Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Représentation moléculaire'
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Mazière, Pierre. "Les fonctions biologiques moléculaires : représentation et modélisation des connaissances." Montpellier 1, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004MON13520.
Full textRobert, Jacques. "Représentation vectorielle de la dynamique des systèmes à n corps." Paris 13, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990PA132007.
Full textAmmar, Abdallah. "Représentation des états du continuum par des gaussiennes complexes : application aux processus d’ionisation atomiques et moléculaires." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lorraine, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LORR0173.
Full textThis theoretical work lies at the border between molecular physics and quantum chemistry. It deals with a methodological and numerical development whose scope is to represent continuum wavefunctions by complex Gaussians. The ultimate goal is to apply these optimized Gaussians in the description of ionization processes involving molecules, where the multicenter integrals required to evaluate cross sections would be calculated analytically. For that purpose, we have developed an efficient numerical code to fit a set of arbitrary functions over finite radial distances, with either real or complex Gaussians. We have demonstrated the superiority of complex over real Gaussians in the representation of oscillating functions such as Coulomb functions or generalized Sturmian functions of positive energy. We have first validated the proposed approach to describe the ionization of the hydrogen atom by electron impact (in the first Born approximation) or photon impact (in the dipolar approximation). We have then applied the optimized complex Gaussians to describe molecular photoionization in a one-center approach. The results confirm the reliability of complex Gaussians in this kind of applications. Finally, we have considered the possibility of extending the approach to multicenter gaussian wavefunctions for the initial state. Similarly to the one-center case, we have shown that the multicenter integrals appearing in transition matrix elements can be performed analytically, also in the case of complex Gaussians
Pinel, Philippe. "Docking and Machine Learning approaches to explore new scaffolds for molecules of therapeutic interest." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Paris sciences et lettres, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024UPSLM015.
Full textThe challenges of drug discovery from hit identification to clinical development sometimes involves addressing scaffold hopping issues, in order to optimise molecular biological activity or ADME properties, improve selectivity or mitigate toxicology concerns of a drug candidate.They consist in identifying active molecules of similar binding modes but of different chemical structures to that of known active molecules. Large-step scaffold hopping, which corresponds to the highest degree of structural dissimilarity with the original hit, cannot be easily solved without the aid of computational methods. Docking is usually viewed as the method of choice for identification of such isofunctional molecules. However, the structure of the protein may not be suitable for docking because of a low resolution, or may even be unknown. In such cases, ligand-based approaches offer promise but are often inadequate to handle large-step scaffold hopping, because they are based on molecular descriptors that were not specifically developed for it. Solving those problems boils down to the identification of molecular descriptors corresponding to an embedding of the chemical space in which two molecules that are examples of large-step scaffold hopping cases are similar (i.e. close), although they are dissimilar (i.e. far) in the space embedded by molecular descriptors based principally on the chemical structure. To evaluate molecular descriptors to solve this particular challenging task, we built a high quality dataset of scaffold hopping examples comprising pairs of active molecules and including a variety of protein targets. We then proposed a strategy to evaluate the relevance of molecular descriptors to that problem, corresponding to real-life applications where one active molecule is known, and the second active is searched among a set of decoys chosen in a way to avoid statistical bias. We assessed how limited classical 2D and 3D descriptors are at solving these problems. Therefore, we introduced the Interaction Fingerprints Profile (IFPP), a molecular representation that captures molecules' binding modes based on docking experiments against a panel of diverse high-quality protein structures. Evaluation on the benchmark demonstrated its interest for identifying isofunctional molecules. Nevertheless, its computation is expensive, which limits its scalability for screening very large molecular libraries. We proposed to overcome this limitation by leveraging Metric Learning approaches, allowing fast estimation of molecules IFPP similarities, thus providing an efficient pre-screening strategy that is applicable to very large molecular libraries. Overall, our results suggest that IFPP provides an interesting and complementary tool alongside existing methods, in order to address challenging scaffold hopping problems effectively in drug discovery
Steinmetz, David. "Représentation d'une huile dans des simulations mésoscopiques pour des applications EOR." Thesis, Sorbonne université, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SORUS521.
Full textChemical enhanced oil recovery techniques consist of injecting into a petroleum reservoir an Alkaline/Surfactant/Polymer formulation. This formulation aims at mobilizing the oil trapped in the reservoir by reducing the water/crude oil interfacial tension. Molecular simulations are adapted to improve the efficiency of such a process by providing information about phenomena occurring at the molecular and mesoscopic levels. Mesoscopic simulation methods, Dissipative Particle Dynamics and coarse grained Monte Carlo, have been used to quantitatively predict the water/crude interfacial tension. An approach to parameterize interactions between entities has been developed using liquid-liquid ternary systems. This approach has been validated to reproduce compositions of bulk phases and to quantitatively predict the interfacial tension. A representation methodology of crude oil has been developed. The crude oil was divided according to the number of carbon atoms into two fractions: C20- and C20+. A lumping approach was applied to the C20- fraction and a stochastic reconstruction approach was employed on the C20+ fraction. A crude oil representation with only 13 representative molecules was so-obtained. Simulations of the parameterized crude oil model provides interfacial tension values that are in good agreement with available experimental data
Vismara, Philippe. "Reconnaissance et représentation d'éléments structuraux pour la description d'objets complexes : application à l'élaboration de stratégies de synthèse en chimie organique." Montpellier 2, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995MON20253.
