Books on the topic 'Representational Change Theory'
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1
Fink, Eugene. Changes of Problem Representation: Theory and Experiments. Heidelberg: Physica-Verlag HD, 2002.
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2
1953-, Benjamin D. Paul, ed. Change of representation and inductive bias. Boston: Kluwer Academic, 1990.
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3
Systems representation of global climate change models: Foundation for a systems science approach. London: Springer-Verlag, 1993.
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1953-, Clozel Laurent, ed. Simple algebras, base change, and the advanced theory of the trace formula. Princeton, N.J: Princeton University Press, 1989.
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Arthur, James. Simple algebras, base change, and the advanced theory of the trace formula. Princeton, N.J: Princeton University Press, 1988.
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Valjakka, Minna, and Meiqin Wang, eds. Visual Arts, Representations and Interventions in Contemporary China. NL Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.5117/9789462982239.
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This edited volume provides a multifaceted investigation of the dynamic interrelations between visual arts and urbanization in contemporary Mainland China with a focus on unseen representations and urban interventions brought about by the transformations of the urban space and the various problems associated with it. Through a wide range of illuminating case studies, the authors demonstrate how innovative artistic and creative practices initiated by various stakeholders not only raise critical awareness on socio-political issues of Chinese urbanization but also actively reshape the urban living spaces. The formation of new collaborations, agencies, aesthetics and cultural production sites facilitate diverse forms of cultural activism as they challenge the dominant ways of interpreting social changes and encourage civic participation in the production of alternative meanings in and of the city. Their significance lies in their potential to question current values and power structures as well as to foster new subjectivities for disparate individuals and social groups.
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É. Kiss, Katalin, and Veronika Hegedus, eds. Syntax of Hungarian. NL Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5117/9789463725910.
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The Syntax of Hungarian aims to present a synthesis of the currently available syntactic knowledge of the Hungarian language, rooted in theory but providing highly detailed descriptions, and intended to be of use to researchers as well as advanced students of language and linguistics. As research in language leads to extensive changes in our understanding and representations of grammar, the Comprehensive Grammar Resources series intends to present the most current understanding of grammar and syntax as completely as possible in a way that will both speak to modern linguists and serve as a resource for the non-specialist.
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Change of Representation and Inductive Bias. Springer, 2011.
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9
Thompson, Ross A. Attachment Theory and Research. Edited by Philip David Zelazo. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199958474.013.0009.
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Attachment theory has long been at the forefront of research efforts to understand the origins and enduring impact of early parent–child relationships. It has also expanded into a theory of lifespan implications with relevance to problems in developmental psychopathology, early intervention, and mental representation. This review of the expanding research literature on attachment is organized around eight questions: (a) To whom do attachments develop? (b) What are the biological foundations of attachment? (c) How does culture influence attachment and its consequences? (d) What contributes to attachments becoming secure or insecure? (e) How does attachment security change over time? (f) What are the later outcomes of secure or insecure attachments? (g) How does attachment influence thinking and social representations? (h) What are the clinical implications of attachment research? The answers to these questions summarize what has been learned about the importance of early parent–child relationships and identify future research priorities.
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Contarello, Alberta, ed. Embracing Change. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197617366.001.0001.
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Rapid changes in the contemporary world are increasing pressure on the social and psychological sciences to try to understand the present and foresee possible futures. Embracing Change: Knowledge, Continuity, and Social Representations focuses on the production of shared knowledge, as interpreted from a social psychological perspective inspired by the theory of social representations that highlights the role of the “Other” in the production of social understanding. Adopting this “socio-psychological gaze” entails bringing the primacy of relationships and communication to the forefront of the knowing processes while taking social and cultural forces into account. Growing streams of research bear witness to the potential of this theoretical and methodological approach, in synergy with cognate perspectives. This volume contains a collection of contributions from leading authors on how social representations theory can help us understand change and continuity in social knowledge regarding hot topics and domains of our time, such as health concerns, environmental issues, aging in an aging society, and intercultural encounters. The state of the art is explored with reference to advances in theory, methods, and the stance of the researcher in the process of inquiry. The volume’s focus is on how change has been studied in social psychology, how common knowledge is organized in everyday life, and how scholars can study and contribute to change in knowledge patterns. Casting light on challenging social issues, this volume will be of interest to students and scholars in social psychology, sociology, and social sciences.
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Schaflechner, Jürgen. Historical Representations and Recent Changes. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190850524.003.0004.
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Chapter 3 introduces the tradition of ritual journeys and sacred geographies in South Asia, then hones in on a detailed history of the grueling and elaborate pilgrimage attached to the shrine of Hinglaj. Before the construction of the Makran Coastal Highway the journey to the Goddess’s remote abode in the desert of Balochistan frequently presented a lethally dangerous undertaking for her devotees, the hardships of which have been described by many sources in Bengali, Gujarati, Hindi, Sindhi, and Urdu. This chapter draws heavily from original sources, including travelogues and novels, which are supplanted with local oral histories in order to weave a historical tapestry that displays the rich array of practices and beliefs surrounding the pilgrimage and how they have changed over time. The comparative analysis demonstrates how certain motifs, such as austerity (Skt. tapasyā), remain important themes within the whole Hinglaj genre even in modern times while others have been lost in the contemporary era.
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Clozel, Laurent, and James Arthur. Simple Algebras, Base Change, and the Advanced Theory of the Trace Formula. (AM-120), Volume 120. Princeton University Press, 2016.
