Journal articles on the topic 'Representational Change Theory'
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1
Smith, Richard G. "Baudrillard's Nonrepresentational Theory: Burn the Signs and Journey without Maps." Environment and Planning D: Society and Space 21, no. 1 (February 2003): 67–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/d280t.
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Can we burn the signs and journey without maps? In other words, can we travel from representational theories, through Baudrillard's critique of representation, to forms of theory that are somehow nonrepresentational? In this paper I hijack and go beyond Baudrillard's concepts of the precession and orders of simulacra to illustrate two main things: first, how the history of geographical thought has been one of representational theory, where there was seen to be a relationship, and then commutation, of theory and the real world; second, how representational theories are perhaps out of tune, unable to explain adequately, or change, our digital and commodity—sign soaked culture of simulacra, simulations, and reproductions. Overall, I attempt to show clearly how, through his poststructuralist critique of representation, Baudrillard is challenging us to rethink theory as doubly nonrepresentational.
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Poulin-Dubois, Diane, and David H. Rakison. "A developmental theory of implicit and explicit knowledge?" Behavioral and Brain Sciences 22, no. 5 (October 1999): 782. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x99522188.
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Early childhood is characterized by many cognitive developmentalists as a period of considerable change with respect to representational format. Dienes & Perner present a potentially viable theory for the stages involved in the increasingly explicit representation of knowledge. However, in our view they fail to map their multi-level system of explicitness onto cognitive developmental changes that occur in the first years of life. Specifically, we question the theory's heuristic value when applied to the development of early mind reading and categorization. We conclude that the authors fail to present evidence that dispels the view that knowledge change in these areas is dichotomous.
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Tafani, Eric, and Lionel Souchet. "Commitment to pro- versus counter-attitudinal behavior and the dynamics of social representations." Swiss Journal of Psychology 61, no. 1 (March 2002): 34–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1024//1421-0185.61.1.34.
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This research uses the counter-attitudinal essay paradigm ( Janis & King, 1954 ) to test the effects of social actions on social representations. Thus, students wrote either a pro- or a counter-attitudinal essay on Higher Education. Three forms of counter-attitudinal essays were manipulated countering respectively a) students’ attitudes towards higher education; b) peripheral beliefs or c) central beliefs associated with this representation object. After writing the essay, students expressed their attitudes towards higher education and evaluated different beliefs associated with it. The structural status of these beliefs was also assessed by a “calling into question” test ( Flament, 1994a ). Results show that behavior challenging either an attitude or peripheral beliefs induces a rationalization process, giving rise to minor modifications of the representational field. These modifications are only on the social evaluative dimension of the social representation. On the other hand, when the behavior challenges central beliefs, the same rationalization process induces a cognitive restructuring of the representational field, i.e., a structural change in the representation. These results and their implications for the experimental study of representational dynamics are discussed with regard to the two-dimensional model of social representations ( Moliner, 1994 ) and rationalization theory ( Beauvois & Joule, 1996 ).
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Carey, Susan. "Précis of The Origin of Concepts." Behavioral and Brain Sciences 34, no. 3 (May 19, 2011): 113–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x10000919.
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AbstractA theory of conceptual development must specify the innate representational primitives, must characterize the ways in which the initial state differs from the adult state, and must characterize the processes through which one is transformed into the other. The Origin of Concepts (henceforth TOOC) defends three theses. With respect to the initial state, the innate stock of primitives is not limited to sensory, perceptual, or sensorimotor representations; rather, there are also innate conceptual representations. With respect to developmental change, conceptual development consists of episodes of qualitative change, resulting in systems of representation that are more powerful than, and sometimes incommensurable with, those from which they are built. With respect to a learning mechanism that achieves conceptual discontinuity, I offer Quinian bootstrapping. TOOC concludes with a discussion of how an understanding of conceptual development constrains a theory of concepts.
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Aitken, Kyle, Marina Garrett, Shawn Olsen, and Stefan Mihalas. "The geometry of representational drift in natural and artificial neural networks." PLOS Computational Biology 18, no. 11 (November 28, 2022): e1010716. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1010716.
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Neurons in sensory areas encode/represent stimuli. Surprisingly, recent studies have suggested that, even during persistent performance, these representations are not stable and change over the course of days and weeks. We examine stimulus representations from fluorescence recordings across hundreds of neurons in the visual cortex using in vivo two-photon calcium imaging and we corroborate previous studies finding that such representations change as experimental trials are repeated across days. This phenomenon has been termed “representational drift”. In this study we geometrically characterize the properties of representational drift in the primary visual cortex of mice in two open datasets from the Allen Institute and propose a potential mechanism behind such drift. We observe representational drift both for passively presented stimuli, as well as for stimuli which are behaviorally relevant. Across experiments, the drift differs from in-session variance and most often occurs along directions that have the most in-class variance, leading to a significant turnover in the neurons used for a given representation. Interestingly, despite this significant change due to drift, linear classifiers trained to distinguish neuronal representations show little to no degradation in performance across days. The features we observe in the neural data are similar to properties of artificial neural networks where representations are updated by continual learning in the presence of dropout, i.e. a random masking of nodes/weights, but not other types of noise. Therefore, we conclude that a potential reason for the representational drift in biological networks is driven by an underlying dropout-like noise while continuously learning and that such a mechanism may be computational advantageous for the brain in the same way it is for artificial neural networks, e.g. preventing overfitting.
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Pontes, Ana Paula Munhen de, Denize Cristina de Oliveira, and Antonio Marcos Tosoli Gomes. "The principles of the Brazilian Unified Health System, studied based on similitude analysis." Revista Latino-Americana de Enfermagem 22, no. 1 (January 2014): 59–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0104-1169.2925.2395.
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OBJECTIVES: to analyze and compare the incorporation of the ethical-doctrinal and organizational principles into the social representations of the Unified Health System (SUS) among health professionals. METHOD: a study grounded in Social Representations Theory, undertaken with 125 subjects, in eight health institutions in Rio de Janeiro. The free word association technique was applied to the induction term "SUS", the words evoked being analyzed using the techniques of the Vergès matrix and similitude analysis. RESULTS: it was identified that the professionals' social representations vary depending on their level of education, and that those with higher education represent a subgroup responsible for the process of representational change identified. This result was confirmed through similitude analysis. CONCLUSION: a process of representational change is ongoing, in which it was ascertained that the professionals incorporated the principles of the SUS into their symbolic constructions. The similitude analysis was shown to be a fruitful technique for research in nursing.
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Spanoudis, George, and Andreas Demetriou. "Mapping Mind-Brain Development: Towards a Comprehensive Theory." Journal of Intelligence 8, no. 2 (April 26, 2020): 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jintelligence8020019.
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The relations between the developing mind and developing brain are explored. We outline a theory of intellectual development postulating that the mind comprises four systems of processes (domain-specific, attention and working memory, reasoning, and cognizance) developing in four cycles (episodic, realistic, rule-based, and principle-based representations, emerging at birth, 2, 6, and 11 years, respectively), with two phases in each. Changes in reasoning relate to processing efficiency in the first phase and working memory in the second phase. Awareness of mental processes is recycled with the changes in each cycle and drives their integration into the representational unit of the next cycle. Brain research shows that each type of processes is served by specialized brain networks. Domain-specific processes are rooted in sensory cortices; working memory processes are mainly rooted in hippocampal, parietal, and prefrontal cortices; abstraction and alignment processes are rooted in parietal, frontal, and prefrontal and medial cortices. Information entering these networks is available to awareness processes. Brain networks change along the four cycles, in precision, connectivity, and brain rhythms. Principles of mind-brain interaction are discussed.
