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Academic literature on the topic 'Representation of words'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 30 May 2022

Last updated: 31 May 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Representation of words"

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Daya, Shari. "Words and worlds: textual representation and new materialism." cultural geographies 26, no. 3 (February 28, 2019): 361–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1474474019832356.

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Chi, Jinjin, Jihong Ouyang, Changchun Li, Xueyang Dong, Ximing Li, and Xinhua Wang. "Topic representation: Finding more representative words in topic models." Pattern Recognition Letters 123 (May 2019): 53–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.patrec.2019.01.018.

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Ben-Yami, Hanoch. "Word, Sign and Representation in Descartes." Journal of Early Modern Studies 10, no. 1 (2021): 29–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/jems20211012.

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In the first chapter of his The World, Descartes compares light to words and discusses signs and ideas. This made scholars read into that passage our views of language as a representational medium and consider it Descartes’ model for representation in perception. I show, by contrast, that Descartes does not ascribe there any representational role to language; that to be a sign is for him to have a kind of causal role; and that he is concerned there only with the cause’s lack of resemblance to its effect, not with the representation’s lack of resemblance to what it represents. I support this interpretation by comparisons with other places in Descartes’ corpus and with earlier authors, Descartes’ likely sources. This interpretation may shed light both on Descartes’ understanding of the functioning of language and on the development of his theory of representation in perception.

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Ramanisa, Hartiwi, Khairudin Khairudin, and Syukma Netti. "ANALISIS KEMAMPUAN REPRESENTASI MATEMATIS SISWA." Jurnal Magister Pendidikan Matematika (JUMADIKA) 2, no. 1 (August 20, 2020): 34–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.30598/jumadikavol2iss1year2020page34-38.

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The ability Mathematical representation is very important for students to have, because it can facilitate students in solving mathematical problems. This study aims to describe the ability of mathematical representation of class VII students of SMP Negeri 14 Padang. The results showed that 82.7% of students used visual representations, 38% of students used representations of Equation or mathematical expressions and 23.3% of students used representations of words or written texts. The highest indicator of visual representation is to draw geometric figures to clarify the problem and facilitate its solution, while the lowest indicator of the representation of words or written text is to write the steps to solve mathematical problems with words

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Fédou, Jean-Marc, and Gabriele Fici. "Vertical representation of C∞-words." Theoretical Computer Science 565 (February 2015): 90–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tcs.2014.11.011.

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Klein, Devorah E., and Gregory L. Murphy. "The Representation of Polysemous Words." Journal of Memory and Language 45, no. 2 (August 2001): 259–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jmla.2001.2779.

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Andres, Michael, Etienne Olivier, and Arnaud Badets. "Actions, Words, and Numbers." Current Directions in Psychological Science 17, no. 5 (October 2008): 313–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8721.2008.00597.x.

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Recent findings in neuroscience challenge the view that the motor system is exclusively dedicated to the control of actions, and it has been suggested that it may contribute critically to conceptual processes such as those involved in language and number representation. The aim of this review is to address this issue by illustrating some interactions between the motor system and the processing of words and numbers. First, we detail functional brain imaging studies suggesting that motor circuits may be recruited to represent the meaning of action-related words. Second, we summarize a series of experiments demonstrating some interference between the size of grip used to grasp objects and the magnitude processing of words or numbers. Third, we report data suggestive of a common representation of numbers and finger movements in the adult brain, a possible trace of the finger-counting strategies used in childhood. Altogether, these studies indicate that the motor system interacts with several aspects of word and number representations. Future research should determine whether these findings reflect a causal role of the motor system in the organization of semantic knowledge.

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Clahsen, Harald, and Yu Ikemoto. "The mental representation of derived words." Mental Lexicon 7, no. 2 (December 7, 2012): 147–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ml.7.2.02cla.

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Deadjectival nominals with –sa and –mi in Japanese are both phonologically transparent and morphologically decomposable. However, whilst –sa essentially serves to form nouns out of adjectives, –mi forms function as semantic labels with specific meanings. We examined –sa and –mi nominals in three experiments, an eye-movement experiment presenting –sa and –mi forms in sentence contexts and in two word recognition experiments using (primed and unprimed) lexical decision, to investigate the nature of their form-level representations. Whilst the word recognition experiments produced the same pattern of results for –sa and –mi forms, the eye-movement experiment demonstrated clear differences: –mi forms elicited longer reading times compared to –sa forms, except when the particular meanings of –mi forms were contextually licensed. These results show how different semantic properties affect the performance of derived words that have the same type of word level representation.

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Zuo, Yuanyuan, and Bo Zhang. "Sparse Based Image Classification With Bag-of-Visual-Words Representations." International Journal of Software Science and Computational Intelligence 3, no. 1 (January 2011): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/jssci.2011010101.

