Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Réponse immunitaire – Recherche – Analyse'
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Remot, Aude. "Facteurs immunologiques de la sensibilité néonatale au virus respiratoire syncytial." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris, AgroParisTech, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013AGPT0022.
Full textThe respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the main causative agent of bronchiolitis during infancy. During my thesis, I have characterized the immunological and inflammatory responses in the lung during the neonatal period, at steady-state, during an RSV infection and in response to a vaccine.At steady-state, the lung environment of 6-days-old BALB/c pups is poor in plasmacytoid and conventional dendritic cells (DC), but rich in T lymphocytes expressing GATA-3, suggesting that the Th2 bias of immune responses is an intrinsic feature of the neonatal T lymphocytes. Then, I used a global transcriptomic approach to gain more insight into early events to RSV infection, by comparing pups and adult mice lung responses. I showed that DC recruitment and interferon (IFN) pathways were deficient in infected neonates. Pups treated with the widely used DC growth factor, Flt3-L, prior to RSV infection, have an increased lung DC number and their IFN pathways were partially restored. They were protected against enhanced weight loss and airway inflammation upon reinfection at adult age. Finally, I evaluated a nasal vaccine against RSV (recombinant viral nucleoproteins) in BALB/c pups. I showed that the nature of adjuvants combined with our antigen is a critical component to generate antiviral immune responses that protect against virus replication without exacerbating lung inflammation.Thus, the study of neonatal lung immune responses showed specificities in comparison with those of adults, and allowed me to propose new strategies to prevent RSV disease at this age
Leulier, François. "Analyse génétique de la réponse immunitaire de Drosophila melanogaster." Paris 7, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003PA077068.
Full textPerrodou, Emmanuel. "Caractérisation chez la drosophile de molécules de la famille C3 du complément / α2-macroglobuline : Recherche de fonction." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003STR13047.
Full textGirel, Simon. "Modélisation de la réponse Immunitaire T-CD8 : analyse mathématique et modèles multiéchelles." Thesis, Lyon, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LYSE1250/document.
Full textInfection of an organism by a pathogen triggers the activation of the CD8 T-cells and the initiation of the immune response. The result is a complex program of proliferation and differentiation of the CD8 T-cells, controlled by the evolution of their molecular content. In this manuscript, we present two mathematical models of the CD8 T-cell response. The first one is presented as an impulsive differential equation by which we study the effect of unequal molecular partitioning at cell division on the regulation of molecular heterogeneity. The second one is an agent-based-model that couples the description of a discrete population of CD8 T-cells and that of their molecular content. This model can reproduce the different typical phases of the CD8 T-cell response at both the cellular and the molecular scales. These two studies support the hypothesis that the cell dynamics observed in vivo is a consequence of the molecular heterogeneity structuring the CD8 T-cell population
Levy, Francine. "Analyse de la réponse immunitaire de la drosophile par une approche protéomique." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 2005. https://publication-theses.unistra.fr/public/theses_doctorat/2005/LEVY_Francine_2005.pdf.
Full textSequencing of the genome of the insect model, Drosophila melanogaster, which was completed in 2000, gave a great impetus to post-genomic studies. Investigation of gene and gene product expression can be achieved by transcriptomic and peptidomic/proteomic analyses. These approaches are complementary, however, only the latter allows the study of post-translational modifications, which play an important role in protein functionality, or interactions within protein complexes. Improvements in advanced techniques and bioinformatics provide new tools to characterize proteins involved in physiological processes, such as the immune response of Drosophila. Profiling of the proteins present in the hemolymph of noninfected flies versus flies infected by various microorganisms, was realized by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and differential isotope labelling of samples. Through this differential analysis, various families of molecules were found to be regulated after the infection. Among them, I identified proteases, protease inhibitors, odorant binding proteins and molecules involved in the binding of lipids, calcium or iron. These molecules are thus new candidates for the further detailed investigation of innate immune mechanisms. In summary, this differential proteomic analysis of the immune response of Drosophila, provides new prospects for the study of proteins regulated during innate immunity
Hauvespre, Caroline. "Analyse des variantes d'épissage de l'Interleukine-4 dans l'étude de la réponse immunitaire." Phd thesis, Université Claude Bernard - Lyon I, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00994430.
Full textDefendini, Maria Léria. "Réponse immune à l'apamine : analyse de la restriction génétique, du traitement antigénique et de la spécificité de reconnaissance des anticorps poylclonaux ey monoclonaux." Aix-Marseille 2, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990AIX22030.
Full textBain, Christine. "Réponse immunitaire antitumorale dans le modèle de l'adénocarcinome du rein : analyse des mécanismes d'immunosuppression." Lyon 1, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996LYO1T275.
Full textChirica, Mircea. "Analyse de la réponse immunitaire anti-tumorale selon les caractéristiques oncogénétiques du cancer colorectal." Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015USPCC082.
Full textColorectal cancers (CRC) develop in the face of an important immune system associated with the intestinal mucosal tissue. Recent advances in tumor immunology have highlighted the role of the immune response in the development, evolution and outcome of cancers. The immune system is thought to actively edit out pre-cancerous tells in tissues as they appear. The quality of the immune response against the tumor has emerged as an important prognostic factor in patients with CRC. Several studies have highlighted the different type of mutations and developmental processes involved in CRC. Some of these mutations are associated with better prognosis (microsatellite instability, MSI) and other with poor outcome (BRAF mutations). Some studies suggest that part of these differential outcomes is driven by the capacity of the tumor to induce a strong immune response. Several other predictive biomarkers have been described including mutations of the KRAS, NRAS, PIK3CA and TP53 genes but their prognostic role remains uncertain. In this study T tells infiltrating the tumor were compared to tells populating the unaffected neighboring mucosal tissue and tells from the peripheral blood. We observed that T tells from the tumor harbor an activated phenotype, with engagement of the NKG2D pathway in CD8 T tells. We show that mucosal and tumor-infiltrating T tells are enriched in NKG2D CD4 T tells, which exhibit cytotoxic functions. Finally, the oncogenic status of the cancer appears to influence the immune response within the tumor as T tell populations differ in MSI compared to MSS tumors and KRAS/NRAS mutated tumors compared to their wild type counterparts
Rutschmann, Sophie. "La Réponse immunitaire humorale de la drosophile : Analyse génétique par mutagenèse systématique à l'EMS." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002STR13042.