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Sochos, Antigonos. "Attachment and representational change in cognitive analytic therapy: Developing a taxonomy." Counselling Psychology Review 20, no. 4 (November 2005): 15–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.53841/bpscpr.2005.20.4.15.
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A number of studies suggest that the couple relationship is a crucial aspect of the individual’s supportive network, playing an important role in the maintenance of mental health and the recovery from psychological disorder. The aim of this study was to investigate how Cognitive Analytic Therapy may change the patients’ understandings of their couple relationships and, possibly, the relationships themselves. Eleven outpatients presenting mostly with neurotic and personality disorders were interviewed before and after treatment about their current couple relationships, while clinical improvement was also assessed on a number of scales. A qualitative analysis was conducted on the patients’ accounts, revealing that the patients experienced their interpersonal space as being defined by three dichotomies: self vs. other, autonomy vs. relatedness, and dependent vs. depended-on positions. Moreover, the patients’ perception of autonomy tended to change in reference to the dependent position, while that of relatedness did so in reference to the depended-on. In addition, post-therapy changes regarding autonomy were asymmetrical, with the self being presentedas strengthened and the other as relatively weakened; in contrast, changes regarding relatedness were symmetrical, presenting both partners either as more, or as less emotionally available. On the basis of differences in change, three types of patients were identified. As the findings were considered within the framework of attachment theory three research questions were formulated for further investigation: (a) the patients’ subjective experience may have revealed information about their deeper attachment representations; (b) changes in that experience may have suggested shifts in the patients’ security of attachment; and (c) different types of change in that experience may have suggested diverse pathways through which shifts in attachment security may have been attained.
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Cournane, Ailís. "Grammatical representations versus productive patterns in change theories." Theoretical Linguistics 45, no. 3-4 (December 18, 2019): 287–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/tl-2019-0023.
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Abstract In this paper, I discuss differences between representational change (i. e. in formal features and structures involved in grammatical competence) and change in quantitative patterns (i. e. in the quantitative properties of the language system in use), as relevant to my approach to incrementation. My approach differs from the standard variationist sociolinguistic approach because I argue that representational Language processing differences between children and adults could also contribute, but I set these aside here. Note that Biberaurer (this volume) also considers these relevant factors to the role of children in change. input-divergence Input-divergence (Cournane 2017) is used very broadly, as a way to capture any child language properties that deviate from the input model the child learns from. This includes what we standardly call child “errors”, without using that term, which assumes that there is a fixed target when learning a language and interim analyses are wrong. Rather “errors” are only such in comparison to the input/intake grammars, so I opt to call these “input-divergent” properties. along the child learning path contributes to quantitative differences between children and older speakers, most importantly the input speakers. In this way, the Inverted U Model (IUM) for incrementation offers an initial sketch of a linking theory between (a) child developmental findings for competence-related changes over acquisitional time in the individual, and (b) the change-in-progress phenomenon of incrementation which describes how usage rates for innovative variants advance relative to conservative variants in speakers in the community over generational time. Maximize Minimal Means (MMM), this volume similarly attributes a principled, creative role in change to the child-learner, offering a linking theory between (a), and (c), discrete changes in representations between grammars in historical time, grounded in Minimalism. I’ll also respond to Westergaard’s (this volume) argument that the IUM’s reliance on child overgeneralization conflicts with a set of linguistic phenomena for which directional, child-driven changes have been proposed, namely syntactic changes characterized by economy or simplification. In syntax, relative to common language change pathways (e. g. biclausal>monoclausal reanalyses), children typically acquire the (potentially) innovative grammatical structure earlier than the conservative one as they develop complexity (e. g. they develop from monoclausal>biclausal). It is indeed not clear how these child interim syntactic structures relate to overgeneralization, if at all. Rather, syntactic innovations are typically attributed to economy principles, and syntactic learning is sometimes characterized as conservative, also not obviously related to overgeneralization. I’ll show that neither economy in change nor child conservativity in syntactic development directly undermine the proposed model, as both are concerned with representational changes in grammars, not differences in quantitative patterns and changes-in-progress (the purview of incrementation and the IUM). Finally I will say a few words on the case study on Norwegian gender-system changes laid-out in Westergaard (this volume). These elicited production data are a valuable contribution to the roles of children in changes-in-progress, and while the data patterns conflict with some aspects of the IUM as proposed, the overall approach of Rodina and Westergaard is in line with a child-learning-centered contribution to the directionality and shape of changes-in-progress.
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Hope, Max, John McCloskey, Mairead Nicbhloscaidh, Dominic Crowley, and Dom Hunt. "Triggering multi-actor change cascades: Non-representational theory and deep disaster risk management co-production." Environment and Planning E: Nature and Space 3, no. 4 (December 20, 2019): 1158–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2514848619894878.
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Deep-rooted socio-ecological and technical systems, values and lifestyles, ‘locked in’ by vested interests and flows of power, underpin the interconnected problems of climate change, hazard vulnerability and poverty. A ‘shallow’ approach to co-production, with its focus on knowledge exchange and shared learning between individuals, struggles to gain the ‘purchase’ needed to transform these material structures. In this paper we demonstrate that non-representational theory is a good starting point for an alternative ‘deep’ approach to disaster risk management co-production. We review key aspects of non-representational theory and their application to disaster risk management and build a novel hybrid conceptual framework. We use this to analyse a case study of disaster risk management co-production (an aftershock forecasting approach used by humanitarian agencies during the Nepal 2015 earthquake), how social change occurred in this instance, and the role disaster risk management co-production played. We emphasise how change was the consequence of unexpected shifts in assemblages of human, non-human, virtual and real actors. These created ‘events’ that were opportunities for change that were realised with fidelity. Using this analysis, we develop an alternative deep approach to co-production, as ‘a practical means of going on’, and finish with five precepts to guide transformative disaster risk management based on the concept of multi-actor change cascades.
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Yang, Zihan, Jianqiang Yang, and Kai Ren. "The Analysis of the Spatial Production Mechanism and the Coupling Coordination Degree of the Danwei Compound Based on the Spatial Ternary Dialectics." Processes 9, no. 12 (December 20, 2021): 2281. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr9122281.
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With the gradual deepening of the development of high-quality urban transformation, the “Danwei Compound” urban space production method constitutes the basis of Chinese current urban spatial transformation. The transformation plan of the original danwei compound “stock” to promote the healthy development of urban society has become the focus of research. First, with the help of Lefebvre’s space production theory, combined with the spatial transformation characteristics of its own structural form experienced by the Chinese urban danwei compound, the space production is divided into three stages, namely, the diversity-orderly type average space of the danwei compound system period, dispersed type abstract space of the commercial enclosed community period, and the integrated differential space of a livable community undergoing regeneration and transformation. At each stage, the government, market, and residents have different influences on time-space production. Secondly, using Hefei’s typical danwei compound as the research carrier, according to the space ternary dialectics, a multi-level analysis of “representations of space-representational space-spatial practice” is carried out on the production mechanism, and the logic of different types of spaces in different periods are described. Among them, the representations of space of the change of the danwei compound are the interrelationship of multiple governance subjects in different periods, such as changes in the implementation degree of governance strategies, the degree of residents’ community governance participation, residents’ satisfaction with community governance, etc. The representational space is the residents’ community perception and interpersonal relationship at different transition stages, Interpersonal trust, and other social relations’ changes. Spatial practice is manifested in changes in the support of public service facilities, public space, per capita living area, building quality, architectural style, and illegal building area. Finally, the three-dimensional space dialectical coupling coordination degree model is used to analyze and compare the representations of space of typical settlements in the three stages and the coupling characteristics of the representational space and the practice of space. On this basis, we provide innovative ideas and put forward relevant measures and suggestions for the regeneration, transformation, and development of livable areas.