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Changes of Problem Representation: Theory and Experiments (Studies in Fuzziness and Soft Computing). Physica-Verlag Heidelberg, 2002.
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Bjarnegård, Elin. Men’s Political Representation. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.013.214.
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In much research on gender and representation, the constraining factors for women’s political representation have served as a backdrop against which women’s activities are contextualized, rather than as a primary focus of research. Research explicitly focusing on men’s overrepresentation in politics does the opposite: it puts the reproduction of male dominance at the center of the analysis. Such a focus on men and masculinities and their relation to political power requires a set of analytical tools that are partly distinctly different from the tools used to analyze women’s underrepresentation. A feminist institutionalist framework is used to identify the logic of recruitment underpinning the reproduction of male dominance. It proposes and elaborates on two main types of political capital that under certain circumstances may reinforce male dominance and resist challenges to it: homosocial capital, consisting of instrumental and expressive rules favoring different types of similarity; and male capital, consisting of sexist and patriarchal resources that always favor men. Although the different types of political capital may be empirically related, they should be analytically separated because they require different methodological approaches and call for different strategies for change.
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Elliott, Andrew C. A. What are the Chances of That? Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198869023.001.0001.
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What are the Chances of That? discusses chance and the importance of understanding how it affects our lives in its various guises such as risk, luck, and coincidence. The book goes beyond a mathematical approach to the subject, showing how our thinking about chance and uncertainty has been shaped by history and culture, and only relatively recently by the mathematical theory of probability. In considering how we think about uncertainty, five ‘dualities’ are proposed that encapsulate many of the ambiguities that arise. The book starts by tackling probability (‘Pure Chance’) and in successive sections (‘Life Chances’, ‘Happy Accidents’, ‘Taking Charge of Chance’) addresses respectively the role of chance in life, the positive face of uncertainty, and the ways in which we are able to act to mitigate and exploit chance. This is not primarily a mathematical book, but it does introduce basic concepts from the theory of probability, and some statistics. Although this book tackles serious subjects, it is written in an accessible way and is aimed at an educated and curious lay reader, to be read for pleasure and general interest. It includes graphical representations of the effects of chance, brain teasers, anecdotes, and discussion of the words we use to talk about uncertainty.
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Schulz, Armin W. Efficient Cognition. The MIT Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/9780262037600.001.0001.
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It is now widely accepted that many organisms (including humans) don’t just react to the world using behavioral reflexes, but also, at times, decide what to do by relying on mental representations. More specifically, the behavior of many organisms is not simply triggered by a perception of the state of their environment, but inferred using higher-level mental states downstream from their perceptual states. What is far less clear is why this is the case: what benefits does representational decision making bring to an organism, and what implications do these benefits have for the exact role that mental representations play in an organism’s decision making machinery? In my book, I provide answers to these questions. Specifically, I defend a cognitive-efficiency-based account of the evolution of mental representations, according to which a key driver of the evolution of representational decision making is the fact that mental representations can enable an organism to save a number of cognitive resources and to adjust more easily to changed environments. I then apply this account to a number of open questions in different sciences, including: when should we expect cognition to essentially involve parts of the environment? When should we expect decision making to rely on simple, satisficing heuristics? When should we expect organisms to be altruistically motivated to help others? Along the way, I also respond to concerns about the plausibility of evolutionary psychological projects more generally.
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Borodin, Alexei. Random matrix representations of critical statistics. Edited by Gernot Akemann, Jinho Baik, and Philippe Di Francesco. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198744191.013.12.
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This article examines two random matrix ensembles that are useful for describing critical spectral statistics in systems with multifractal eigenfunction statistics: the Gaussian non-invariant ensemble and the invariant random matrix ensemble. It first provides an overview of non-invariant Gaussian random matrix theory (RMT) with multifractal eigenvectors and invariant random matrix theory (RMT) with log-square confinement before discussing self-unfolding and not self-unfolding in invariant RMT. It then considers a non-trivial unfolding and how it changes the form of the spectral correlations, along with the appearance of a ghost correlation dip in RMT and Hawking radiation. It also describes the correspondence between invariant and non-invariant ensembles and concludes by introducing a simple field theory in 1+1 dimensions which reproduces level statistics of both of the two random matrix models and the classical Wigner-Dyson spectral statistics in the framework of the unified formalism of Luttinger liquid.
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Frank, Jason. The Democratic Sublime. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190658151.001.0001.
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The transition from royal to popular sovereignty during the age of democratic revolutions—from 1776 to 1848—entailed not only the reorganization of institutions of governance and norms of political legitimacy, but also a dramatic transformation in the iconography and symbolism of political power. The representational difficulties posed by the replacement of the personal and external rule of the king, whose body was the tangible locus of authority, with the impersonal and immanent self-rule of the people, whose power could not be incontestably embodied, went beyond questions of institutionalization and law into the aesthetic realm of visualization, composition, and form. How to make the people’s sovereign will tangible to popular judgment was—and is—a crucial problem of democratic political aesthetics. This book explores how the revolutionary proliferation of popular assemblies—crowds, demonstrations, gatherings of the “people out of doors”—mediated and gave tangibility to the people manifesting itself as a collective actor capable of enacting dramatic political reforms and change. During the age of democratic revolutions, popular assemblies became privileged sites of democratic representation because they at once claim to represent the people while also signaling the material plenitude beyond any representational claim. They retain this power in part because popular assemblies make manifest that which escapes representational capture; they rend a tear in the established representational space of appearance and draw their power from tarrying with the ineffability and resistant materiality of the people’s will. During the age of democratic revolutions, popular assemblies became the locus of the democratic sublime.
