Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Représentations iconographiques'
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Schneider, Marie-Alexandra. "Desseins politiques. Représentations iconographiques de la France en Sarre (1945-1956)." Thesis, Paris 4, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA040104.
Full textIn the wake of World War II, the Saar was subjected to a specific treatment from the victors. Separated from the French zone of occupation, the territory is managed in autonomy and is economically tied with France from the end of 1947. Ten years later, the Saar returns to Germany. During this first post-war decade, perception of France changes. With the years passing by and depending on the local political forces, official or dissidents ones, France embodies both the face of the liberator and the invader, the partner and the enemy, the protector and the exploiter. France’s image turns into a conflict of representations, which will affect the campaign of the 1955 referendum. This is the main subject of this thesis. In order to determine the way France was depicted in the Saar between 1945 and 1956, we will establish two directions: we will analyse on one hand the depictions France carried out, with the help of the powers in place in the Saar, to subserve its political ambitions. On the other hand, we will study the dissident depictions published by those in favour of a return to Germany to end the special regime that had been in place since the end of the war. Taking into consideration that visual images nourish mental images, we will study iconographic depictions used in the communications means of the time, press and posters essentially, that circulated in the Saar between the arrival of the French troops in Sarrebruck and the end of this period of autonomy
Wilhelmy, Audrée. "Le Roman de la rose: représentations allégoriques et transformations iconographiques du manuscrit à l'imprimé." Thesis, McGill University, 2011. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=97192.
Full textDans un premier temps, ce mémoire propose une étude des transformations iconographiques que subit Le Roman de la Rose de Guillaume de Lorris et de Jean de Meun lors de son passage du manuscrit à l'imprimé. Malgré une forte tradition picturale qui impose la récurrence de nombreuses figures, les divergences entre les documents étudiés (le manuscrit Douce 195 et l'incunable Rosenwald 396) sont nombreuses et témoignent de profonds changements dans le rapport entre l'image et le texte. Que ce soit à travers l'analyse des représentations allégoriques, celle du parcours iconographique ou celle de la composition des miniatures, cette étude se veut représentative d'un phénomène au cœur des bouleversements que connaît le livre au XVe siècle. La deuxième partie de ce mémoire propose un texte de création, plus exactement un conte illustré dont l'action se situe initialement dans un village de chasseurs de baleine. Les deux personnages principaux, Noé et Rameau, seront amenés à quitter le village après qu'un incendie ait causé la mort du prêcheur de la communauté. Partis l'un et l'autre sans s'être concertés et sans avoir l'intention de se retrouver par-delà les limites du village, ils aboutiront pourtant tous deux dans un lieu improbable, un immense champ de toilettes bleues, et cette rencontre décidera de leur avenir réciproque.Le lien entre les deux parties de ce mémoire est l'attention portée, dans l'une et l'autre, au rapport entre le texte et l'image dans le processus interprétatif du texte littéraire.
Bonardi, Marie-Odile. "Les mérites chrétiens en France au XVIIème siècle, les représentations iconographiques et littéraires des vertus." Paris 4, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005PA040021.
Full textThe iconographic and literary representations of virtues in the XVII century in France followed a continuous evolution but also suffered an important change. The greek philosophers created those concepts, and they were christianised very soon. In the XVII century, like before, the virtues were represented in paintings, sculptures and engravings. The literature also largely used the virtues, and praised for a highly religious moral. An evolution could be witnessed, not in the representations, but in the way the virtues were used from a political point of view. The theme is banalized, and the religious interpretation of virtues became scarce. The meaning of the virtues is blurred. The virtues are used by the king in his quest of absolutism. The virtues, mirror of a changing society become secular
Drozd, Céline. "Représentations langagières et iconographiques des ambiances architecturales : de l'intention d'ambiance à la perception sensible des usagers." Phd thesis, Ecole centrale de nantes - ECN, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00686046.
Full textChevé-Aicardi, Dominique. "Les corps de la Contagion. Etude anthropologique des représentations iconographiques de la peste (XVIème – Xxème siècles en Europe)." Phd thesis, Université de la Méditerranée - Aix-Marseille II, 2003. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00011965.