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The sparse representation based classification algorithm has been used to solve the problem of human face recognition, but the image database is restricted to human frontal faces with only slight illumination and expression changes. This paper applies the sparse representation based algorithm to the problem of generic image classification, with a certain degree of intra-class variations and background clutter. Experiments are conducted with the sparse representation based algorithm and Support Vector Machine (SVM) classifiers on 25 object categories selected from the Caltech101 dataset. Experimental results show that without the time-consuming parameter optimization, the sparse representation based algorithm achieves comparable performance with SVM. The experiments also demonstrate that the algorithm is robust to a certain degree of background clutter and intra-class variations with the bag-of-visual-words representations. The sparse representation based algorithm can also be applied to generic image classification task when the appropriate image feature is used.

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Ganguly, Debasis. "Learning variable-length representation of words." Pattern Recognition 103 (July 2020): 107306. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.patcog.2020.107306.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Representation of words"

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Zhou, Xiaolin. "The mental representation of Chinese disyllabic words." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1992. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.259648.

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De, Mornay Davies Paul. "The semantic representation of concrete and abstract words." Thesis, Royal Holloway, University of London, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.267987.

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This thesis examines the various approaches which have been taken to investigate the concrete/abstract word distinction both in normal subjects and in patients who, as a result of brain damage, have an impairment of lexical semantic representations. The nature of the definition task as a tool for assessing the semantic representations of concrete and abstract terms was examined. It was found that definitions for abstract words differed from those of concrete words only in style, not in semantic content. The metalinguistic demands of the definition task therefore make it inappropriate for assessing the semantic representations of concrete and abstract terms in patients with any form of language impairment. The performance of four patients with semantic impairments was examined using a variety of tasks designed to assess concrete and abstract word comprehension. While some of the data can be accommodated within the framework of several theories, no single theory can adequately account for the patterns of performance in all four patients. An alternative model of semantic memory is therefore proposed in which concreteness and frequency interact at the semantic level. Jones' Ease of Predication Hypothesis, which states that the difference between concrete and abstract terms can be explained in terms of disproportionate numbers of underlying semantic features (or "predicates") was also investigated. It was found that the ease of predication variable does not accurately reflect either predicate or feature distributions, and is simply another index of concreteness. As such, the validity of this concept as the basis of theories of semantic representation should be questioned. Models based on the assumption of a "richer" semantic representation for concrete words (e.g.: Plaut & Shallice, 1993) are therefore undermined by these data. The possibility that concrete and abstract concepts can be accessed from their most salient predicates and/or features was examined in a series of semantic priming experiments. It was concluded that it is not possible to prime either concrete or abstract concepts from their constituent parts. Significant facilitation only occurred for items in which the prime and target were synonymous and therefore map onto concepts which share almost identical semantic representations. In summary, it is apparent that no current theory of semantic representation can adequately account for the range of findings with regard to the concrete/abstract word distinction. The most plausible account is some form of distributed connectionist model. However, such models are based on unsubstantiated assumptions about the nature of abstract word representations in the semantic network. Alternative proposals are therefore discussed.

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luo, sai. "Semantic Movie Scene Segmentation Using Bag-of-Words Representation." The Ohio State University, 2017. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1500375283397255.

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Thomsett, Andrea Irma Irene. "Festival representation beyond words : the Stuttgart baptism of 1616." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/29760.

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The representation of a Stuttgart court festival in a fascinating book of prints has received no art historical attention. The cultural production of German lands in a complex and obscure time described by one historian as being particularly bereft of "textbook facts", has not elicited much scholarly interest. In the seventeenth century before confessional disputes within the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation turned into armed conflict, small German territorial courts modelled themselves on and assumed the courtly style of the larger European courts. The Stuttgart baptism of 1616 presents an interesting case study of the use of a courtly spectacle by a secondary court at a time of great instability. The baptism festival served as a stage to display an alliance of some German Protestant princes that held a promise of international support for the Protestant cause. The Wurttemberg court commissioned lengthy texts and a large number of engravings to represent the event. This study will address the contributions made by printed images to the festival program. The key documents for this study are the texts which complement and at times diverge from the visual representation. The differences between the visual and textual material will serve to locate the function of the visual representation of a festival held at a time of impending conflict. The triumphal procession format of the engravings discloses a strategy of disenfranchisement of a powerful parliament while it serves to assert the rank of the court within and outside the German empire. The complex amalgams of imagery that are interspersed in the paper procession allude, I suggest, to the problems presented to the Wurttemberg court by an uneasy alliance of Protestant courts within the empire. The engravings served to encode references to problematic issues such as the survival of the Holy Roman Empire, the rights of Protestant territorial princes to form an alliance and the hopes for outside help for the Protestant cause.
Arts, Faculty of
Art History, Visual Art and Theory, Department of
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Qiao, Xiaomei. "The Representation of Newly Learned Words in the Mental Lexicon." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/194383.