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Doyle, Julie, Nathan Farrell, and Michael K. Goodman. Celebrities and Climate Change. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228620.013.596.
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Since the mid-2000s, entertainment celebrities have played increasingly prominent roles in the cultural politics of climate change, ranging from high-profile speeches at UN climate conferences, and social media interactions with their fans, to producing and appearing in documentaries about climate change that help give meaning to and communicate this issue to a wider audience. The role afforded to celebrities as climate change communicators is an outcome of a political environment increasingly influenced by public relations and attuned toward the media’s representation of political ideas, policies, and sentiments. Celebrities act as representatives of mass publics, operating within centers of elite political power. At the same time, celebrities represent the environmental concerns of their audiences; that is, they embody the sentiments of their audiences on the political stage. It is in this context that celebrities have gained their authority as political, social, and environmental “experts,” and the political performances of celebrities provide important ways to engage electorates and audiences with climate change action.More recently, celebrities offer novel engagements with climate change that move beyond scientific data and facilitate more emotional and visceral connections with climate change in the public’s everyday lives. Contemporary celebrities, thus, work to shape how audiences and publics ought to feel about climate change in efforts to get them to act or change their behaviors. These “after data” moments are seen very clearly in Leonardo DiCaprio’s documentary Before the Flood. Yet, with celebrities acting as our emotional witnesses, they not only might bring climate change to greater public attention, but they expand their brand through neoliberalism’s penchant for the commoditization of everything including, as here, care and concern for the environment. As celebrities build up their own personal capital as eco-warriors, they create very real value for the “celebrity industrial complex” that lies behind their climate media interventions. Climate change activism is, through climate celebrities, rendered as spectacle, with celebrities acting as environmental and climate pedagogues framing for audiences the emotionalized problems and solutions to global environmental change. Consequently, celebrities politicize emotions in ways that that remain circumscribed by neoliberal solutions and actions that responsibilize audiences and the public.
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Rahat, Gideon, and Ofer Kenig. Party Change and Political Personalization. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198808008.003.0010.
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Scholars tend to see the relationship between parties and personalization as a zero-sum game: when one declines, the other is expected to rise. Yet, while scholars of political personalization regard party decline as the starting point of their story, for scholars of party change personalization is only one of the possible outcomes of party decline. These two perspectives are critically examined here. Then the chapter surveys Wattenberg’s works, the only scholar who accorded the two phenomena equal weight. Next the challenges encountered by this common representation of the relationship between party change and political personalization as a zero-sum game are examined. The chapter ends by reviewing the issue of the causal direction of this relationship.
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Gisborne, Nikolas. Defaulting to the new Romance synthetic future. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198712329.003.0007.
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This chapter explores the emergence of the new synthetic Romance future from a periphrasis involving habeo and the infinitive of a verb, addressing the question of how to model such a change in a theory of language which has a Word and Paradigm theory of morphology. The theoretical discussion is conducted in Word Grammar, a theory of language structured around a default inheritance architecture that treats language as a knowledge representation model, in a symbolic network. It is explicitly mentalist, and the account of the changes involved draws on WG’s mentalism, particularly to explore how language learners set defaults on the basis of their models’ grammars’ outputs which may be different from the defaults of their models’ grammars. The two phenomena that this chapter addresses from the point of view of morphological theory are periphrasis (and whether it can be formalized within a paradigm) and the status of clitics.
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Clegg, Stewart R., Christopher Biesenthal, Shankar Sankaran, and Julien Pollack. Power and Sensemaking in Megaprojects. Edited by Bent Flyvbjerg. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198732242.013.9.
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Megaprojects are complex achievements of organization, sensemaking, and management of power relations. Typically, engineering practice stresses rationality and linearity, exemplified in the nineteenth-century roots of modern management in writers such as Taylor and Fayol. A concern with contingency theory and the emergence of project management standards hardly changed these auspices. The emergent focus on soft systems theory and a more recent interest in the practice turn did begin to change megaproject management representations somewhat. In practice, megaprojects are occasions for much complex sensemaking, as Weick defines the concept. In turn, where there are different interests in different sensemaking, then power practices and relations need to be brought into focus. The chapter does this through discussing a number of studies in which these issues have been the focus.
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Barich, Barbara E. The Sahara. Edited by Timothy Insoll. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199675616.013.006.
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This chapter discusses the collection of objects, in clay and stone, from various pastoral Saharan sites whose original core area lay between Libya (Tadrart Acacus) and Algeria (Tassili- n-Ajjer). The chapter starts from the general theme of the relationship between the figurines and the subjects they represent, and the difference between two-dimensional and three-dimensional representation. It goes on to discuss the manufacturing process of the clay specimens (dating from between 7000 and 4000 years ago) and the significance of the changes introduced by the Neolithic. Most of the items studied fall into the category of zoomorphic figurines, with only two anthropomorphic examples, and find in the depiction of cattle their most striking subject. These representations possess an evident symbolic content which must be framed within the pastoral ideology of the Saharan Neolithic. In the anthropomorphic figurines the representation of the human body also plays the role of recapturing the sense of wholeness.
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Cappelen, Herman. Metasemantics, Metasemantic Superstructure, and Metasemantic Base. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198814719.003.0005.