Full textInsects are able to mount an efficient host defense to fight against microbial infections. A hallmark of their immune response is the synthesis and release in the hemolymph of a cocktail of antimicrobial peptides. Genetic studies have shown that, in Drosophila, at least two independent pathways control the expression of antimicrobial peptides : the Toll pathway, that regulates the antifungal response, and the imd pathway, that is responsible for the antibacterial response. Nevertheless, some aspects of the regulation of the immune response remained to be elucidated : what are the mechanisms that allow self versus self-non self recognition? What are the components of the activating cascades through hemolymph that signal the presence of pathogens? Which are the members of the imd and Toll pathways that are still unknown? To address these questions, the team in which I accomplished my Ph. D. Thesis realized an EMS (Ethyl Methan Sulfonate) mutagenesis screen of the second chromosome of Drosophila. The aim of this approach is to identify all the genes involved in the regulation of the antimicrobial peptide genes expression. During the mutagenesis screen, we performed more than 27000 crosses and established 7600 fly strains homozygote for mutations carried by the second chromosome. Screening these mutants allowed us to recover several Drosophila lines affected either in the antifungal or the antibacterial response. Analysis of these mutants suggest that the two distinct pathways controlling Drosophila immune response result in the activation of two different Rel proteins : Dif (antifungal pathway) and Relish (antibacterial pathway). The cloning of the genes identified during the screen allowed us to show that the two pathways mediating antimicrobial immune response in Drosophila are largely independant
Cornet, Sébastien. "Optimisation de la réponse immunitaire dirigée contre les antigènes de tumeurs universels : de la recherche au développement clinique." Paris 6, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005PA066283.
Full textPestel, Joël. "Analyse de mécanismes régulateurs de la réponse immunitaire vis-à-vis de la schistosomiase : rôle du macrophage, du lymphocyte et de l'IgE." Lille 1, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987LIL10129.
Full textBouziat, Romain. "Analyse des répertoires lymphocytaires T CD8+ murins éduqués par et mobilisés contre la molécule HLA-A02. 01." Paris 6, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA066267.
Full textLhomme, Édouard. "Analyse des déterminants et modélisation de la réponse immunitaire post-vaccination dans des stratégies vaccinales expérimentales." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019BORD0271.
Full textSpecific methodological challenges exist in vaccine clinical trials, due principally to specificities of vaccine development, clinical trial design, absence of validate correlate of protection, and complexities of new immunological assays for evaluating immunogenicity of vaccine candidates. These require methodological research to define the most appropriate methods. This thesis focuses on methodological research to optimize methods used in the clinical development of vaccines, especially to propose and develop statistical methods to model immunogenicity, using HIV and Ebola vaccine clinical trials as an example.We first investigated the dynamics of the immune responses post-vaccination and showed that early sampling time points should be considered in future clinical trials to better understand the role of the early CD4 helper T cells and to evaluate their predictive role in the immune response to vaccines. Then, we developed a new bivariate modelling approach for the analysis of the cellular immune response (assessed by intracellular cytokine staining, ICS) that showed good statistical performances and should become the new statistical standard method for ICS analyses in vaccine trials. This work will have a direct impact on the assessment on the ICS response in vaccine clinical trials.Regarding the humoral response, we showed that there are still significant uncertainties in the determinants of the antibody response after preventive vaccination against Ebola virus disease. This emphasizes the interest of harmonizing measurement methods and study designs. Furthermore, it indicates the need of randomized multi arm Ebola vaccine trials for accurate comparison of immunogenicity between different vaccine strategies.Finally, we presented the methodology of an international randomized phase 2 trial against Ebola, and in particular a methodological and ethical reflection related to the enrollment of study personnel in Ebola vaccine trial in a non-epidemic context.Methods developed in this thesis will contribute to improve the design and analysis of future vaccine trials, and also could be transposable more widely to other research domains
Zaidman-Rémy, Anna. "Analyse génétique de la fonction des peptidoglycan recognition proteins dans la réponse immunitaire de la drosophile." Paris 7, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007PA077216.
Full textIn Drosophila, two pathways regulate the expression of antimicrobial peptides in response to bacterial infection. The activation of these pathways relies on the detection of the peptidoglycan (PGN) of the bacterial cell wall by a conserved family of proteins, the Peptidoglycan Recognition Proteins (PGRPs). The receptors PGRP-SA and SD function upstream of the Toll pathway in the sensing of PGN from gram-positive bacteria while PGRP-LC and LE activate the Imd pathway upon recognition of PGN from gram-negative bacteria. In addition to these recognition PGRPs that can bind and recognize PGN, a second class of PGRPs named catalytic PGRPs can degrade PGN. A combination of biochemical and genetic approaches allowed us to determine two important functions for catalytic PGRPs. First, we shown that PGRP-LB is a secreted protein regulated by the Imd pathway, which specifically degrades gram-negative bacterial PGN into non-immunostimulatory fragments. We demonstrated that the regulation of PGRP-LB by the Imd pathway provides a negative feedback regulation to tightly adjust immune activation to infections. We also revealed a role of PGRP-LB in the control of the gut immune response and the tolerance to commensals. Second, we demonstrated in vivo an essential bactericidal function for the enzyme PGRP-SB1, which is strongly induced by the Imd pathway after an infection and is secreted into the hemolymph, where it participates in the elimination of bacteria. Collectively, our work indicates that PGRPs are essential components of the Drosophila host defence that act not only in the sensing of microbes but also as regulators and effectors of the antibacterial response
Bascove, Matthieu. "Etude du système immunitaire d'un amphibien et analyse des effets de l'environnement sur sa réponse humorale." Thesis, Nancy 1, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009NAN10129/document.
