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Journal articles on the topic 'Representative sport'
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1
Kihl, Lisa A., and Vicki Schull. "Understanding the Meaning of Representation in a Deliberative Democratic Governance System." Journal of Sport Management 34, no. 2 (March 1, 2020): 173–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jsm.2019-0056.
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The meaning and nature of athlete representation in sport governance is broad and goes beyond formalistic delegate models and voting rights accounts. This article explores the meaning and nature of representation in the context of intercollegiate sport governance. Interviews were conducted with intercollegiate athlete representatives and athlete representative administrative advisors to gain an understanding of how and why athlete representatives carried out their roles. Findings revealed that the meaning and motivations of athlete representation were based on the institutionalized deliberative democratic governance system. Representation meant standing and acting for the power of the athlete voice and having the capacity to generate the athlete voice into legislation and decision making. The performative role of representatives involved self-accountability, where they accepted responsibility to engage in a deliberative process of collective decision making. Implications for practice and future research on athlete representation in a deliberative democratic sport governance system are presented.
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Howard, Dennis R. "Participation Rates in Selected Sport and Fitness Activities." Journal of Sport Management 6, no. 3 (September 1992): 191–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jsm.6.3.191.
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The extent to which American adults reported participating in selected sport and fitness activities over the past decade was examined. Data were obtained from Simmons Market Research Bureau, Inc., which produces annually the largest and most representative measure of adult sport, recreation, and fitness participation in the United States. Despite optimistic projections for sustained growth in participation rates by sport and fitness industry representatives, trend analysis revealed that participation in all but one of the activities examined had declined substantially. For each of the sport and fitness activities analyzed, active participation was confined to a very small percentage of the total adult population. Participants were divided into three segments (light, medium, and heavy) based on the frequency of their participation. Segment analysis supported the core/fringe concept—a small, active core of heavy users accounted for the majority of total participation volume, particularly in sport activities. Analysis of gender differences found female representation as a proportion of total participation declined substantially over the decade in racquetball, tennis, and jogging. Implications for professional practice and suggestions for future research are discussed.
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Walters, Geoff, and Richard Tacon. "Corporate social responsibility in sport: Stakeholder management in the UK football industry." Journal of Management & Organization 16, no. 4 (September 2010): 566–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1833367200001942.
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AbstractCorporate social responsibility (CSR) has become increasingly significant for a wide range of organisations and for the managers that work within them. This is particularly true in the sport industry, where CSR is now an important area of focus for sport organisations, sport events and individual athletes. This article demonstrates how CSR can inform both theoretical debates and management practice within sport organisations. It does so by focusing on stakeholder theory, which overlaps considerably with CSR. In this article, stakeholder theory is used to examine three major CSR issues: stakeholder definition and salience, firm actions and responses, and stakeholder actions and responses. These three issues are considered in the context of the UK football industry. The article draws on 15 semi-structured qualitative interviews with senior representatives from a number of different organisations. These include the director of a large professional football club; a chief executive of a medium-sized professional football club in addition to the supporter-elected director; and the vice-chairman of a small professional football club. Additional interviews were undertaken with five representatives from national supporter organisations, two board members at two large supporter associations, two representatives from the Football League, one representative from the Independent Football Commission, and a prominent sports journalist. The analysis of the interview data illustrates ways in which CSR can be implemented by sport organisations through stakeholder management strategies. The article concludes that stakeholder theory has both conceptual and empirical value and can be used to illuminate key issues in sport management.
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Walters, Geoff, and Richard Tacon. "Corporate social responsibility in sport: Stakeholder management in the UK football industry." Journal of Management & Organization 16, no. 4 (September 2010): 566–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.5172/jmo.2010.16.4.566.
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AbstractCorporate social responsibility (CSR) has become increasingly significant for a wide range of organisations and for the managers that work within them. This is particularly true in the sport industry, where CSR is now an important area of focus for sport organisations, sport events and individual athletes. This article demonstrates how CSR can inform both theoretical debates and management practice within sport organisations. It does so by focusing on stakeholder theory, which overlaps considerably with CSR. In this article, stakeholder theory is used to examine three major CSR issues: stakeholder definition and salience, firm actions and responses, and stakeholder actions and responses. These three issues are considered in the context of the UK football industry. The article draws on 15 semi-structured qualitative interviews with senior representatives from a number of different organisations. These include the director of a large professional football club; a chief executive of a medium-sized professional football club in addition to the supporter-elected director; and the vice-chairman of a small professional football club. Additional interviews were undertaken with five representatives from national supporter organisations, two board members at two large supporter associations, two representatives from the Football League, one representative from the Independent Football Commission, and a prominent sports journalist. The analysis of the interview data illustrates ways in which CSR can be implemented by sport organisations through stakeholder management strategies. The article concludes that stakeholder theory has both conceptual and empirical value and can be used to illuminate key issues in sport management.
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Stříteský, Václav. "Vybrané pohledy na vztah české populace ke sportu." Studia sportiva 9, no. 1 (July 13, 2015): 73–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.5817/sts2015-1-9.
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The paper explores attitudes of the Czech population towards sport. It deals with three main areas of people’s interest expression in sport. They are active sport participation, attending sport matches and watching sports on television. The purpose of the research is to determine the attitudes of the Czech population towards sport, including the assessment of differences by gender and age. The second objective is to identify the most popular kinds of sport in the Czech Republic in all three areas of interest, i. e., the active participation, attending sport matches and watching sport broadcasts. The paper also deals with the comparison of the various kinds of sport in terms of the relative dominance of active or passive interest in sport. Different groups of related sports are identified. Analyses are based on the data of the research project Market & Media & Lifestyle – TGI, which was provided for the purpose of this research by Median agency. Research is carried out on a representative random sample of the Czech population aged 12–79 years. The sample size is over 15 thousand respondents.
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Okladnaya, Marina, and Ivan Shchehlakov. "The role of sports diplomacy in recognition of newly created states." Law and innovations, no. 4 (32) (December 15, 2020): 92–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.37772/2518-1718-2020-4(32)-14.
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Problem setting. Sport becomes an important part of modern life. Nowadays there are many international sports competitions and events, where unrecognized states take part. In connect with this, such cases have an impact on society and social media. Consequently, there is a question of the impact of sports diplomacy on recognition of states and its importance on this procedure. Target research. To identify the impact of sport diplomacy on the recognition of newly created states. Analysis of recent researches and publications. The object of research was recognition in international law of a large number of both domestic and foreign scientists, among which, Telipko V.E., Ovcharenko A.S., Feldman D.І., Janatayev H.M., whose doctrinal developments provide an important theoretical basis for studying the issue of the impact of sports diplomacy on recognition of states. Article’s main body. Forms of recognition of states were identified in the article. It was determined that there are three form of recognition: de jure, de facto and ad hoc. Definition of sports diplomacy was given. It was proposed that in ad hoc recognition as the representative of the state should be considered not only a representative of the Government, but also other persons with official powers given by authorities. Cases of using sports diplomacy were analyzed. Usually a platform of sports diplomacy is different sport events where unrecognized states take part. The examples of such events are participation of Kosovo Republic in Olimpic Games in Brazil, Kosovo’s entry into FIFA, the football match between Kosovo Republic and Ukraine and others. In this way, sports representatives of the states enter into the negotiations and establish relationships between the states, which don’t recognize each other. It was found that sports diplomacy can be a way of ad hoc recognition. Conclusions and prospects of development. Sports diplomacy is a type of diplomacy, which purpose is to provide state foreign policy in the field of sports. However, sports diplomacy doesn’t cause de jure or de facto recognition of states; it can influence on recognition of the states by helping to build relationships between them.