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This chapter introduces the topic of metasemantics, developing a distinction between a metasemantic base and a metasemantic superstructure. Conceptual engineering is concerned with the meanings of our representational devices. Representational devices have meanings in virtue of some facts; there is some fact that makes it the case that ‘snow’ means snow, for example. The metasemantic base consists of those make-it-the-case facts: the grounding facts for meaning and reference. The metasemantic superstructure consists in our beliefs, hopes, preferences, and so on about our meanings. Most theorists have attempted to practice conceptual engineering at the superstructure level: they have attempted to get us to think differently about our meanings. This approach is mistaken. To change meanings we need to change the grounding facts: we need to change the metasemantic base.
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Esaiasson, Peter, and Lena Wängnerud. Political Parties and Political Representation. Edited by Jon Pierre. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199665679.013.11.
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Although Sweden is characterized by a stable formal framework for political representation, major changes during recent decades have affected the conditions in which political representation is exercised. A once orderly five-party system has evolved into an unwieldy eight-party system, and turnover in the Riksdag has increased. Parties are challenged from the inside by an increased presence of previously excluded groups, such as women and foreign-born representatives. Analyzing a unique series of mail surveys to Swedish MPs from 1985–2010, the chapter reports congruence on left–right issues versus profile issues for newcomer parties, gender gaps in policy priorities and policy standpoints, and trends in citizens’ trust in representative institutions. The long-term perspective demonstrates that Swedish political parties are successful survivors. There is stability in policy agreement on left–right issues, and the increased number of parties and women MPs has meant stronger agreement between certain segments of MPs and voters.
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Buetefisch, Cathrin M., and Leonardo G. Cohen. Use-dependent changes in TMS measures. Edited by Charles M. Epstein, Eric M. Wassermann, and Ulf Ziemann. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198568926.013.0018.
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Adult brains maintain the ability to reorganize throughout life. Cortical reorganization or plasticity includes modification of synaptic efficacy as well as neuronal networks that carry behavioural implications. Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) allows for the study of primary motor cortex reorganization in humans. Motor-evoked potential (MEP) amplitudes change in response to practice. This article gives information about the effect of practice on TMS measures such as motor-evoked potential amplitudes, motor maps, paired-pulse measures, and behavioural measures. These changes may be accompanied by down-regulation of activity in nearby body part representations within the same hemisphere and in homonymous regions of the opposite hemisphere, mediated by interhemispheric interactions. There is evidence pointing towards the influence of practice on a distributed network of cortical representations within regions of cerebral hemispheres. This has lead to the formulation of intervention strategies to enhance the training effects by cortical or somatosensory stimulation in health and disease.
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Andres, Michael, and Mauro Pesenti. Finger-based representation of mental arithmetic. Edited by Roi Cohen Kadosh and Ann Dowker. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199642342.013.028.
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Human beings are permanently required to process the world numerically and, consequently, to perform computations to adapt their behaviour and they have developed various calculation strategies, some of them based on specific manipulations of the fingers. In this chapter, we argue that the way we express physically numerical concepts by raising fingers while counting leads to embodied representations of numbers and calculation procedures in the adult brain. To illustrate this, we focus on number and finger interactions in the context of simple arithmetic operations. We show that the fixed order of fingers on the hand provides human beings with unique facilities to increment numerical changes or represent a cardinal value while solving arithmetic problems. In order to specify the influence of finger representation on mental arithmetic both at the cognitive and neural level, we review past and recent findings from behavioural, electrophysiological, and brain imaging studies. We start with anthropological and developmental data showing the role of fingers in the acquisition of arithmetic knowledge, then address the issue of whether number and finger interactions are also observed in adults solving arithmetic problems mentally. We suggest that arithmetic performance depends on the integrity of finger representations in children and adults. Finally, we overview the results of recent functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies showing a common brain substrate for finger and number representations during and after the acquisition of arithmetic skills.
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Ortega, Vicente Rodriguez. Homoeroticism Contained. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252036613.003.0014.
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This chapter compares John Woo's Hong Kong and Hollywood films in order to scrutinize the differing representations of gender they offer in relation to the different generic configurations at work in each production context. It seeks to identify which aspects of these representations have passed the test of cultural translatability and which have not. It examines how Woo's generation of a series of action and pathos driven films negotiates generically gendered bodies and how these undergo a radical shift within his Hollywood output. It asks what were the perceived assets of Woo's crossover appeal for Western audiences that led Universal to make him the first ever Chinese director in charge of a multimillion dollar motion picture, and what were the seemingly dangerous aspects of his representational templates that had to be “translated” to the social, sexual, and cultural codes of Western popular culture. In particular, the chapter explores the shift from male-to-male narratives and subordinated femininity to the heterosexual romance that dominates most of his American films.
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Walker, James C. G. Numerical Adventures with Geochemical Cycles. Oxford University Press, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195045208.001.0001.
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The dynamic, evolving Earth, and the mathematical representation of its geochemical changes are the subject of this timely, helpful handbook. Global warming, changes in the ocean, and the effects of fossil fuel combustion are just a few of the phenomena that make the development of geochemical models critical. But what computational methods will help to accurately carry out this task? This new text teaches the methodology of computational simulation of environmental change. The author presents interesting applications of his methods to describe the response of the ocean and atmosphere to the infusion of pollutants, the effect of evaporation on seawater composition, climate change, and many other aspects of the Earth's evolving ecosystem. He also presents simple approaches for solving non-linear systems, calculating isotope ratios, and dealing with chains of identical reservoirs. With creative programs that can be executed on any personal computer, Walker offers earth scientists the techniques necessary to address the key problems in their field.
