Relevant bibliographies by topics / Replacement for Cement in Concrete

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Academic literature on the topic 'Replacement for Cement in Concrete'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 11 September 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Replacement for Cement in Concrete"

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Folagbade, Samuel Olufemi. "Initial Surface Absorption of Cement Combination Concrete." Civil Engineering Dimension 20, no. 2 (October 8, 2018): 96. http://dx.doi.org/10.9744/ced.20.2.96-101.

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This paper investigated the initial surface absorption (ISAT) of concrete using Portland cement (PC) and some binary and ternary cement combinations containing fly ash (FA), silica fume (SF) and metakaolin (MK) as partial replacements for PC at equal water/ cement ratios and strengths. At equal water/cement ratios, the cement combination concretes have higher ISAT values than PC concrete at 28 days and the disparity reduced with increasing curing age due to improved pozzolanic reactivity of the supplementary cementitious materials. SF and MK as binary and ternary cement components performed better than FA due to their higher fineness, improved particle packing and higher pozzolanic reactivity. At equal strengths, FA binary cement concretes have the lowest ISAT values and these reduced with increasing content of FA. At total replacement levels more than 20%, all the ternary cement concretes have lower ISAT values than PC concrete and the values reduced with increasing total replacement level due to the beneficial effect of FA.
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Al-Swaidani, A. M. "Production of more durable and sustainable concretes using volcanic scoria as cement replacement." Materiales de Construcción 67, no. 326 (March 10, 2017): 118. http://dx.doi.org/10.3989/mc.2017.00716.

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The objective of the study is to investigate strength and durability-related properties of volcanic scoria-based cements. Compressive and tensile strength development of mortars and concretes containing volcanic scoria with replacement levels ranging from 10 to 35% was investigated. Water permeability, chloride penetrability and porosity of concretes cured for 2, 7, 28, 90 and 180 days were also examined. Results revealed that volcanic scoria could be suitable for making blended cements. The strength of mortar/concrete containing volcanic scoria was lower than that of plain cement mortar/concrete at all ages. However, at 90 day curing, the strengths of volcanic scoria-based mortars/concretes were comparable to those of plain cement. In addition, water permeability, chloride penetrability and porosity of scoria-based concretes were much lower than those of plain concrete. Further, the results were statistically analysed and estimation equations have been developed to predict the studied properties. SEM/EDX analysis was employed, as well.
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Anwar, Faiz Habib, Hilal El-Hassan, Mohamed Hamouda, Gilbert Hinge, and Kim Hung Mo. "Meta-Analysis of the Performance of Pervious Concrete with Cement and Aggregate Replacements." Buildings 12, no. 4 (April 8, 2022): 461. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings12040461.

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In recent years, pervious concrete (PC) has gained much attention as one of the strategies for low-impact development (LID) in pavements due to its structural, economic, and road-user benefits. This study sought to review and evaluate changes in the mechanical, hydraulic, and durability performance of PC produced with cement and aggregate replacements. A meta-analysis was conducted to elucidate the feasible range of the replacement percentage and the number of materials that could be used to replace cement and aggregates; single or binary replacements were considered. Results indicated that cement-replacing materials, industrial wastes (IWA), and recycled aggregates (RA) met the minimum requirement for the mechanical, hydraulic, and durability properties of PC. The use of a single cement replacement material provided PC with better performance than when cement was replaced with two or more materials or when cement alone was used. Industrial waste was found to be a better replacement to aggregates than RA. The combined replacement of cement and aggregates with IWA and other cement-replacing materials was the most effective method for improving the mechanical, hydraulic, and durability performance of PC. Replacements of up to 40% was considered viable for cement replacement, while up to 50% replacement was considered practical for aggregate and combined replacement. PC incorporating different cement-replacing materials exhibited equivalent or improved mechanical properties and maintained hydraulic performance compared to cement-based PC. Nonetheless, limited studies are available on the durability performance of PC made with cement and/or replacements. Thus, the durability of PC coupled with the applicability of replacement materials acquired from different locations need to be evaluated to address the viability of producing more durable PC with the use of replacements.
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Bunyamin, Bunyamin, and Amir Mukhlis. "Utilization of Oyster Shells as a Substitute Part of Cement and Fine Aggregate in the Compressive Strength of Concrete." Aceh International Journal of Science and Technology 9, no. 3 (December 30, 2020): 150–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.13170/aijst.9.3.17761.