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Most research in word recognition uses words that already exist in the reader's lexicon, and it is therefore of interest to see whether newly learned words are represented and processed in the same way as already known words. For example, are newly learned words immediately represented in a special form of lexical memory, or is there a gradual process of assimilation? As for L2 language learners, are newly learned words incorporated into the same processing system that serves L1, or are they represented quite independently?The current study examines this issue by testing for the existence of the Prime Lexicality Effect (PLE) observed in masked priming experiments (Forster & Veres, 1998). Strong form priming was found with nonword primes (e.g., contrapt-CONTRACT), but not with word primes (e.g., contrast-CONTRACT). This effect is generally assumed to result from competition between the prime and the target. So if the readers had been trained to treat "contrapt" as a new word, would it now function like a word and produce much weaker priming? Elgort (2007) demonstrated such an effect with unmasked primes with L2 bilinguals. The current study investigates the PLE in both L1 and L2 bilinguals under different training conditions. When the training program involves mere familiarization (learning to type the words), a PLE was found with visible primes, but not with masked primes, which suggests that unmasked PLE is not the best indicator of lexicalization. In the case of "real" acquisition where the new word is given a definition and a picture of the object it refers to, and learning is spread over two weeks, a clear PLE was obtained. However, when the same experiment was carried out on Chinese-English bilinguals using the same English materials, completely opposite results were obtained. The learning enhanced priming, rather than reducing it, suggesting that the L2 lexicon might differ qualitatively from the L1 lexicon. The implications of these results for competitive theories of lexical access are discussed, and alternative explanations are considered.

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Beckham, Rosemary Elizabeth. "War of words : liminality, revelation and representation in apocalyptic literature." Thesis, University of Exeter, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10036/73693.

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The focus of this study is revelation at the limits of communication. It considers the way in which (biblical) apocalyptic literature prominently figures the interconnection between liminality, revelation, and representation. The methodology asserts an indissoluble association between theology, philosophy and literature. As such it is interdisciplinary. A preliminary theory (and theology) of liminality interweaves the theological and philosophical contributions of, amongst others, Karl Barth, Graham Ward, Jürgen Moltmann and Jacques Derrida, thereby initiating a revised perspective on the constitution of literary apocalyptic text production and interpretation. Theorising the limen begins to describe the Trinitarian economy at work in Christian apocalyptic processing of scripture. I begin with the idea that revelation (apokalypsis) is the experience of the limen itself (in a coincidence of opposites). Thus the limen (as an actively divine space) incorporates that which stands on both sides, in vertical and horizontal, linear and cyclical, spatial and temporal movements. I then propose that apocalyptic literature re-presents this complex economy in which the end is rehearsed simultaneously as limit, threshold, and rupture. Theologically, this complicates inter-relational notions of ‘apocalyptic’ and eschatology, and stimulates a debate on a metaphysics of violence in communication (between God, man and Creation). I conclude that, at the extreme limit of human understanding (where words fail), those with faith in God’s love are opened out to revelation in the apocalyptic textual performance of the liminal economy, and thus to hope and forgiveness. Stressing the importance of reading apocalyptically, I begin to demonstrate the relationship between Christian-canonical narratives and the broader western literary canon, the critical process having invited an exploration of those literary characteristics (of tone, mode and genre) shared by (biblical, modern and postmodern) texts. An important principle in the literary analyses is the association between apocalyptic text production and hermeneutics. Christopher Rowland’s description of a ‘visionary mode’ explains how this process works. Thus the preliminary theory leads into a close reading of recent Russian and American works by Mikhail Bulgakov and Thomas Pynchon. These are compared to, and worked through, Mark’s and John’s gospels and the Book of Revelation. The interpretative approach widens the often self-limiting study of apocalyptic literature, and broadens theological debate on revelation. Thus it begins to show how the rhetoric of apocalyptic makes belief compelling.

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Janlert, Lars-Erik. "Studies in knowledge representation : modeling change - the frame problem : pictures and words." Doctoral thesis, Umeå universitet, Institutionen för datavetenskap, 1985. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-65865.