Full textDeux axes structurent ce travail : les « corps de la peste » elle-même comme identification à la mort et allégorie du mal ; les corps pestiférés figurés. L'étude s'attache à l'imaginaire du mal, de la mort et du sort, à la symbolique et à la réalité épidémiques. La peste a valeur d'un paradigme anthropologique en Occident, celui de la confrontation des populations au mal par le biais de l'épidémie, schème où se joue le vécu corporel, la confrontation à l'irréversible, la mort, l'autre / les autres, l'irrationnel et la faute : autant de figures de l'altérité. Les expressions de l'atteinte et des crises sociales liées aux épidémies, celle de la commensurabilité mal / maladie et de leurs correspondances forment un noyau invariant mais complexe de significations. Il atteste en nous alors que les pestes ont disparu en Occident une sorte de présence de l'inactuel, par la médiation du corps et la matérialité de la chair atteinte.
Aicardi-Chevé, Dominique. "Les corps de la contagion : étude anthropologique des représentations iconographiques de la peste (XVIème-XXème siècles en Europe)." Aix-Marseille 2, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003AIX20688.
Full textAslangul, Claire. "Représentations de la guerre chez les peintres, graveurs et dessinateurs allemands au XXe siècle dans le contexte européen : traditions, évolutions et ruptures dans les codes iconographiques." Paris, EPHE, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003EPHE4066.
Full textThe aim of this Ph. D is to look into the traces left by 20th century conflicts in German art (painting, engraving, and graphic arts). With modern warfare, artists are faced with several challenges, among which changing methods of combat, new weapons causing new types of wounds, casualties reaching unprecedented figures, but also the increasing importance of other types of images (from photography, the cinema, etc), and the risk of war being "aestheticized" by being transfered into the field of art. What were the responses to these challenges ? The works of German artists are studied here in their context : the iconographic conventions that prevailed earlier on are introduced, to bring out the breaks and continuities in the representation of modern conflicts, the emergence of new motifs, the development of palimpsest works made from stock elements. Comparisons are made with works by other european artists. To refine the overall analysis, the individual paths of four artists are examined : those of Franz Radziwill (1895-1983), Otto Pankok (1893-1966), Heinrich Maria Davringhausen (1894-1970) and Andreas Paul Weber (1893-1980). All of them were twenty years old when World War I broke out, and also pictured the other conflicts of the century (from the Spanish to the Vietnam War). The key question in this research revolves around the relationship with tradition : in spite of the novelty of the conflicts, inherited processes of composition and themes are often resorted to, whether simply taken up again, or meant as a subversive play on conventions, aiming to clash with the viewer's expectations
Fermon, Paul. "Le peintre et la carte : les représentations des espaces locaux dans les documents juridiques et iconographiques entre Alpes et Rhône (début XIVe s. - début XVIe s.)." Thesis, Paris, EPHE, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016EPHE4076.
Full textThe rise of local cartography at the end of the Middle Ages was shaped by the association of two ways of seeing and showing the world : painting and cartography. This association promoted the spreading of numerous new practices of spatial representation between the 14th century and the beginning of the 16th century at some local and regional scales rarely used before. Those practices attempted to reproduce the experience of sight. This kind of document is mostly often called « figures » or « portraits » by their authors. But archivists and scholars use another vocabulary according to formal criteria : sketches, plans, local maps, descriptions or views. The expression « vue figurée » (pictured view) used since the 16th century characterizes this documentation by stating the very nature of this kind of representation. The « vues figurées » do not belong to any geographical categorizations and were directly drawn by some agents of authorities to discuss territories or places. The thesis analyses juridical, social and cultural practices along with particular perceptions this kind of document refers to
Stentz, Barbara. "Les représentations de la douleur dans les arts graphiques en France au XVIIIè siècle." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012STRAG032.