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Amadó, Anna, Elisabet Serrat, and Francesc Sidera. "Developmental Readiness in the Understanding of Own and Other’s False Beliefs." Child Development Research 2014 (October 14, 2014): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/596028.
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One of the most important milestones in the development of theory of mind is the understanding of false beliefs. This study compares children’s understanding of representational change and others’ false beliefs and evaluates the effectiveness of an appearance-reality training for improving children’s false belief understanding. A total of 78 children ranging in age from 41 to 47 months were trained in three sessions and evaluated in a pretest and in a posttest. The results show that for children it is easier to understand representational change than false beliefs in others, and that the improvement after training was greater when starting from a higher score in the pretest. The implications of this for training in false belief understanding are discussed.
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Flannery, Eoin. "Scale, Deep Time, and the Politics of Representation in Derek Mahon's Life on Earth." Irish University Review 48, no. 2 (November 2018): 281–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/iur.2018.0355.
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This essay reads Derek Mahon's 2008 collection, Life on Earth, in broadly ecocritical terms, arguing that the ecological concentrations of Mahon's recent work centre on the representational relationships between human and non-human ecologies; on matters of ecological belonging and placelessness, in local and international contexts; as well as probing the ethics of anthropocentric historical narration in terms of geological time and the ‘deep’ past. Furthermore, the argument focuses on the poet's attention to scalar relations in time and space and how they relate to anthropogenic climate change. It also highlights Mahon's recourse to ekphrasis in his meditation upon the politics and ethics of aesthetic representation in the context of global environmental destruction.
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Huang, Po-Sheng, Cheng-Hong Liu, and Hsueh-Chih Chen. "Examining the applicability of representational change theory for remote associates problem-solving with eye movement evidence." Thinking Skills and Creativity 31 (March 2019): 198–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tsc.2018.12.001.
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Cook, Alison, and Christy Glass. "Women on corporate boards: Do they advance corporate social responsibility?" Human Relations 71, no. 7 (November 10, 2017): 897–924. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0018726717729207.
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Do women board directors change how companies do business? Firms face growing pressure to appoint more women to their boards of directors, yet little is known about the factors that enable female directors to impact their organizations. This study analyzes the representational thresholds that facilitate women’s leadership in the area of corporate social responsibility. We test the predictions of token theory and critical mass theory to evaluate the ability of women to impact firm outcomes based on their numerical representation on the board of directors. Our analysis focuses on board composition and organizational outcomes in the Fortune 500 from 2001 to 2010. Our findings challenge the theoretical assumptions that solo and token women are unable to exert significant influence over their organizations, and underscore the importance of board diversity for today’s firms.
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Boguslaw, Alissa. "“Suddenly Everyone Started to Love Our Anthem, Our Flag”: Identity Construction, Crisis, and Change in (Almost) Sovereign Kosovo." Nationalities Papers 48, no. 4 (December 17, 2019): 721–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/nps.2018.78.
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AbstractHow, amidst a crisis of sovereignty and identity, did once-rejected national symbols become meaningful to Kosovo’s Albanians? Having declared independence in 2008, a 2014 study found that less than one-third of Kosovo’s citizens identified with their newly adopted state symbols. As meanings are always shifting, depending on the contexts in which their forms appear and the actors involved, theories of social construction have focused on the representational aspects of meaning-making: the ways in which the forms stabilize (or destabilize) the constructs they depict. Instead of focusing on the representational—the determinable, measurable, and rational aspects, this article investigates the discursive mechanisms that mobilize meanings and configure contexts, extending Robin Wagner-Pacifici’s alternative theory of events. Through discourse and semiotic analysis, it tracks Kosovo’s new flag and anthem through the construction, crisis, and transformation of three social realities: political independence, national identity, and the world of international competitive judo, illuminating how changing meanings change, shifting contexts shift, and how to interpret actors’ fleeting emotions. In the Kosovo case, the construction is the crisis, as well as the change.
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Boden, Matthew Tyler, Howard Berenbaum, and James J. Gross. "Why Do People Believe What They Do? A Functionalist Perspective." Review of General Psychology 20, no. 4 (December 2016): 399–411. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/gpr0000085.
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Why do people believe what they do? Scholars and laypeople alike tend to answer this question by focusing on the representational functions of beliefs (i.e., representing the world accurately). However, a growing body of theory and research indicates that beliefs also can serve important hedonic functions (i.e., decreasing/increasing negative or positive emotional states). In this article, we describe: (a) the features of belief; (b) the functions served by beliefs, with a focus on the hedonic function; (c) an integrative framework highlighting the hedonic function and contrasting it with the representational function; and (d) the implications of our framework, and related future research directions for individual differences in belief, belief change, and the ways in which beliefs contribute to adaptive versus maladaptive psychological functioning.
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Chistopolskaya, A. V., N. Y. Lazareva, P. N. Markina, and I. N. Makarov. "The Expansion of the Model of Mechanisms of Insight Problem Solving in the S. Ohlsson’s Representational Change Theory." Experimental Psychology (Russia) 14, no. 2 (2021): 141–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.17759/exppsy.2021140210.
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The paper explores an option to expand the model of mechanisms of insight problem solving proposed by S. Ohlsson. The proposed mechanisms of insight problem solving — chunk decomposition and constraint relaxation — considered within the framework of high-level and low-level processes. Chunk decomposition described as low-level mechanism and constraint relaxation as high-level mechanism. We assume that difficulty of the different insight problems can be explained by high level chunk decomposition and low-level constraint relaxation. The paper describes two experiments dedicated to verify the assumption. The first experiment examines process of solving anagrams (with word) as high-level chunk decomposition. The main results of the experiment show the prospect of distinguishing the semantic chunk decomposition as insight problem solving mechanism. The second experiment use nine-dot insight problem to examine its solution process as relaxation of low-level (perceptual) constraints. Based on the results of the experiments, it can be considered possible to conclude that the expansion of S. Ohlsson’s model of mechanisms of insight problem solving allows to deem the solutions of various problems in a unified system.
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Wortham, Stanton E. F. "Interactional Positioning and Narrative Self-construction." Narrative Inquiry 10, no. 1 (October 17, 2000): 157–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ni.10.1.11wor.