Full textDurant ma thèse, j'ai participé à la caractérisation des isotypes de chaînes lourdes d'anticorps chez le pleurodèle (Pleurodeles waltl, amphibien urodèle) et à la mise en évidence d'un nouvel isotype d'anticorps : les IgP. J'ai également montré que chaque chaîne lourde a son équivalent humain. Les IgM du pleurodèle sont l'équivalent des IgM humaines. Les IgY sont exprimées principalement au niveau des muqueuses tout comme les IgA humaines. Enfin, les IgP sont observées majoritairement chez les larves et ont une diversité plus faible que les IgM. Ces deux caractéristiques sont partagées avec les anticorps produits par les cellules B1. Ces travaux m'ont ensuite permis d'aborder l'impact d'un séjour de longue durée dans l'espace sur la réponse immunitaire humorale, c'est-à-dire la réponse médiée par les anticorps qui, jusqu'à présent, a été très peu étudiée. L'équipe Développement et Immunogénétique, JE 2537, a immunisé des pleurodèles lors d'un séjour de 5 mois à bord de la station spatiale Mir et a montré que les chaînes lourdes d'IgM produites en réponse à la stimulation antigénique sont fabriquées à partir de gènes des familles VHII et VHVI. Cependant ces familles sont utilisées dans des proportions différentes chez les animaux immunisés dans Mir. Mes travaux ont permis d'approfondir ces résultats par une étude des gènes VHII et VHVI utilisés dans ces chaînes lourdes. J'ai ainsi montré qu'un seul gène VHII et quatre gènes VHVI (A, B, C et D) sont utilisés par les animaux immunisés. Les gènes VHII, VHVI.C et VHVI.D sont plus exprimés chez les animaux immunisés dans Mir alors que l'expression des gènes VHVI.A et VHVI.B est fortement diminuée chez ces mêmes animaux. Ces résultats démontrent clairement que le séjour dans Mir a affecté la réponse immunitaire humorale de ces animaux. Ces observations pourraient résulter d'un changement de la distribution et de sélection des lymphocytes B dans l'espace. Par ailleurs, j'ai décrit pour la première fois les effets d'un séjour dans l'espace sur les hypermutations somatiques. Avant d'étudier ce phénomène, j'ai isolé et caractérisé chez le pleurodèle l'ARNm codant l'effecteur indispensable pour ces mutations : la protéine AID (activation-induced cytidine deaminase). J'ai ainsi montré que cette protéine est bien présente et conservée dans cette espèce. J'ai ensuite mis en évidence et caractérisé pour la première fois le phénomène des hypermutations somatiques chez le pleurodèle. Pour cela, j'ai étudié les profils des mutations observées, cartographié ces dernières et calculé leur fréquence. Ces différents critères ont été comparés entre les animaux immunisés sur Terre et les animaux immunisés à bord de la station Mir. Ainsi, j'ai pu montrer que la fréquence des hypermutations somatiques est diminuée chez les pleurodèles immunisés dans Mir. Cette diminution n'est pas due à un changement de la transcription d'AID mais pourrait être due à une diminution de la survie des lymphocytes B dans l'espace
Bastos, Viana Da Costa Alexandra Monica. "L'infection murine par Schistosoma bovis : analyse des paramètres parasitaires et immunologiques : approche des mécanismes protecteurs induits par la S. Bovis 28 kda glutathion s-transférase." Lille 1, 1998. https://pepite-depot.univ-lille.fr/LIBRE/Th_Num/1998/50376-1998-45.pdf.
Full textL'immunisation par cet antigene ou le transfert passif d'anticorps monoclonaux specifiques associe a une infection se traduit par l'inhibition significative de la maturation et de la viabilite des oeufs. L'identification des epitopes reconnus par ces anticorps monoclonaux sur la proteine sb 28gst indique l'implication de la partie c-terminale dans la constitution du site enzymatique. D'autre part, la reconnaissance d'epitopes conformationnels suggere l'importance de la structure tertiaire dans l'expression de l'activite catalytique de cette proteine. L'ensemble de nos etudes indique que l'antigene sb 28gst serait une cible de l'immunite anti-fecondite et anti-viabilite, en rendant les oeufs plus vulnerables a la reponse immune ou en ayant un effet sur la physiologie du parasite
Rucheton, Marcel. "Anticorps humains anti-MLV spontanés : réactions avec des antigènes nucléaires de l'autoimmunité." Montpellier 2, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988MON20072.
Full textSebbag, Mireille. "Identification des antigènes de differenciation malpighienne définis par les autoanticorps anti-stratum corneum, spécifiques de la polyarthrite rhumatoide. Développement d'un test diagnostique par immunotransfert [Thèse en partie soutenue sur un ensemble de travaux]." Toulouse 3, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992TOU30161.
Full textHuot, Louise. "Analyse moléculaire de la réponse immunitaire du lépidoptère Spodoptera frugiperda au complexe nématobactérien entomopathogène Steinernema carpocapsae-Xenorhabdus nematophila." Thesis, Montpellier, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019MONTG084.