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Okladnaya, Marina, and Ivan Shchehlakov. "The role of sports diplomacy in recognition of newly created states." Law and innovations, no. 4 (32) (December 15, 2020): 92–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.37772/2518-1718-2020-4(32)-14.
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Problem setting. Sport becomes an important part of modern life. Nowadays there are many international sports competitions and events, where unrecognized states take part. In connect with this, such cases have an impact on society and social media. Consequently, there is a question of the impact of sports diplomacy on recognition of states and its importance on this procedure. Target research. To identify the impact of sport diplomacy on the recognition of newly created states. Analysis of recent researches and publications. The object of research was recognition in international law of a large number of both domestic and foreign scientists, among which, Telipko V.E., Ovcharenko A.S., Feldman D.І., Janatayev H.M., whose doctrinal developments provide an important theoretical basis for studying the issue of the impact of sports diplomacy on recognition of states. Article’s main body. Forms of recognition of states were identified in the article. It was determined that there are three form of recognition: de jure, de facto and ad hoc. Definition of sports diplomacy was given. It was proposed that in ad hoc recognition as the representative of the state should be considered not only a representative of the Government, but also other persons with official powers given by authorities. Cases of using sports diplomacy were analyzed. Usually a platform of sports diplomacy is different sport events where unrecognized states take part. The examples of such events are participation of Kosovo Republic in Olimpic Games in Brazil, Kosovo’s entry into FIFA, the football match between Kosovo Republic and Ukraine and others. In this way, sports representatives of the states enter into the negotiations and establish relationships between the states, which don’t recognize each other. It was found that sports diplomacy can be a way of ad hoc recognition. Conclusions and prospects of development. Sports diplomacy is a type of diplomacy, which purpose is to provide state foreign policy in the field of sports. However, sports diplomacy doesn’t cause de jure or de facto recognition of states; it can influence on recognition of the states by helping to build relationships between them.
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Harada, Coreen M., and Gary N. Siperstein. "The Sport Experience of Athletes with Intellectual Disabilities: A National Survey of Special Olympics Athletes and Their Families." Adapted Physical Activity Quarterly 26, no. 1 (January 2009): 68–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/apaq.26.1.68.
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The purpose of this study was to examine the sport experience for athletes with intellectual disabilities (ID) who participate in Special Olympics (SO). This study included a nationally representative sample of 1,307 families and 579 athletes in the U.S., focusing on sport involvement over the lifespan and motives for participating and for leaving SO. Athletes with ID are similar to athletes without disabilities in that sport is a significant life experience. They participate in sport for fun (54%) and social interaction (21%). Like athletes without disabilities, SO athletes leave sport because of changes in interest (38%) but also because of program availability (33%). These findings suggest that we continue to document the involvement of people with ID in sports and work to expand the sport opportunities available.
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Pinder, Ross A., Keith Davids, Ian Renshaw, and Duarte Araújo. "Representative Learning Design and Functionality of Research and Practice in Sport." Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology 33, no. 1 (February 2011): 146–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jsep.33.1.146.
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Egon Brunswik proposed the concept of “representative design” for psychological experimentation, which has historically been overlooked or confused with another of Brunswik’s terms, ecological validity. In this article, we reiterate the distinction between these two important concepts and highlight the relevance of the term representative design for sports psychology, practice, and experimental design. We draw links with ideas on learning design in the constraints-led approach to motor learning and nonlinear pedagogy. We propose the adoption of a new term, representative learning design, to help sport scientists, experimental psychologists, and pedagogues recognize the potential application of Brunswik’s original concepts, and to ensure functionality and action fidelity in training and learning environments.
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Sánchez-García, Raúl, David Moscoso-Sánchez, and Joaquín Piedra. "The sociology of sport in Spain: Development, current situation, and future challenges." Sport und Gesellschaft 17, no. 1 (April 28, 2020): 69–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/sug-2020-0004.
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SummaryThis article presents the development and current situation of the sociology of sport in Spain. It begins with a brief description of its origins and development as an academic field, which can be divided into three stages: birth, growth, and consolidation and internationalization. It then describes the theoretical and methodological traditions as well as the predominant topics (including the most representative research) in the social scientific studies on physical activity conducted so far in Spain. The main topics have been sports in society, sports controversies, the social sports structure, sports identities and spaces for practicing sports, organization, management, and the job market. The article concludes with an analysis of the possible future challenges for the sociology of sport in Spain and the role that the journal Sociología del Deporte (Sociology of Sport) can play in view of these challenges.
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Taks, Marijke, and Stefan Késenne. "Tie Economic Significance of Sport in Flanders." Journal of Sport Management 14, no. 4 (October 2000): 342–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jsm.14.4.342.
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This study measures the share of the sports sector in the regional economy of Flanders by means of expenditure related to active sports participation and spectator sport. In contrast with the more common cost-benefit approach, the perspective of this study is rather macroeconomic. A representative sample of 512 households was interviewed by means of a standardized questionnaire. Data on government expenditure were gathered from an analysis of budgets and bills. Private investments and the balance of trade statistics were estimated. All these expenditures, $4.3 billion U.S., constitute the Gross Regional Sport Product for Flanders. During the past 15 years, household expenditure in sport has increased, while government expenditure has stagnated. However, government intervention remains necessary for setting up the legal context, financing the construction and maintenance of a rich variety of sports facilities, and for lowering the price threshold for low-income families. This study has shown the importance of the sports sector for the Flemish economy, mainly through household expenditure.
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COZIJNSEN, RABINA, NAN L. STEVENS, and THEO G. VAN TILBURG. "The trend in sport participation among Dutch retirees, 1983–2007." Ageing and Society 33, no. 4 (April 12, 2012): 698–719. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0144686x12000189.
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ABSTRACTThis paper investigates the trend in sport participation among retirees between 1983 and 2007. Sport participation is important for retirees because of its health benefits and the opportunities it offers for social interaction. Factors that influence sport participation such as educational level, physical limitations, and occupational background have changed during the last decades, possibly accounting for changes in sport participation. Data are from the Amenities and Services Utilization Survey (AVO), a nationally representative Dutch survey with seven observations between 1983 and 2007. The trend in sport involvement, sports club membership, and competition was investigated in a sample of 2,497 male and 1,559 female retirees aged 58–67 years. Increases in participation were observed in sport involvement and sports club membership. This trend can partially be explained by increases in educational level, decreases in the number of retirees with physical limitations, and in those retiring from sedentary jobs. Yet, sport participation seems to have increased for all retirees, regardless of their socio-economic background and health status. Alternative explanations for the observed trend are discussed.
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Marsh, Herbert W., and Sabina Kleitman. "School Athletic Participation: Mostly Gain with Little Pain." Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology 25, no. 2 (June 2003): 205–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jsep.25.2.205.