Full textThis study aims to examine the forms and the issues of pain in graphic arts during the 18th century, as drawings and engravings take on an experimental aspect and constitute precious evidence of patterns diffusion. It considers the conventions, the debates and the codifications determining its figurative representations, in relation to aesthetic, médical, social and political matters. In a time when pain tends to be obscured by people who are supposed to be in charge of it, it seemed important to appraise its occurrences and its past depictions. Seen from this perspective, the French figurative arts through the second half of the 18th century offer a remarkable field of study. The aesthetic debates about the sculpted group of Laocoon and the veil of Timanthes, or, on a medical level, concenring pain persistence in persons convicted and decapitated, reveal that this passion was of great interest for the theorists at that time
Cohen, Golda. "Les représentations sociales du médicament : une perspective iconographique." Thesis, Montpellier 3, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015MON30093/document.
Full textThe medicine is a social object that is at the heart of many material and symbolic relationships. In order to know the opinions and knowledge associated with it within the French population, we mobilized the theoretical framework of social representations. Due to the massive spread of images in new mediums of communication, we chose to limit the research that constitutes this PhD in the iconographic perspective. As such, our investigations revolve around two axes: The first axis (N = 946) is concerned with the involvement of the mental imagery in the formation of social representation of the medicine. The three investigations carried out with this focus allowed us to observe the collective nature of mental imagery, encouraging research on the images. The second axis (N = 615) focuses in the processes mobilized by individuals when it comes to selecting, memorizing and understanding the images associated with the prototypical words of the social representation of the medicine. The results suggest the development of a methodology with the images. As a whole, the investigations invite the reader on one hand, to consider the importance of social representations in the deciphering of visual images, on the other hand to dig deeper in the iconography of the methodological perspective of the theory of social representations
Poirier, Sylvie. "Représentations religieuses et sociales de la femme dans l'enluminure gothique - Analyse du langage iconographique médiéval." Mémoire, Université de Sherbrooke, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11143/6701.
Full textMabire, Jean-Christophe. "La représentation iconographique des colonies françaises à travers les périodiques français illustrés (1881-1939)." Paris, Institut d'études politiques, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997IEPP0012.
Full textThe leading idea of the study is, most objectively, to assess the constat of the representation of the colonies, as described by writers, editors, geographes and, paramount, illustrators and photographers of the 1881-1939 period. XIX century editors and authors fathom the importance of the pictoral document, taken at the time, as a reliable source of information which objective is to illustrate for the reader what the text alone cannot explain. The choice of the source went mainly to the illustrated magazines, of the popular type, for their large diffusion. Among those, 4 have been selected : three cover the 1881-1914 period : l'illustration, le tour du monde and le journal des voyages, two the 1919-1939 period : l'illustration and sciences et voyages. Once the choice of the documents done, an investigating method was set in place. Subdivision and filling of pictural documents along 19 categories, representative of themes and country unvestigated by the authors appeared as the best solution. The study shows the general outlook of the French empire and does not seek to create a theory of circumstantial monographies, assembled one after another. This permitting a global overlook which allows for the first time a general survey of the matter
Rouhani, Esfahani Mina. "Représentation des femmes dans l'argenterie sassanide du IIIe au VIIe siècle : une approche iconographique." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018AIXM0618.
Full textThe study of women representations on works of art from Sasanid Iran (224-651 CE) has not only meant a tremendous challenge subject but also a source of pleasure and curiosity. During the four Sassanid centuries, the female representations on silver vessels have increased especially at the end of this period. The relevant iconography on vessels have significantly changed more than on any other artistic sources of this period such as the rock reliefs, seals, coins, mosaics, stucco and figurines.Volume I (text, illustrations) in three chapters, studies women representations on silver vessels and addresses the comparison of its iconography with other works of art of this period.Volume II is the catalog of iconographic documents on women representations on Sassanid silver vessels from the 3rd to the 7th century (61 silver objects).An appendix contains additional explanations, tables and figures to support the chapters of Volume I
Brisset, Christine. "Le coucher du jeune enfant : étude psycho-antrhopologique, iconographique et clinique des représentations parentales et culturelles." Paris 5, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997PA05H032.