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Dalby, Simon. Climate Change and Geopolitics. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228620.013.642.
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Historic discussions of climate often suggested that it caused societies to have certain qualities. In the 19th-century, imperial representations of the world environment frequently “determined” the fate of peoples and places, a practice that has frequently been used to explain the largest patterns of political rivalry and the fates of empires and their struggles for dominance in world politics. In the 21st century, climate change has mostly reversed the causal logic in the reasoning about human–nature relationships and their geographies. The new thinking suggests that human decisions, at least those made by the rich and powerful with respect to the forms of energy that are used to power the global economy, are influencing future climate changes. Humans are now shaping the environment on a global scale, not the other way around. Despite the widespread acceptance of the 2015 Paris Agreement on climate-change action, numerous arguments about who should act and how they should do so to deal with climate change shape international negotiations. Differing viewpoints are in part a matter of geographical location and whether an economy is dependent on fossil-fuels revenue or subject to increasingly severe storms, droughts, or rising sea levels. These differences have made climate negotiations very difficult in the last couple of decades. Partly in response to these differences, the Paris Agreement devolves primary responsibility for climate policy to individual states rather than establish any other geopolitical arrangement. Apart from the outright denial that humanity is a factor in climate change, arguments about whether climate change causes conflict and how security policies should engage climate change also partly shape contemporary geopolitical agendas. Despite climate-change deniers, in the Trump administration in particular, in the aftermath of the Paris Agreement, climate change is understood increasingly as part of a planetary transformation that has been set in motion by industrial activity and the rise of a global fossil-fuel-powered economy. But this is about more than just climate change. The larger earth-system science discussion of transformation, which can be encapsulated in the use of the term “Anthropocene” for the new geological circumstances of the biosphere, is starting to shape the geopolitics of climate change just as new political actors are beginning to have an influence on climate politics.
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Robertson, Lisa C. Home and Identity in Nineteenth-Century Literary London. Edinburgh University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474457880.001.0001.
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This book uncovers a range of new models for modern living that emerged in response to social, economic and political changes in nineteenth-century London, and investigates the literature that gave expression to their novelty. It brings together visual and literary representations to identify a series of new designs for domestic space that change the way people lived together in the metropolis, including model dwellings, women’s residences, settlement housing and the garden city suburb. It focuses on the ways that language shapes the built environment and domestic architecture in particular, but also attends to the ways that domestic practice shapes discursive patterns and literary representation. It argues that these new designs for urban living responded to shifting perspectives about gender, class and sexuality; but equally, it demonstrates that these innovations in domestic design forged opportunities for refashioning both individual and collective identities. Home and Identity in Nineteenth-Century Literary London offers readers a new blueprint for understanding the ways in which literature imaginatively and materially produce the city’s built environment. In so doing, it also indicates what resources the nineteenth-century city — and the literature that responded to it — can offer for thinking through the most urgent problems of today’s urban environment environments.
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Gherardi, Silvia, and Antonio Strati. Talking about Competence. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198806639.003.0005.
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In this chapter the theme of competence is addressed in relation to a processual approach to discursive practices. The object “competence” is constructed differently within three main discourses: entity-based, relational, and practice-based. The authors problematize how language constructs competence as a research object. What happens when we no longer believe in the language/reality binary relation? The chapter poses the question of how a more-than-representational approach changes our way of talking about competence but does not argue “against” language; rather, it invites exploration “beyond” language and beyond language in a written text, since there is always a “something” that exceeds the speaking subject. The authors propose an experimental written/visual text that invites empathy in reading and challenges the rhythm of reading with an invitation to feel the poetry of a visual language. In so doing, they want to produce the effect of troubling the static, rational, and written representation of competence.
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Wineinger, Catherine N. Gendering the GOP. Oxford University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197556542.001.0001.
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This book, one of the first to focus exclusively on the experiences of Republican congresswomen, uncovers some of the gendered implications of congressional polarization. Looking beyond legislative behavior, Gendering the GOP: Intraparty Politics and Republican Women’s Representation in Congress reveals changes over time in the way Republican congresswomen (1) claim to represent women and (2) work together to advance their own interests within the party. Through extensive interviews with women members of Congress and in-depth analyses of House floor speeches, the book details how women have both navigated and shaped existing gender dynamics within the House GOP conference. It demonstrates that Republican women in Congress are not merely gender-blind partisans. Rather, it complicates traditional understandings of the relationship between descriptive and substantive representation, showing how polarization and party competition have incentivized Republican women to organize around their partisan-gender identity—distinguishing themselves from both Democratic women and Republican men. Doing so has increased their visibility as party messengers, while simultaneously limiting their legislative power in the institution. This book shines light on the ongoing challenges Republican women face, the intricate gender dynamics they must learn to navigate in their party, and potential opportunities for change.
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Burrow, Colin. The Reformation of the Household. Edited by James Simpson and Brian Cummings. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199212484.013.0025.
