healthy Neonates in Relation to Water–Electrolyte Homeostasis in the Early Adaptation Period." Children 9, no. 3 (March 21, 2022): 443. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/children9030443.
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Copeptin (CTproAVP) is a stable by-product of arginine–vasopressin synthesis and reflects its secretion by the pituitary gland, considered as a potential new marker of dehydration. The objective of the study was to investigate CTproAVP measured after the first 48 h of postnatal life in relation to serum effective osmolality, urine osmolality, and vessels filling according to the following variables: delivery mode, postnatal weight loss, fluids administered intravenously to the mother, and fluids given orally to the neonate. A prospective observational study was conducted with 200 healthy term infants (53% male) enrolled. Serum CTproAVP concentrations were measured using the ELISA kit; haematocrit, urine osmolality, serum effective osmolality were assessed after 48 h of life. Sonographic measurements of inferior vena cava (IVC) and aorta (Ao) were performed and IVC/Ao ratios were calculated. No correlations were found between CTproAVP concentrations and both serum effective osmolality and urine osmolality. There was also no association between CTproAVP concentrations and vessel filling represented by IVC/Ao index at 48 h of life.
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Kolb, Rachel. "Deaf People’s “Subtile Art”." Journal of Literary & Cultural Disability Studies: Volume 15, Issue 2 15, no. 2 (May 1, 2021): 133–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/jlcds.2021.11.
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Mabel Bell, the deaf wife of Alexander Graham Bell, was known for being a highly skilled “speechreader,” a narrative that played into the spread of oralist education philosophies at the turn of the twentieth century through characterizing deaf people as readerly figures who tapped into the perceptual skill and American cultural values associated with literacy and literariness. The article considers Mabel Bell’s “subtle art” of deep textual deduction and its influence on other instructors of lipreading, particularly Edward B. Nitchie of the Nitchie School of Lip-Reading, and examines how reading and literature became represented as essential tools in a deaf person’s communicative arsenal. Late nineteenth and early twentieth-century accounts of lipreading conceptualize nonsigning deaf people as perceptive and profoundly literate figures who use their “intimate” knowledge of written linguistic meaning to achieve their own variety of silent, efficient, and productive reading. By aligning deaf people’s visual skill with the act of reading, rather than with the physical conspicuousness of sign language, Mabel Bell and her contemporaries framed reading language “by eye” as the culturally trained, literate, individual, acceptably American, and invisible solution for deafness.
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Al-Dujaily, Saad S. "Histopathological and Biochemical study of the effect of Citrullus colocynthis on the heart and liver of mature male rabbits: as a model for mammals." Iraqi Journal of Veterinary Medicine 36, no. 0E (April 4, 2012): 322–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.30539/iraqijvm.v36i0e.436.
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The aim of the present work is to found out if there are histopathological and enzymatic effects on the heart and liver after oral administration of Citrullus colocynthis (CC) fruit (bitter apple) for mature male rabbits, as a model for mammals. Two experiments were performed for sixty mature male rabbits that equally and randomly divided into six groups each containing five animals .In the two experiments ,independently, three groups in each one were considered as treated groups and represented as T1, T2 and T3 groups .These rabbits groups were orally administrated with low dosage of CC (4.8mg/kg/day,experiment No.1 ) and double dosage of CC extract (9.6mg /kg /day , experiment No2 ) for three intervals 2, 4 and 8 weeks ,respectively. The other three groups in each experiment were considered control and represented as C1, C2 and C3 groups, respectively. All the rabbits in control groups were given orally distilled water (DW) at the same periods of treated groups. Histopathological changes of the heart and liver with related enzymes namely; serum glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (SGOT), serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase (SGPT) and creatinine kinase (SCK) were studied.The histopathological study revealed no changes in rabbit’s heart tissue particularly after treatment with 4.8mg/kg/day of CC for 2 and 4 weeks. While no histopathological changes were observed in the heart of rabbit groups treated with 9.6mg/kg/day of CC extract after 2 weeks. The results of the treatment with the two dosages of the CC for 8 weeks indicated a mild degenerative changes and mild necrosis of the myocardial cells. There was swelling of the hepatocytes and perivascular cuffing of mononuclear inflammatory cells after two weeks of daily treatment with 4.8mg/kg/day of CC exposure. After four weeks with the low dosage of the CC extract, caused initiation of necrosis, more inflammation picture of liver portal tract with sinusoid All rabbit groups showed statistically a significant gradual increase (P<0.05) in the value of serum enzyme GOT, GPT and CK levels after treatment with the two dosages of CC at the end of each different period compared with before treatment and control group. Concluded from this study that the dosage 4.8mg/Kg/day of CC plant resulted in simple histopathological effects on the heart and mild histopathological changes on the liver during the entire period of the study, instead of serum enzymatic elevation of SGOT ,SGPT and SCK. Further studies are recommended to found out the possibility to use and effects of CC on animal hygiene and reproduction
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Sahakian, Eva, Jennifer Rock-Klotz, Bijal D. Shah, John Powers, Jennifer L. Cultrera, Susan Deng, David M. Woods, et al. "Combination of ACY1215, a Selective Histone Deacetylase 6 (HDAC6) Inhibitor with the Bruton Tyrosine Kinase (BTK) Inhibitor, Ibrutinib, Represents a Novel Therapeutic Strategy in Mantle Cell Lymphoma (MCL)." Blood 120, no. 21 (November 16, 2012): 1660. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v120.21.1660.1660.