Full textThe sleep is an essential function in the life. In fact, in spite of the progress the knowledge has made on this purpose, it still remains selective and incomplete. We have undertaken a study of the sleep, considering three levels. The first one is about actual french parents'representations of the child's sleep and the rituals going with bedtime. We questioned one hundred subjects using a standardized questionnaire. The second level concerns older representations, through a dual approach : study of literary texts and paediatric nursing manuals. The third level treats of iconographic representations of practices and customs at bedtime. These processes were used to bring out the roots of the behaviours and representations which condition the actual parental practices. Our study attempts to the specific problem of the sleepfalling instant. We postulate that the parental representation of bedtime and of the child's sleep has an influence on the practices and rituals at bedtime. There is a relationship between how to tackle the child'bedtime and the idea adults have of the little child's ability to be autonomous. Although we are witnessing, in the contemporary western society, a decrease in some rituals, the stress is more and more put on the importance of the transitional object. It seems that a child's progressive moving away from the mother's body becomes apparent with the history, by comparison with the observations pointed out in other societies. Done without transition, this separation would make more difficult the sleep-falling instant. We introduced the terms of physiological time and social time. In case of disturbances during the sleep, an inadequacy between these two times is often pointed out. On the other hand, the term of zone of favourable sleep-falling instant takes into account the existence of an appropriate transition to the little child's sleepfalling instant
Marie, Vincent. "Les mystères de l'Egypte ancienne dans la bande dessinée : essai d'anthropologie iconographique." Thesis, Montpellier 3, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010MON30103.
Full textHow does ancient Egypt remain etched on the collective memory ? The construction of an imagination of ancient Egypt is to be included in an artistic and cultural trend which is sometimes made of selective borrowings from the repertoire of antiquity as well as being indebted simultaneously to other artistic traditions, in particular egyptomania. Egyptomania acquires, then, in comics, a dimension of its own which is characterized by codes and very specific vocabulary, favouring narrative and graphic inventiveness. Grasping the mysteries of ancient Egypt in comics comes down to working out a “ grammar of the civilization” of Pharaohs. Thus, the construction of a signifying framework allows us to list places of memories (which are signifying, significant, less evocative or altogether lacking ), exotic topos (mytho-geography, image of otherness, biblical references as marker of distinction), the image of a society organized into a hierarchy ( the predominance of the Pharaohs and the mighty over the people in the valley) and the depiction of a religion as well as fascinating beliefs ( attraction to polytheism and to the universe of Egyptian myths, illustrations of funerary rituals, death and the beyond), all these structuring the construction of a memory of ancient Egypt. However, one must not neglect the integration of dynamic processes in the construction of the imagination of ancient Egypt. Those dynamic processes are at work in the building up of more or less stereotyped imagery. Reflecting on the genealogy of images and distinguishing the sources of influence on which the authors rely (sources inherited from ancient Egypt and / or sources out of the history of the arts) demonstrate that the representations that nurture the artists’ imagination are not born out of nothing but are the result of long historic development. Authors re-create and reinterpret History with reference points and mental attitudes of their own while giving free rein to a fantasy world which is sometimes difficult to decipher
Piqueux, Alexa. "Le corps comique. Représentations et perceptions du corps dans la comédie grecque ancienne et moyenne (étude littéraire et iconographique)." Thesis, Paris 4, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PA040273.
Full textAnalysis of the body provides an effective means of capturing comic performances in classical Athens and Magna Graecia. Textual and iconographic sources ought to be considered together to shed light upon the staging of the comic body as it was perceived and imagined. In particular, the conclusions of this work are based upon the comparison of Greek comedies from the 5th and 4th centuries B.C. and South-Italian vase-paintings of comic subjects. The first chapter presents the two corpuses and the questions raised by their comparison. Chapter two describes the material characteristics of the comic costume. The third and fourth chapters focus on the semiotics of the costume ; the signs of the genre are treated first, followed by a discussion of the social and moral characterization of the personages. The final chapter pertains to the dramatic function of the comic gesture
Brunetti, Lydie. "La représentation iconographique des bénédictines et cisterciennes en France aux XVIème, XVIIème et XVIIIème siècles : fondatrices, supérieures et religieuses." Thesis, Paris Sciences et Lettres (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PSLEP043.