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Participation in high school sports had positive effects on many Grade 12 and postsecondary outcomes (e.g., school grades, coursework selection, homework, educational and occupational aspirations, self-esteem, university applications, subsequent college enrollment, and eventual educational attainment) after controlling background variables and parallel outcomes from Grades 8 and 10 in a large, nationally representative, 6-year longitudinal study. In contrast to Zero-Sum and Threshold Models, these positive effects generalized across academic and nonacademic outcomes, across the entire range of athletic participation levels, and across different subgroups of students (e.g., SES, gender, ethnicity, ability levels, educational aspirations). Sport participation is hypothesized to increase identification/commitment to school and school values which mediate the participation effects, particularly for narrowly defined academic outcomes not directly related to sport participation. Consistent with this Identification/Commitment Model, extramural sport, and to a lesser extent team sport, had more positive effects than intramural and individual sports.
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Sheppard, Adam C., and Joseph L. Mahoney. "Time Spent in Sports and Adolescent Problem Behaviors: A Longitudinal Analysis of Directions of Association." Journal of Youth Development 7, no. 3 (September 1, 2012): 87–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.5195/jyd.2012.132.
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This longitudinal study analyzed the direction of the association between sports participation and problem behavior. Participants were a nationally representative sample of 1,692 adolescents (ages 11-19). Results showed that, beyond baseline measures of problem behaviors, time in sports (Wave I) was negatively associated with internalizing behaviors (Wave II). However, there was not a significant relation between time in sports and externalizing behavior. In addition to analyzing the relation between previous time in sports and subsequent problem behaviors, previous problem behaviors were used to predict subsequent time spent in sport. Results showed that previous internalizing behavior (Wave I) was negatively associated with time in sports (Wave II), but only for females. Externalizing behavior was not related to subsequent time spent in sport.
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Hartwig, Timothy B., Geraldine Naughton, and John Searl. "Defining the Volume and Intensity of Sport Participation in Adolescent Rugby Union Players." International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance 3, no. 1 (March 2008): 94–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.3.1.94.
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Purpose:Investigating adolescent training loads might help us understand optimal training adaptations. GPS tracking devices and training diaries were used to quantify weekly sport and other physical activity demands placed on adolescent rugby union players and profile typical rugby training sessions.Methods:Participants were 75 males age 14 to 18 y who were recruited from rugby teams representing 3 levels of participation: schoolboy, national representative, and a selective sports school talent squad.Results:Schoolboy players covered a distance of (mean ± SD) 3511 ± 836 m, representative-squad players 3576 ± 956 m, and talent-squad players 2208 ± 637 m per rugby training session. The representative squad recorded the highest weekly duration of sport and physical activity (515 ± 222 min/wk), followed by the talent squad (421 ± 211 min/week) and schoolboy group (370 ± 135 min/wk). Profiles of individual players identified as group outliers showed participation in up to 3 games and up to 11 training sessions per week, with twice the weekly load of the team averages.Conclusion:Optimal participation and performance of adolescent rugby union players might be compromised by many high-load, high-impact training sessions and games and commitments to other sports and physical activities. An improved understanding of monitoring and quantifying load in adolescent athletes is needed to facilitate best-practice advice for player management and training prescription.
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Millet, Antoine, Audrey Abi Akle, Dimitri Masson, and Jérémy Legardeur. "Definition of a “Sport-Health” Semantic Space." Proceedings of the Design Society: International Conference on Engineering Design 1, no. 1 (July 2019): 3841–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/dsi.2019.391.
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AbstractProduct success depends on its capacity to meet users’ expectations. Human Centred Design approach helps to reach this success by focussing on users’ needs in the design process. These needs are as well functional as hedonic. Designing products requires then to design hedonic properties affecting users’ perception. For sport products, people wants to improve their performances while maintaining their health. Sport products are then considered not only “sporty” but also “healthy”. Thus, integrating both health and sport expectations into the design process are necessary.Last decades, Affective Engineering was developed to integrate perception into the design process. Applying this approach for sport products may allow defining and mixing sport and health perceptual characteristics all along the design process. However, defining these characterisitics into requirements implies to translate them into semantic terms. If we observe semantic descriptors for sport products and for health products, they seem opposite. In this paper, we aim defining a semantic space representative and respectful of both domains, sport and health, while they oppose.
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Bernard-Béziade, Mélanie, and Michaël Attali. "L’évidence des anglicismes dans les discours journalistiques français." Language Problems and Language Planning 36, no. 2 (August 10, 2012): 120–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/lplp.36.2.02ber.
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Given their internationalization and their dependence on the International Olympic Committee (IOC), the Olympic Games provide good evidence of linguistic usages in the field of sport and constitute a preferred domain for the lexical study of anglicisms, since, although French is one of the official languages of the Olympic Games, the discourse of sport generally relies on English. Representative of this tendency, the work of journalists examined here displays a variety of lexical strategies. A linguistic analysis of two Olympic sports, athletics and swimming, seems to show that sport is inextricably linked to a particular structural discourse whose tenor is regularly conveyed by journalists. Beyond linguistic barriers, it seems that the perceived nature of sport leads to the privileging of anglicisms which command unquestioned acceptance much as the values of sport do — themselves generally taken for granted without discussion.
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Hanani, Endang Sri. "The Study on Value of Recreational Sports Activity of Urban Communities." Jurnal Kesehatan Masyarakat 12, no. 2 (March 14, 2017): 286–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.15294/kemas.v12i2.5813.
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According to the WHO, health is not merely the absence of disease or infirmity, but a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being. Recreational sports activities particularly for urban communities could be used as a life style, because it may considered balance individual condition between physical, spiritual and social needs. This study aims to describe and investigate: 1) the reason why recreational sports become urban society choice as weekend activities and holiday activities, 2) the type of recreational sport activities done by urban communities, 3) the value of individuals physical and psychosocial aspects,4) potential space for individual who do recreational sport activities. This research used ethnographic study with empirical and theoretical approaches. We conclude that the recreational sport activities as an option activity for the urban community, and is quite representative to facilitate the needs of sport cultures, and a sense of concern for the environment which useful in maintaining health.
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Hanson, Sandra L., and Rebecca S. Kraus. "Women in Male Domains: Sport and Science." Sociology of Sport Journal 16, no. 2 (June 1999): 92–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ssj.16.2.92.
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A Critical Feminist perspective and data from the nationally representative National Educational Longitudinal Study are used to explore the relationship between involvement in sports and success in science for a recent cohort of high school aged women. We also consider whether women from different social classes and racial/ethnic groups and with different sport experiences derive similar benefits from sport. Variation in sport experience involves a consideration of type of sport (e.g., basketball vs. track), type of team (e.g., varsity vs. intramural), age of athlete (middle school vs. high school sophomore vs. high school senior), and leadership roles (e.g., captain). Our findings show that sport has mostly positive consequences for young women’s science attainment, although these effects are smaller than for a 1980 cohort of female athletes. These benefits exist across types of sport, teams, and levels of involvement but are their greatest in the sophomore year of high school. In contrast to earlier cohorts, we find that for this recent cohort, sport participation positively affects the science attainment of women from various subgroups—white, Hispanic, upper-ses and lower-ses. However, young African-American women see very little benefit from sport. Implications of these findings are discussed.