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One episode in Edmund Spenser’sFaerie Queeneshows a sudden transition of worlds which is paradigmatic of Protestant self-representation. From cannibalistic Catholics to pastoral piety, from a godless outdoors to the small-scale courtesies of the godly household, this shift implies that the act of violent religious Reformation abruptly gives rise to a cultural reformation that profoundly changes the scale and style of social organization. This article argues that Spenser’s Protestant mythology still shapes the understanding of households in the sixteenth century and that it is radically misleading. Royal and magnate households dominate the early part of the century, while representations of small-scale (and sometimes only incidentally Protestant) households richly populate the drama and narrative prose of its end. By focusing on the role played by non-royal households in writing by mid-century Catholics-George Cavendish’sLife and Death of Cardinal Wolseyand William Roper’sThe Lyfe of Sir Thomas Moore, Knighte--this article argues two things: that it is wrong to regard the royal household as the all-encompassing centre of early Tudor writing; and that is incorrect to suggest that the Protestant reformation aided the emergence of smaller-scale domestic institutions. In these mid-century works there is a counter-reformation representation of the household which had a powerful influence on later representations of the household—including even those of Protestants such as Spenser, George Gascoigne and Shakespeare.
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Connolly, Heather, Miguel Martínez Lucio, and Stefania Marino. The Politics of Social Inclusion and Labor Representation. Cornell University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9781501736575.001.0001.
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The book explores the question of social inclusion and trade union responses to immigration in the European context, comparing the Netherlands, Spain and the United Kingdom. Drawing on in-depth qualitative research the book focuses on how trade unions - particularly more established and institutionalised trade unions - respond to immigrant workers and what they perceive to be the important points of renewal and change that are required for a more integrated and supported immigrant community to emerge. The book also considers the role of European level trade union relations on the question of immigration and how trade unionists have attempted to deal with very different national configurations of trade union action. The book argues that we need to appreciate the complexity of trade union traditions, paths to renewal and competing trajectories of solidarity. While trade union organisations remain wedded to specific trajectories, trade union renewal remains an innovative if at times problematic set of choices and aspirations.
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Polizzi, Goffredo. Reimagining the Italian South. Liverpool University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/liverpool/9781800856851.001.0001.
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Images of Southern Italy as a place of arrival for migrants with different origins and backgrounds are in recent years proliferating on Italian Medias as well as in contemporary Italian literature and cinema. The unprecedented perspective on the mezzogiorno which presents the region as a place where people arrive and not only as a place of departure, represents a major change in the collective imaginary on the Italian South. This perspective, today, alters and challenges in various ways the longstanding representation of the South as the forever “backward” part of the country. This book presents one of the first studies to focus entirely, through in-depth readings of a range of contemporary literary and cinematic texts, on the representation of contemporary migration to the Italian South, and on the concomitant changes in the tradition of representation of the region. Through the analysis, informed by translation theory, and by decolonial, queer and feminist critique, of the mutual construction of race, gender and sexuality, and of the translation and hybridization of langugages and cultures, in texts which tell multiple stories of mobility to and through the South, this book traces the emergence of a transnational imaginary of the mezzogiorno which offers useful tools for an urgent reconfiguration of collective and individual identities.
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Maeseele, Pieter, and Yves Pepermans. Ideology in Climate Change Communication. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228620.013.578.
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The idea of climate change inspires and reinforces disagreements at all levels of society. Climate change’s integration into public life suggests that there is no evident way of framing and tackling the phenomenon. This brings forward important questions regarding the role of ideology in mediated public discourse on climate change. The existing research literature shows that five ideological filters need to be taken into account to understand the myriad ways in which ideology plays a role in the production, representation, and reception of climate change in (news and entertainment) media: (i) economic factors, (ii) journalistic norms, (iii) political context, (iv) ideological cultures, and (v) citizen decoding. Furthermore, two different interpretations of how ideology precisely serves as a filter of social reality underlie this literature: an interpretation of ideology as an independent variable, on the one hand, and as a constitutive practice, on the other. Moreover, these interpretations underlie a broader discussion in the social sciences on the relation between climate change and ideology and how scholars and activists should deal with it. By considering climate change as a post-ideological issue, a first perspective problematizes the politicization of climate change and calls for its depoliticization to foster consensus and public engagement. In response, a second perspective takes aim against the post-politicization and post-democratization of climate change (resulting from the adoption of the first perspective) for suppressing the role of ideology and, as a result, for stifling democratic debate and citizenship with regard to the climate issue. This latter perspective is in need of further exploration in future research, especially with regard to the concepts of ideological fault lines, ideological hegemony, and ideological strategies.
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Larmer, Miles. At the Crossroads. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199935369.013.20.
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The Copperbelt region of Central Africa sits at the crossroads of political borders, trade corridors, migratory flows, and identity formations. The division of the region by a colonial/national border shaped not only its differential political economy, but also how this was perceived and represented. At the heart of all such representations was the relationship between minerals and their supposed capacity to effect economic, political, and social transformation. This article analyzes how this relationship has been understood and articulated from the precolonial period until today, and the ways that actual and potential mineral wealth have underwritten successive, often contested, political projects and aspirations. In identifying changes and enduring patterns in mining-based political representation, it suggests an alternative history of the Copperbelt region rooted in the political imaginaries surrounding mining and its potential for transformation.
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Nash, Sarah Louise. Negotiating Migration in the Context of Climate Change. Policy Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1332/policypress/9781529201260.001.0001.
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Assessing migration in the context of climate change, this book draws on empirical research to offer a unique analysis of policy-making in the field. This detailed account is a vital step in understanding the links between global discourses on human mobilities, climate change and specific policy responses. The idea that people are being forced to move because of climate change, and that in the future even more people will be forced to do so, has captured imaginations globally. The majority of these representations of lives touched by climate change are expressions of outrage that the actions of a few will affect the lives of so many, that climate change will have consequences so grave that people will be forced to leave their homes. The aim of this book is to examine the distinct policy debate surrounding the climate change and human mobility nexus, in particular the construction of these two related concepts as a distinct phenomenon that requires policy responses.