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In two studies, the author attempts to develop a general symbol theoretical approach to knowledge representation. The first study, Modeling change - the frame problem, critically examines the - so far unsuccessful - attempts to solve the notorious frame problem. By discussing and analyzing a number of related problems - the prediction problem, the revision problem, the qualification problem, and the book-keeping problem - the frame problem is distinguished as the problem of finding a representational form permitting a changing, complex world to be efficiently and adequately represented. This form, it is argued, is dictated by the metaphysics of the problem world, the fundamental form of the symbol system we humans use in rightly characterizing the world. In the second study, Pictures and words, the symbol theoretical approach is made more explicit. The subject Is the distinction between pictorial (non-linguistic, non-propositional, analogical, "direct") representation and verbal (linguistic, propositional) representation, and the further implications of this distinction. The study focuses on pictorial representation, which has received little attention compared to verbal representation. Observations, ideas, and theories in AI, cognitive psychology, and philosophy are critically examined. The general conclusion is that there is as yet no cogent and mature theory of pictorial representation that gives good support to computer applications. The philosophical symbol theory of Nelson Goodman is found to be the most thoroughly developed and most congenial with the aims and methods of AI. Goodman's theory of pictorial representation, however, in effect excludes computers from the use of pictures. In the final chapter, an attempt is made to develop Goodman's analysis of pictures further turning it into a theory useful to AI. The theory outlined builds on Goodman's concept of exemplification. The key idea is that a picture is a model of a description that has the depicted object as its standard model. One consequence Is that pictorial and verbal forms of representation are seen less as competing alternatives than as complementary forms of representation mutually supporting and depending on each other.
digitalisering@umu

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Alirezaie, Marjan. "Semantic Analysis Of Multi Meaning Words Using Machine Learning And Knowledge Representation." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för datavetenskap, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-70086.

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The present thesis addresses machine learning in a domain of naturallanguage phrases that are names of universities. It describes two approaches to this problem and a software implementation that has made it possible to evaluate them and to compare them. In general terms, the system's task is to learn to 'understand' the significance of the various components of a university name, such as the city or region where the university is located, the scienti c disciplines that are studied there, or the name of a famous person which may be part of the university name. A concrete test for whether the system has acquired this understanding is when it is able to compose a plausible university name given some components that should occur in the name. In order to achieve this capability, our system learns the structure of available names of some universities in a given data set, i.e. it acquires a grammar for the microlanguage of university names. One of the challenges is that the system may encounter ambiguities due to multi meaning words. This problem is addressed using a small ontology that is created during the training phase. Both domain knowledge and grammatical knowledge is represented using decision trees, which is an ecient method for concept learning. Besides for inductive inference, their role is to partition the data set into a hierarchical structure which is used for resolving ambiguities. The present report also de nes some modi cations in the de nitions of parameters, for example a parameter for entropy, which enable the system to deal with cognitive uncertainties. Our method for automatic syntax acquisition, ADIOS, is an unsupervised learning method. This method is described and discussed here, including a report on the outcome of the tests using our data set. The software that has been implemented and used in this project has been implemented in C.

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Abdoh, Eman Mohammed Abdulrahman. "A study of the phonological structure and representation of first words in Arabic." Thesis, University of Leicester, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2381/10221.

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This research studies the phonological structure and representation of first words in Hijazi Arabic. It investigates the representational nature of early words and the developmental stages of their syllable and word internal structure within the framework of the Prosodic Theory (McCarthy & Prince 1986, 1990). The issues raised relate to the relation between child and adult phonology, and whether the subjects follow a universal path or influenced by their language-specific phonology (Ferguson & Farewell, 1975; Vihman, 1991; Fikkert, 1994; Demuth, 1995; Ota, 2003; Lleo, 2006). The discussion has been accompanied by considering child-adult differences and cross-linguistic comparisons between child Arabic and child Germanic languages (English, Dutch), child Romance languages (French, Spanish, and Catalan), and child Japanese. Cross-sectional spontaneous data were collected from twenty two monolingual children (aged from 1;0 to1;9) living in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia by recording their speech using the object-naming technique in near natural settings and analyzed using a qualitative approach. The results show that the subjects’ segmental inventories are very limited at the onset of speech, which determines the shape of their early words. The subjects often employ phonological processes (e.g. reduplication, consonant harmony, substitution, truncation) when their templates cannot accommodate all the segmental material of the target words. The data provide evidence that the phonological structure of their early words has the same organizational units of adult phonology and governed by its prosodic principles. The subjects go through similar stages of prosodic word development to those reported in the literature: a minimal word stage (1;0-1;6), where their outputs display bimoraic and disyllabic forms, followed by a maximal stage (between 1;7-1;9), where more complex structures are produced. Despite the universality of many aspects of word acquisition in child Arabic, the study emphasizes the importance of investigating the impact of the ambient language and the role of language specific phonologies.

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Bekemeier, Natalia [Verfasser]. "On the Representation and Processing of Phonological Stem Variants of Complex Words / Natalia Bekemeier." Konstanz : Bibliothek der Universität Konstanz, 2016. http://d-nb.info/1122020317/34.

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Books on the topic "Representation of words"

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S, Butler Brian, ed. Designing interactive worlds with words: Principles of writing as representational composition. Mahwah, N.J: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 2000.