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Many have proposed that autobiographical stories do more than describe a pre-existing self. Sometimes narrators can change who they are, in part, by telling stories about themselves. But how does this narrative self-construction happen? Most explanations rely on the representational function of autobiographical discourse. These representational accounts of narrative self-construction are necessarily incomplete, because autobiographical narratives have interactional as well as representational functions. While telling their stories autobiographical narrators often enact a characteristic type of self, and through such performances they can become that type of self. A few others have proposed that interactional positioning is central to narrative self-construction, but none has given an adequate, systematic account of how narrative discourse functions to position narrator and audience in the interactional event of storytelling. This article describes an approach to analyzing the interactional positioning accomplished through autobiographical narrative, and it illustrates this approach by analyzing data from one oral autobiographical narrative.
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Chen, Pinyu, Yizheng Zhao, Di Zuo, and Xiang Kong. "Tourism, Water Pollution, and Waterway Landscape Changes in a Traditional Village in the Huizhou Region, China." Land 10, no. 8 (July 29, 2021): 795. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land10080795.
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Based on archival research, non-participatory observation, and semi-structured interviews, this paper examined waterway landscape changes mainly caused by tourism development in Hongcun, a traditional village in the Huizhou region, China, and how the locals have responded to water pollution in order to achieve landscape sustainability. It is found that the physical structure of the waterways of Hongcun Village has been well preserved, but the water pollution caused by tourism, with a combination of changes of land use and demographic structure, has changed the functions and cultural meanings of waterways. Although there remains quite a daunting task towards sustainability in terms of technology, heritage protection, and desire for development, we claim the waterways environmental governance in which local governments play a crucial role in resilience strategies by controlling the sewage from homestays, restaurants, and pigment sewage from sketches. However, the ways in which landscape animates, including the daily lives, processual daily practices, and mundane activities of different social actors related to waterways, deserve further implementation to build the resilience of cultural landscape from the perspective of non-representational theory. This paper adds to a new narrative to the waterway landscape research by presenting a water utilization pattern that could profitably coexist with a specific environment in the Huizhou region in the agricultural society of ancient China and discussing how the non-representational theory contributes to analyzing and managing waterway landscapes in modern times. It also sheds light on the connection between cultural landscape and resilience.
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Thevenot, Catherine, and Jane Oakhill. "A generalization of the representational change theory from insight to non-insight problems: The case of arithmetic word problems." Acta Psychologica 129, no. 3 (November 2008): 315–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.actpsy.2008.08.008.
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Kirkby, Coel. "How to do things with legal theory." International Journal of Law in Context 18, no. 4 (November 22, 2022): 373–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1744552322000374.
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AbstractLegal theory must not merely describe our world; it must also assist us acting in it. In this paper, I argue that teaching legal theory should show law students how to do things with legal theory. My pedagogical approach is contextual and historical. Students learn how to use theory by seeing how past jurists acted in their particular worlds by changing dominant concepts of law. Most introductory legal theory courses are organised by what I will call the usual story of jurisprudence. In this story, great thinkers in rival schools of legal thought attempt to answer perennial questions about the nature of (the concept of) law. In this story, the thick context of our world recedes beyond the horizon of theory. I argue that critical genealogy can let us critique this usual story and its unspoken assumptions of morality, politics and history. Amia Srinivasan's account of ‘worldmaking’ is especially compelling in its emphasis on critical genealogies’ capacity to transform our representational practices (and thus open up new possibilities for action). Critical genealogy also has certain pedagogical ‘uses and advantages’ for teaching legal theory in law schools. Here, context is method. The teacher must defend their political choices of context – choices that are naturalised and so beyond critique in the usual story of jurisprudence. By making these choices explicit, students are invited to both challenge the teacher's choices of context and critique their own common law education. This pedagogical approach also encourages students to experiment in ‘worldmaking’ themselves, and so cultivate a creative capacity to use legal theory to change the world through transforming their representations of it.
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Veneziano, Edy. "langage dans le jeu de fiction: une manière d'évaluer la théorie implicite de l'esprit chez le jeune enfant." Travaux neuchâtelois de linguistique, no. 46 (November 1, 2007): 19–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.26034/tranel.2007.2807.
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This paper presents a new look at the relation between language and pretend play. Considering language not only in its representational but also in its communicative function, children's verbalizations in pretend play reveal their understanding of their partners' knowledge states. Indeed, while children use language in their pretending practically from the start, a developmental change in the aspects of pretend that are verbalized is observed. with "informative" language becoming and remaining dominant. This change occurs when other types of "informative" uses of language, in particular, references to past events and justifications, appear. Language in pretend play becomes thus a simple and ecological tool to evaluate the early development of children's theory of mind.
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Borić, Dušan. "Body Metamorphosis and Animality: Volatile Bodies and Boulder Artworks from Lepenski Vir." Cambridge Archaeological Journal 15, no. 1 (April 2005): 35–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s095977430500003x.
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This article discusses the notion of body metamorphosis as a theory of phenomenal change by examining carved representational and ‘aniconic’ boulders from Lepenski Vir and other Meso-Neolithic sites in the Danube Gorges. The voluminous size of the boulders at Lepenski Vir, the way in which they occupy the three-dimensional space within buildings and around hearths, and the carvings over their surfaces suggest that they were understood as volatile bodies, undergoing continuous metamorphoses. The relationship between the seasonal recurrence of the Danube's migratory fish and these boulders is explored through the notion of animality. These boulders indicate prescribed stages of life-cycle metamorphosis that affected inextricably-linked realms of human and animal worlds. Prescribed stages of social embodiment at Lepenski Vir are discerned by looking at the archaeological context of representational boulders that sometimes directly commemorate particular deceased individuals. The possibility that boulder artworks acted as sacred heirlooms of particular buildings is connected to the social efficacy they might have acquired.
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Farrar, M. Jeffrey, and Lisa Maag. "Early language development and the emergence of a theory of mind." First Language 22, no. 2 (June 2002): 197–213. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/014272370202206504.
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The current study examined the relation between children's language development at 2 years of age and their theory of mind performance at 4 years of age. Twenty toddlers were initially tested when they were 2 years old. Measures of both lexical and grammatical development were obtained from: (1) parental completion of the MacArthur Communicative Development Inventory (MCDI), and (2) a naturalistic play session between mother and child. The children returned at 4 years and were given four standard theory of mind tasks to assess understanding of: (a) false belief, (b) representational change, and (c) appearance-reality. In addition, in order to control for general language and cognitive development, the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT) and the Woodcock-Johnson Memory for Sentences Test were also given. Strong associations were found between early language development and later theory of mind performance. These relationships may reflect similar social cognitive processes that govern the development of both language and theory of mind.
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Weststar, Johanna, and Marie-Josée Legault. "Building Momentum for Collectivity in the Digital Game Community." Television & New Media 20, no. 8 (May 29, 2019): 848–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1527476419851087.
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Studies of digital game labor have tended to document problems in the working lives of developers while devoting relatively limited attention to solutions, or to collective representation as a step toward solutions. An increasing number of game developers are dissatisfied with their working conditions, and dissatisfaction is a necessary condition for workers to engage in collective action to gain the representational power needed to achieve change in the workplace. Noting that the landscape of collective mobilization in the game industry has not yet been systematically mapped, this article documents collective actions over the past five decades, and asks, “Are the collective actions of developers building momentum toward a viable, sustained mobilization?” The article presents a thematic survey of such actions, including the Quality of Life Movement, exposés of working conditions, gender equity struggles, and unionization efforts. In conclusion, the authors revisit John Kelly’s mobilization theory to assess developers’ capacity to engage in collective mobilization.