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O’Brien, Wesley, Tara Coppinger, Irene Hogan, Sarahjane Belton, Marie H. Murphy, Cormac Powell, and Catherine Woods. "The Association of Family, Friends, and Teacher Support With Girls’ Sport and Physical Activity on the Island of Ireland." Journal of Physical Activity and Health 18, no. 8 (August 1, 2021): 929–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jpah.2020-0386.
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Background: The current study was the largest physical activity (PA) surveillance assessment of youth undertaken in Ireland in recent years. The purpose of this research was to assess the impact of social support, while controlling for age and screen time, on PA and sport participation, across a representative sample of Irish female youth. Methods: A total of 3503 children (mean age: 13.54 [2.05] y) across the island of Ireland participated. Participants completed a previously validated electronic questionnaire while supervised in a classroom setting, which investigated their (1) levels of PA; (2) screen time; (3) community sport participation; and (4) social support (friend, family, and teacher) to be physically active/partake in sport. Results: There were significant differences, with medium and large effect sizes, for social support from friends and family across types of sports participation. Specifically, girls who participated in the most popular team sports, when compared with the most popular individual sports, reported higher social support scores for friends and family structures. Conclusions: Findings from this study confirm the contributing influence of friends and family as sport and PA support networks for girls. Interventions should consider the importance of culturally relevant team sports for PA engagement in female youth.
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Brown, Natalie A., Michael B. Devlin, and Andrew C. Billings. "Fan Identification Gone Extreme: Sports Communication Variables Between Fans and Sport in the Ultimate Fighting Championship." International Journal of Sport Communication 6, no. 1 (March 2013): 19–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijsc.6.1.19.
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This study explores the implications of the sports communication theory of fan identification and the divisions often developed between identifying with a single athlete and the bonds developed for a sport as a whole. Using the fastest growing North American sport, mixed martial arts (MMA)—more specifically, the Ultimate Fighting Championship (UFC)—differences in levels of fan identification were examined in relationship to attitudes toward individual athletes and attitudes toward the UFC organization. An online survey of 911 respondents produced a highly representative sample of the UFC’s current audience demographics. Results showed significant differences in fan identify between gender, age, and sensationseeking behaviors, suggesting that distinct demographic variables may influence the role that fan identity has not only in sports media consumption but also in future event consumption. Implications and ramifications for future theoretical sports communication research and sports marketing are postulated.
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Benjafield, John. "An Aesthetic Aspect of professional Sport." Empirical Studies of the Arts 5, no. 2 (July 1987): 105–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/vua0-6280-vq3h-5v59.
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How often does a professional sports team have to win in order to demonstrate that it is a worthy representative of its home city? The answer may very well be: 61.8 percent home victories for a hockey team, and 61.8 percent total victories for a championship baseball team. Both these values are the Golden Section, the most famous proportion in Western aesthetics. The fact that the Golden Section appears to be a regulating proportion in sport implies that it is an archetype, and operates in a way that is complementary to the Gestalt law of symmetry.
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Bowes, Ali, and Alan Bairner. "England’s proxy warriors? Women, war and sport." International Review for the Sociology of Sport 53, no. 4 (September 30, 2016): 393–410. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1012690216669491.
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It has been claimed that the one place Englishness exists is on the sports field, and usually it is men’s sport that appears central to creating a sense of English national identity. However, in light of England’s sporting success across multiple women’s sports (namely cricket, netball, association football and rugby union), there warrants a need to begin to question the place of these female athletes in discussions of the nation. Drawing on extensive interview data with women who have represented England at sport, this paper seeks to ‘give a voice’ to these women whose experiences have often been ignored by both the popular press and academics alike. This research discusses the way in which English women represent their nation, both on the field of play and more broadly, and sheds light on the complexity of the intersections of gender and national identity. Attention is also paid to the role of women as warriors in the conventional sense. It is argued that, through playing international, representative sport, the women actively embody the nation, with national identity often overriding gendered identity in these instances. In this sense, they become proxy warriors for the nation.
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Burnett, Cora. "Women, poverty and sport: A South African scenario." Women in Sport and Physical Activity Journal 11, no. 1 (April 2002): 23–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/wspaj.11.1.23.
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The voices of South African feminists and womanists are relatively absent from public debates concerning women’s participation and empowerment in sport. This paper represents a contribution to the gender discourse, drawing on feminist paradigms and reflecting on the marginality of South African women in society and in sport. The findings of two separate studies, undertaken in 1977 and 1999 respectively, are reported. The research focused on the assessment of the impact of the Sports Leaders Programme (as part of the South Africa-United Kingdom Sports Initiative) and the junior component of the sports development programme initiated by the Australian Sports Commission (Super Kidz). Data were collected by means of structured interviews from different stakeholders at macro- (national), meso- (community/institutional) and micro- (individual) levels. A representative sample for the Sports Leaders Programme included 17 co-ordinators and facilitators (at national and provincial levels) and nine sports leaders at community level. To obtain qualitative data concerning the Super Kidz Programme, two provinces were targeted for data collection. A quota sample of seven schools was selected as the experimental group (having introduced the programme) and five schools in close proximity acted as controls. One hundred and forty-four role-players at different levels of participation were interviewed. To obtain some triangulation of data, 110 role-players also participated in focus groups. The data reflecting the position and involvement of women in these programmes were analysed. Against the reality of the majority of women living in conditions of chronic poverty, exposed to patriarchy, being ideologically stereotyped and structurally marginalized, they were, to a large extent absent, and their efforts unrecognised in the institutionalised domain of sport. It was concluded that sport is a severely gendered domain in which male hegemony is acted out and perpetuated whereas women in impoverished communities view access to sport as peripheral in their everyday struggle for material survival. National agencies should therefore not rely on female volunteers to facilitate sports development in impoverished communities but to strategize differently while also redressing ideological and structural gender inequalities in the wider social context.
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Rotimi, Oloruntobi, Gu-Yun Paul Jung, Juling Ong, N. U. Owase Jeelani, David J. Dunaway, and Greg James. "Sporting activity after craniosynostosis surgery in children: a source of parental anxiety." Child's Nervous System 37, no. 1 (June 11, 2020): 287–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00381-020-04723-2.
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Abstract Purpose Craniosynostosis correction involves major skull surgery in infancy—a potential source of worry for parents when their treated children begin involvement in sports. Methods Electronic multiple choice survey of parents of children who had undergone craniosynostosis surgery in infancy using 5-point Likert scales. Results Fifty-nine completed surveys were obtained from parents of children who had undergone previous craniosynostosis surgery. Mean age of children was 7.8 years (range 3 months to 22 years), with 36 non-syndromic and 23 syndromic cases. The most common surgery was fronto-orbital remodelling (18). Fifty-two of 59 were involved in athletic activity. The most intense sport type was non-contact in 23, light contact in 20, heavy contact in 4 and combat in 5. Participation level was school mandatory in 12, school club in 17, non-school sport club in 21 and regional representative in 2. One child had been advised to avoid sport by an external physician. Mean anxiety (1–5 Likert) increased with sport intensity: non-contact 1.7, light contact 2.2, heavy contact 3.5 and combat 3.6. Twenty-nine of 59 parents had been given specific advice by the Craniofacial Team regarding athletic activity, 28 of which found useful. Three sport-related head injuries were reported, none of which required hospitalisation. Conclusion Little information exists regarding sports for children after craniosynostosis surgery. This study suggests that parental anxiety remains high, particularly for high impact/combat sports, and that parents would like more information from clinicians about the safety of post-operative sporting activities.
