Books on the topic 'Reporter strain'
To see the other types of publications on this topic, follow the link: Reporter strain.
Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles
Consult the top 35 books for your research on the topic 'Reporter strain.'
Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.
You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.
Browse books on a wide variety of disciplines and organise your bibliography correctly.
1
Kincaid, Harold L. National Fish Strain Registry-Trout: Species tables of reported strains and broodstocks. [Washington, D.C.]: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 2001.
2
L, Kincaid Harold, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service., and Geological Survey (U.S.), eds. National Fish Strain Registry-Trout: Species tables of reported strains and broodstocks. [Washington, D.C.?]: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 1997.
3
Kincaid, Harold L. National Fish Strain Registry-Trout: Species tables of reported strains and broodstocks. [Washington, D.C.]: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 2001.
4
Kincaid, Harold L. National Fish Strain Registry-Trout: Species tables of reported strains and broodstocks. [Washington, D.C.]: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 2001.
5
L, Kincaid Harold, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service., and Geological Survey (U.S.), eds. National Fish Strain Registry-Trout: Species tables of reported strains and broodstocks. [Washington, D.C.?]: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 1997.
6
Kincaid, Harold L. National Fish Strain Registry, Catfish (NFSR-C): Species tables on reported strains and broodstocks. Washington, D.C.?]: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 2000.
7
Geological Survey (U.S.). Biological Resources Division. and U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service., eds. National fish strain registry, paddlefish and sturgeon (NFSR-PS): Species tables on reported strains and broodstocks. [Wellsboro, Pa: U.S.G.S. Research and Development Laboratory, Biological Resources Division, 1999.
8
Kincaid, Harold L. National Fish Strain Registry-Perch and Pike (NFSR-PP): Species tables of reported populations and broodstocks. [Washington, D.C.]: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 2001.
9
Kincaid, Harold L. National Fish Strain Registry-Perch and Pike (NFSR-PP): Species tables of reported populations and broodstocks. [Washington, D.C.]: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 2001.
10
Kincaid, Harold L. National Fish Strain Registry-Perch and Pike (NFSR-PP): Species tables of reported populations and broodstocks. [Washington, D.C.]: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 2001.
11
Geological Survey (U.S.) and U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, eds. National fish strain registry, paddlefish and sturgeon (NFSR-PS): Species tables on reported populations and broodstocks. [Washington, D.C.]: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 1999.
12
Helps, Yvonne L. M. Reported injury mortality of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people in Australia, 1997-2000. Canberra: Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, 2004.
13
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, ed. National Fish Strain Registry - Paddlefish and Sturgeon, (NFSR-PS) Species Tables of Reported Populations, U.S. Geological Survey, March 3, 1999. [S.l: s.n., 1999.
14
Way, John. Development of bacterial reporter strain for biomonitoring of gene transfer in the environment. 1996.
15
National Fish Strain Registry-Trout: Species tables of reported strains and broodstocks. [Washington, D.C.?]: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 1997.
16
Serio, Michele. Reporter Di Strada. Ancora del Mediterraneo, 2002.
17
National fish strain registry, paddlefish and sturgeon (NFSR-PS): Species tables on reported populations and broodstocks. [Washington, D.C.]: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 1999.
18
Morgan, Marina. Other bacterial diseasesStreptococcosis. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198570028.003.0023.
Abstract:
Many pyogenic (β -haemolytic) streptococci of clinical significance have animal connections. In the last edition of this book two species of streptococci were considered of major zoonotic interest, namely Streptococcus suis and S. zooepidemicus. Since then, numerous sporadic zoonoses due to other streptococci have been reported, and a newly recognized fish pathogen with zoonotic potential termed S. iniae has emerged. Changes in nomenclature make the terminology confusing. For example, the organism known as S. zooepidemicus — now termed S. dysgalactiae subsp. zooepidemicus — still causes pharyngitis in humans, complicated rarely by glomerulonephritis after ingestion of unpasteurized milk. Pigs remain the primary hosts of S. suis with human disease mainly affecting those who have contact with pigs or handle pork.Once a sporadic disease, several major epidemics associated with high mortality have been reported in China. The major change in reports of zoonotic streptococcal infections has been the emergence of severe skin and soft tissue infections, and an increasing prevalence of toxic shock, especially due to S. suis (Tang et al. 2006), group C (Keiser 1992) and group G β -haemolytic streptococci (Barnham et al. 2002). Penicillin remains the mainstay of treatment for most infections, although some strains of group C and G streptococci are tolerant (minimum bactericidal concentration difficult or impossible to achieve in vivo) (Portnoy et al. 1981; Rolston and LeFrock 1984) and occasionally strains with increased minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) for penicillin are reported.Agents preventing exotoxin formation, such as clindamycin and occasionally human intravenous immunoglobulin, may be used in overwhelming infection where circulating exotoxins need to be neutralized in order to damp down the massive release of cytokines generated by their production (Darenberg et al. 2003). Prevention of human disease focuses on maintaining good hygienic practice when dealing with live animals or handling raw meat or fish products, covering skin lesions, thorough cooking of meats and pasteurization of milk.