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Karmiloff-Smith, Annette. "Précis ofBeyond modularity: A developmental perspective on cognitive science." Behavioral and Brain Sciences 17, no. 4 (December 1994): 693–707. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x00036621.
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AbstractBeyond modularityattempts a synthesis of Fodor's anticonstructivist nativism and Piaget's antinativist constructivism. Contra Fodor, I argue that: (1) the study of cognitive development is essential to cognitive science, (2) the module/central processing dichotomy is too rigid, and (3) the mind does not begin with prespecified modules; rather, development involves a gradual process of “modularization.” Contra Piaget, I argue that: (1) development rarely involves stagelike domain-general change and (2) domainspecific predispositions give development a small but significant kickstart by focusing the infant's attention on proprietary inputs. Development does not stop at efficient learning. A fundamental aspect of human development (“representational redescription”) is the hypothesized process by which information that isina cognitive system becomes progressively explicit knowledgetothat system. Development thus involves two complementary processes of progressive modularization and progressive “explicitation.” Empirical findings on the child as linguist, physicist, mathematician, psychologist, and notator are discussed in support of the theoretical framework. Each chapter concentrates first on the initial state of the infant mind/brain and on subsequent domain-specific learning in infancy and early childhood. It then goes on to explore data on older children's problem solving and theory building, with particular focus on evolving cognitive flexibility. Emphasis is placed throughout on the status of representations underlying different capacities and on the multiple levels at which knowledge is stored and accessible. Finally, consideration is given to the need for more formal developmental models, and a comparison is made between representational redescription and connectionist simulations of development. In conclusion, I consider what is special about human cognition by speculating on the status of representations underlying the structure of behavior in other species.
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Nasir, Muhammad Haseeb, Muhammad Safiullah, and Sana Hussan. "Manifestation of Gender-Binaries in Pakistani Television Commercials: A Semiotic Analysis." Global Social Sciences Review III, no. I (March 30, 2018): 355–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/gssr.2018(iii-i).21.
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The current study investigates the prevalent gender-binary narrative in Pakistani television commercials. It tends to portray the dominant gender representational mechanisms which are implicitly employed by the advertisers. Television commercials, having the power to (re)frame the ideology of larger audience through visual/linguistic content and agency to pave the way for social change have become one of the most viable social institutions of disseminating information to a wider audience. The theoretical underpinning of the study is based on the theory of semiotics outlined by Dyer in “Advertising as Communication”. Semiotics is considered a critical tool for investigating meaning making process in media discourse because of its wideranged acceptability and reliability. The data for the current study comprise television commercials which are broadcast on popular Pakistani television channels. The sampling technique is purposive in nature including only those commercials which largely reflect gender representation. The study finds the commercials presenting layers of meanings at symbolic level of semiotic modes where men and women are displayed in stereotypical manner, subscribing to patriarchal structures.
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Kurokhtina, Sofya. "Specificity of the Nature of the Image in the Socio-Cultural Space." Logos et Praxis, no. 2 (December 2020): 29–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.15688/lp.jvolsu.2020.2.3.
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Among the researchers of the visual, visualization is singled out as one of the universal characteristics of modern culture. This trend is due to the growth of visual artefacts that are rapidly filling the socio-cultural space. Many factors contributed to this, and one of the main ones is the development of media communications. The discourse on visuality went beyond the boundaries of Art Studies, which entailed the study of non-artistic visuality – the everyday life of visible things. As a result of visual experience expansion, the processes of production and consumption of visual images have changed, which is reflected in social practices. Terminological difficulties encountered in the field of visual studies speak to the problems of visual studies institutionalization. Nevertheless, we can distinguish two polar theoretical approaches: according to the first approach, the image is understood as a "cultural" representation mediated by various ideological practices. This approach has been influenced by constructivism, which is reflected in the interest in analyzing the role of images in the formation of social and cultural meanings. Also, the representational theory of imagery deals with issues related to the view of the observer and its conditioning by various scopic regimes. This paradigm is considered to be subject to emancipation trends. It asserts the change of the concept of a passive spectator, captured by images, to the concept of a spectator, who actively participates in the creation of visual images. The second approach, which is considered in the article, interprets the image from the phenomenology point of view. The phenomenological approach to visual imagery focuses on the image-presentation concept, which exists autonomously from the observer, in the mode of semantic closure, which means that the visual image has its own content that is difficult for the subject to access. The presented concept excludes reading the image only as a reflection or representation of the socio-cultural field. It is concluded that the image theory is undergoing significant changes, and vision and the viewer are becoming more independent.
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Alifuoco, Annalaura. "�Alive� Performance: Toward an Immersive Activist Philosophy." Performance Philosophy 3, no. 1 (June 25, 2017): 126. http://dx.doi.org/10.21476/pp.2017.3187.
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This paper proposes to analyse the �virtual,� unsighted potentials of the artistic and critical practice of performance through abstraction, deconstruction and remediation of its �body.� It argues that the ontological distinction between material and immaterial representation can be dislodged by the proposition of? an ontogenesis of emergence of the dynamic dimension of affect. Such self-organising, recursive system of forces and energies elicits change and transformation expanding the sensual and aesthetic practice of performance as alive art.These arguments connect concepts from aesthetic and political theory with philosophical ideas of virtual multiplicity, relationality, counter/intuition and (dis)individuation passing via the work of Brian Massumi, Teresa Brennan, as well as other theorists. The approach intersects methodologies and epistemologies from activist philosophy, science and art with the radical contingencies implicit in performance as a �technology of existence� (in)formed by tendencies of distribution of affective intensities and temporal (re)modulation of shared perception.Ultimately, I propose to imagine performance as a vital archive of perceptive experience marked by a representational impossibility, a failure to appear fully. This actual condition of emergent abstraction enables however a bodily state of intensity and emergency to flesh out an experiential, visceral field of affective modes of becoming and becoming-other in related mo(ve)ments of aliveness traversed by the ungrasped pulse of a past yet to be/come.
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Besky, Sarah, and Jonathan Padwe. "Placing Plants in Territory." Environment and Society 7, no. 1 (September 1, 2016): 9–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/ares.2016.070102.
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ABSTRACTIn this article, we use plants to think about territory, a concept that is at once a bulwark of social theory and an under-theorized category of social analysis. Scholarship on plants brings together three overlapping approaches to territory: biological and behaviorist theories; representational and cartographic perspectives; and more-than-human analysis. We argue that these three approaches are not mutually exclusive. Rather, different epistemologies of territory overlap and are imbricated within each other. We further argue that these three approaches to territory inform three distinct domains of territoriality: legibility and surveillance; ordering and classification; and exclusion and inclusion. Through examples of how plants operate in these three domains, we illustrate the analytical potential that a more-than-human approach to territory provides. We conclude, however, that attention to the particularities of plant ecologies can help move multispecies discussions more firmly into the realm of the political economic.
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Russell, Robert L. "Narrative in Views of Humanity, Science, and Action: Lessons for Cognitive Therapy." Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy 5, no. 4 (January 1991): 241–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/0889-8391.5.4.241.