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Sam, Michael P., and Lars Tore Ronglan. "Building sport policy’s legitimacy in Norway and New Zealand." International Review for the Sociology of Sport 53, no. 5 (October 1, 2016): 550–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1012690216671515.
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Governing state-funded sport is tenuous because of the need to maintain legitimacy and support from political authorisers, stakeholders and network partners/members. The purpose of this paper is to compare/contrast how central sport agencies in Norway and New Zealand create, build or sustain legitimacy through their accountability regimes. More particularly, this comparison distinguishes between input and output sources of legitimacy, where the former is associated with democratic processes (e.g., electoral procedures and public consultation), and the latter is linked with results and demonstrable benefits. While the Norwegian Olympic and Paralympic Committee and Confederation of Sports (NIF) draws legitimacy from its representative membership structures and status as a social movement, Sport New Zealand claims legitimacy on the basis of achieving targets and outputs. In both cases there are emerging pressures to recast input–output legitimating narratives, suggesting their ‘depleteability’ over time. These shifts are discussed in relation to their influence on policy reforms within environments of accountability that are fluid and incomplete.
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Harvey, Jean, Alan Law, and Michael Cantelon. "North American Professional Team Sport Franchises Ownership Patterns and Global Entertainment Conglomerates." Sociology of Sport Journal 18, no. 4 (December 2001): 435–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ssj.18.4.435.
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This paper maps the current ownership patterns of North American major professional sports franchises in order to assess the extent to which they are interconnected with media/entertainment conglomerates. First, the 120 franchises are classified according to owner’s industrial sector. Second, five models of linkages between franchises and media/entertainment corporations are followed by case studies representative of each. The paper concludes that indeed empirical evidence supports the alleged increasing control of North American pro sport franchises by large media/entertainment conglomerates. However, the paper also demonstrates that the phenomenon involves much more diversity than the major conglomerates commonly identified in the current literature. Finally, the paper discusses the impacts of this trend on sport, as well as on fans.
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Sekot, Aleš. "Sport and Physical Activities in the Czech Republic." Physical Culture and Sport. Studies and Research 48, no. 1 (June 1, 2010): 44–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10141-010-0006-0.
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Sport and Physical Activities in the Czech RepublicThe situation on the field of physical/sportive activities in Czech Republic has been affected in the course of recent decades with fundamental political, economical and cultural changes of transforming society and general situation of workforce in context of sedentary society in particular. To contribute to increasing knowledge of the present-day position of sport in the Czech Republic means to search the relevant relations of municipalities and their policies to various levels of sport. To discuss the situation of sport includes describing the present position and role of sport activities in different societal and demografic parts of society too. From the perspective of the situation in sport delivery at the municipal level it must be borne in mind that there are diverse voluntary sports organizations in existence within the municipality, and, naturally, there is also the private sector. Underlying health determinants of a socioeconomic nature play a major role in causing vulnerability to health risks, including obesity as relevant negative reflection of passive way of life. Representative documents retrieved on national and school policies reflected by findings of the PREVOB Project confirmed mutually dependent and interconnected topical issues like nutrition policy and physical activity policy. The phenomenon of physical/sportive activity is connected with lifestyle behaviours. The most critical policy area on physical/sportive activity is the sole fact of sedentary nature of contemporary society: a very high level of prestige of sport and sportive activities in Czech society is incompatible with a very low level of practical regular physical or sport activities.
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Perks, Tom. "Trajectories of Sport Participation Among Children and Adolescents Across Different Socio-Economic Categories: Multilevel Findings From the National Longitudinal Survey of Children and Youth." Sociology of Sport Journal 37, no. 3 (September 1, 2020): 264–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ssj.2018-0096.
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Building upon prior theoretical and empirical work, this study explores the sport participation trajectories of children across different socio-economic status (SES) categories to assess the possibility of changes in the SES-sport participation relationship as children age. Using representative panel data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Children and Youth, a multilevel analysis of 4,858 children aged 6 to 9 suggests that as children age the SES effect on sport participation persists over time. However, the SES effect on sport participation appears to have relatively small predictive import compared to other factors.
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Lenzi, Alessandro, Ilaria Bianco, Vincenzo Milazzo, Gian Franco Placidi, Paolo Castrogiovanni, and Daniela Becherini. "Comparison of Aggressive Behavior between Men and Women in Sport." Perceptual and Motor Skills 84, no. 1 (February 1997): 139–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.1997.84.1.139.
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A group of 33 sportsmen and 43 sportswomen and a group of 488 subjects (less than 30 years old) selected from a sample of 816 subjects representative of the general Italian population were compared using the factor scores and total scores on the Italian version of the Buss and Durkee questionnaire. Analysis suggests a positive correlation between aggressiveness and sport and are compatible with the hypothesis that sporting activities serve as a means of controlling aggressiveness of women and help the individual psychosocial development of men. The decision to practice sports would seem to be connected with the needs to conform to cultural stereotypes, which portray the man as aggressive and the woman as gentle and submissive.
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Cunningham, Ian, and Philip Sullivan. "Testing the factor validity of the Referee Self-Efficacy Scale (REFS) in non-invasion sports officials." International Journal of Sport, Exercise and Health Research 4, no. 1 (May 31, 2020): 12–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.31254/sportmed.4103.
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Officials occupy an essential role in sport, and one that is beginning to be recognized in the research literature. One growing area of research on officials is officiating efficacy, or refficacy. Previous research includes a conceptualization of the construct and an operational definition that has been supported with respect to factor structure and other psychometric properties. However, the samples that have supported the validity and reliability of the scale have reflected a narrow conceptualization of officiating; samples have been dominated by interactor officials in invasion sports, such as football and basketball. The current study was designed to assess the psychometric properties of the REFS with a sample of monitor and reactor officials. A sample of 174 officials from monitor sports such as wrestling, tennis and figure skating completed the REFS. A Confirmatory Factor Analysis supported Myers et al [1] four-factor model. The data also showed strong internal consistency and gender differences that are consistent with other research on efficacy in sport. These results show that the REFS is a valid and reliable measure for a heterogeneous and widely representative sample of sport officials. Research utilizing this measurement is encouraged in a variety of contexts and on a variety outcomes
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Curtis, James, William McTeer, and Philip White. "Exploring Effects of School Sport Experiences on Sport Participation in Later Life." Sociology of Sport Journal 16, no. 4 (December 1999): 348–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ssj.16.4.348.