19
Dumond, Don. Norton Hunters and Fisherfolk. Edited by Max Friesen and Owen Mason. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199766956.013.23.
Abstract:
By the late centuries B.C., occupations assigned to Norton people are reported from a southern point on the Alaska Peninsula, then north and eastward along coastal areas to a point east of the present border with Canada. The relatively uniform material culture suggests origin from the north and west (pottery from Asia, chipped-stone artifacts from predecessors in northern Alaska), as well as from the south and east (lip ornaments or labrets, and pecked-stone lamps burning sea-mammal oil). In early centuries A.D., Norton people north and east of Bering Strait yielded to Asian-influenced peoples more strongly focused on coastal resources, while those south of the Strait collected in sites along salmon-rich streams where they developed with increasing sedentarism until about A.D. 1000, when final Thule-related expansion along coasts from the north displaced or incorporated Norton remnants.
20
Soulsby, Lord. Antimicrobial resistance: animal use of antibiotics. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198570028.003.0005.
Abstract:
The evolution of resistance to microbes is one of the most significant problems in modern medicine, posing serious threats to human and animal health. The early work on the use of antibiotics to bacterial infections gave much hope that infectious diseases were no longer a problem, especially in the human field. However, as their use, indeed over use, progressed, resistance (both mono-resistance and multi-resistance), which was often transferable between different strains and species of bacteria, emerged. In addition, the situation is increasingly complex, as various mechanisms of resistance, including a wide range of β -lactamases, are now complicating the issue. The use of antibiotics in animals, especially those used for growth promotion, has come in for serious criticism, especially those where their use should be reserved for difficult human infections. To lend control, certain antibiotic growth promoters have been banned from use in the EU and the UK.It is now a decade since the UK House of Lords Science and Technology Committee (1998) highlighted concerns about antimicrobial resistance and the dangers to human health of resistant organisms derived from animals fed antibiotics for growth promotion or the treatment of infectious diseases. The concern expressed in the House of Lords report was similar to that in other major reports on the subject, for example from the World Health Organization, the Wellcome Foundation, the Advisory Committee on the Microbiological Safety of Food and the Swann Report (1969) in which it was recommended that antibiotics used in human medicine should not be used as growth promoters in animals. At the press conference to launch the Lord’s Report it was emphasized that unless serious attention was given to dealing with resistance ‘we may find ourselves returning to a pre-antibiotic era’. The evolution of resistance is one of the significant problems in modern medicine, a much changed situation when the early work on antibiotics gave hope that infectious diseases were no longer a problem, especially in the human field. Optimism was so strong that the Surgeon General of the USA, William H Stewart, in 1969 advised the US Congress that ‘it is time to close the book on infectious diseases and to declare that work against the pestilence is over’. This comment was not only mistaken but it was also damaging to human health undertakings and also reduced funding for research on infectious diseases.Despite the widespread support for and dependence on antibiotics, resistance was increasingly reported worldwide and to recognize the global problem a group of medical workers established in 1981, at Tufts University, the Alliance for the Prudent use of Antibiotics (APUA). This now has affiliated chapters on over 60 countries, many in the developing world. APUA claims to be the ‘world’s leading organization conducting antimicrobial resistance research, education, capacity building and advocacy at the global and grass roots levels’.
21
Amato, Marcelo, and Andreas Wolfgang Reske. Ventilator trauma in the critically ill. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0101.