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The role of narrative constructs in philosophical views of humanity, science, and action is presented and contrasted with more familiar constructs that influence cognitive therapy. In terms of philosophical views of humanity, the view of human beings as rational animals is contrasted with a novel view emphasizing humanity’s unique storytelling nature. In terms of the philosophy of science, a positivistic, somewhat realist view is contrasted with a constructivist view in which narrative plays an essential role in explaining how theory succession takes place. In terms of the philosophy of action, partitive, ahistorical accounts of action are contrasted with a more holistic, historical view, one which necessitates narrative to account for actions intentionally oriented to the realization of an agent’s desires. The turn toward narrative in each of these areas also provides lessons concerning innovative ways to conduct cognitive therapy. In concluding, it is suggested that further investigation of narrative processes in cognitive therapy can broaden and deepen our understanding of the representational process undergirding adaptation and change.
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MacLean, Evan L. "Unraveling the evolution of uniquely human cognition." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 113, no. 23 (June 6, 2016): 6348–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1521270113.
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A satisfactory account of human cognitive evolution will explain not only the psychological mechanisms that make our species unique, but also how, when, and why these traits evolved. To date, researchers have made substantial progress toward defining uniquely human aspects of cognition, but considerably less effort has been devoted to questions about the evolutionary processes through which these traits have arisen. In this article, I aim to link these complementary aims by synthesizing recent advances in our understanding of what makes human cognition unique, with theory and data regarding the processes of cognitive evolution. I review evidence that uniquely human cognition depends on synergism between both representational and motivational factors and is unlikely to be accounted for by changes to any singular cognitive system. I argue that, whereas no nonhuman animal possesses the full constellation of traits that define the human mind, homologies and analogies of critical aspects of human psychology can be found in diverse nonhuman taxa. I suggest that phylogenetic approaches to the study of animal cognition—which can address questions about the selective pressures and proximate mechanisms driving cognitive change—have the potential to yield important insights regarding the processes through which the human cognitive phenotype evolved.
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Meneghello, Sabrina. "The Tourism–Landscape Nexus: Assessment and Insights from a Bibliographic Analysis." Land 10, no. 4 (April 15, 2021): 417. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land10040417.
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Over the last two decades, the awareness about landscape as a common good and the definition of tourism as a relevant driver of territorial development have both increased contributions to contemporary reflections on places and mobilities. From a scientific point of view, the need for structured contributions on the “landscape–tourism” nexus has been stressed. In fact, tourism and landscape studies are fed by many disciplines, often returning sectorial articles, sometimes lacking in organicity. Considering recent literary reviews carried out through bibliometric and content analyses, the present paper intends to map different ways of defining and understanding this complex interrelation as it emerges from the main research areas. From geographical contributions to managerial perspectives addressing destination planning and development, and from sociological non-representational to actor network theories applied to tourism, among others, the nexus is faced by approaches and concepts that are both specific and recurrent. Expressions such as “tourist landscape”, “tourism landscape”, “touristscape” with their different meanings orient this literary investigation informing a tentative conceptual framework where interrelated spatial, social, and symbolic dimensions emerge with a key definitional role. The general aim was to possibly enrich the reflection on this relationship, providing new definitional contributions and conceptual frameworks able to coherently influence both theory and practice.
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Chan, Hock Chuan, Suparna Goswami, and Hee-Woong Kim. "An Alternative Fit through Problem Representation in Cognitive Fit Theory." Journal of Database Management 23, no. 2 (April 2012): 22–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/jdm.2012040102.
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This paper uses cognitive fit theory to analyze the problem solving process in spreadsheet analyses. Cognitive fit theory proposes the formation of mental representation as a part of the problem solving process. However, there is little research examining mental representation, which is a key concept in cognitive fit theory. This study examines the formation of mental representation and proposes an alternative mechanism of cognitive fit between different problem representations and their corresponding mental representations when the task is invariant, but the problem representation changes. Mental representation is then empirically assessed based on the application of Hick’s law, which states that the response time of users making a choice varies with the logarithm of the number of possible choices. Therefore, this study contributes to research on cognitive fit theory by proposing an alternative fit and by demonstrating a feasible approach for identifying mental representations. It contributes to spreadsheet research by showing how problem representations affect task performance in the case of spreadsheet error correction.
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Andersén, Jim, and Annelie Andersén. "Deconstructing resistance to organizational change: a social representation theory approach." International Journal of Organizational Analysis 22, no. 3 (July 8, 2014): 342–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijoa-04-2012-0582.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to illustrate how social representation theory (SRT) can be used to understand the concept of resistance to change. SRT is a growing theory in social psychology research. SRT is about how individuals co-construct representations of various objects in different social settings. These social representations govern the attitudes and actions of individuals and groups. In spite of the growing interest in SRT in various fields, no studies have used SRT to understand resistance to organizational change. Design/methodology/approach – This study reviews the relevant literature on resistance to change and SRT to develop a conceptual framework for understanding resistance from the standpoint of SRT. Findings – The authors develop a model that illustrates how three interrelated objects, i.e. the organizational process and the pre-and post-change situation, are co-constructed in social contexts. Also, the authors discuss how representations of these objects can co-exist (cognitive polyphasia). Our study illustrates the complexity of resistance to change by deconstructing the concept. Originality/value – Application of SRT to analyze resistance to organizational change is a novel approach that provides several new insights. For example, where most publications regard advocates of change as sense-givers in the change recipient’s sense-making process, the authors argue for a more constructionist approach. Thus, all actors involved in the change process will affect each other and together co-construct the social representations. These social representations govern attitudes to change.
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Koshy, Susan. "Why the Humanities Matter for Race Studies Today." PMLA/Publications of the Modern Language Association of America 123, no. 5 (October 2008): 1542–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1632/pmla.2008.123.5.1542.
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We have no Adequate Lexicon for dealing with the transformation of racial orders. Recently, commentators have sought to pinpoint a shift in racial meanings by announcing the advent of a “postidentity,” “postracial,” or “cosmopolitan” social order. These appellations suggest that we are now past racial or identity politics in some crucial way. But it is not so much that we have gone beyond race as that race has gone beyond us, morphing at a speed with which academic expertise has not kept pace. The content of racial, gender, and sexual identities has been significantly transformed, and this change has, in turn, fostered the illusion that we no longer inhabit racialized realities—hence the proliferation of posts to tell us that temporally and politically we are no longer where we were. The representational strain of dealing with the elusive and dynamic qualities of racial and sexual identities makes us too eager to declare that we are over difference. The recourse to posts seems, however, more an admission of helplessness at identifying the nature of the shift than a sign of transcendence. It stems from our dependence on social schemas that offer us only two options: we are in the racial order or we are out of it. But we are not out of it, not yet. And herein lies a rare opening for the humanistic study of race.
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Learmonth, Mark, and Kevin Morrell. "‘Leadership’ as a Project: Neoliberalism and the Proliferation of ‘Leaders’." Organization Theory 2, no. 4 (August 9, 2021): 263178772110367. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/26317877211036708.