Full textBeyond uplifting or critical literature of 16th, 17th and 18th centuries, the mental image of the Cistercian and Benedictine nuns also involves the production and dissemination of iconographic representations via a variety of media. The study on the visual media brought together a corpus of 1160 references grouped into a usable database. His analysis develops around the affirmation of the importance of the historical and documentary witness of the iconography for the knowledge of the modes of life and thoughts of these nuns. The typological treatment of the context of production, sponsors and recipients of art works defines the stakes and objectives of these representations. Iconography features all the spiritual and temporal of feminine monastic life with the various problems which make the topicality of the post-Tridentine regular world. The study also focuses on the representation of the great founding figures of female monasticism as Saint Scholastica, the Holy founders of medieval abbeys and the modern founders of new congregations. The iconography shows a powerful and emancipated female monastic world with the evocation of feminine Holiness and his relationship to God. Superior and religious portraits are direct witnesses of their temporal and spiritual power similar to that of their fellow monks. The image of the Cistercian and benedictine in modern times turns oriented and biased, used for purposes of propaganda, but the nuns always get the best of that to reinforce their legitimacy
Joly, Jehanne. "Le Graal, réécriture et représentation : étude des variations d'un motif littéraire (fin du XIIe siècle-XIIIe siècle) et iconographique." Paris 4, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995PA040073.
Full textCousin, Catherine. "La représentation de l'espace et du passage des enfers en Grèce et en Italie jusqu'au IVè siècle av. J. C. : étude littéraire et iconographique." Paris 10, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995PA100154.
Full textThis thesis is composed of a literary and iconographical study until the end of Vth century before Christ in Greece and Italy. The literary part, dealing with Greek poetry, is divided into three chapters: epic poetry, lyric poetry and drama. A special attention paid to the vocabulary used by the different authors, as shown the evolution of the notion os space and scenery in the underworld, the birth of new ideas. The iconographical study has also three chapters, the second of which, the polyglots' Nekyia in the Lesche at Delphi, is a turning point in the conception of the underworld scenery. The first chapter includes iconographical documents relative to the underworld until the beginning of the Vth century, the third one from Polygnotos to the end of the Vth century. Making up series of pictures on the same theme made it possible to establish a list of characters, objects and signs which permitted the identification of such and such a picture and to observe their chronological evolution. Literature and iconography concur in their conceptions of hades: if there is for both of them a notion of the underworld space, on the contrary, the notion of landscape remains very vague. The real space marks are the soul’s enumerated in the texts and placed side by side in the pictures, without any precise geographical concern. Only a few documents lead us inside the hades. Authors and artists mainly show its surroundings. They only deal with the boundary of the kingdom of the dead. Nevertheless, one can notice an evolution: at the beginning, the underworld setting was imagined as the opposite of the earthly world, then, through the centuries, it tends to become common place and similar to it, even to be shown in a better way
Bonnotte, Claire. "Le thème iconographique de l’apparition du Christ à Emmaüs au regard des évolutions spirituelles, liturgiques et culturelles de l’Occident : (XIe-XVIe siècles)." Paris 10, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA100018.
Full textThis research is an iconographic investigation and historical explanation of the religious mentalities of the period herein envisaged (XIth-XVIth centuries). The study aims to show the singularity of this theme overly neglected by historians and art historians for the benefit of other biblical themes more represented. The analysis required several areas of research: the image, the liturgy, the exegesis, the spirituality and also the literature depicting Christ in Emmaus by the yardstick of the spiritual, liturgical, cultural and artistic history of the Christian Western World. The areas of research deal with the implications of liturgical, sacramental order, and also the devotional and cultural aspects of the theme, such as they are revealed throughout the Western Middle Ages. The far-reaching significance of the changing perceptions, themes and variations of the relationships between iconography and « dramatic fact » influences the evolution of all areas of thought, literature and theatre as well as fundamental religious beliefs and interpretations. It is all the most important to understand how certain transfers are done in this context, in particular the evolution from the apparition of Christ to the « pilgrims » of Emmaus, whose image is shaped during this period
Côté, Jacinthe. "La représentation iconographique du cavalier et de l'anguipède dans la sculpture gallo-romaine et germanique du Ier au IIIe siècle après J.-C. : Dieu ou héros? À propos du cavalier à l'anguipède." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/26221.