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Abstract Abstract 1660 Recently, we have found that HDAC6 is overexpressed in MCL cell lines and in primary human MCL cells. Knocking-down HDAC6 in MCL cells with a shRNA lentiviral system resulted in cell cycle arrest and apoptosis induction. Interestingly, MCL cells lacking HDAC6 displayed a significantly decreased STAT3 phosphorylation and abrogation of IL-10 gene transcriptional activity. ACY1215 is a novel, selective, orally bioavailable HDAC6 inhibitor. Treatment of MCL cell lines with this agent resulted in decreased cell viability and proliferation. In addition, ACY1215 inhibits IL-10 production in a dose dependent manner. Bruton tyrosine kinase (BTK) is a member of Tec family of kinases with a very distinct role in B-cell antigen receptor (BCR) signaling. The selective BTK-inhibitor PCI-32765 has shown promising pre-clinical and clinical activity in MCL. In addition to their direct anti-lymphoma effects, disruption of BTK also induces positive immunological changes such as inhibition of the immunosuppressive STAT3/IL-10 signaling pathway1. The above observations led us to determine whether the direct antitumor effects and the immunological properties of ACY1215 and PCI-32765 could be potentiated when these agents are used in combination. First, the viability of MCL cells was decreased when they were treated in vitro with either PCI-32765 or ACY1215. However, combination of these two agents resulted in a 3-fold increase in apoptosis induction, pointing to a synergistic effect of BTK and HDAC6 inhibition in MCL. The additional findings that this approach can increase the immunogenicity of MCL cells and anti-MCL immune responses has provided the proper framework for combining the selective HDAC6 inhibitor ACY1215 with BTK inhibition as a novel therapeutic strategy in MCL. Disclosures: Chen-Kiang: Bristol Myers Squibb: Consultancy; Pfizer: Research Funding. Jones:Acetylon Pharmaceuticals, Inc: Employment.
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MEY, Jacob L. "Austin's mantle, or who's (not) afraid of John L. Austin? On 50 years of speech act theory, and how Rajan saves J.L. Austin from himself and others." DELTA: Documentação de Estudos em Lingüística Teórica e Aplicada 32, no. 3 (December 2016): 565–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0102-445012333902464346.
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ABSTRACT The article places the person of Professor Kanavillil Rajagopalan within the context of his many years of research and teaching at various universities in Brazil. It is argued that his efforts to advocate a new approach to linguistics, based on the notion of 'speech acts', was not always well received by the practicing linguists of his day and age. Moreover, while researching the foundations of speech act theory from its inceptions, it became clear to Rajan that the doxa of 'Searle merely codifying and cleaning up Austin's somewhat unruly legacy' does not hold. The common opinion represented by this view does injustice, both to Searle as an independent thinker and to Austin as an original philosopher in his own right, who not just speaks through a Searlean mouthpiece. In particular, people have not paid attention to an essential element of the Austinian oeuvre: his persistent distancing himself from all iron-clad and rigid theorizing; in addition, Austin's humor played always a big role in his presentations, both orally and in writing. Rajan thus creates a more nuanced picture, both of the theory itself and of its two great protagonists, Austin and Searle.