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It is increasingly common for anyone with formal, hierarchical status at work to be called a ‘leader’. Though widespread, this relatively recent change in day-to-day discourse is largely passing by unnoticed. We argue that using ‘leader’ in this way is not simply fashion or empty rhetoric; rather it can be understood in relation to neoliberalism. We argue that the language of ‘leadership’ represents a particularly subtle but powerful opportunity for the pursuit of individual elite interests to be disguised so that it looks as if it is for the benefit of all. This opportunity has arisen because using ‘leader’ has tangible effects that reinforce implied values and assumptions about human relationships at work. In terms of implied values, the label ‘leader’ is celebratory and predisposes us to see elites in overly positive ways. In terms of implied assumptions, referring to executives as ‘leaders’ draws a veil over the structured antagonism at the heart of the employment relationship and wider sources of inequality by celebrating market values. Making ‘leadership’ recognizable as a political project is not intended primarily to suggest intentionality, but to help challenge representational practices that are becoming dominant. ‘Project-ing’ leadership also helps us to emphasize the risks inherent in taking this label for granted; which, we argue, is an important contribution because the language of leadership is increasingly used but is hardly questioned within much contemporary organizational life as well as organization theory.
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Laursen, Sandra L., and Kristine De Welde. "The changer and the changed." Equality, Diversity and Inclusion: An International Journal 38, no. 2 (March 11, 2019): 140–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/edi-09-2017-0192.
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PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to examine the evolving theories of change of the US National Science Foundation’s (NSF) ADVANCE program to increase the representation of women on academic faculties in science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM). ADVANCE supports efforts to transform the cultures and structures of US institutions of higher education by removing gendered barriers to STEM faculty women’s employment, advancement and success, and by developing change strategies that others may adopt.Design/methodology/approachThe empirical study is based on qualitative, longitudinal analysis of nine requests for proposals (RfPs) for the ADVANCE program (2001–2016), complemented by historical analysis of funded ADVANCE projects using public records.FindingsThe analysis identifies changes over time that suggest shifts in NSF’s rationale and theory of change for ADVANCE. Increased guidance directs how institutions should best undertake change, document outcomes and share best practices. The RfPs reveal growing attention to equity, rather than simply to representation, and to intersectionality – how gender, race, social class and other identities intersect to produce disparate experiences and outcomes for individuals differently positioned in social systems. Gendered organizations theory helps to place these experiences and outcomes in a structural context. Iterative processes of organizational learning are postulated to account for these changes over time.Originality/valueWhile many studies have examined ADVANCE projects’ activities and outcomes, none have examined the premises and design of the ADVANCE program itself. This analysis offers insight into how the ADVANCE RfP has driven innovation and learning about transformative institutional change to advance gender equity in STEM.
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Alpay, Daniel, Palle Jorgensen, and Motke Porat. "White noise space analysis and multiplicative change of measures." Journal of Mathematical Physics 63, no. 4 (April 1, 2022): 042102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0042756.
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In this paper, we display a family of Gaussian processes, with explicit formulas and transforms. This is presented with the use of duality tools in such a way that the corresponding path-space measures are mutually singular. We make use of a corresponding family of representations of the canonical commutation relations (CCR) in an infinite number of degrees of freedom. A key feature of our construction is explicit formulas for associated transforms; these are infinite-dimensional analogs of Fourier transforms. Our framework is that of Gaussian Hilbert spaces, reproducing kernel Hilbert spaces and Fock spaces. The latter forms the setting for our CCR representations. We further show, with the use of representation theory and infinite-dimensional analysis, that our pairwise inequivalent probability spaces (for the Gaussian processes) correspond in an explicit manner to pairwise disjoint CCR representations.
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Höijer, Birgitta. "Social Representations Theory." Nordicom Review 32, no. 2 (November 1, 2011): 3–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/nor-2017-0109.
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Abstract This article argues that the theory of social representations can give valuable contributions to media research. It offers a new theory-based approach for studying how the media and citizens socially represent societal and political issues colouring our age, or some specific time period. Two fundamental communicative mechanisms – anchoring and objectification – are posited by the theory. These mechanisms, with a set of subcategories, are presented and it is shown how they can be used as conceptual analytical tools in empirical analysis. Concrete examples are given from a study on climate change and the media.
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Mambet Doue, Constance, Oscar Navarro Carrascal, Diego Restrepo, Nathalie Krien, Delphine Rommel, Colin Lemee, Marie Coquet, Denis Mercier, and Ghozlane Fleury-Bahi. "The social representations of climate change: comparison of two territories exposed to the coastal flooding risk." International Journal of Climate Change Strategies and Management 12, no. 3 (April 18, 2020): 389–406. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijccsm-11-2019-0064.
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Purpose Based on social representation theory, this study aims to evaluate and analyze the similarities and differences between social representations of climate change held by people living in two territories, which have in common that they are exposed to coastal risks but have different socio-cultural contexts: on the one hand, Cartagena (Colombia) and on the other, Guadeloupe (French overseas department, France). Design/methodology/approach A double approach, both quantitative and qualitative, of social representation theory was adopted. The data collection was undertaken in two phases. First, the content and organization of social representation of climate change (SRCC) was examined with a quantitative study of 946 participants for both countries, followed by a qualitative study of 63 participants for both countries also. Findings The study finds unicity in the SRCC for the quantitative study. In contrast, the qualitative study highlights differences at the level of the institutional anchoring of the climate change phenomenon in these two different socioeconomic and political contexts. Practical implications These results are relevant for a reflection in terms of public policies for the prevention and management of collective natural risks, as well as for the promotion of ecological behavior adapted to political and ideological contexts. Originality/value The use of a multi-methodological approach (quantitative and qualitative) in the same research is valuable to confirm the importance of an in-depth study of the social representations of climate change because of the complexity of the phenomenon.
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Cojocaru, Natalia, and Olga Guţu. "Social representations, professional practices and organizational changes." Univers Pedagogic, no. 4(76) (December 2022): 86–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.52387/1811-5470.2022.4.15.
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In this article, we will analyse how the theory of social representations can be used in the successful implementation of strategic changes at the institutional level. Just as social representations guide human actions and behaviours, investigating the representations that individuals have with reference to the issue of change allows us to identify possible attitudinal and behavioural responses to planned organizational change.
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Musvoto, Saratiel Wedzerai. "Implications Of The Homomorphism Definition Of Measurement On Accounting Measurement Theory." International Business & Economics Research Journal (IBER) 10, no. 5 (April 26, 2011): 23. http://dx.doi.org/10.19030/iber.v10i5.4228.
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This study compares the principles of the representational theory of measurement with accounting practices to decipher the reasons creating a gap between accounting measurement practices and the scientific practices of measurement. Representational measurement establishes measurement in social scientific disciplines such as accounting. The discussion in this study focuses on the need for accounting to provide principled arguments to justify its status as a measurement discipline. The arguments made highlight the need for possible modifications of the accounting measurement concept to deal with issues that are at least partially philosophical in nature, such as the concept of error and the passing of value representations from finite to continuum. These problems are primarily conceptual in nature. They indicate that accounting is far from a measurement discipline. Their resolution could require major changes to the accounting concept of measurement.
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Lestage, Hélène, Thomas Camus, Vincent Dru, and Thibaut Brouillet. "How movement direction shapes the spatial representation of its effects: About the consequence of the ideomotor bidirectional association." Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 72, no. 7 (October 25, 2018): 1717–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1747021818807181.