Full textEntomopathogenic nematobacterial complexes (NBCs) are natural symbiotic associations between nematodes and bacteria that are pathogenic for insects. In these associations, the bacterial partner uses the nematode as a vector, which transports it in the soil and releases it inside the insect’s body. The bacterium then increases the NBC’s virulence and is used as a food supply by the nematode partner in the insect’s dead body. Due to the originality of these dual pathogens and to their potential for biological control of insect crop pests, studies have been conducted on diverse aspects of their interactions with insects. These works have shown the ability of an NBC to infect and kill an insect depends on a combination of ecological and behavioral factors, as well as on the dialogue between the two partners of the NBC and the insect’s immune system. Insects possess an elaborate immune system which is able the respond by adapted ways to a huge diversity of infectious agents. This system relies on three main components: epithelial barriers, local cellular and humoral responses and systemic humoral responses. A large number of strategies and factors used by NBCs to counteract these three components have already been identified in several NBC-insect interaction models. However, the study of the dialogue between each NBC partner and the hosts’ immune systems is currently suffering from a lack of knowledge of the signaling and molecular aspects of the insects’ immune responses to these dual infections.The first goal of this thesis was to increase this knowledge through a detailed and structured transcriptional analysis of the immune responses of a lepidopteran model, Spodoptera frugiperda, to one of the most studied NBCs, the S. carpocapsae-X. nematophila association. In the current scientific context, this work was mainly characterized by two methodologic novelties: the use of a topologic approach for the transcriptomic analysis of the induced immune responses to the infection by the NBC, and the use of an infection by injection method for the discrimination between the nematode- and the bacterium-induced immune responses. This work allowed the observation of a structured and highly resolutive picture of the induced immune responses, which will be used as a working base for (i) the functional characterization of the interactions of identified immune genes with each partner of the NBC, and (ii) for the detailed analysis of the molecular dialogue between the immune system of S. frugiperda and the NBC. Finally, this work also allowed the identification of two potential new clusters of immune genes, the GBHs and the UNKs, which are among the most overexpressed genes during the tripartite interaction. Our preliminary bioinformatics analyses and activity tests suggest the GBHs could have been acquired by horizontal gene transfer from bacteria and the UNKs could result from a coevolution between noctuids and some Steinernema-Xenorhabdus NBCs. This hypothesis opens new research trails for the understanding of the NBC-sensitivity variations within insect diversity
Gottar, Marie. "Analyse de la réponse immunitaire innée de Drosophila melanogaster : Vers un déchiffrement des mécanismes de reconnaissance des infections." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003STR13135.
Full textHanin, Véronique. "Utilisation d'immunogènes synthétiques de type "résine polyacrylique-peptide" pour l'obtention d'anticorps anti-peptides : caractérisation et application à l'étude de quelques protéines." Montpellier 2, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990MON20106.
Full textAstagneau, Pascal. "Réponse immunitaire spécifique dirigée contre l'antigène P1155/RESA de "Plasmodium falciparum" : recherche d'indicateurs de protection au cours d'études épidémiologiques en zone d'endémie." Paris 11, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994PA11T022.
Full textBarbarroux, Loïc. "Contributions à la modélisation multi-échelles de la réponse immunitaire T-CD8 : construction, analyse, simulation et calibration de modèles." Thesis, Lyon, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LYSEC026/document.
Full textUpon infection by an intracellular pathogen, the organism triggers a specific immune response,mainly driven by the CD8 T cells. These cells are responsible for the eradication of this type of infections and the constitution of the immune repertoire of the individual. The immune response is constituted by many processes which act over several interconnected physical scales (intracellular scale, single cell scale, cell population scale). This biological phenomenon is therefore a complex process, for which it is difficult to observe or measure the links between the different processes involved. We propose three multiscale mathematical models of the CD8 immune response, built with different formalisms but related by the same idea : to make the behavior of the CD8 T cells depend on their intracellular content. For each model, we present, if possible, its construction process based on selected biological hypothesis, its mathematical study and its ability to reproduce the immune response using numerical simulations. The models we propose succesfully reproduce qualitatively and quantitatively the CD8 immune response and thus constitute useful tools to further investigate this biological phenomenon
Fournier-Betz, Véronique. "Le système immunitaire intestinal du turbot (Scophthalmus maximus L. ) : relation avec le système immunitaire général et recherche des mécanismes immuns induits lors de vaccinations par voie orale contre la vibriose à Vibrio anguillarum." Brest, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000BRES2011.
Full textBordet, Elise. "Réponse immunitaire innée et adaptative du porc face au virus du syndrome dysgénésique et respiratoire porcin." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SACLA024/document.
Full textPorcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is a single-stranded RNA virus that causes reproductive failure and respiratory problems in swine. Immune response against PRRSV is characterized by a persistent viremia and a delay in neutralizing antibodies’ production. Main targets of PRRSV are Alveolar Macrophages (AM) but in vitro studies suggest that PRRSV could replicate in dendritic cells (DC). In this manuscript, new cellular targets of PRRSV in the lung and the tracheo-bronchial lymph nodes have been depicted. This work revealed that pulmonary parenchymal AM-like are susceptible to PRRSV in vivo. Moreover, study of DC infection in the lung reveals that cDC1, cDC2 and moDC are not infected by Type 1 PRRSV. In tracheo-bronchial lymph nodes, 3 populations of pig macrophages (Macro) have been identified and called perifollicular macrophages (PFMacro), lymphatic cord macrophages (cordMacro) and efferent macrophages (effMacro). In vivo infection revealed that PFMacro and effMacro are susceptible to Type 1 PRRSV infection. In order to understand the delay in humoral response establishment, 5 populations of B cells have been identified in the lymph nodes. The interaction of SDRPv with these populations is under study
Weiss, Emmanuel. "Altérations de la réponse immunitaire innée au LPS des cellules immunitaires des malades atteints de cirrhose alcoolique décompensée." Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015USPCC188.
Full textTLR4 engagement by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) triggers the induction of genes encoding cytokines and type I interferons (IFNs). Alterations of innate immune response to LPS have been shown in cirrhotic immune cells. However, the global gene response to LPS is unknown in these cells. We performed a gene-expression profiling in PBMCs from cirrhotic patients and healthy subjects. LPS-regulated genes shared by cirrhotic and healthy cells were involved in cytokine production/activity and induction of "immune paralysis". RT-qPCR validation experiments showed an enhanced induction of some proinflammatory cytokines in cirrhotic cells. Comparison of functions associated with genes specifically regulated by LPS in cirrhotic and in healthy cells allowed to define a cirrhosis phenotype. In cirrhotic PBMCs, LPS specifically induced molecules involved in apoptosis and downregulated others involved in endocytic trafficking. LPS specifically failed to induce an interferon-mediated program consisting in 173 Interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs) in cirrhotic cells. RT-qPCR confirmed this defect in ISG expression in PBMCs from an independent cohort of patients. Mechanisms of this defect were lower IFN-β production and multilevel alterations in type-I IFN signaling. We found a strong relationship between the level of expression of some ISGs and patient's outcome. The higher ISG expression the higher the risk of death. This decrease in type I IFN signaling in cirrhotic immune cells may be an adaptive mechanism aiming at limit immunopathology. Our results provide new information to understand the severity of the immune response to LPS in cirrhosis and can serve as a resource for future studies
Boucraut-Baralon, Corine. "Mise en évidence et caractérisation des antigènes du virus de la myxomatose. Implication dans la réponse immunitaire chez le lapin infecté." Toulouse 3, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992TOU30170.