Abstract:
Ventilator trauma refers to complications of mechanical ventilation, which have an impact on morbidity and mortality. Two major forms of ventilator trauma may be distinguished—an acute form related to rupture of airspaces causing air-leak syndrome and a subacute form causing protracted inflammatory responses. A key feature of mechanically-ventilated lungs is the presence of non-aerated and unstable regions due to atelectasis, oedema, or consolidation. Because of mechanical interdependence, pressures acting in non-uniformly expanded lungs at the boundaries between non-aerated and aerated lung may be a multiple of the apparent transpulmonary pressure. The resulting effects have been reported to precipitate or contribute to ventilator-induced lung injury (VILI). The engineering terms stress and strain were recently proposed for better definition of risk-constellations for VILI. Because the aerated lung volume is positively correlated to compliance, driving-pressure can aid in identifying disproportionate combinations of tidal volumes and compliance.
22
The State of Democracy in Europe 2021: Overcoming the Impact of the Pandemic. International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31752/idea.2021.96.
Abstract:
For more than a decade, a majority of Europe’s established democracies have seen the quality of their democracies stagnate—or even decline—rather than improve. Some show the clear erosion of democratic processes and fundamental rights; several have deteriorated to the point where they can hardly be qualified as democracies any longer. The arrival of the Covid-19 global health crisis has added to the strain. With sufficient democratic safeguards still in place, it is likely that the continent’s consolidated democracies will emerge largely intact from the pandemic. This Report provides lessons and recommendations that governments, political and civic actors, and international democracy assistance providers should consider in order to counter the concerning trends in the erosion of democracy, and to foster its resilience and deepening
23
Herle, Anita, and Jude Philp, eds. Recording Kastom. Sydney University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.30722/sup.9781743326480.
Abstract:
Recording Kastom brings readers into the heart of colonial Torres Strait and New Guinea through the personal journals of Cambridge zoologist and anthropologist Alfred Haddon, who visited the region in 1888 and 1898. Haddon's published reports of these trips were hugely influential on the nascent discipline of anthropology, but his private journals and sketches have never been published in full. The journals record in vivid detail Haddon's observations and relationships. They highlight his preoccupation with documentation, and the central role played by the Islanders who worked with him to record kastom. This collaboration resulted in an enormous body of materials that remain of vital interest to Torres Strait Islanders and the communities where he worked. Haddon's Journals provide unique and intimate insights into the colonial history of the region will be an important resource for scholars in history, anthropology, linguistics and musicology. This comprehensively annotated edition assembles a rich array of photographs, drawings, artefacts, film and sound recordings. An introductory essay provides historical and cultural context. The preface and epilogue provide Islander perspectives on the historical context of Haddon’s work and its significance for the future.
24
Omura, Sachihiro. Kaman-kalehöyük Excavations in Central Anatolia. Edited by Gregory McMahon and Sharon Steadman. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195376142.013.0051.
Abstract:
This article discusses findings from excavations at Kaman–Kalehöyük. Between 1986 and 2009, four main strata were identified in the North Trench: Stratum I, the Ottoman Period, fifteenth to seventeenth centuries CE; Stratum II, the Iron Age, twelfth to fourth centuries BCE; Stratum III, Middle–Late Bronze Ages, twentieth to twelfth centuries BCE; and Stratum IV, the Early Bronze Age, twenty-third to twentieth centuries BCE. The article mainly reports on architectural discoveries.
25
Monaco, Nicholas J. Taiwan. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190931407.003.0006.
Abstract:
Taiwan is a country with a rich history and cultural ties to mainland China. Though there has been much research and effort dedicated to propaganda and censorship in the People’s Republic of China over the years, less attention has been paid to the digital propaganda sphere in Taiwan. This report explores computational propaganda in Taiwan and finds that digital propaganda in Taiwan can be divided into two types: (1) internal propaganda on domestic political issues and campaigns, and (2) cross-Strait propaganda—emanating from the mainland and promoting reunification of the two countries. Furthermore, recent computational and social research points to manual propaganda being the main method used in campaigns in both countries. The use of two political bots in Taiwan, an anti-fake news bot and an intelligence-gathering crawler bot used in a 2014 electoral campaign, is explored in detail.
26
Venkat, Bharat Jayram. At the Limits of Cure. Duke University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/9781478022022.