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This paper presents findings on the relationship between high school sport participation and involvement in sport as adults. The data are provided by a survey of a large representative national sample of adult Canadians. For different age subgroups among women and men, we tested the school sport experiences hypothesis that sport involvement during the high school years contributes to later adult involvement in sport. The measurement of sport involvement in the high school years is concerned with intramural and inter-school activities. Adult sport activity has three measures: sport involvement per se, involvement in an organized setting, and competitive involvement. The results are consistent with the school experiences hypothesis. High school sport involvement, for inter-school sport activities, is a comparatively strong predictor of adult sport involvement. The effects of high school involvement persist after controlling for correlated social background factors. Moreover, the effects of school sport experiences hold across age and gender subgroups. Although diminished with temporal distance from the high school years, the effects of high school involvement nonetheless extend even to respondents aged 40-59 (i.e., those approximately 22 to 42 years beyond their school years) among both genders. Interpretations of the results are discussed.
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Metzler, Michael. "A Review of Research on Time in Sport Pedagogy." Journal of Teaching in Physical Education 8, no. 2 (January 1989): 87–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jtpe.8.2.87.
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This article provides a representative review of the current literature on time-related research in sport pedagogy. The reviewed studies are presented and discussed in four general areas: how time has been conceptualized, how time has been measured, what is known about how time is spent in physical education and sport settings, and what is still left to be known about time-related events. The final section suggests a six-item agenda for expanding and continuing research on time in sport pedagogy.
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Hills, Laura, and Alison Maitland. "Research-based knowledge utilization in a community sport evaluation: a case study." International Journal of Public Sector Management 27, no. 2 (February 10, 2014): 165–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijpsm-04-2013-0051.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to explore key determinants of knowledge utilization in a community sport initiative, with particular attention to key facets of social-organizational approaches including: organizational context including perceived user needs, characteristics of the researcher-user relationship, and adaption of dissemination materials. Design/methodology/approach – The case study applies established theoretical and conceptual understandings of knowledge utilization to a research evaluation of a national initiative to increase young women's participation in sport. Findings – This case study illustrates that academics engaging in evaluation work with sports organizations are well-placed to develop relationships with organizations that will be conducive to the use of research. Qualities that facilitate the use of research include an organizational context that is positively disposed towards using research. This can entail developing a researcher-practitioner relationship that involves shared learning and appreciating each other's aims, values and priorities. Research limitations/implications – The research initiates a discussion on the knowledge utilization in community sport evaluation; however, it is limited to a particular case which may not be representative of the spectrum of sports development initiatives. Practical implications – This case study highlights some useful features of how researchers and practitioners can work together effectively and use research to improve delivery. Originality/value – This case study contributes to new understandings of the immediate as well as long-term value of research in the evaluation of community sports initiatives.
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Pfister, Gertrud. "Development of Relationship to Sport: Sport Biographies of German Women." Women in Sport and Physical Activity Journal 7, no. 1 (April 1998): 151–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/wspaj.7.1.151.
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In Germany there is a huge discrepancy between positive attitudes toward physical activity and actual practice of sport. According to representative studies more than 80% of the population is convinced that for various reasons, especially those of health, it is very important to take up a sport (Kaschuba, 1989). However, only 21% of the male and no more than 14% of the female population (older than 14) were reported to practice a sport at least once a week (Opaschowski, 1995).This article focuses on the question of how a relationship to sport develops in the course of the lives of girls and women. The empirical data derives from a project on “Sport in the Lives of Women” in which women active in football (soccer), gymnastics/aerobics and tennis were interviewed about their biographies and their experience with physical activities. The theoretical background is based on approaches towards life course and biography, gender and gender relations, and socialization. Typical patterns of sport involvement in the different stages of life, e.g. the important role of the parents in early childhood and the importance of peers at school were found.,.In addition, different types of sport commitment could be identified. Certain patterns, for example, were dependent on the combination of the simultaneous practice of different types of sport and the alternation between practice and non-practice of sport. In this way it was possible to distinguish between all-round sportswomen and women who practice sport for reasons of health. In general, sport biographies develop through the close interaction of social factors and individual decisions.
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Perks, Thomas. "Does Sport Foster Social Capital? The Contribution of Sport to a Lifestyle of Community Participation." Sociology of Sport Journal 24, no. 4 (December 2007): 378–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ssj.24.4.378.
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Little research has been done to date on the contribution of sport to a lifestyle of community participation. This is despite theoretical support from the social capital literature for the suggestion that the relationships and trust fostered through sport participation should lead to involvement in community activities outside of sport. The present study addresses this gap in the research by testing whether participation in organized youth sport positively predicts involvement in particular community activities as an adult. Based on an analysis of survey data collected from a representative sample of Canadians, the findings show that youth sport participation was positively related to adult involvement in community activities, although the predictive effects of youth sport participation were small. The findings also show that the effects of youth sport participation on adult participation in community activities lasted throughout the lifecycle. Both findings are consistent with the social capital literature.
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Bohr, Adam D., Jason D. Boardman, and Matthew B. McQueen. "Association of Adolescent Sport Participation With Cognition and Depressive Symptoms in Early Adulthood." Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine 7, no. 9 (September 1, 2019): 232596711986865. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2325967119868658.
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Background: Recent studies have associated sport-related concussion with depression and impaired cognitive ability later in life in former professional football players. However, population studies with two 1950s-era cohorts did not find an association between high school football participation and impaired cognition or depressive symptoms in late adulthood. Purpose/Hypothesis: This study assessed whether actual/intended participation in contact sports during adolescence had an adverse effect on participants’ cognition or depressive symptoms in early adulthood. We hypothesized that there would not be an association. Study Design: Cohort study; Level of evidence, 2. Methods: This study used a subsample (n = 10,951) from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health (Add Health), a nationally (United States) representative prospective cohort study following participants through 4 waves of data collection from 1994 through 2008. Participants were categorized as actual/intended participation in no sports, noncontact sports only, and contact sports. We constructed 6 multivariate and logistic regression models predicting word recall, number recall, modified Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale, depression diagnosis, suicide ideation, and suicide attempts at wave IV as a function of sport participation during wave I. Sport participation was treated as a factor with the referent category noncontact sports. This analysis was repeated on a males-only sample (n = 5008). In the males-only analysis, participants were classified as actual/intended participation in no sports, noncontact sports, contact sports other than American football, and American football. The referent category remained noncontact sports. Results: Intention to participate in contact sports was not significantly associated with any of the outcomes in the full-sample analysis. Intention to participate in football was significantly associated with a reduced odds of depression diagnosis in adulthood (odds ratio, 0.70; P = .02) when compared with noncontact sports participation in the males-only sample. Football was not significantly associated with impaired cognitive ability, increased depressive symptoms, or increased suicide ideation. Conclusion: Actual/intended participation in contact sports during adolescence did not adversely affect Add Health participants’ cognition or depressive symptoms in young adulthood.
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Connolly, Sinead, Angela Carlin, Anne Johnston, Catherine Woods, Cormac Powell, Sarahjane Belton, Wesley O’Brien, et al. "Physical Activity, Sport and Physical Education in Northern Ireland School Children: A Cross-Sectional Study." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 18 (September 19, 2020): 6849. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17186849.