Full textHusson, Adrien. "Logical foundations of a modelling assistant for molecular biology." Thesis, Université de Paris (2019-....), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019UNIP7116.
Full textThis thesis addresses the issue of “Executable Knowledge Representation” in the context of molecular biology. We introduce the foundation of a logical framework, termed iota, whose aim is to facilitate knowledge collation of molecular interactions at the level of proteins and at the same time allows the modeler to “compile” a reasonable fragment of the logic into a finite set of executable graph rewriting rules. We define a logic FO[↓] over cell state transitions. States represent cell contents; domain elements are protein parts and relations are protein-protein bindings. The unary logical operator ↓ selects transitions where as little as possible happens. Formulas over transitions also denote runs, which are finite or infinite sequences of transitions. Every transition formula is moreover associated to a set of rewriting rules equipped with an operational semantics. We introduce two deductive systems that act as “typing” for formulas. We show that if a formula is typable in the first system then the execution of its associated rule set produces exactly the runs denoted by the formula, and that if it is typable in the second system then its associated rule set is finite. We introduce a grammar that produces formulas typable in both systems, up to logical equivalence. Finally we study decidability and definability properties of fragments of FO[↓]. In particular, we show that formulas typable in the second system are in a tight fragment of FO,which implies that the operator ↓ can then be eliminated
Chardon, Gilles. "Approximations parcimonieuses et problèmes inverses en acoustique." Phd thesis, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI, 2012. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00732847.
Full textCherfi, Hacène. "Etude et réalisation d'un système d'extraction de connaissances à partir de textes." Phd thesis, Université Henri Poincaré - Nancy I, 2004. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00011195.
Full textL'utilisation d'un modèle de connaissances vient appuyer et surtout compléter cette première approche. Il est montré, par la définition d'une mesure de vraisemblance, l'intérêt de découvrir de nouvelles connaissances en écartant les connaissances déjà répertoriées et décrites par un modèle de connaissances du domaine. Les règles d'association peuvent donc être utilisées pour alimenter un modèle de connaissances terminologiques du domaine des textes choisi. La thèse inclut la réalisation d'un système appelé TAMIS : "Text Analysis by Mining Interesting ruleS" ainsi qu'une expérimentation et une validation sur des données réelles de résumés de textes en biologie moléculaire.
Laumonnerie, Christophe Pascal. "Mécanismes moléculaires contrôlant la formation des représentations topographiques au sein du système trigéminal murin." Strasbourg, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010STRA6284.
Full textSomatosensory input from distinct face regions is relayed through the trigeminal circuit and serially wired to the brainstem, thalamus and cortex. In the mouse, a large portion of the face representation in the brain is devoted to the whiskers. Sensory inputs from individual whiskers are relayed and somatotopically mapped at each level of the brain pathway as spatially ordered sets of whisker-related neuronal modules, generating point-to-point connectivity maps. Little is still known about the molecular mechanisms involved in the generation of such brain whisker-related patterns. Here, we find that the trigeminal nerve maxillary branch generates a topographic map of whisker-related trigeminal primary afferent connectivity in brainstem nuclei from prenatal stages. We further show that in Edn1 mutant mice, which display an ectopic whisker pad in place of the lower jaw, mandibular primary trigeminal neurons acquire maxillary-like molecular features upon innervation of the ectopic whisker arrays. Nonetheless, despite these molecular changes, the presence of an ectopic whisker pad is not sufficient to impose ectopic whisker-related patterns in brainstem target nuclei. Conversely, we show that Hoxb2 expression in the developing brainstem principal trigeminal nucleus is required to establish precise row- and whisker-related topography of primary afferent targeting and barrelette pattern. These results provide novel and unanticipated insights into the relative importance of intrinsic patterning mechanisms at brainstem level versus facial peripheral inputs in the building of a cerebral somatosensory map
Gökcan, Hatice. "Modélisation moléculaire de la réactivité de GABA-AT : de petits modèles représentatifs à la protéine complète, de la mécanique moléculaire à la chimie quantique, du statique au dynamique." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LORR0130/document.