Abstract:
Can a history of cure be more than a history of how disease comes to an end? In 1950s Madras, an international team of researchers demonstrated that antibiotics were effective in treating tuberculosis. But just half a century later, reports out of Mumbai stoked fears about the spread of totally drug-resistant strains of the disease. Had the curable become incurable? Through an anthropological history of tuberculosis treatment in India, Bharat Jayram Venkat examines what it means to be cured, and what it means for a cure to come undone. At the Limits of Cure tells a story that stretches from the colonial period—a time of sanatoria, travel cures, and gold therapy—into a postcolonial present marked by antibiotic miracles and their failures. Venkat juxtaposes the unraveling of cure across a variety of sites: in idyllic hill stations and crowded prisons, aboard ships and on the battlefield, and through research trials and clinical encounters. If cure is frequently taken as an ending (of illness, treatment, and suffering more generally), Venkat provides a foundation for imagining cure otherwise in a world of fading antibiotic efficacy.
27
Hasenkamp, Wendy. Catching the Wandering Mind. Edited by Kalina Christoff and Kieran C. R. Fox. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190464745.013.12.
Abstract:
This chapter considers a form of attention-based meditation as a novel means to gain insight into the mechanisms and phenomenology of spontaneous thought. Focused attention (FA) meditation involves keeping one’s attention on a chosen object, and repeatedly catching the mind when it strays from the object into spontaneous thought. This practice can thus be viewed as a kind of self-caught mind-wandering paradigm, which suggests it may have great utility for research on spontaneous thought. Current findings about the effects of meditation on mind-wandering and meta-awareness are reviewed, and implications for new research paradigms that leverage first-person reporting during FA meditation are discussed. Specifically, research recommendations are made that may enable customized analysis of individual episodes of mind-wandering and their neural correlates. It is hoped that combining detailed subjective reports from experienced meditators with rigorous objective physiological measures will advance the understanding of human consciousness.
28
Bullock, Adrian. Changing Focus, 1973–1989. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199574797.003.0005.
Abstract:
The Waldock Report revealed the London Business of OUP as an enormous organization that published a significant list that included bibles, music, children’s books, English Language Teaching, and general trade books, and undertook the advertising, marketing, warehousing, and distribution of all Press books. The London Business, located at Ely House, also administered the large and growing network of international branches. Relations between London and Oxford were strained, however, by a mixture of structural, financial, and personal problems. Attempts were made to rectify these problems, including the introduction of a Joint Management Committee, but in 1973 the Secretary and Delegates decided to restructure the Press entirely by removing the London Business to Oxford and merging the publishing functions into a more coherent organization. The chapter considers the logistics and financial costs of the move as well as the impact on the staff of London and Oxford.
29
Strang, Cameron B. Frontiers of Science. University of North Carolina Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.5149/northcarolina/9781469640471.001.0001.
Abstract:
Frontiers of Science takes American scientific thought and discoveries away from the learned societies, museums, and teaching halls of the Northeast and puts the production of knowledge about the natural world in the context of competing empires and an expanding republic in the Gulf South. People often dismissed by starched northeasterners as nonintellectuals--Indian sages, African slaves, Spanish officials, Irishmen on the make, clearers of land and drivers of men--were also scientific observers, gatherers, organizers, and reporters. Skulls and stems, birds and bugs, rocks and maps, tall tales and fertile hypotheses came from them. They collected, described, and sent the objects that scientists gazed on and interpreted in polite Philadelphia. They made knowledge. This book offers a new framework for approaching American intellectual history, one that transcends political and cultural boundaries and reveals persistence across the colonial and national eras. The pursuit of knowledge in the United States did not cohere around democratic politics or the influence of liberty. It was, as in other empires, divided by multiple loyalties and identities, organized through contested hierarchies of ethnicity and place, and reliant on violence. By discovering the lost intellectual history of one region, Strang shows us how to recover a continent for science.
30
Lichtenstein, Nelson. A New Era of Global Human Rights. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252037856.003.0011.