Full textAsselin, de Beauville-Paturel Carine. "Analyse de l'activité antitumorale de l'interleukine-12 : rôle dans la régulation de la réponse cytotoxique t et effet antiangiogénique." Paris 11, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999PA11T005.
Full textDubois, Florian. "Caractérisation et génération des lymphocytes B régulateurs à partir de cellules souches pluripotentes." Thesis, Nantes, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020NANT1014.
Full textRegulatory B cells (Bregs) are key players in the immune response and are involved in various pathological situations. However, Bregs is a heterogeneous family with no consensual phenotype that has been proposed thus far rending there study and their use in cellbased therapy or as biomarker very difficult. We identified a Breg subset able to block a T cell effector response in a Granzyme B (GZMB) production and in a cell contact dependent manner. The objectives of my thesis work, focused on GZMB+ Bregs study, were 1) to generate GZMB+ Bregs with a repressible GZMB expression, induced by genetic engineering, from pluripotent stem cells and 2) to better characterize these GZMB+ Bregs and their different described subsets by performing a transcriptomic meta-analysis. While we obtained a low yield of B cells from stem cells, we improved the generation of CD34+CD43+ hematopoietic progenitors, which appeared insufficient for B cell production. We found that the CD31intCD45int phenotype might enrich the progenitors suitable for B cell differentiation and we validated CRISPR/Cas9 tools needed for the first step of genetic modification leading to GZMB expression. Our meta-analysis identified two distinct and unique transcriptional signatures of 165 and 93 genes, respectively associated with human and mouse Bregs and support the hypothesis of B cells plasticity into Bregs wich acquire their regulatory function under certain environmental conditions. This thesis work constitute a first step in the understanding and for the use of these GZMB+ Bregs
Pilon, Caroline. "Analyse de la réponse allogénique chez le porc : orientation de la réponse lymphocytaire T effectrice par les cellules dendritiques et étude de la régulation de la réponse immune." Thesis, Tours, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009TOUR3121/document.
Full textThe contribution of rodent models of transplantation for protocols of induction of tolerance in humans has been disappointing. It therefore seems relevant to create a pre-clinic model in large animals. The activation of swine dendritic cells (DC) by CD40L or a combination of TNF+INF+LPS increases the expression of B7 molecules and induced de novo expression of CD25 on DC associated with an increase of allogeneic lymphocyte stimulation ability. In addition, CD40L and TNF+IFN+LPS induced DC polarizing to Th1 and Th17 response respectively. Swine natural CD4+CD25+ regulatory T lymphocytes have been highlighted through the expression of Foxp3. Stimulation of CD4+ cells by PHA and IL-2 in the presence of TGFß induces the expression of Foxp3 and the addition of rapamycin enhances the suppressive activity while maintaining the expression of Foxp3. Rapamycin blocks the expression of IL-17 induced by TGFß. This effect could explain the increase of the suppressive activity caused by rapamycin
Hamdi, Leila. "Recherche de facteurs de risque immunologiques associés au lymphome hodgkinien de l’enfant." Thesis, Paris 11, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA114844/document.
Full textHodgkin’s Lymphoma (HL) is one of the most frequent lymphomas occurring in childhood. In young children, there is a high predominance in boys and frequent association with Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV). Cohort studies have shown that patients affected by several immune deficiency syndromes - e.g. X-linked lymphoproliferative syndrome (XLP), functional deficit of Fas/FasL pathway and common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) - are risk factors of HL. We intend to search for qualitative and quantitative immune deficiencies as susceptibility factors to child's HL in a prospective study related to Euronet –PHL C1 protocol. Eighty-three patients at diagnosis of HL have been analysed. Median age of the study population is 13 years, (5-18 years). Gender-ratio M/F is 1.1 with a larger male predominance before the age of 10 (gender-ratio of 3). The search for a defect of NKT population that would be suggesting of XLP was negative in all patients. A moderate expansion of circulating TCRαβ+ double negative cells (DNT) has been detected in 5 patients. This expansion has been further explored in the hypothesis of a defect of Fas/FasL pathway by plasmatic quantification of Fas ligand and Il-10. This led to the exclusionof the diagnosis of ALPS. An unexpected high frequency of B-cell lymphopenia has been detected in 31 out of 83 patients (37%). Peripheral B cell lymphopenia was associated with the following poor prognostic factors: advanced stages (p<0.04), low hemoglobin (p<0.06) and B symptoms (p<0.01). B-cell lymphopenia was not statistically correlated with morphology (subtype, amount of tumor cells and necrosis). Remarkably, B-lymphocytic counts were significantly higher in patients with in situ EBV (<0.05).Only a B lymphopenia with low IgG level suggesting DICV was detected. We extended the analysis to all the 395 patients included in the protocol EURONET, so we identified 4 patients with CVID. These cases will be further explored by molecular analyses. In parallel, the specific T-cells response against EBV was studied by flow cytometry in 15 patients and ELISPOT assay in 9 patients with HL. Flow cytometry , suggested a decrease in production of IL-2 by CD4 T cells in patients with high EBV viral load in response to EBV latent and lytic-cycle peptides and autologous lymphoblatoid cells lines compared to controls or patients with LH-EBV-. The ELISPOT-IFNγ assay was used to determine the frequency of T cells that produced IFNγ in response to peptides. One patient demonstrated inappropriate EBV-specific T-cell IFNγ production (<10 IFNγ secreted T cells and >1,000 EBV copies per 250000 PBMCs). These cases will be further explored by molecular analyses.Our findings confirm the known epidemiological data of HL now mainly associated to NS subtype in children and adolescents and EBV status in HL at this age. We show that peripheral B cell lymphopenia in paediatric and adolescent HL patients is frequent and associated with poor prognosis factors. We confirm the association between CVID and HL
Hamdi, Leila. "Recherche de facteurs de risque immunologiques associés au Lymphome Hodgkinien de l'enfant." Phd thesis, Université Paris Sud - Paris XI, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01011174.