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Fridman, Lea Wernick. Words and witness: Narrative and aesthetic strategies in the representation of the Holocaust. Albany: State University of New York Press, 2000.

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Institute, American National Standards, ed. Codes for the representation of languages for information interchange. Bethesda, Md: NISO Press, 2001.

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National Information Standards Organization (U.S.). Codes for the representation of languages for information interchange. Bethesda, Md., U.S.A: NISO Press, 1994.

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Beyond "small words and grammar": Linguistic analysis and deaf writers : towards a pedagogy of meaning and representation. Burtonsville, Md: Linstok Press, Inc., 1993.

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National Information Standards Organization (U.S.). American national standard for information sciences--codes for the representation of languages for information interchange. New York, N.Y: ANSI, 1987.

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How democracy works: Political representation and policy congruence in modern societies : essays in honour of Jacques Thomassen. Amsterdam: Pallas Publications, 2010.

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Representative works, 1938-1985. New York, NY: Roof Books, 1986.

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Reginald, Goveas, ed. My vote counts: A book about democracy, what it means, how it works, and how you can make your vote count. Chennai: Tulika Publishers, 1999.

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Masini, Francesca, and Raffaele Simone. Word classes: Nature, typology and representations. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2014.

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Book chapters on the topic "Representation of words"

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Goncu, Cagatay, Kim Marriott, and Frances Aldrich. "Tactile Diagrams: Worth Ten Thousand Words?" In Diagrammatic Representation and Inference, 257–63. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-14600-8_25.

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Xu, Xiang, Xingkun Wu, and Feng Lin. "Image Representation with Bag-of-Words." In Cellular Image Classification, 81–87. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-47629-2_4.

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Taft, Marcus. "Morphological Representation as a Correlation Between form and Meaning." In Reading Complex Words, 113–37. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-3720-2_6.

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del Troncoso, Alberto Castillo. "Images and Words: Photography and the 1968 Student Movement in Mexico." In Memory, Subjectivities, and Representation, 187–205. New York: Palgrave Macmillan US, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137438713_11.

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Meijs, Willem, and Piek Vossen. "In so many words: Knowledge as a lexical phenomenon." In Lexical Semantics and Knowledge Representation, 137–53. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/3-540-55801-2_32.

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Stede, Manfred. "Representing the Meaning of Words." In Lexical Semantics and Knowledge Representation in Multilingual Text Generation, 85–120. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-5179-9_6.

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Naseem, Usman, Shah Khalid Khan, Imran Razzak, and Ibrahim A. Hameed. "Hybrid Words Representation for Airlines Sentiment Analysis." In AI 2019: Advances in Artificial Intelligence, 381–92. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-35288-2_31.

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Cui, Xiaoju, Mianzhu Yi, and Wuying Liu. "On the Meaning Representation of Fuzzy Words." In Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 258–65. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-45185-0_28.

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Shea, Margo. "Feminist oral history practice in an era of digital self-representation." In Beyond Women's Words, 283–97. Abingdon, Oxon ; New York, NY : Routledge, 2018.: Routledge, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781351123822-27.

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Angluin, Dana, Timos Antonopoulos, Dana Fisman, and Nevin George. "Representing Regular Languages of Infinite Words Using Mod 2 Multiplicity Automata." In Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 1–20. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-99253-8_1.

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AbstractWe explore the suitability of mod 2 multiplicity automata (M2MAs) as a representation for regular languages of infinite words. M2MAs are a deterministic representation that is known to be learnable in polynomial time with membership and equivalence queries, in contrast to many other representations. Another advantage of M2MAs compared to non-deterministic automata is that their equivalence can be decided in polynomial time and complementation incurs only an additive constant size increase. Because learning time is parameterized by the size of the representation, particular attention is focused on the relative succinctness of alternate representations, in particular, LTL formulas and Büchi automata of the types: deterministic, non-deterministic and strongly unambiguous. We supplement the theoretical results of worst case upper and lower bounds with experimental results computed for randomly generated automata and specific families of LTL formulas.

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Conference papers on the topic "Representation of words"

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Zhang, Qian-Wen, Ximing Zhang, Zhao Yan, Ruifang Liu, Yunbo Cao, and Min-Ling Zhang. "Correlation-Guided Representation for Multi-Label Text Classification." In Thirtieth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence {IJCAI-21}. California: International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2021/463.