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Zimmer, J. Paul, Sherry M. Lewis, and Jerry L. Moyer. "Comparison of gavage, water bottle, and a high-moisture diet bolus as dosing methods for quantitative D-xylose administration to B6D2F1 (Mus musculus) mice." Laboratory Animals 27, no. 2 (April 1, 1993): 164–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/002367793780810423.
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Gavage, water bottle, and diet incorporation are 3 dosing methods used orally to administer test compounds to rodents. These 3 methods were compared in mice to determine which represented the most quantitative delivery system. For dietary incorporation, a highmoisture bolus form of NIH-31 rodent meal was developed using hydroxypropyl methylcellulose as an autoclave-stable binding agent. A highmoisture bolus was selected to increase the acceptability of the dosed diet and to promote quantitative consumption through reduced wastage. The test compound used was D-xylose, a pentose sugar that may be quantitatively detected, colorimetrically, in urine following oral dosing. Six male and 6 female B6D2F1 mice were placed in metabolism cages and dosed with a known quantity of D-xylose by each of the 3 methods. Urine was collected before and after each method of administration and analysed for total D-xylose; the per cent recovery was based upon the amount of D-xylose consumed. Quantitative consumption was apparently greatest for water bottle dosing with an average recovery of 56·0% of the original D-xylose dose. High-moisture bolus incorporation ranked second with 50·0% D-xylose recovery, and gavage was third with 41·0% D-xylose recovery.
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Gaballah, Kamis, Sami Kenz, Raeefa Anis, and Omar Kujan. "Can Vitamin D Therapy Contribute to the Conservative Resolution of Osteolytic Lesions of the Jaws?" Case Reports in Dentistry 2021 (July 17, 2021): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/5510724.
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Osteolytic lesions of the jaw are not uncommon. Such lesions usually arise from local pathologies, but some have systemic backgrounds. We describe a 12-year-old girl who presented with an asymptomatic left mandibular swelling. The bony swelling was corresponding to a radiolucent lesion in the left premolar/molar region. This lesion could have represented an inflammatory and developmental odontogenic jaw cyst, giant cell lesion, and odontogenic tumor. However, the workup investigations revealed secondary hyperparathyroidism due to vitamin D deficiency. A vitamin D replacement was initiated with a single I.M. injection of 300,000 I.U followed by 10,000 I.U orally, weekly. Six weeks later, her Vitamin D and parathyroid hormone were normalized, and she showed significant clinical and radiological improvement of the jaw lesion. At 18 months, follow-up the panoramic image revealed complete resolution of the radiolucency and stable normal parathyroid hormone and vitamin D levels. In conclusion, Jaw bone lesions can develop secondary to hyperparathyroidism due to vitamin D deficiency, and this should be ruled out before any surgical intervention. Treatment of such lesions lies in the correction of parathyroid excess with a careful and systematic approach. This may prevent unnecessary surgical intervention in such patients.
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Roccaro, Aldo M., Antonio Sacco, Monette Aujay, Hai Ngo, Feda Azab, Abdel Kareem Azab, Molly Melhem, et al. "Selective Inhibition of the Chymotrypsin-Like Activity of the Immunoproteasome and Constitutive Proteasome Represents a Valid Anti-Tumor Strategy in Waldenstrom Macroglobulinemia." Blood 114, no. 22 (November 20, 2009): 4911. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v114.22.4911.4911.