Abstract:
The rights regime that emerged in the second half of the twentieth century proved enormously liberating, not only in the United States but throughout the world as well, and especially in the less industrialized and democratic nations where the demand for human rights and civil liberties has sparked reform and revolution. But for both workers and citizens, an orientation that privileges individual rights above all else can also function as both a poor substitute for and a legal subversion of the institutions that once provided a collective voice for workers and other subaltern strata. This chapter explores this trade-off. According to the International Labor Organization's World Labor Report, trade union membership dropped sharply during the 1990s, falling to less than 20 percent of workers in forty-eight out of ninety-two countries. The decline was most serious in manufacturing, even though on a worldwide basis the manufacture of actual products in actual factories was a booming proposition.
31
Abdelmoneium, Azza, Michael Corman, and Janet Rankin. Family Home Caregivers for Elderly people. 2nd ed. Hamad Bin Khalifa University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5339/difi_9789927141522.
Abstract:
Improved economic conditions and standards of living that began around the 1950s have resulted in many structural changes in the Arab world, including significant decreases in morbidity, mortality, and fertility rates (United Nations, 2012). This has significantly altered the age demographic in Qatar and other countries in the region where individuals are living much longer, and the number of people aged 25–64 years have increased. Today, there are a significant number of Qataris (10,756) and nonQataris living in Qatar (18,070) above the age of 60. According to the 2010 census, there were 2,685 Qataris and 3,769 non-Qataris in the 65–69 age group, 2,032 Qataris and 1,605 non-Qataris in the 70–74 age group, and 2,630 Qataris and 1,096 non-Qataris over 75 years of age (Qatar Statistics Authority, 2010). Furthermore, the average life expectancy in Qatar is 79.4 (United Nations, 2012), suggesting that the number of older persons in Qatar is on the rise. Family members are the most common providers of home eldercare. However, recent societal changes have multiplied the pressures faced by family members who are responsible for such care. For example, studies have shown that increased participation of women in the workforce is one factor that significantly impacts the needs of families who care for an elderly member (Schoenfelder, Swanson, Pringle, Meridean, & Johnson, 2000; Dwyer & Coward, 1991). Qatar is no exception. Although extended families are common and filial responsibility is highly valued in Qatar, family eldercare providers might be dealing with significant strain that has the potential to compromise both their own quality of life and that of their elderly relatives. Despite these changes, research on elderly caregiving and the challenges of family elder caregivers in Qatar and the Arab world remains limited. Thus, the objective of the report is to investigate the experiences of elder caregivers in Qatar with a particular focus on the stress and burdens of caregiving, the coping strategies of caregivers, and the benefits garnered from their caregiving.
32
Vang, Chia Youyee. Fly Until You Die. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190622145.001.0001.
Abstract:
The Vietnam War is the subject of hundreds of scholarly studies, policy reports, memoirs, and literary titles. As America’s longest and most controversial war, it coincided with domestic turmoil in the United States and in Southeast Asia, led to the displacement of large numbers of people, and strained the social fabric of Cambodian, Lao, and Vietnamese societies. The complex nature of the war means that despite the many books that have been written about it, much remains to unfold, in particular the experiences of ethnic minorities in Laos who became entangled in Cold War politics during the 1960s and 1970s. This book fills the gap by exploring the dramatic forces of history that drew several dozen young Hmong men to become fighter pilots in the United States’ Secret War in Laos, which was in direct support of the larger war in Vietnam. They transformed from ethnic minorities who mostly lived on the margins of Lao society to daring airmen working alongside American pilots. After four decades in exile, surviving pilots, families of those killed in action, and American veterans who worked with them collectively narrated their version of the historical events that resulted in the forced migration of nearly 150,000 Hmong to the United States. By privileging Hmong knowledge, this book begs us to reconsider the war from overlooked perspectives and to engage in the ongoing construction of meanings of war and postwar memories in shaping ethnic and national identities.
33
Benestad, Rasmus. Climate in the Barents Region. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228620.013.655.