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Multi-label text classification is an essential task in natural language processing. Existing multi-label classification models generally consider labels as categorical variables and ignore the exploitation of label semantics. In this paper, we view the task as a correlation-guided text representation problem: an attention-based two-step framework is proposed to integrate text information and label semantics by jointly learning words and labels in the same space. In this way, we aim to capture high-order label-label correlations as well as context-label correlations. Specifically, the proposed approach works by learning token-level representations of words and labels globally through a multi-layer Transformer and constructing an attention vector through word-label correlation matrix to generate the text representation. It ensures that relevant words receive higher weights than irrelevant words and thus directly optimizes the classification performance. Extensive experiments over benchmark multi-label datasets clearly validate the effectiveness of the proposed approach, and further analysis demonstrates that it is competitive in both predicting low-frequency labels and convergence speed.

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Sheikh, Imran, Irina Illina, Dominique Fohr, and Georges Linarès. "Learning Word Importance with the Neural Bag-of-Words Model." In Proceedings of the 1st Workshop on Representation Learning for NLP. Stroudsburg, PA, USA: Association for Computational Linguistics, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.18653/v1/w16-1626.

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Barkan, Oren, Idan Rejwan, Avi Caciularu, and Noam Koenigstein. "Bayesian Hierarchical Words Representation Learning." In Proceedings of the 58th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics. Stroudsburg, PA, USA: Association for Computational Linguistics, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.18653/v1/2020.acl-main.356.

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Peng, Minlong, Qi Zhang, Xiaoyu Xing, Tao Gui, Jinlan Fu, and Xuanjing Huang. "Learning Task-Specific Representation for Novel Words in Sequence Labeling." In Twenty-Eighth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence {IJCAI-19}. California: International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2019/715.

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Word representation is a key component in neural-network-based sequence labeling systems. However, representations of unseen or rare words trained on the end task are usually poor for appreciable performance. This is commonly referred to as the out-of-vocabulary (OOV) problem. In this work, we address the OOV problem in sequence labeling using only training data of the task. To this end, we propose a novel method to predict representations for OOV words from their surface-forms (e.g., character sequence) and contexts. The method is specifically designed to avoid the error propagation problem suffered by existing approaches in the same paradigm. To evaluate its effectiveness, we performed extensive empirical studies on four part-of-speech tagging (POS) tasks and four named entity recognition (NER) tasks. Experimental results show that the proposed method can achieve better or competitive performance on the OOV problem compared with existing state-of-the-art methods.

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Xu, Linli, Wenjun Ouyang, Xiaoying Ren, Yang Wang, and Liang Jiang. "Enhancing Semantic Representations of Bilingual Word Embeddings with Syntactic Dependencies." In Twenty-Seventh International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence {IJCAI-18}. California: International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2018/628.

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Cross-lingual representation is a technique that can both represent different languages in the same latent vector space and enable the knowledge transfer across languages. To learn such representations, most of existing works require parallel sentences with word-level alignments and assume that aligned words have similar Bag-of-Words (BoW) contexts. However, due to differences in grammar structures among different languages, the contexts of aligned words in different languages may appear at different positions of the sentence. To address this issue of different syntactics across different languages, we propose a model of bilingual word embeddings integrating syntactic dependencies (DepBiWE) by producing dependency parse-trees which encode the accurate relative positions for the contexts of aligned words. In addition, a new method is proposed to learn bilingual word embeddings from dependency-based contexts and BoW contexts jointly. Extensive experimental results on a real world dataset clearly validate the superiority of the proposed model DepBiWE on various natural language processing (NLP) tasks.

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Ljubešić, Nikola, Darja Fišer, and Anita Peti-Stantić. "Predicting Concreteness and Imageability of Words Within and Across Languages via Word Embeddings." In Proceedings of The Third Workshop on Representation Learning for NLP. Stroudsburg, PA, USA: Association for Computational Linguistics, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.18653/v1/w18-3028.

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Ke, Yuanzhi, and Masafumi Hagiwara. "Alleviating overfitting for polysemous words for word representation estimation using lexicons." In 2017 International Joint Conference on Neural Networks (IJCNN). IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ijcnn.2017.7966117.

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Üstün, Ahmet, Murathan Kurfalı, and Burcu Can. "Characters or Morphemes: How to Represent Words?" In Proceedings of The Third Workshop on Representation Learning for NLP. Stroudsburg, PA, USA: Association for Computational Linguistics, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.18653/v1/w18-3019.

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Madhyastha, Pranava Swaroop, Mohit Bansal, Kevin Gimpel, and Karen Livescu. "Mapping Unseen Words to Task-Trained Embedding Spaces." In Proceedings of the 1st Workshop on Representation Learning for NLP. Stroudsburg, PA, USA: Association for Computational Linguistics, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.18653/v1/w16-1612.

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Recski, Gábor, Eszter Iklódi, Katalin Pajkossy, and Andras Kornai. "Measuring Semantic Similarity of Words Using Concept Networks." In Proceedings of the 1st Workshop on Representation Learning for NLP. Stroudsburg, PA, USA: Association for Computational Linguistics, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.18653/v1/w16-1622.