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Forsyth, Tim. Community-Based Adaptation to Climate Change. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228620.013.602.
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Community-based adaptation (CBA) to climate change is an approach to adaptation that aims to include vulnerable people in the design and implementation of adaptation measures. The most obvious forms of CBA include simple, but accessible, technologies such as storing freshwater during flooding or raising the level of houses near the sea. It can also include more complex forms of social and economic resilience such as increasing access to a wider range of livelihoods or reducing the vulnerability of social groups that are especially exposed to climate risks. CBA has been promoted by some development nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) and international agencies as a means of demonstrating the importance of participatory and deliberative methods within adaptation to climate change, and the role of longer-term development and social empowerment as ways of reducing vulnerability to climate change. Critics, however, have argued that focusing on “community” initiatives can often be romantic and can give the mistaken impression that communities are homogeneous when in fact they contain many inequalities and social exclusions. Accordingly, many analysts see CBA as an important, but insufficient, step toward the representation of vulnerable local people in climate change policy, but that it also offers useful lessons for a broader transformation to socially inclusive forms of climate change policy, and towards seeing resilience to climate change as lying within socio-economic organization rather than in infrastructure and technology alone.
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Godsey, William D. Conclusion. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198809395.003.0012.
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Under the impact of conditions of fiscal-military exigency as well as shifting conceptions of government and representation, the relationship between Habsburg rulers and their elites changed continually between 1650 and 1820. In an ongoing process characterized by both cooperation and conflict, the two sides came together around the standing army. The Estates’ operations on its behalf encompassed at varying times military administration, tax collection, credit mediation, among other activities. As lenders to the dynastic state, the Estates were never more important than between the Seven Years War and the Napoleonic wars. With the exception of Great Britain, whose national debt was guaranteed by Parliament, no other eighteenth-century great power accorded the representative tradition such significance in the question of borrowing and finances as the Habsburg monarchy. After 1830 political, social, and economic change undercut the Estates und unravelled their relationship to Habsburg authority. They would be abolished in 1849.
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Vlaeyen, Johan W. S. Learning and Conditioning in Chronic Pain. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190627898.003.0004.
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This chapter highlights the ways that individuals learn to adapt to changes due to painful experiences. Learning is the observable change in behavior due to events in the internal and external environment, and it includes non-associative (habituation and sensitization) and associative learning (Pavlovian and operant conditioning). Once acquired, new knowledge representations remain stored in memory and may generalize to perceptually or functionally similar events. Moreover, these processes are not just a consequence of pain; they may also modulate the perception of pain. In contrast to the rapid acquisition of learned responses, their extinction is slow, fragile, and context-dependent, and it only occurs through inhibitory processes. The chapter reviews features of associative forms of learning in humans that contribute to pain, pain-related distress, and disability. It concludes with a discussion of promising future directions.
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Mittermeier, Sabrina, and Mareike Spychala, eds. Fighting for the Future. Liverpool University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/liverpool/9781789621761.001.0001.
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The first two seasons of the television series Star Trek: Discovery, the newest instalment in the long-running and influential Star Trek franchise, received media and academic attention from the moment they arrived on screen. Discovery makes several key changes to Star Trek’s well-known narrative formulae, particularly the use of more serialized storytelling, appealing to audiences’ changed viewing habits in the streaming age – and yet the storylines, in their topical nature and the broad range of socio-political issues they engage with, continue in the political vein of the franchise’s megatext. This volume brings together eighteen essays and one interview about the series, with contributions from a variety of disciplines including cultural studies, literary studies, media studies, fandom studies, history and political science. They explore representations of gender, sexuality and race, as well as topics such as shifts in storytelling and depictions of diplomacy. Examining Discovery alongside older entries into the Star Trek canon and tracing emerging continuities and changes, this volume will be an invaluable resource for all those interested in Star Trek and science fiction in the franchise era.
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Forster, Chris. Very Serious Books. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190840860.003.0005.
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This chapter draws on the records of the British Home Office to reconsider the censorship of two novels by women in the late 1920s: Radclyffe Hall’s The Well of Loneliness and the Norah James’s less well-known Sleeveless Errand. It argues that the suppression of these novels was a function of the way they were positioned and received as “serious” works, capable of effecting social change. The chapter argues that specific circumstances in the late 1920s also shaped the perception of the novels. A perception that World War I had radically imbalanced the British population by creating two million "surplus women" created an context where representations of women's sexuality were perceived as especially dangerous. Hall’s representation in The Well of Loneliness of the book as a medium with authority and social agency made both novels seem especially dangerous in this context, and thus, in the eyes of the Home Office, worthy of suppression.
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Seeman, Sonia Tamar. Sounding Roman. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199949243.001.0001.
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Sounding Roman traces the role of music performance in maintaining, shaping, and challenging ascribed social identities of Roman (“Gypsy”) groups, who constitute one of the most socially reviled and yet culturally romanticized minorities in Turkey. Roman communities have been a ubiquitous presence, contributing to social, cultural, and economic life since the Byzantine period in Anatolia up to the present. Alternately exoticized and reviled, Roman communities were valued for their occupational skills and entertainment services. Based on detailed historiographic study and twenty years of ethnographic work, this book examines the issue of cultural and musical representations for creating, maintaining, and contesting social identity practices through philosophical reflections on meaningful symbolic configurations in metaphoricity, iconicity, and mimesis paired with a sociological interrogation of unequal power relationships. Through these lenses, the book investigates the potential of musical performance to configure new social identities and open pathways for political action, while exploring the limits of cultural representation to effect meaningful social change. The book begins with historical representations of çingene as a marked ethnic and social group during the Byzantine to late Ottoman Empire. It then traces how such constructions were revised during the period of the modern Turkish Republic through the creation of a commercial musical genre, the Roman dance tune (Roman oyun havası). The book includes a companion website with illustrative texts, images, and audio examples.