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Internationally, insufficient physical activity (PA) is a major health concern. Children in Northern Ireland (NI) are recorded as having the lowest levels of PA in the United Kingdom (UK). To date, validated and representative data on the PA levels of NI school children are limited. The aim of this study was to provide surveillance data on self-reported PA, sport and physical education (PE) participation of school children in NI. Differences between genders and factors associated with PA were also examined. A representative sample of primary (n = 446) and post-primary (n = 1508) children was surveyed in school using validated self-report measures. Findings suggest that PA levels are low, with a minority of children (13%) meeting the PA guidelines (primary pupils 20%, post-primary pupils 11%). NI school children have lower levels of PA, PE and sports participation than UK and European peers. A trend of age-related decline across all the domains of PA was apparent. The data presented highlighted that females are less likely to achieve PA guidelines, children from lower socio-economic background participate in school and community sport less often, and that enjoyment and social support are important variables in PA adherence. Policy solutions that would support implementation e.g., mandatory minimum PE time, whole school approaches to PA promotion and targeted investment in schools, particularly in areas of deprivation and for females, are suggested.
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Kerr, Douglas. "THE STRAIGHT LEFT: SPORT AND THE NATION IN ARTHUR CONAN DOYLE." Victorian Literature and Culture 38, no. 1 (February 23, 2010): 187–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1060150309990386.
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In the last years of the nineteenth century, Arthur Conan Doyle, a prolific writer with a global reputation and readership, was settled with his family at Hindhead in Surrey. In hisMemories and Adventures(M&A) he was to recall this period as an interlude of peace: “The country was lovely. My life was filled with alternate work and sport. As with me so with the nation” (151). This last sentence refers chiefly to the apparent placidity of the time, soon to be rudely spoilt by the outbreak of the South African war, which was to prove a critical and formative testing-ground for Great Britain and for Conan Doyle personally. But the sentence can also refer to the plenitude of a life divided between work and sport, and I will argue that Conan Doyle would be right to claim his experience here as representative of the national life. At the end of the century which invented modern sport, Conan Doyle's enthusiastic participation in sports, his writing about the subject, and his understanding of sporting culture have a great deal to tell us about Victorian Britain. As with him, so with the nation.
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Joseph, Allan M., Christy L. Collins, Natalie M. Henke, Ellen E. Yard, Sarah K. Fields, and R. Dawn Comstock. "A Multisport Epidemiologic Comparison of Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injuries in High School Athletics." Journal of Athletic Training 48, no. 6 (December 1, 2013): 810–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.4085/1062-6050-48.6.03.
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Background: The knee joint is the second most commonly injured body site after the ankle and the leading cause of sport-related surgeries. Knee injuries, especially of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL), are among the most economically costly sport injuries, frequently requiring expensive surgery and rehabilitation. Objective: To investigate the epidemiology of ACL injuries among high school athletes by sport and sex. Design: Descriptive epidemiology study. Main Outcome Measure(s): Using an Internet-based data-collection tool, Reporting Information Online (RIO), certified athletic trainers from 100 nationally representative US high schools reported athlete-exposure and injury data for athletes from 9 sports during the 2007/08–2011/12 academic years. The outcome of interest in this study was ACL injuries. Results: During the study period, 617 ACL injuries were reported during 9 452 180 athlete exposures (AEs), for an injury rate of 6.5 per 100 000 AEs. Nationally, in the 9 sports studied, an estimated 215 628 ACL injuries occurred during the study period. The injury rate was higher in competition (17.6) than practice (2.4; rate ratio [RR] = 7.3, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 6.08, 8.68). Girls' soccer had the highest injury rate (12.2) followed by boys' football (11.1), with boys' basketball (2.3) and boys' baseball (0.7) having the lowest rates. In sex-comparable sports, girls had a higher rate (8.9) than boys (2.6; RR = 3.4, 95% CI = 2.64, 4.47). Overall, 76.6% of ACL injuries resulted in surgery. The most common mechanisms of injury were player-to-player contact (42.8%) and no contact (37.9%). Conclusions: Anterior cruciate ligament injury rates vary by sport, sex, and type of exposure. Recognizing such differences is important when evaluating the effectiveness of evidence-based, targeted prevention efforts.
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Marques, Joao Beleboni, Darren James Paul, Phil Graham-Smith, and Paul James Read. "Change of Direction Assessment Following Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction: A Review of Current Practice and Considerations to Enhance Practical Application." Sports Medicine 50, no. 1 (September 17, 2019): 55–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40279-019-01189-4.
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Abstract Change of direction (CoD) has been indicated as a key mechanism in the occurrence of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury during invasion sports. Despite these associations, assessments of knee function in athletic populations at the time of return to sport following ACL reconstruction (ACLr) have often focused on strength and single-leg hop tests, with a paucity of evidence to describe the CoD characteristics. Therefore, the aim of this narrative review was to describe the movement strategies exhibited following ACLr during CoD tasks and to critically analyze the range of tests that have been used. Specifically, we examined their ability to identify between-limb deficits and individuals who display a heightened risk of secondary injury and/or reductions in their level of pre-injury performance. MEDLINE, PubMed and SPORT Discuss databases were used and 13 articles were identified that met the inclusion criteria. Examination of the available literature indicates that current field-based practices are not representative of relevant sport demands and are unable to effectively assess knee function following ACLr. Laboratory-based studies have identified residual deficits and altered movement strategies at the time of return to sport, and this in part may be related to risk of re-injury. However, these assessments exhibit inherent limitations and are not practically viable for monitoring progress during rehabilitation. Consequently, alternative solutions that are more-aligned with the multitude of factors occurring during CoD maneuvers in chaotic sports environments are warranted to allow practitioners to ‘bridge the gap’ between the laboratory and the sports field/court. This approach may facilitate a more informed decision-making process with the end goal being, a heightened ‘return to performance’ and a lower risk of re-injury.
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Marsh, Herbert W. "The Effects of Participation in Sport during the Last Two Years of High School." Sociology of Sport Journal 10, no. 1 (March 1993): 18–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ssj.10.1.18.
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The effects of participation in sport during the last 2 years of high school were examined by use of the nationally (United States) representative High School and Beyond data collected between 1980 and 1984. After background variables and outcomes collected during the sophomore year of high school were controlled for, sport participation positively affected 14 of 22 senior and postsecondary outcomes (e.g., social and academic self-concept, educational aspirations, course work selection, homework, reduced absenteeism, and subsequent college attendance) and had no negative effects on the remaining 8 variables. These positive effects were robust, generalizing across individual characteristics (race, socioeconomic status, sex, and ability level), school size, and school climates (academic, social, and sport). The positive effects of sport participation were mediated by academic self-concept and educational aspirations, supporting the proposal that sport participation enhances identification with the school.
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Shakib, Sohaila, Philip Veliz, Michele D. Dunbar, and Don Sabo. "Athletics as a Source for Social Status among Youth: Examining Variation by Gender, Race/Ethnicity, and Socioeconomic Status." Sociology of Sport Journal 28, no. 3 (September 2011): 303–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ssj.28.3.303.
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This study examines sport as a source for youth popularity, and its variation by gender, race/ethnicity, socioeconomic status and grade level, using a nationally representative U.S. sample of 2,185 3rd—12th graders. Results indicate athletes are more likely than nonathletes to report self-perceived popularity equally across gender, socioeconomic status, and grade. Black athletes are less likely to report self-perceived popularity than Whites. When given a choice of popularity criteria, youth chose sport as the most important criterion for male, not female, popularity. Regarding male popularity, sport is chosen over other criteria by middle school youth more than elementary and high school youth. While sport is a status enhancer, there is variation by gender, ethnicity, and grade level.