Full textRebours, Marie-Alice. "Emprunts à l'anglais dans la terminologie du prêt-à-porter en France : entre distinction et appartenance : Etude sur corpus en diachronie 1952-2019." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Lyon 2, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023LYO20091.
Full textThis dissertation is a diachronic study of the terminology of women’s ready-to-wear fashion in French mail-order catalogs since the introduction of the ready-to-wear concept in France in the early 1950s. Our work focuses on English borrowings and English-influenced neologisms, compared with neologisms in our corpus as a whole.Our goal is two-fold: we wish, first, to assess the influence of English in this terminology, and second, to delineate trends and mechanisms specific to this field. Based on a study of neologisms, necrologisms, and stable terms in our corpus, we examine terminological renewal, its mechanisms, and its motivations.We compared sub-corpora approximately five years apart, each comprising the catalogs from the Spring-Summer and Fall-Winter collections of a given year. The terms were collected and studied manually. They were first studied synchronically, using secondary sources to establish their etymologies, their definitions, and their types, according to a typology adapted from the Office québécois de la langue française’s typology of borrowings. Secondly, terms were analyzed diachronically using a three-part methodological framework, consisting of the terms from our corpus, of the visuals from the catalogs, and of expert opinions. These analyses drew on theories from linguistics and sociology, while also considering economic and other factors, such as historical and societal events.Our analyses enabled us to show the importance of the English language in this field, as well as the importance of terminological renewal, both frequently cited in academic works. Our corpus demonstrated neological activity that goes beyond the dynamics of fashion and that supports the hypothesis of regular generational terminological renewal. Finally, we propose a reflection on the need for work – linguistic research in particular – in the field of fashion, given the lack of studies on the subject and the shortcomings of dictionary sources
Caille-Cattin, Catherine. "Le paysage, de l'information à l'élaboration d'une culture paysagère : vers des médiations paysagères au service des acteurs de l'aménagement du territoire." Phd thesis, Université de Franche-Comté, 2005. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00924225.
Full textRichard, Abigaëlle. "Fonctions sociales et idéologiques des représentations iconographiques de danse de l'Égypte pharaonique." Thèse, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/16873.
Full textRichard, Abigaëlle. "Représentations votives pour la « Dame de Vie » : analyse iconographique des bols de faïence du Nouvel Empire égyptien." Thèse, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/6154.
Full textThis study’s research question raises the issue of the paradoxical nature of the Egyptian canon of representation which shows, simultaneously, a certain rigidity in the application of established stylistic and iconographic rules, especially in non-state commissioned art, and evidence for the transformation and integration of new iconographical motifs. The study aims to identify the mechanisms by which the canon permits, at the same time, transformative processes and the maintenance of tradition. The approach is twofold and consists primarily in identifying trends and stylistic/iconographical discontinuities in the iconography found on the faience bowls from the Middle to the New Kingdoms. Furthermore, it aims to determine if the socio-political and ideological transformations taking place in these periods can be discerned in the stylistic and iconographical variations found on the bowls of the Middle to the New Kingdoms. The author discusses the theoretical model of “representation” in Egyptian context, followed by an analysis of what constitutes the major contribution of this study: an exhaustive iconographical analysis of 500 faience bowls and fragments originating from various Egyptian sites dating to the New Kingdom. The data was evaluated by means of the method of iconological analysis proposed by Panofsky, which permits the identification of a number of stylistic and iconographic continuities and changes for all periods. These transformations seem to be the result of a variety of factors, including fluctuations in the centralization and decentralization of the state, as well as the integration of foreign motifs (Near-Eastern and Aegean), which results from increased contacts between Egypt and its neighbouring regions. Furthermore, the ideological transformations taking place under Akhenaton’s reign and the ones resulting from the ideological “counter-reformation” occurring during the Ramessid period, equally seem to contribute to the changes in the representational canon, even though the latter maintained a certain continuity that was legitimized by the state. The canon thus emerges as a form of language used by the state, and sometimes despite it, which can fluctuate and be altered depending on the realities of the different periods.