Full textUnderstanding enzymes and their catalytic mechanisms is very important in order to develop more effective drugs having little to no side effects. In order to decipher the catalytic behavior of enzymes, different approaches such as QM, MM-MD, and QM/MM can be used and their results can be correlated. The main aim of this thesis is to get a deeper understanding of the mechanistic insights of the reactivity and of the dynamics of the pyridoxal-5-phosphate (PLP) dependent enzyme y-aminobutyric acid aminotransferase (GABA-AT). Because GABA-AT resembles many other PLP-dependent enzymes, understanding it could be of importance for the broad community of biochemists and computational chemists who study such class of proteins. Our work has consisted of five stages to pursuit the comprehension of GABA-AT. First, the reaction and the preferred binding mode of the natural substrate GABA has been elucidated with different isomers by means of model systems with DFT. Second, the dynamics and the behavior of the enzyme has been studied with MM-MD through the use of apoenzyme, holoenzyme and holoenzyme with an inactivator. Third, the effect of the active site residues in the inactivation mechanism has been investigated with the modelling of clusters at the QM level involving key residues. Fourth, new diagonalization routines for the SEBOMD (SemiEmpirical Born-Oppenheimer Molecular Dynamics) approach implemented in the Amber suite of programs, have been incorporated using LAPACK and SCALAPACK libraries, tested and evaluated to optimize the diagonalization procedure of the Fock matrix. Fifth, reaction free energies of PLP containing systems have been investigated with SEBOMD simulations
Sophie, Sacquin-Mora. "Représentations gros-grain pour la modélisation des protéines : Propriétés mécaniques et interactions." Habilitation à diriger des recherches, Université Paris-Diderot - Paris VII, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00652917.
Full textBassignana, Giulia. "Step-wise target controllability of driver nodes in biological networks." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020SORUS044.
Full textThe possibility of using mathematical tools to describe and influence complex interconneced systems is getting more and more attainable. Methods based on network controllability to identify the nodes able to impact the state of a whole system are nowadays increasingly studied. However, the problem has a high combinatorial and numerical complexity because of the huge number of a priori equivalent solutions. There has recently been a growing interest in finding the minimum number of inputs to control the whole or a part of the system, and in evaluating the ability of a single node in steering this process. However, specific problems have drawn less attention. In some biological settings it may be required to act on a single node, and it may be of interest to affect only a well-defined subset of the units, a target set. This leads to a single input target control problem, where we can exploit biological constraints to study the relative importance of different driver nodes. This dissertation aims to apply controllability theory to biological networks in an original way, to understand what insight mathematical controllability theory can bring to biological networks, and to study the importance of different driver nodes in controlling a target set. We develop a heuristic that we call step-wise target controllability, which measures the centrality of a driver node as the number of targets it can control and provides a controllable configuration of targets. We show that this method is efficient for sparse directed networks. Our method represents a practical answer to use to our advantage the complexity of the control problem, exploiting existing biological knowledge
Schmeltzer, Olivier. "Modélisation de cartes génomiques : une formalisation et un algorithme de construction fondé sur le raisonnement temporel." Phd thesis, Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 1995. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00005062.
Full textMaupetit, Julien. "Génération ab initio de modèles protéiques à partir de représentations discrètes des protéines et de critères d'énergie simplifiés." Paris 7, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007PA077194.
Full textIn a post-genomic context, plenty of proteins identified by their sequence have no experimentally resolved structure, and fall out the range of application of comparative modelling methods. The goal of my PHD thesis has been to explore a new de novo protein structure prediction approach. Thus approach is based on the concept of structural alphabet, i. E. Of a local description of protein architecture by using a small number of prototype conformations. Starting from the amino acids sequence of the protein to model, we have developed a candidate fragments prediction method covering mode than 98. 6% of the protein structure with an average length of 6. 7 residues. This set of predicted fragments can approximate the protein structures with a precision of less than 2. 2 angströms. A greedy algorithm have been developed in the laboratory to assemble fragments. The OPEP force field has been optimized and then implemented in the greedy assembling procedure to evaluate the relevance of the generated models. Our participation to the CASP7 experiment came out some weaknesses of the method. For now, the improvement of the OPEP force field and the fragment assembly procedure leeds us to generate, in some cases, models as relevant or better than other famous protein structure prediction servers
Martin, Elise. "Thérapies ciblées chez les femmes atteintes de cancer du sein métastatique : diffusion, impact sur la prise en charge, poids des représentations sociales et adhésion thérapeutique." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017SACLS534/document.
Full textIn France, breast cancer is the most common cancer amongst women and the second cause of cancer death. Although breast cancer relative mortality has decreased significantly in recent years, there is still a lot to be done for the remaining 20% to 25% of patients who have metastasized. This study is based on 103 semi-structured interviews carried out with oncology healthcare professionals and metastatic breast cancer patients. The aim of this work was to study the impact that new targeted therapies can have on managing the patient’s care and their diffusion, the patients’ experiences with these treatments, their social representations and their therapeutic adherence. First, we showed that new oral targeted therapies disrupt the traditional steps in a patient care. Patients arefar less in the hospital’s sphere of influence and there are many barriers to the dissemination of these treatments for oncologists. Second, we highlighted the positive representations of oral targeted therapies that patients have, which is bringing them hope and improving their quality of life. However, the day-to-day experience with the treatment sometimes moderates these representations and may reveal obstacles to their therapeutic adherence such as side effects or the responsibilities created by the demand for autonomy. Finally, we showed the lack of patients’ knowledge about therapeutic innovations and the importance of the implementation of shared decision making with the oncologist, especially in the face of the progressive chronicisation of a number of metastatic breast cancers