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Schroeder, Wolfgang, and Michaela Schulze, eds. Wohlfahrtsstaat und Interessenorganisationen im Wandel. Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft mbH & Co. KG, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5771/9783845281223.
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Interest groups within the context of changing welfare states have gained widespread attention within the social sciences. Welfare states and interest groups are being faced with new challenges (e.g. in the context of several changes, such as new social risks). Schwache Interessen (weak interests) (such as poorly qualified ones) are also gaining more attention. This book discusses several different fields of interest representation in the welfare state. It analyses in what way constellations of interest representation have changed in modified welfare state environments. Several different organisations are analysed, including labour unions, the employers’ association and political parties. Moreover, the book also takes umbrella organisations of municipalities, social courts and educational policymakers into account. Until now, they have gained little attention from scholars. With contributions by: Lena Brüsewitz, Imke Friedrich, Sascha Kristin Futh, Tanja Klenk, Ulrike A.C. Müller, Frank Nullmeier, Sabine Ruß-Sattar, Friedbert Rüb, Wolfgang Schroeder, Benedikt Schreiter, Michaela Schulze, Florian Steinmüller, Christoph Strünck, Felix Welti
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Jobs, Sebastian, and Gesa Mackenthun, eds. Embodiments of Cultural Encounters. Waxmann Verlag GmbH, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.31244/9783830975489.
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The meeting of members of different cultures, frequently conceptualized in abstract terms, always involves the meeting of human bodies. This volume brings together contributions by scholars of various disciplines that address physical aspects and effects of cultural encounters in historical and present-day settings. Bodies were and are not only markers of cultural identity and difference, endlessly inscribed and represented as the ‘body politic’ or ‘the exotic other’; as battlegrounds of cross-cultural signification and identification bodies are also potential agents of change. While some essays address the elusiveness of the ‘real’ or material body, forever lost behind a veil of textual and visual representation, others analyze the performative effect of such representations – their function of disciplining colonized bodies and subjects by integrating them into Western systems of cultural signification and scientific classification. Yet, as the volume also shows, formerly colonized people, far from subjecting themselves completely to Western discourses of physical discipline, retain traditional body practices – whether in food culture, religious ritual, or musical performances. Such local reinscriptions escape the grip of Western culture and transform the global semantics of the body.
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Guest, Deryn. Judging Yhwh in the Book of Judges. Edited by Danna Nolan Fewell. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199967728.013.14.
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Narrative approaches initiated a sea-change in Judges studies. Narrative approaches, however, require additional tools if they are to challenge the text’s ideology. While several narrative critics combined their expertise with feminist theory, scholars are yet to engage fully with the critical study of masculinities or with queer studies that offer a new, rich vein of research focused on how gender and sexuality is an integral aspect of character. YHWH has largely evaded the kind of attention given to other, more earthly, characters. This chapter discusses YHWH’s alpha-male qualities and how they create gender trouble for the cast of male characters in Judges; how YHWH is caught up with the cultural dictates of honor and shame; how object-relations theory can be fruitful in understanding the relationship dynamics between YHWH and Israel. Attention finally returns to the narrator and his stake in this representation of the deity.
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Nelson, Margaret C., and Patricia A. Gilman. Mimbres Archaeology. Edited by Barbara Mills and Severin Fowles. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199978427.013.14.
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The Mimbres cultural tradition once dominated southwestern New Mexico and adjacent areas, and is best known for intricate and beautiful pottery with black designs painted on a white background. The apex of population and tradition—1000–1130 ce—is labeled the Mimbres Classic period. Several major changes distinguish this period from earlier Pithouse periods, including the appearance of the first pueblos in the southern Southwest, increased population, change from enclosed to open ritual spaces, elaboration of black-on-white pottery, and a shift in pan-regional connections from west with the people of the Hohokam region to south into Mesoamerica. This chapter describes these trends and their implications. It then explores three research themes that have contributed to this cultural tradition and to broader understandings of society, ecology, and worldview: human-environment interactions; organizational variation of large pueblos, room layouts, ritual practices, and ceramic production; and the representational and geometric black-on-white pottery.
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Rohrschneider, Robert, and Jacques Thomassen, eds. The Oxford Handbook of Political Representation in Liberal Democracies. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198825081.001.0001.
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How can democracies effectively represent citizens? The goal of this Handbook is to evaluate comprehensively how well the interests and preferences of mass publics become represented by institutions in liberal democracies. It first explores how the idea and institutions of liberal democracies were formed over centuries and became enshrined in Western political systems. The contributors to this Handbook, made up of the world’s leading scholars on the various aspects of political representation, examine how well the political elites and parties who are charged with the representation of the public interest meet their duties. Clearly, institutions often fail to live up to their own representation goals. With this in mind, the contributors explore several challenges to the way that the system of representation is organized in modern democracies. For example, actors such as parties and established elites face rising distrust among electorates. Also, the rise of international problems such as migration and environmentalism suggests that the focus of democracies on nation states may have to shift to a more international level. All told, this Handbook illuminates the normative and functional challenges faced by representative institutions in liberal democracies.