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Reports on the topic "Representation of words"

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Church, Joshua, LaKenya Walker, and Amy Bednar. Associated Words Explorer (AWE) user manual. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), September 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/41980.

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This manual is intended for new users with minimal or no experience with using the Associated Word Explorer (AWE) tool. The goal of this document is to give an overview of the main functions of AWE. The primary focus of this document is to demonstrate functionality. Every effort has been made to ensure this document is an accurate representation of the functionality of the AWE tool. For additional information about this manual, contact ERDC.JAIC@erdc.dren.mil.

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Chervinchuk, Alina. THE CONCEPT OF ENEMY: REPRESENTATION IN THE UKRAINIAN MILITARY DOCUMENTARIES. Ivan Franko National University of Lviv, February 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.30970/vjo.2021.49.11063.

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Research methodology. The following methods were used in this research: general scientific methods (descriptive, analysis, synthesis, comparison) and special (structural, hermeneutic, narrative, method of content analysis). We identified words related to the concept of the enemy and determined the context in which they are used by the authors of the collections Results. The formats of reflection of military reality in collections of military documentaries are investigated. It is emphasized that the authors-observers of events as professional communicators form a vision of events based on categories understandable to the audience – «own» and «others». Instead, the authors-participants go events have more creative space and pay more attention to their own emotional state and reflections. It is defined how the enemy is depicted and what place he occupies in the military reality represented by the authors. It is emphasized that the authors reflect the enemy in different ways. In particular, the authors-observers of the events tried to form a comprehensive vision of the events, and therefore paid much attention to the opposite side of the military conflict. Authors-participants of the events tend to show the enemy as a mass to be opposed. In such collections, the enemy is specified only in the presence of evidence confirming the presence of Russians or militants. Novelty. The research for the first time investigates the methods of representation of military activity in the collections of Ukrainian military documentaries. The article is devoted to the analysis of how the authors represent the enemy. Practical importance. The analysis of collections of military documentaries will allow to study the phenomenon of war and to trace the peculiarities of the authors’ representation of military reality.

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Sultana, Munawar. Two worlds under the same roof: A brief on gender difference in transitions to adulthood. Population Council, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.31899/pgy19.1008.

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Adolescence, a time of transition to adulthood, is different for young men and women in Pakistan; brothers and sisters living under the same roof have different opportunities available in all aspects of life. More young people aged 15–24 live in Pakistan now than at any other time in its history—an estimated 36 million in 2004. Recognizing the dearth of information on the situation of this large group of young people, the Population Council undertook a nationally representative survey from October 2001 to March 2002. The analysis presented in this brief comes from Adolescents and Youth in Pakistan 2001–02: A Nationally Representative Survey. The survey sought information from youth aged 15–24, responsible adults in the household, and other community members in 254 communities. A total of 6,585 households were visited and 8,074 young people were interviewed. This brief concludes that girls face disadvantages, especially in rural areas, and that parents, community, and policymakers need to work together to ensure that girls, like their brothers, are able to make a successful transition to adulthood.

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Krainyk, Yaroslav M., Anzhela P. Boiko, Dmytro A. Poltavskyi, and Vladimir I. Zaselskiy. Augmented Reality-based historical guide for classes and tourists. [б. в.], February 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.31812/123456789/3747.

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In this paper, development of historical guide based on Augmented Reality (AR) technology is considered. The developed guide application it targeted to be used in different scenarios, in particular, during history learning classes, for guidance of the tourists to exhibits both indoor and outdoor. Common features of all these scenarios are generalized and according to them main information and objects model for forming scene are identified. This part is followed by detailed description of objects and scene representation, markers usage, employment of additional services, etc. Finally, the developed historical guide application has been introduced. It harnesses A-Frame library for processing of models and their representation. The application is able to work with different markers so that it can be extended easily. In addition, one of the main benefits of the developed application is support of multiple platforms because it works from web-browser and does not require installation of additional software. The developed application can be effectively used for all provided scenarios and has potential for further extension.

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Vance, Samuel, Thomas Carlson, Juan Davila-Perez, and Dominique Gilbert. Deconstruction feasibility assessment of warehouse district facilities at Fort Leonard Wood, Missouri. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), February 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/43120.

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The U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center, Construction Engineering Research Laboratory (ERDC-CERL) and Fort Leonard Wood, MO, are in the sixth year of efforts to plan and implement a program in support of installation sustainability. As part of this effort, ERDC-CERL personnel supported the Fort Leonard Wood Directorate of Public Works (DPW) by conducting a deconstruction assessment of multiple buildings in the warehouse district. The project delivery team visited Fort Leonard Wood in April 2017 to conduct quantity take-offs of the buildings. An abbreviated interim report that focused exclusively on Bldgs. 2338 and 2339 was provided to the Chief, Master Planning Branch, at that time. These two buildings were representative of the majority of the buildings in the assessment and thus became the model that we describe in detail in the sections below. Differences between the other warehouses and the model are discussed. Several buildings that had configurations different from that of the model were evaluated independently.