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The compressive strength of concrete depends on the physical characteristics of the concrete forming materials. Oyster shells originating from Krueng Neng, Aceh Besar are very abundant, left unattended by fishermen, causing pollution of the surrounding environment. Oyster shell dust contains CaO, which can be used as a partial substitution of cement. Therefore, it is necessary to study oyster shell ash as cement replacement and fine aggregate in concrete production. This research aims to determine the compressive strength of concrete using shell ash as cement replacement and fine aggregate. The oyster shells were obtained from Krueng Neng, Lamjamee Village, Jaya Baru, Aceh Besar District. The oyster shells were crushed with a Los Angeles Test machine and sieved with sieve size 2.36 mm for fine aggregate and sieve #200 for cement replacement. The water-cement ratios (w/c) were 0.4, 0.5 and 0.6. The results showed that concrete's compressive strength with 5% cement replacement level was higher than the concrete with cement only. Meanwhile, for other replacement levels, the compressive strengths of concrete specimens were lower than control specimens.
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Murugesh, V., Dr N. Balasundaram, and Dr T. Senthil Vadivel. "Experimental Studies on Durability Studies of Concrete with Partial Replacement of Cement by Water Hyacinth Ash." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 3.35 (September 2, 2018): 22. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i3.35.29140.

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Cement is the main constituent ingredient in concrete. Now days many investigations undergone for substitute of cement due to green houses effect and global warming .Many new products like rice husk ash, egg shell powder, baggage ash, etc are used as an effluent replacement material for cement. The new and Practical material for substitute of cement is water hyacinth ash .Water hyacinth ash (WHA), is used as an effectual replacement of partial cement, and it has been proved in several characteristics of concrete. The main important parameters in concrete are strength, durability and workability. In this paper, 10 % of cement replaced by water hyacinth ash to investigate the effects of WHA on durability and Strength in concretes. On this basis, specimens were engrossed in water and acid to study the absorption property, acid attack and compared to conventional concrete. The test results show that replacement of cement by WHA in concrete has improved the parameters of concrete.
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Qadri, Muhammad Ahmed, Huzaifah Hameed, and Osama Bhutta. "Fresh and Hardened Properties of Styrene Butadiene Rubber (SBR) Modified Concrete." European Journal of Engineering Research and Science 5, no. 4 (April 21, 2020): 457–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejers.2020.5.4.1883.

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The durability of concrete has been studied ever since it was first used. Researchers have incorporated several materials to make concrete strong and durable. This research focuses on the infusion of styrene butadiene rubber polymer (SBR) as a partial replacement of cement and studies its effects on fresh and hardened properties of concrete. Samples were prepared using partial replacement of SBR in proportions of 0%, 5%, 10% and 20%. Results showed that the fresh density of concrete decreased with the addition of SBR whereas the trends of workability showed an increase with cement replacement. Compressive strength increased at lower percentage replacements however the flexural and tensile strength increased till 15% SBR addition after which it decreased. The total porosity in terms of water absorption decreased which makes SBR modified concrete feasible for concretes exposed to moist conditions and the decreased porosity would increase its durability against chloride induced corrosion.
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Qadri, Muhammad Ahmed, Huzaifah Hameed, and Osama Bhutta. "Fresh and Hardened Properties of Styrene Butadiene Rubber (SBR) Modified Concrete." European Journal of Engineering and Technology Research 5, no. 4 (April 21, 2020): 457–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejeng.2020.5.4.1883.

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The durability of concrete has been studied ever since it was first used. Researchers have incorporated several materials to make concrete strong and durable. This research focuses on the infusion of styrene butadiene rubber polymer (SBR) as a partial replacement of cement and studies its effects on fresh and hardened properties of concrete. Samples were prepared using partial replacement of SBR in proportions of 0%, 5%, 10% and 20%. Results showed that the fresh density of concrete decreased with the addition of SBR whereas the trends of workability showed an increase with cement replacement. Compressive strength increased at lower percentage replacements however the flexural and tensile strength increased till 15% SBR addition after which it decreased. The total porosity in terms of water absorption decreased which makes SBR modified concrete feasible for concretes exposed to moist conditions and the decreased porosity would increase its durability against chloride induced corrosion.
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Noor Azline, M. N., Farah Nora Aznieta Abd Aziz, and Arafa Suleiman Juma. "Effect of Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag on Compressive Strength of POFA Blended Concrete." Applied Mechanics and Materials 802 (October 2015): 142–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.802.142.