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Abstract Abstract 4911 Introduction Proteasome inhibition represents a valid therapeutical approach in several tumors and its use has been validated in Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia (WM), where single-agent Bortezomib has been tested in phase 2 clinical trials, achieving 40% to 80% responses. Nevertheless, a significant fraction of patients relapse, or develop significant neuropathy. Therefore preclinical evaluation of new proteasome inhibitor is needed in order to improve patient outcome. We tested PR-047, a new orally bioavailable analog of carfilzomib which selectively inhibits the chymotrypsin-like activity of the immunoproteasome and constitutive proteasome, in WM. Methods WM and IgM secreting low-grade lymphoma cell lines (BCWM.1, MEC1, RL) were used. Bone marrow primary CD19+ cells and bone marrow stromal cells (BMSC) were obtained from patients with WM after informed consent. Expression of imunoproteasome and constitutive proteasome subunits (beta1, beta2, beta5; LMP2, MECL1, LMP7) were detected primary WM cells and cell lines by an ELISA-based assay. Cytotoxicity, DNA synthesis, cell cycle and apoptosis were measured by thymidine uptake, MTT, PI staining/flow cytometry analysis and DNA fragmentation, respectively. NF-kB activity has been evaluated on nuclear proteins using a DNA-binding ELISA-based assay. Cell signaling and apoptotic pathways were determined by Western Blot. Determination of the additive or synergistic effect of drugs combination was calculated using the CalcuSyn software based on the Chou-Talalay method. Results Primary bone-marrow derived WM cells are characterized by higher expression of the immunopreoteasome as compared to the constitutive proteasome. PR-047 inhibited the chymotrypsin-like activity of both the immunoproteasome (LMP7) and the constitutive proteasome (beta5) and in WM cells, leading to induction of cytotoxicity in primary WM cells; as well as to programmed cell death in a caspase-dependent and -independent manner, as shown by activation of c-jun-N-terminal kinase; inhibition of NF-kB; and initiation of the unfolded protein response. PR-047 induced cytotoxicity and inhibited DNA synthesis in primary WM cells (IC50: 50-80nM), as well as in IgM secreting low grade lymphoma cells (IC50: 30-50nM). Importantly, PR-047 exerted cytotoxicity in WM cells, even in the context of bone marrow milieu, by inhibiting IL-6- and IGF1-BMSC secretion and BMSCs-induced phosphorylation of Akt and ERK in WM cells. Moreover, combination of PR-047 and bortezomib induced synergistic cytotoxicity in WM cells, as shown by enhanced caspases-, PARP-cleavage; NF-kB inhibition; and synergy in inhibiting the chymotrypsin- and caspase-like activities of the immunoproteasome and constitutive proteasome. Conclusion These preclinical findings demonstrate that PR-047 targets WM cells, due to its anti-CT-L activity of both immunoproteasome and constitutive proteasome, providing the framework for testing PR-047 in this disease. Disclosures Aujay: Proteolix: Employment, Equity Ownership. Demo:Proteolix: Employment, Equity Ownership. Ghobrial:Millennium: Honoraria, Research Funding, Speakers Bureau; Celgene: Consultancy, Honoraria, Speakers Bureau; Novartis: Honoraria, Speakers Bureau.
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McGregor, Bethany L., Dinesh Erram, Carolina Acevedo, Barry W. Alto, and Nathan D. Burkett-Cadena. "Vector Competence of Culicoides sonorensis (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) for Epizootic Hemorrhagic Disease Virus Serotype 2 Strains from Canada and Florida." Viruses 11, no. 4 (April 22, 2019): 367. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v11040367.
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Epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus (EHDV), an Orbivirus transmitted by Culicoides spp. vectors, is represented by seven serotypes and numerous strains worldwide. While studies comparing vector competence between serotypes exist, studies between viral strains are lacking. In this study, we examined the rates of infection, dissemination, and transmission of two strains of EHDV-2 orally fed to the known vector, Culicoides sonorensis Wirth & Jones. Culicoides sonorensis cohorts were fed an infectious blood meal containing EHDV-2 strains from either Alberta, Canada (Can-Alberta) or Florida (5.5 log10 PFUe/mL) and tested for the vector’s susceptibility to infection and dissemination. In addition, transmission rates of the virus were assessed and compared using capillary tube and honey card methods. Our results show that the Florida strain had higher infection and dissemination rates than the Can-Alberta strain in spite of the Florida strain having significantly lower viral titers in C. sonorensis bodies, legs, and saliva than the Can-Alberta strain. Overall transmission rates were not significantly different between the two strains but varied significantly between the methods used. These findings suggest that the consequences of EHDV infection in C. sonorensis vary between virus strains and have huge implications in future vector competence studies involving Culicoides species and Orbiviruses.
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Třináctý, J., M. Richter, J. Pozdíšek, Kowalski ZM, and E. Fajmonová. "A comparison of parameters of the passage of nylon capsules and digesta calculated from faecal excretion data obtained in lactating cows." Czech Journal of Animal Science 50, No. 10 (December 11, 2011): 450–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/4241-cjas.