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Samuel-Azran, Tal, Yair Galily, Amit Lavie-Dinur, and Yuval Karniel. "Jewish-Israeli attitudes towards the Iranian football team during the 2014 World Cup tournament." Media, War & Conflict 9, no. 3 (July 31, 2016): 252–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1750635216632793.
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To contribute to analysis of the interplay between sport and politics, this study examines Jewish-Israeli attitudes towards the Iranian football team during the 2014 World Cup tournament. A survey amongst a representative sample of the Jewish-Israeli population reveals that the Iranian team was the least favored team to win the games but, at the same time, young and secular respondents were more likely than other groups to believe that the Iranian team is not controlled by their government. An analysis of Israeli sportscasters’ comments during Iran’s games reveals that the sportscasters regularly referred to the Iranian team as representatives of a terror state. In contrast, an analysis of online mentions of the Iranian team reveals that many of the comments were positive and empathized with Iranian soccer fans. The findings strengthen the notion that sport and politics are fused, but also illuminate that the World Cup games promoted realms, albeit peripheral, of less dichotomist stereotyping.
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Bang, Hyejin, Mido Chang, and Cindy Lee. "Racial and Linguistic Status Differences in the Effect of Interscholastic Sport Participation on School Engagement and Academic Performance Among High School Students." Psychological Reports 123, no. 2 (November 19, 2018): 452–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0033294118813845.
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The purpose of the study was to examine whether the effects of interscholastic sport participation on academic performance and school engagement vary by race and linguistic status of high school students. High school participants ( n = 16,200) were selected from the Education Longitudinal Study: 2002, a nationally representative database. Results of a structural equation model showed that Asian, black, and Hispanic students’ interscholastic sport participation had a positive effect on grade point average, while the effect was not significant for white students. However, white students’ interscholastic sport participation was likely to have a positive, indirect effect on grade point average through their engagement in school. The results showed no linguistic status variation in the effects of interscholastic sport participation on school engagement and grade point average. The findings suggest that supporting high school students in school-sponsored extracurricular sport programs should be continued, highlighting the important role of schools in shaping the proper educational environment for sport participation.
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Kjeldsen, Erik K. M. "Sport Management Careers: A Descriptive Analysis." Journal of Sport Management 4, no. 2 (July 1990): 121–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jsm.4.2.121.
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This study utilized alumni of one sport management graduate program in an effort to investigate career paths in sport management. A representative sample of 126 alumni was selected from a population of 251 students who had graduated over a 10-year period. A total of 69 usable returns were received, for a response rate of 54.8%. Specific points during the professional, preparation period and during the working career were examined as benchmarks in the career path. The number of alumni maintaining jobs in the field at each benchmark shed light on career retention and on the factors contributing to attrition. The five benchmarks selected were entry into the graduate program, exit from the program, the internship, first job, and final job. Salary at each job level and satisfaction were measured in an effort to better understand the nature of a sport management career. The analysis was differentiated by sex and by the various subfields in the sport management profession.
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Milner, Adrienne N., and Elizabeth H. Baker. "Athletic Participation and Intimate Partner Violence Victimization." Journal of Interpersonal Violence 32, no. 2 (July 10, 2016): 268–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0886260515585543.
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This study used representative, quantitative data from The National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (Add Health) and explored the relationship between young adults’ sport participation and experiences of intimate partner violence victimization (IPVV) for both women and men. Past research has suggested that sports participation, especially among women, results in increased self-esteem, a prominent protective factor against experiencing IPVV. We found that sports participation was associated with a lower prevalence of experiencing IPVV, but only for women. In addition, this pattern held after controls for race, mother’s education, age, number of relationships, and the hypothesized pathways of self-esteem and alcohol consumption. However, controls for the young adult’s own education completely mediated the association between sports participation and IPVV. Additional analyses indicated that higher education reduced the risk of experiencing IPVV and increased the likelihood of sports participation. Nonetheless, even among women with the highest educational attainment, sports participation was associated with lower prevalence of experiencing IPVV.
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Fejgin, Naomi. "Participation in High School Competitive Sports: A Subversion of School Mission or Contribution to Academic Goals?" Sociology of Sport Journal 11, no. 3 (September 1994): 211–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ssj.11.3.211.
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Longitudinal data from a nationally representative sample of 10th graders (National Educational Longitudinal Study of 1988 First Follow-Up) were used to assess the net effect of athletic participation on student outcomes after controlling for student background and 8th-grade measures of the dependent variables. The analyses show positive effects of sport participation on grades, self-concept, locus of control, and educational aspirations, and a negative effect on discipline problems. Analysis also shows that athletic participation is unequally distributed across gender and socioeconomic groups: Males, students from higher socioeconomic levels, students attending private and smaller schools, and those with previous experience in school and private sport teams are more engaged in high school competitive sport.
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Valjent, Zdeněk, and Libor Flemr. "Kdo nejvíce přivádí mládež ke sportu?" Studia sportiva 4, no. 2 (December 20, 2010): 85–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.5817/sts2010-2-10.
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The implementation of regular physical activity and sport of youth depends on genetic predisposition infl uenced by many factors. Th e study examines on sample of 1221 students of ČVUT, including 947 boys and 274 girls in age 20-28 years. Th e results confi rm that the selected indicators are involved in education of youth within the meaning of positive infl uence to sports activities by diff erent degrees. Friends and schoolmates do one’s best (average of 7-point Likert scale 5,37) about it at boys, closely watched by family (5,15) and teachers of physical education at university (4,79). Th e family of girls have the largest positive infl uence (5,34), friends and schoolmates (5,26) and also their boyfriends (5,16). Teachers of physical education from high schools have the least infl uence (4,31 at boys, respectively 4,04 at girls), our national representative sport teams (4,30, respectively 4,21) and teachers of physical education at elementary schools (4,10, respectively even 3,90 at girls – the only negative value of all indicators).
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Chalip, Laurence. "The Construction and Use of Polysemic Structures: Olympic Lessons for Sport Marketing." Journal of Sport Management 6, no. 2 (May 1992): 87–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jsm.6.2.87.
Full textAbstract:
Research seeking to describe and explain the extraordinary attention received by the Olympic Games has elaborated useful models of fan interest and motivation. In this paper, implications for the theory and practice of marketing sport are reviewed. Olympics research shows that audience interest is maximized via the simultaneous presence of multiple narratives, embedded genres, and layered symbols. Multiple narratives create stories attractive to varied audience segments by recounting dramas of enduring cultural interest or by incorporating contemporary, nonsport political or social concerns. Embedded genres (e.g., festival, spectacle, ritual, game) appeal to a diverse audience by serving as parallel and simultaneous invitations to consumer interest. Appropriately layered symbols (e.g., awards, banners, flags, uniforms, anthems) promote spectator interest by making ceremonies and rituals representative of more than a mere game or contest. The use of multiple narratives, embedded genres, and layered symbols in the planning, design, and promotion of sporting events is discussed. These strategies are contrasted with positioning (i.e., communication strategies designed to obtain a unique representation for products in consumers' minds). It is argued that multiple narratives, embedded genres, and layered symbols function affectively and thereby complement positioning, which functions cognitively, as marketing strategies.