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Lutz, Carsten. Interval-based Temporal Reasoning with General TBoxes. Aachen University of Technology, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.25368/2022.109.

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Aus der Motivation: Description Logics (DLs) are a family of formalisms well-suited for the representation of and reasoning about knowledge. Whereas most Description Logics represent only static aspects of the application domain, recent research resulted in the exploration of various Description Logics that allow to, additionally, represent temporal information, see [4] for an overview. The approaches to integrate time differ in at least two important aspects: First, the basic temporal entity may be a time point or a time interval. Second, the temporal structure may be part of the semantics (yielding a multi-dimensional semantics) or it may be integrated as a so-called concrete domain. Examples for multi-dimensional point-based logics can be find in, e.g., [21;29], while multi-dimensional interval-based logics are used in, e.g., [23;2]. The concrete domain approach needs some more explanation. Concrete domains have been proposed by Baader and Hanschke as an extension of Description Logics that allows reasoning about 'concrete qualities' of the entities of the application domain such as sizes, length, or weights of real-worlds objects [5]. Description Logics with concrete domains do usually not use a fixed concrete domain; instead the concrete domain can be thought of as a parameter to the logic. As was first described in [16], if a 'temporal' concrete domain is employed, then concrete domains may be point-based, interval-based, or both.

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Henderson, Tim, Vincent Santucciq, Tim Connors, and Justin Tweet. National Park Service geologic type section inventory: San Francisco Bay Area Inventory & Monitoring Network. National Park Service, May 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/nrr-2293533.

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A fundamental responsibility of the National Park Service (NPS) is to ensure that the resources of the National Park System are preserved, protected, and managed in consideration of the resources themselves and for the benefit and enjoyment by the public. Through the inventory, monitoring, and study of park resources, we gain a greater understanding of the scope, significance, distribution, and management issues associated with these resources and their use. This baseline of natural resource information is available to inform park managers, scientists, stakeholders, and the public about the conditions of these resources and the factors or activities that may threaten or influence their stability and preservation. There are several different categories of geologic or stratigraphic units (supergroup, group, formation, member, bed) that form a hierarchical system of classification. The mapping of stratigraphic units involves the evaluation of lithologies (rock types), bedding properties, thickness, geographic distribution, and other factors. Mappable geologic units may be described and named through a rigorously defined process that is standardized and codified by the professional geologic community (North American Commission on Stratigraphic Nomenclature 2021). In most instances when a new geologic unit such as a formation is described and named in the scientific literature, a specific and well-exposed section or exposure area of the unit is designated as the stratotype (see “Definitions” below). The type section is an important reference exposure for a named geologic unit that presents a relatively complete and representative example for this unit. Geologic stratotypes are important both historically and scientifically, and should be available for other researchers to evaluate in the future. The inventory of all geologic stratotypes throughout the 423 units of the NPS is an important effort in documenting these locations in order that NPS staff recognize and protect these areas for future studies. The focus adopted for completing the baseline inventories throughout the NPS is centered on the 32 inventory and monitoring networks (I&M) established during the late 1990s. The I&M networks are clusters of parks within a defined geographic area based on the ecoregions of North America (Fenneman 1946; Bailey 1976; Omernik 1987). These networks share similar physical resources (geology, hydrology, climate), biological resources (flora, fauna), and ecological characteristics. Specialists familiar with the resources and ecological parameters of the network, and associated parks, work with park staff to support network-level activities (inventory, monitoring, research, data management). Adopting a network-based approach to inventories worked well when the NPS undertook paleontological resource inventories for the 32 I&M networks. The planning team from the NPS Geologic Resources Division who proposed and designed this inventory selected the Greater Yellowstone Inventory & Monitoring Network (GRYN) as the pilot network for initiating this project (Henderson et al. 2020). Through the research undertaken to identify the geologic stratotypes within the parks of the GRYN methodologies for data mining and reporting on these resources were established. Methodologies and reporting adopted for the GRYN have been used in the development of this report for the San Francisco Bay Area Inventory & Monitoring Network (SFAN). The goal of this project is to consolidate information pertaining to geologic type sections that occur within NPS-administered areas, in order that this information is available throughout the NPS to inform park managers and to promote the preservation and protection of these important geologic landmarks and geologic heritage resources. The review of stratotype occurrences for the SFAN shows there are currently no designated stratotypes for Fort Point National Historic Site (FOPO) and Muir Woods National Monument (MUWO)...

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