Full textPrieur, Eric. "Analyse in vitro de la réponse immunitaire T dirigée contre des antigènes du cytomégalovirus humain sous forme soluble ou associés à des biovecteurs synthétiques." Toulouse 3, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997TOU30036.
Full textJary, Marine. "Analyse du microenvironnement et de l'oncogenèse des cancers colorectaux surexprimant l’Angiopoiétine 2." Thesis, Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019UBFCE016.
Full textColorectal cancer (CRC) is a severe and frequent disease, with important survival improvement due to therapeutic new approaches and surgical methods, even in metastatic setting. It is an heterogeneous entity, and personalized strategies are mandated, whereas few predictive and prognostic biomarkers are available in practical care. Molecular classifications are useful to better understand CRC biological characteristics, but they do not have predictive values, and seem to be inadequate for metastatic setting. Seric biomarkers are attractive since they could recapitulate tumor features, while being simpler and less expansive. There is a need to investigate surrogacy biomarkers illustrating intra tumoral microenvironment, in order to adapt treatment strategies.This thesis is about the clinical and molecular characterization of Angiopoietin 2 (ANGPT2) associated colorectal cancer. Assessment of microenvironment and peripheral immune Th1 response are performed and correlated with this entity.Prognostic value of ANGPT2 in metastatic colorectal cancer was studied in the first part of the manuscript. We described that ANGPT2 plasmatic levels were associated with a worst overall survival in metastatic setting. In the second part, using the open source transcriptomic tools, we decided to define the specific molecular signaling pathways correlated to ANGPT2 expression in CRC and its prognostic value in localized CRC. A specific signature was drawn, combining genes associated with stroma, invasion, angiogenesis, and chemo-resistance. Looking for associated secreted proteins, we could identify a seric signature (combining STC1, CD138 and ANGPT2), predictive for chemo-resistance. An negative correlation was observed between ANGPT2 signature and immune response. The last part of the thesis then explored the prognostic value of anti TERT peripheral immune Th1 response in metastatic colorectal cancer (Epitopes-CRC02 study), and validated its beneficial role for predicting OS. A negative correlation was confirmed, in seric measurement between CD4 immune response and ANGPT2.This work paves the way for individualized treatments in tumors harboring ANGPT2 associated characteristics', targeting the stromal and immune microenvironment. This immune and stromal biomonitoring is feasible and have to be associated to futures clinical studies. Future prognostic scores should probably assess the place of these biomarkers in order to improve their discriminant values
Chaouni, Benabdallah Ilham. "Etude phénotypique, génotypique et fonctionnelle des lymphocytes T à récepteur gamma/delta dans la polyarthrite rhumatoi͏̈de : analyse comparative avec les lymphocytes T alpha/bêta." Montpellier 2, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992MON20221.
Full textJabot-Hanin, Fabienne. "Recherche des facteurs génétiques contrôlant la réponse à l’infection par Mycobacterium tuberculosis et le développement d’une tuberculose maladie." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017USPCB253/document.
Full textTuberculosis remains a major public health concern, with approximately 10.4 million new cases and 1.8 million deaths due to the disease in 2015 according to WHO. While an estimated one third of the world population is estimated to be infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis, only about 10% of infected individuals go on to develop a clinical disease. Among them, half will declare the disease in the 2 years following infection, which is generally considered as primary tuberculosis. The other patients will develop the disease more distant in time of primary infection, sometimes several tens of years latter; these are classical pulmonary forms in adults. In humans, the role of genetic factors have been demonstrated in the development of active tuberculosis, in pulmonary forms as in disseminated forms in childhood, et also in the control of M.tuberculosis infection. Nevertheless, most of these genetic factors remain to identify. The first aim of my PhD was to identify genetic factors controlling in vitro interferon-gamma production phenotypes (IGRA) after exposure to M.tuberculosis in a sample of 590 subjects who were in contact with a proven tuberculous patient in Val-de-Marne, Paris suburbs, and in a second time, to try to replicate the findings in a south African familial sample where the tuberculosis is highly endemic. For this purpose, I first performed genome-wide genetic linkage analysis for several quantitative IGRA phenotypes. They led to identify 2 major loci (p<10-4) replicated in South-Africa and linked to the interferon-gamma production induced by live BCG for the first one, and for the second one, by the specific part of the ESAT6 antigen of M.tuberculosis (absent from most of environmental mycobacteria and from BCG), independently of intrinsic ability to respond to mycobacteria. The second step was an association study in the identified linkage regions. A variant associated to the specific ESAT6 phenotype was found (p<10-5), which was significantly contributing to the linkage peak (p<0.001) and previously reported as eQTL of ZXDC gene. The second objective of my PhD was the identification of rare genetic variants underlying the development of pulmonary tuberculosis in infected individuals. To this end, I compared exome data from 120 tuberculous patients and 136 infected individuals without any clinical symptoms. All of them were from Morocco. This study resulted in the lighting of BTNL2 gene, very closed to the HLA region, in which around 10% of patients had a rare loss of function variant whereas the controls didn’t have any
Hamrouni, Abdelbasset. "Identification des clones de lymphocytes T spécifiques de l'antigène liés au m^eme réarrangement VDJβ ancestral." Lyon, École normale supérieure (sciences), 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003ENSL0259.