Abstract:
The Barents Sea is a region of the Arctic Ocean named after one of its first known explorers (1594–1597), Willem Barentsz from the Netherlands, although there are accounts of earlier explorations: the Norwegian seafarer Ottar rounded the northern tip of Europe and explored the Barents and White Seas between 870 and 890 ce, a journey followed by a number of Norsemen; Pomors hunted seals and walruses in the region; and Novgorodian merchants engaged in the fur trade. These seafarers were probably the first to accumulate knowledge about the nature of sea ice in the Barents region; however, scientific expeditions and the exploration of the climate of the region had to wait until the invention and employment of scientific instruments such as the thermometer and barometer. Most of the early exploration involved mapping the land and the sea ice and making geographical observations. There were also many unsuccessful attempts to use the Northeast Passage to reach the Bering Strait. The first scientific expeditions involved F. P. Litke (1821±1824), P. K. Pakhtusov (1834±1835), A. K. Tsivol’ka (1837±1839), and Henrik Mohn (1876–1878), who recorded oceanographic, ice, and meteorological conditions.The scientific study of the Barents region and its climate has been spearheaded by a number of campaigns. There were four generations of the International Polar Year (IPY): 1882–1883, 1932–1933, 1957–1958, and 2007–2008. A British polar campaign was launched in July 1945 with Antarctic operations administered by the Colonial Office, renamed as the Falkland Islands Dependencies Survey (FIDS); it included a scientific bureau by 1950. It was rebranded as the British Antarctic Survey (BAS) in 1962 (British Antarctic Survey History leaflet). While BAS had its initial emphasis on the Antarctic, it has also been involved in science projects in the Barents region. The most dedicated mission to the Arctic and the Barents region has been the Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme (AMAP), which has commissioned a series of reports on the Arctic climate: the Arctic Climate Impact Assessment (ACIA) report, the Snow Water Ice and Permafrost in the Arctic (SWIPA) report, and the Adaptive Actions in a Changing Arctic (AACA) report.The climate of the Barents Sea is strongly influenced by the warm waters from the Norwegian current bringing heat from the subtropical North Atlantic. The region is 10°C–15°C warmer than the average temperature on the same latitude, and a large part of the Barents Sea is open water even in winter. It is roughly bounded by the Svalbard archipelago, northern Fennoscandia, the Kanin Peninsula, Kolguyev Island, Novaya Zemlya, and Franz Josef Land, and is a shallow ocean basin which constrains physical processes such as currents and convection. To the west, the Greenland Sea forms a buffer region with some of the strongest temperature gradients on earth between Iceland and Greenland. The combination of a strong temperature gradient and westerlies influences air pressure, wind patterns, and storm tracks. The strong temperature contrast between sea ice and open water in the northern part sets the stage for polar lows, as well as heat and moisture exchange between ocean and atmosphere. Glaciers on the Arctic islands generate icebergs, which may drift in the Barents Sea subject to wind and ocean currents.The land encircling the Barents Sea includes regions with permafrost and tundra. Precipitation comes mainly from synoptic storms and weather fronts; it falls as snow in the winter and rain in the summer. The land area is snow-covered in winter, and rivers in the region drain the rainwater and meltwater into the Barents Sea. Pronounced natural variations in the seasonal weather statistics can be linked to variations in the polar jet stream and Rossby waves, which result in a clustering of storm activity, blocking high-pressure systems. The Barents region is subject to rapid climate change due to a “polar amplification,” and observations from Svalbard suggest that the past warming trend ranks among the strongest recorded on earth. The regional change is reinforced by a number of feedback effects, such as receding sea-ice cover and influx of mild moist air from the south.
34
Dube, Opha Pauline. Climate Policy and Governance across Africa. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228620.013.605.