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The aim of the study was to compare parameters of passage of nylon capsules and digesta represented by Cr-labelled maize silage through the digestive tract of dairy cows. The capsules were made of nylon cloth (42 µm pore size, 10 mm outside diameter) and applied orally. The evaluation was carried out in dairy cows with milk yield of 19.0 kg/day. The diet (17.6 kg DM/day) consisted of maize silage, lucerne hay and concentrate. Total mean retention time (TMRT), delay time (τ), summarised compartmental mean retention time (CMRTS), and mean individual compartmental retention times (CMRT1 and CMRT2) were calculated. TMRT, τ, CMRTS, CMRT1 and CMRT2 values of nylon capsules and Cr-labelled silage were 36.2 and 45.4 h (P < 0.01), 16.2 and 8.3 h (P < 0.01), 20.1 and 37.2 h (P < 0.01), 7.8 and 8.5 h, 12.2 and 28.7 h (P < 0.05), respectively. The calculated mean retention time of nylon capsules in the reticulo-rumen (CMRTS) was shorter and in the intestines (τ) was longer than that of digesta. For this reason the estimation of digestibility using the nylon capsule method can be questionable.
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Reinhold, Beate. "Seven Wakhi poems." Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society 2, no. 2 (July 1992): 203–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1356186300002388.
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The Wakhi language, as represented in particular by those of its dialects that are spoken in Afghanistan and the Soviet Pamirs, has been described in more detail than any other Iranian language of the area that has virtually no written tradition. As early as the middle of the last century scholars began studying the language on the basis of mostly short or fragmentary glossaries and collections of texts and additional material became available during the thirties and fifties of the present century. During the sixties and seventies, two Leningrad Iranists, A. L. Grünberg and I. M. Steblin-Kamenskij, worked intensively on Pamirian Wakhi and the kind of Wakhi spoken in Afghan Badakhshan. Their research culminated in the publication of a rich collection of orally transmitted songs, fairy tales, proverbs, and texts of ethnographic interest, accompanied by a detailed analysis of Wakhi grammar and a comprehensive glossary. The material collected by Grünberg and Steblin-Kamenskij like that published by G. Buddruss and in some older articles by Russian scholars, conforms on the whole to what one would expect to find in an exclusively oral tradition. Apart from the usual kinds of fairy tales and songs we find also a kind of popular poetry unique to Wakhi.
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Paesano, Rosalba, Francesco Torcia, Francesca Berlutti, Enrica Pacifici, Valeria Ebano, Massimo Moscarini, and Piera Valenti. "Oral administration of lactoferrin increases hemoglobin and total serum iron in pregnant womenThis paper is one of a selection of papers published in this Special Issue, entitled 7th International Conference on Lactoferrin: Structure, Function, and Applications, and has undergone the Journal's usual peer review process." Biochemistry and Cell Biology 84, no. 3 (June 2006): 377–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/o06-040.
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Iron deficiency anemia (IDA) during pregnancy continues to be of world-wide concern. IDA is a risk factor for preterm delivery and subsequent low birth weight, and possibly for poor neonatal health. Iron supplementation in pregnancy is a widely recommended practice, yet intervention programs have met with many controversies. In our study, 300 women at different trimesters of pregnancy were enrolled in a trial of oral administration of ferrous sulfate (520 mg once a day) or 30% iron-saturated bovine lactoferrin (bLf) (100 mg twice a day). Pregnant women refusing treatment represented the control group. In this group hemoglobin and total serum iron values measured after 30 d without treatment decreased significantly, especially in women at 18–31 weeks of pregnancy. In contrast, after 30 d of oral administration of bLf, hemoglobin and total serum iron values increased and to a greater extent than those observed in women treated orally for 30 d with ferrous sulfate, independently of the trimester of pregnancy. Unlike ferrous sulfate, bLf did not result in any side effects. These findings lead us to hypothesize that lactoferrin could influence iron homeostasis directly or through other proteins involved in iron transport out of the intestinal cells into the blood.
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Al Riyami, Bashair, Marah El-Tahir, Sultan Al Maskari, Eugene H. Johnson, and Jumana Saleh. "Acute Effects of Exogenous Hormone Administration on Postprandial Acylation Stimulating Protein Levels in Ovariectomized Rats after a Fat Load." Journal of Nutrition and Metabolism 2014 (2014): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/510916.