Full textRombouts, Yoann. "Analyse structurale et fonctionnelle des glycolipides pariétaux de Mycobacterium marinum : une mycobactérie modèle dans l’étude de la tuberculose." Thesis, Lille 1, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010LIL10145/document.
Full textMycobacterium marinum is a natural pathogen of ectotherms genetically close to M. tuberculosis. This pathogen model is useful for deciphering the role of mycobacterial cell wall glycolipids in granulomatous infection. In this context, our work focused on the purification of both polar and apolar glycolipids extracted from M. marinum cell wall and their structural characterization using nuclear magnetic resonance and mass spectrometry. Analysis of the polar lipooligosaccharide family (LOSs, including LOS-I to LOS-IV) demonstrated the presence of several rare or even unique monosaccharides including caryophyllose, derivatives and a N-acylated monosaccharide specific of LOS-IV. Biological activity assays showed that LOSs exert an important pro-inflammatory effect by decreasing the TNF-α secretion from macrophages. Moreover, LOS-IV was found to stimulate the expression of the chemokine IL-8 and cell surface antigens (CD40 and ICAM-1) on macrophages. This specific immunostimulatory property was related to the presence of the terminal N-acylated monosaccharide in LOS-IV. In addition, other polar glycolipids analyzed, including phosphatidyl-myo-inositol mannosides (PIM), lipomannane (LM) and lipoarabinomannan (LAM), possess similar structures than M. tuberculosis. The study of apolar glycolipids permitted to precise the structure of phenolic glycolipids (PGL) and trehalose di-mycolates (TDM). Moreover, a family of unusual glycolipids, including Di-Mycolyl-Di-Arabinoglycérol (DMDA), was identified. DMDA structure is very close from the terminal part of peptidoglycan-arabinogalactan-mycolyl (mAGp), the mycobacterial cell wall macro-complex. Additional studies performed in M. bovis BCG showed that this glycolipid is related to mAGp, providing new insights about the mode of action of anti-tuberculous drugs such as thiacetazone
Maman, David. "Analyse multicentrique du devenir des patients vivants avec le VIH dans les cohortes suivies par Médecins Sans Frontières France en Afrique subsaharienne." Thesis, Lyon 1, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LYO10146.
Full textAlmost two third of individuals living with HIV are in sub-Saharan Africa. In these resource limited countries, the optimal CD4 cell count level to initiate antiretroviral treatment (ART) is still debated. We studied long term immune reconstitution on ART and its association with survival in four HIV programs supported by Médecins Sans Frontières in sub-Saharan Africa between 2001 and 2010. We used mixed models to account for repeated CD4 measurements in the modelling of the immune reconstitution and the survival analysis. In the first part modelling immune response to ART, we showed that women achieved a better immune reconstitution compared to men and that the immune reconstitution capacity is the same for each level of CD4 at ART initiation. The second study showed that survival is improved for patient with an updated CD4 above 500 cells/μL compared to those with CD4 levels between 350-499 cells/μL. Furthermore, gender, age and adherence are independently associated with mortality. As a conclusion, women have a better immune reconstitution and achieved quicker
De, la Chevrotière Claudia. "Analyse de la variabilité génétique de la résistance aux strongles gastro-intestinaux chez les chèvres créoles à des fins de sélection et de compréhension des mécanismes." Thesis, Antilles-Guyane, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011AGUY0407/document.
Full textThe two main objectives of this work are to propose tools for the selection of resistant animals to gastrointestinal nematodes and advance knowledge on mechanisms of resistance of creole goats. this work has analysed the genetic variability of resistance to digestive parasitism in order to determine which criteria best describes the resistance and can be use for selection. the overall results suggest that the egg excretion and the eosinophilia are the criteria most suitable for a breeding scheme because they have moderate heritability estimates and best represent the resistance. moreover, they do not seem in conflict with the weight, the main criterion of production. the genetic determinism of resistance to gastrointestinal parasites has been studied and has highlighted the existence of a major gene for resistance in creole goats. in addition, the primodetection of qtl identified 13 genomic regions that affect the resistance. the mechanisms behind the resistance to gastrointestinal parasites were also studied and first hypothesis regarding the involvment of the immune response in resistance have been made in goats. the overall results highlighted the role of eosinophils in the development of resistance to gastrointestinal nematodes. the activity of immunoglobulin e seems directed toward l3 larvae of haemonchus contortus and may be imply in the establishment of a protective response agasint nematode parasites. in creole goats, these two mechanisms seem to play an important role in the development of resistance to gastrointestinal nematode infections
Vailleau, Fabienne. "Rôle d'AtMYB30, facteur de transcription associé à la mort cellulaire hypersensible chez Arabidopsis thaliana : analyse de lignées transgénique et recherche des cibles par analyse du transcriptome." Toulouse 3, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003TOU30216.
Full textCarré, Thibault. "Analyse des bases moléculaires de la résistance tumorale à la cytotoxicité spécifique et naturelle dans le contexte microenvironnemental." Thesis, Paris 11, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA11T057.