Abstract:
This is an advance summary of a forthcoming article in the Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Climate Science. Please check back later for the full article.Africa, a continent with the largest number of countries falling under the category of Least Developed Countries (LDCs), remains highly dependent on rain-fed agriculture that suffers from low intake of water, exacerbating the vulnerability to climate variability and anthropogenic climate change. The increasing frequency and severity of climate extremes impose major strains on the economies of these countries. The loss of livelihoods due to interaction of climate change with existing stressors is elevating internal and cross-border migration. The continent is experiencing rapid urbanization, and its cities represent the most vulnerable locations to climate change due in part to incapacitated local governance. Overall, the institutional capacity to coordinate, regulate, and facilitate development in Africa is weak. The general public is less empowered to hold government accountable. The rule of law, media, and other watchdog organizations, and systems of checks and balances are constrained in different ways, contributing to poor governance and resulting in low capacity to respond to climate risks.As a result, climate policy and governance are inseparable in Africa, and capacitating the government is as essential as establishing climate policy. With the highest level of vulnerability to climate change compared with the rest of the world, governance in Africa is pivotal in crafting and implementing viable climate policies.It is indisputable that African climate policy should focus first and foremost on adaptation to climate change. It is pertinent, therefore, to assess Africa’s governance ability to identify and address the continent’s needs for adaptation. One key aspect of effective climate policy is access to up-to-date and contextually relevant information that encompasses indigenous knowledge. African countries have endeavored to meet international requirements for reports such as the National Communications on Climate Change Impacts and Vulnerabilities and the National Adaptation Programmes of Action (NAPAs). However, the capacity to deliver on-time quality reports is lacking; also the implementation, in particular integration of adaptation plans into the overall development agenda, remains a challenge. There are a few successes, but overall adaptation operates mainly at project level. Furthermore, the capacity to access and effectively utilize availed international resources, such as extra funding or technology transfer, is limited in Africa.While the continent is an insignificant source of emissions on a global scale, a more forward looking climate policy would require integrating adaptation with mitigation to put in place a foundation for transformation of the development agenda, towards a low carbon driven economy. Such a futuristic approach calls for a comprehensive and robust climate policy governance that goes beyond climate to embrace the Sustainable Development Goals Agenda 2030. Both governance and climate policy in Africa will need to be viewed broadly, encompassing the process of globalization, which has paved the way to a new geological epoch, the Anthropocene. The question is, what should be the focus of climate policy and governance across Africa under the Anthropocene era?
35
Timmins, Bryan. Non-prescription drugs. Edited by Patrick Davey and David Sprigings. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199568741.003.0342.
Abstract:
The use of non-prescription drugs is widespread and has a major impact on the health of the individual user and society. In 2006, the British Crime Survey reported that 10% of adults had used one or more illicit drugs in the preceding year, with 3% reporting using a Class A drug. Over 11 million people in the UK are estimated to have used an illicit drug at least once in their lifetime (35%). Drugs abused vary in their intrinsic potential to cause addiction and, with it, more regular and harmful use. Drug users are influenced by trends and fashions, adopting new compounds such as crack cocaine and experimenting with routes of ingestion. Some drugs may become less popular over time, such as LSD, while others, such as cannabis, experience a revival as more potent strains (e.g. Skunk) are developed. A problem drug user is best defined as a person whose drug taking is no longer controlled or undertaken for recreational purposes and where drugs have become a more essential element of the individual’s life. The true economic and social cost of drug use is likely to be substantially greater than the published figures, which are derived from a variety of health and crime surveys which may overlook vulnerable groups such as the homeless. The majority of non-prescription drugs used in the UK are illegal and covered by the Misuse of Drugs Act 1971. The drugs most commonly abused gave rise in 2003–4 to an estimated financial cost in England and Wales of 15.4 billion pounds to the economy, with Class A drugs such as heroin and cocaine accounting for the majority of this. Some 90% of the cost is due to drug-related crime, with only 3% (£488 million) due to health service expenditure, which is mainly spent on inpatient care episodes. This still represents a major health pressure, which in 2006–7 amounted to 38 000 admissions, in England, for primary and secondary drug-related mental or behavioural problems, and over 10 000 admissions recorded for drug poisoning. Clinicians in all specialities can expect to encounter harmful drug use, especially those working in primary care, A & E, and psychiatric services. Presenting problems are protean, ranging from mood disorders, delirium, and psychosis to sepsis, malnutrition, and hepatitis. Blood-borne infections such as hepatitis C and HIV are widespread, as contaminated needles and syringes are shared by up to a quarter of problem drug users. Even smoking drugs such as crack cocaine can lead to increased transmission of hepatitis C through oral ulceration and contact with hot contaminated smoking pipes. Amongst the UK population, over half of IV drug users have hepatitis C, a quarter have antibodies to hepatitis B, and, by 2006, 4662 had been diagnosed with HIV. Non-prescription drug abuse is a leading cause of death and morbidity amongst the young adult population (those aged 16–35). In 2006 there were 1573 deaths where the underlying cause was poisoning, drug abuse, or dependence on substances controlled under the Misuse of Drugs Act. The vast majority (79%) were male. Young men, in particular, are at greater risk of violent death through associated criminal activity such as drug supplying and from deliberate and accidental overdose. The male-to-female ratio for deaths associated with mental and behavioural disorder is 6:1.