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Background. ASP, a potent lipogenic factor, was linked to female fat metabolism in association studies.Aim. To investigate acute effects of sex hormone treatment on postprandial ASP levelsin vivo.Methods. 24 female rats were randomly divided into 4 groups including controls. The rats were ovariectomized and injected with progesterone, estrogen, or testosterone. An hour later, olive oil was administered orally. Plasma ASP and triglycerides were measured at several postprandial time points. Area under the curve (TG-AUC) represented TG clearance.Results. Only the progesterone treated group had a significant postprandial ASP increase at two hours compared to basal levels (439.8 ± 62.4 versus 253.4 ± 59.03 μg/mL,P=0.04). Interestingly, increased ASP levels coordinated negatively with corresponding TG levels and TG-AUC postprandially, mostly evident in the opposite effects in the progesterone and testosterone treated groups. ASP levels increased 3-fold in the progesterone versus testosterone treated groups, whereas TG-AUC was significantly lower.Conclusion. These findings suggest that progesterone enhances ASP production and TG clearance simultaneously, supporting the notion of a stimulatory role for progesterone on ASP-mediated TG clearance. This is the first functional study demonstrating a cause-effect relationship between hormone treatment and ASP levelsin vivoand may contribute to understanding the mechanism of progesterone function as a female lipogenic hormone.
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Vinod, Nagarajan, Sung Oh, Hyun Jung Park, Jung Mo Koo, Chang Won Choi, and Sei Chang Kim. "Generation of a Novel Staphylococcus aureus Ghost Vaccine and Examination of Its Immunogenicity against Virulent Challenge in Rats." Infection and Immunity 83, no. 7 (May 11, 2015): 2957–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.00009-15.
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Staphylococcus aureusis a Gram-positive pathogen that causes a wide range of infections in humans and animals. Bacterial ghosts are nonliving, empty cell envelopes and are well represented as novel vaccine candidates. In this study, we examined the immunogenicity and protective efficacy ofS. aureusghosts (SAGs) against a virulent challenge in rats. Nonliving SAGs were generated by using the MIC of sodium hydroxide. The formation of a transmembrane lysis tunnel structure in SAGs was visualized by scanning electron microscopy. To investigate these SAGs as a vaccine candidate, rats were divided into four groups, A (nonimmunized control), B (orally immunized), C (subcutaneously immunized), and D (intravenously immunized). The IgG antibody responses were significantly stronger in the SAG-immunized groups than in the nonimmunized control group (P< 0.05). Moreover, a significant increase in the populations of CD4+and CD8+T cells was observed in all three immunized groups (P< 0.05). We also found that serum bactericidal antibodies were significantly elicited in the SAG-immunized groups (P< 0.05). Most importantly, the bacterial loads in the immunized groups were significantly lower than those in the nonimmunized control group (P< 0.01). These results suggest that immunization with SAGs induces immune responses and provides protection against a virulentS. aureuschallenge.
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Korivi, Mallikarjuna, Chun-Tai Chen, Szu-Hsien Yu, Weibing Ye, I.-Shiung Cheng, Jhong-Sin Chang, Chia-Hua Kuo, and Chien-Wen Hou. "Seaweed Supplementation Enhances Maximal Muscular Strength and Attenuates Resistance Exercise-Induced Oxidative Stress in Rats." Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2019 (July 28, 2019): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/3528932.
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We investigated the effect of chronic seaweed (Gracilaria asiatica) supplementation on maximal carrying capacity, muscle mass, and oxidative stress in rats following high-intensity resistance exercise (RE). Forty Sprague-Daley rats were equally categorized into control, exercise, seaweed, and exercise plus seaweed (ES) groups. Rats in respective groups performed RE (once per 2 days) or received seaweed (250 mg/kg bodyweight, orally) for 10 weeks. Results showed that seaweed consumption in combination with RE significantly (p < 0.05) increased maximal weight carrying capacity compared to RE alone. FHL muscle mass was significantly higher in both exercise and ES groups. Notably, high-intensity RE-induced lipid peroxidation, as evidenced by elevated thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) in muscle, was substantially diminished (p < 0.05) by seaweed treatment. This antioxidative effect of seaweed was further represented by augmented superoxide dismutase activity and glutathione levels in seaweed groups. We noticed increased insulin concentrations and HOMA-IR, while the fasting blood glucose levels remained stable in seaweed and ES groups. Our findings conclude that seaweed in combination with RE enhanced maximal carrying strength and attenuated oxidative stress through improved antioxidant capacity. Seaweed could be a potential nutritional supplement to boost performance and to prevent exercise-induced muscle damage.