Full textDuring antitumor immune response, cancer cells genetic instability combined with immune system selective pressure may drive to the emergence of tumor variant resistant to lysis by cytotoxic effector cells through a phenomenon called immunoediting. A better understanding of those mechanisms putatively involved in tumor susceptibility to natural and/or specific lysis would enable new integrative and more effective immunotherapeutic strategies. In this context, we studied a model of resistance to specific lysis linked to actin cytoskeleton remodeling (i). We showed that combined inhibition of actin interacting protein (caldesmone, ezrin, radixin and moesin) reduced tumor cells susceptibility to cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) lysis. Moreover, we identified microRNAs differentially expressed between parental cell line and resistant variant and are currently studying their impact on tumor susceptibility to CTLs lysis. In order to depict the role of innate immunity Natural Killer (NK) cells selective pressure, on tumor cells and on the emergence of resistant variants, we also established a maintained coculture model of melanoma cells with NK cells (ii). Selected cells obtained were resistant to NK cells-mediated lysis (but still susceptible to CTLs-mediated specific lysis) and formed less contact and immune synapse with NK cells than parental cell line. Transcriptomic analysis revealed the reduced expression of B7-H6 (ligand of an NK cells activating receptor) partially contributing to the resistance phenotype. The expression of several genes involved in migration/invasion/adhesion is also modulated and some cell characteristics (cell growth in semi-solid medium, adhesion, migration) tend to reflect the acquisition through coculture of an increased aggressiveness. Finally, we evaluated the impact of connexin-43 (Cx43), involved in the establishment of Gap Junctions (GJs), on antitumor response (iii). We showed that despite localization at the immune synapse between tumor target cell and CTL, Cx43 and GJs do not modulate susceptibility to CTL-mediated specific lysis. Nevertheless, GJs contribute to the emergence of highly reactive specific CD8+ T lymphocytes following antigen stimulation
Girardot, Fabrice. "Recherche et analyse de facteurs génétiques impliqués dans la résistance au stress et le contrôle de la longévité chez Drosophila melanogaster." Paris 6, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002PA066525.
Full textFeuillard, Jean. "Etude des rôles des protéines ReL/NF-kappa B dans la réponse immune : analyse in situ de l'expression des proteines Rel/NF-kappa B dans le thymus et les organes lymphoïdes secondaires." Paris 7, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997PA077210.
Full textNormand, Alexia Delannoy. "Recherche de gènes impliqués dans l'installation du strongle Haemonchus contortus par une approche transcriptomique." Thesis, Tours, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010TOUR4034/document.
Full textGastro-intestinal nematodes such as Haemonchus contortus have a major impact on health of small ruminants world-wide. The control of infections remains largely based on anthelminthic treatments, but spreading of resistance has reduced their efficiency. An attractive solution would be the development of anti-nematode vaccines. Genes expressed during the early parasitic stage of H. contortus constituted our main targets. We have developed an approach based on SSH (Suppressive Subtractive Hybridization) technique and generated 4 subtracted cDNA libraries of H. contortus enriched in cDNA specifically expressed during L4 stage (five days post infection). 400 clones were analyzed by dot-blotand 51 clones regrouped in 10 contigs. All contigs were validated by RT-PCR. Homologues of candidates possessing a signal peptide were searched in T. colubriformis and T. circumcincta to evaluate their polymorphism. Recombinant proteins of theses candidates were produced and purified in order to know if they have a good vaccine potential with cross protection against two major gastro-intestinal nematodes
Ibanez, Adriana. "Analyse d'une banque d'ADNc enrichie en protéines membranaires et associées aux membranes chez Arabidopsis thaliana et recherche des gènes différentiellement exprimés en réponse à une contrainte hydrique." Toulouse 3, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004TOU30156.
Full textDuring evolution, plants have developed mechanisms enabling them to adapt to environnemental constraints, as water stress. At cellular level, plasma membrane is probably the site of perception and initiation of signal transduction. Membrane proteins play essential roles in water stress tolerance. At present, functional studies of plant membrane proteins are scarce. The aim of my thesis was to analyze an ordered cDNA library enriched in genes encoding membrane proteins of Arabidopsis thaliana and to identify differentially expressed genes in water stress conditions using this model plant and a macroarray approach. The first part of work included systematically sequencing of the library, clones annotation and creation of an internal database. Results show that the proportion of cDNA encoding membrane proteins is 30 % of total clones and 34 % of deduced proteins have no known function. The second part of work include the identification of differentially expressed genes involved in water stress responses. Physiological tests were performed to evaluate responses of Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings to water stress and to define the intensity of stress treatments. Two stress treatments were choosen, representing similar conditions to those met by plants in natural environnements. In order to screen the library using a macroarray approach these treatments were applied to seedlings. A moderate stress, without effect on root growth, provoked down-regulation of genes taking part in protein synthesis and cellular transport. On the other hand, a more severe stress, which causes root growth reduction, provoked up-regulation of genes taking part in general metabolism and intracellular transport. Transcriptional data show expression of genes encoding membrane proteins are affected in response to water stress. Functional analysis of genes encoding membrane proteins of unknown
Laligant, Anne. "Evaluation des modifications de conformation de la }b-lactoglobuline soumise à̄ des traitements thermiques à pH neutre." Montpellier 2, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990MON20123.
Full textGrandpierre, Catherine Bergonier. "Immunogénicité et antigénicité de produits de substitution dans les intolérances aux protéines de lait de vache." Toulouse 3, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991TOU30271.
Full textNovelli, Sophie. "Pronostic à long terme des personnes diagnostiquées en primo-infection VIH-1." Thesis, université Paris-Saclay, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020UPASS079.
Full textThis thesis focused on the long-term follow-up of individuals diagnosed with primary HIV-1 infection and the impact of early antiretroviral therapy (ART) initiation, particularly on chronic inflammation, which has been linked to the development of severe co-morbidities in people aging with HIV. Data came from the French ANRS CO6 PRIMO cohort. First, we confirmed the benefit of immediate ART initiation during primary infection, as recommended by international guidelines, to enhance the immune recovery and achieve long-term reduction of HIV reservoir size. However, we did not observe any effect of ART initiation in primary infection versus deferred in chronic infection on the levels of inflammation, nor immune activation or residual viral replication, after nearly 7 years of effective ART. Moreover, compared to two non HIV infected control groups, with respectively low and high frequency of health risk behaviours, HIV participants under long-term suppressive ART showed increased levels of markers associated with the mono-macrophagic and lymphocytic components of inflammation and intestinal mucosal integrity, even after taking into account major non-HIV related cofactors of inflammation. Besides, women, who already had more favourable immunovirological characteristics than men in primary infection, showed a better virological and immunological response than men following ART initiation in primary infection. However, the clinical benefit of these immunological advantages remains to be determined.This work focused on immunovirological parameters and will be continued with a better characterization of the health status of people living with HIV in France on common health parameters, compared to the general population