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Ideomotor theories assume that action and perception share a common representational system in which a movement and its effect are equally represented and integrated by a bidirectional association. However, there is no mention of how this association leads to influence the representational content of each part. In this article, we investigated the influence of movement properties on the spatial representation of auditory effects. In line with the Action Constrains Theory of space perception, we suggest that changes in the movement direction leads to correlative changes in the spatial representation of the effect. In a pre-experiment, we replicated traditional ideomotor results with a response-effect (R-E) compatibility procedure. In two experiments, we used one condition of this procedure (i.e., the corresponding R-E mapping) to manipulate the movement properties associated to a non-spatialised effect. In the first experiment, the effect was associated with horizontal outward movements or with forward–backward movements. In the second experiment, we tested some alternative explanations for the results obtained in the first experiment. Globally, we showed that rightward movements led to localised auditory effect more on the right space than leftward movements and that backward movements led to localisation of the effect closer from the subjects than forward movements. In accordance with the Action Constrains Theory of space perception, these data suggest that movement shapes the spatial organisation of the effect representation.
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Chen, Mei-Fang. "Social representations of climate change and pro-environmental behavior intentions in Taiwan." International Sociology 34, no. 3 (March 18, 2019): 327–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0268580919832737.
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To explore how people attribute meanings to climate change in Taiwan, this study applied social representations theory (SRT) to develop a self-report semi-structured questionnaire that was used to collect data. To fill a research gap, structural equation modeling (SEM) was adopted to examine the determinants of social representation factors that may affect the public’s intentions to engage in pro-environmental behaviors (PEBs). Exploratory factor analysis results obtained from 180 valid online responses indicated four factors for social representations of climate change, namely Emerging Climate Change Risk, Media Coverage and Influence, Psychological Distance, and Pro-environmental Behavior Intentions. The results of SEM analysis obtained from the total of 245 valid online and paper-and-pencil responses revealed that Emerging Climate Change Risk and Media Coverage and Influence helped explain the public’s PEBs intentions, but Psychological Distance did not. This exploratory study provides preliminary knowledge of public understanding of and response toward climate change in the Taiwanese society and demonstrates a novel application of SEM analysis to test the direct effects of social representations of climate change on PEB intentions.
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Solodov, Alexander A. "Statistical analysis of the formation mechanism of concepts-representations in organizational and technical systems." Statistics and Economics 15, no. 4 (September 4, 2018): 70–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.21686/2500-3925-2018-4-70-76.
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The aim of the research is the analytical description of one of the modules of the organizational and technical system, designed for the formation of sensual images and their transformation into concepts-representations. Within the framework of the computer paradigm in organizational and technical systems, such obvious principles as digital representation of information and its processing with the use of algorithms implemented by computing means are used. The success of the computer paradigm application is certainly impressive, but there are clearly situations in which human consciousness operates much more efficiently, interpreting the unconventional, the new situation with the aim of formulating an adequate response. In this regard, attempts to model some mechanisms of human consciousness within the framework of the cognitive approach are of great interest. In accordance with the ideas of cognitive theory in the human brain, images (schemes, categories, gestalts, systems, archetypes, etc.) are formed and then are processed. It is assumed that the resulting images are those effects that are then processed, perceived, used by the organizational and technical system for the formation of concepts-representations. Concept representation is a generalized sensual-visual image of the object or phenomenon and is characterized by a number of features, the number of which may vary in the course of the system operation.The method of Markov chains is used to study the statistical characteristics of the mechanism of formation of concepts-representations. It is assumed that the formation of sensual images and their transformation into concepts-representations occurs at random moments of time. The module of concept-representation formation can be in one of two states that correspond to the logic of its functioning – either its state does not change, or when a new concept-representation is formed, the state of the module changes. A stochastic matrix of one step transient probabilities, characterizing changes in the module states and corresponding initial probabilities of states is introduced. Because of application of the theory of Markov chains with two states, the relations for the probabilities of the module states through an arbitrary number of steps, as well as asymptotic expressions for the probabilities of states are given. The graphs of the module state probabilities change depending on the number of circuit steps, initial probabilities, probabilities of one-step transitions of the stochastic matrix are presented.Analytical expressions and corresponding graphs for the average number of stays in the module of a particular state are obtained, which are interpreted as the average number of corrections of essential features of concepts-representations. The asymptotic relations for the number of corrections are obtained, and the error of the approximate asymptotic relations is estimated.Thus, the paper formulates a very general model of the random process of formation of sensual images and their transformation into concepts-representations. The key task of the practical application of the model is to analyze the logic of the functioning of a particular organizational and technical system and to determine on this basis the parameters appearing in the model.
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Pérez, Josué, Leire Aperribai, Lorea Cortabarría, and Africa Borges. "Examining the Most and Least Changeable Elements of the Social Representation of Giftedness." Sustainability 12, no. 13 (July 2, 2020): 5361. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12135361.
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Giftedness and high abilities have been broadly defined and this fact has led to many problems related to the detection and educational response given to gifted or highly able pupils due to the stereotyped social representations of the concepts. However, the main misconceptions might be changed with the aim of solving the mentioned problems. For this purpose, the aims of this study are to explore the main misconceptions of giftedness and to identify which among them seem to be most and least changeable. A questionnaire with the most extended myths and stereotypes about giftedness was applied in a sample of 824 participants. The items’ analyses were carried out by first studying item-test discrimination indices (test classical theory), and secondly, the a and b parameters of items (item response theory). The results show that there are items that would be easily changeable (9 items) and others less malleable (4 items). Therefore, it might be concluded that the social representation of giftedness would have peripheral elements that could be changed, while there would be less malleable central elements. Thus, different strategies to foster the change of the social representation of giftedness should be considered, which will have social and educational implications.
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Turevskaya, R. A., and A. A. Plenskovskaya. "Theory of Mind Development in School Children with autism spectrum disorders." Консультативная психология и психотерапия 29, no. 1 (2021): 112–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.17759/cpp.2021290107.
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We present the results of an empirical study that aimed at a deeper understanding of mental states using the concept of theory of mind (ToM). A system-level approach to the study of ToM is being developed. Using a standardized version of F. Happé’s Strange Stories test we conducted a comparative study on children from the normative group (N=54) and high-functioning children with autism spectrum disorders (N=43). Both groups were divided into subgroups of 7—11 and 12—16 years old. Based on the data obtained, emotional-figurative, perceptual-figurative, and conceptual levels of representation development in the ToM system were identified. We traced the age-related dynamics of the representations in the ToM system, which is normally associated with a change in its cognitive mechanisms, the emergence of the leading level in the organization of a representative system, and the formation of conceptual representations. The disordered development of ToM in ASD children arises due to the disturbances of ToM representations differentiation, integrative processes degradation, and development asynchrony.
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Huang, Karen. "From pitch contour variation to tone change." International Journal of Chinese Linguistics 4, no. 2 (December 30, 2017): 273–307. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ijchl.16016.hua.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract This study illustrates how three level tones might have developed diachronically by comparing two synchronic Mandarin dialects. In Standard Mandarin (SM), the four lexical tones are denoted as /H, LH, L, HL/ or /H, R, L, F/ phonologically. However, based on evidence from two acoustic experiments, this study proposes that the four lexical tones in Taiwan Mandarin (TM) should be analyzed as /H, M, L, HM/, with /H, HM/ in a high register and /M, L/ in a low register. The proposed tonal structure can account for all the tone sandhi in TM using the framework of Optimality theory, and the register difference plays an important role in the analyses. Also, the new TM tonal representation has an advantage in explaining the absence of the SM Tone 2 Sandhi. The new tonal representations illuminate how pitch contour differences might have developed into structural tone changes.