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The article reports a laboratory experimental programme that investigated effect of ground granulated blast furnace (GGBS) on compressive strength of POFA ternary concrete. Compressive strength tests were performed at a range of cements combinations, including 100%PC, two POFA levels for binary concrete, 35% and 45%, and 15%GGBS inclusion for POFA ternary concrete. The compressive strength results were examined in comparison to PC only and equivalent POFA binary concretes for up to 28 days. Results show that the reduction in compressive strength is greater with the higher cement replacement level for all concretes particularly for POFA binary concretes. However, 15%GGBS in POFA blended concrete has a comparable compressive strength compared to PC concrete at both, 35% and 45%, cement replacement levels except for ternary concrete at 0.65 w/c. In addition, the compressive strength of ternary concrete is slightly higher compared to binary concrete for all concrete combinations. Although there is no significant noticeable influence on strength development, the presence of GGBS did not adverse the strength development of POFA blended concrete. Thus, it can be concluded that GGBS compensates the adverse effect of POFA at early strength development.
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V. Sri Ramya Lekhini and Janardhan G. "Mechanical Properties on Self - Compacting Concrete Replacement with Fly Ash, Silica Fume in Cement and Addition with Fibres." International Journal for Modern Trends in Science and Technology 7, no. 03 (April 10, 2021): 26–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.46501/ijmtst0703005.

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Self-compacting concrete has high workability and flow ability than normal compacted concrete. With its segregation resistance and fluidity, it offers a solution to problems in construction field like lack of skilled labour, inadequate compaction, over compaction, segregation etc. This study includes designing a self-compacting concrete mix which is standardized using its fresh properties with respect to EFNARC (European Federation of National Associations Representing for Concrete)standards. In this study, fly ash is used as partial replacement for cement in concrete. The mix design for M30 grade self-compacting concrete is done as per EFNARC standards. Then various properties of different mixes of M30 grade with 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40% & 50%and 5% of silica fume as partial replacements of cement were compared, and the optimum percentage replacement is obtained at 30% replacement (SCC 30). On determining the optimum percentage replacement of fly ash in cement for M30 grade SCC as SCC 30, various properties such as weight loss and compressive strength and flexural strength of SCC 30 with normal SCC 30 are compared and then finally basalt fibres were added to cement content to asses the performance of concrete with fly ash and fibres as partial replacements of cement. It is found that the there is loss in weight as well as compressive strength and flexural strength of specimen due to adding fly ash and basalt fibres
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Kalinowska-Wichrowska, Katarzyna, Edyta Pawluczuk, Michał Bołtryk, Jose Ramón Jimenez, Jose Maria Fernandez-Rodriguez, and David Suescum Morales. "The Performance of Concrete Made with Secondary Products—Recycled Coarse Aggregates, Recycled Cement Mortar, and Fly Ash–Slag Mix." Materials 15, no. 4 (February 15, 2022): 1438. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15041438.

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The properties of cement concrete using waste materials—namely, recycled cement mortar, fly ash–slag, and recycled concrete aggregate—are presented. A treatment process for waste materials is proposed. Two research experiments were conducted. In the first, concretes were made with fly ash–slag mix (FAS) and recycled cement mortar (RCM) as additions. The most favorable content of the concrete additive in the form of RCM and FAS was determined experimentally, and their influence on the physical and mechanical properties of concrete was established. For this purpose, 10 test series were carried out according to the experimental plan. In the second study, concretes containing FAS–RCM and recycled concrete aggregate (RCA) as a 30% replacement of natural aggregate (NA) were prepared. The compressive strength, frost resistance, water absorption, volume density, thermal conductivity, and microstructure were researched. The test results show that the addition of FAS–RCM and RCA can produce composites with better physical and mechanical properties compared with concrete made only of natural raw materials and cement. The detailed results show that FAS–RCM can be a valuable substitute for cement and RCA as a replacement for natural aggregates. Compared with traditional cement concretes, concretes made of FAS, RCM, and RCA are characterized by a higher compressive strength: 7% higher in the case of 30% replacement of NA by RCA with the additional use of the innovative FAS–RCM additive as 30% of the cement mass.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Replacement for Cement in Concrete"

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Darwish, Abdulhanan A. "Development of high performance concrete using combinations of mineral admixtures." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 1995. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/3066/.

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Cement replacement materials are by-products used to produce high performance concrete. Published data on the effects of combinations of mineral admixtures in concrete on the microstructural and performance-related properties under different curing regimes are comparatively little. Further the correlation of strength of concrete to its permeability and pore structure is also not clear. The main objective of this research is to study the performance of various combinations of fly ash/silica fume and slag/silica fume concretes under three different curing regimes, viz. continuous moist curing, no moist curing after demolding and air drying after 7-days of initial moist curing. Six different concrete mixes were prepared with ordinary portland cement and a blend of portland cement and combinations of fly ash+silica fume and slag+silica fume The water-to-cementitious materials ratio of all the concrete mixtures was kept constant at 0.45. The properties investigated included workability of the fresh concrete, engineering properties such as cube and modified cube compressive strength, flexural strength, dynamic modulus of elasticity, pulse velocity, shrinkage and swelling, permeability and microstructural properties such as porosity and pore size distribution. The results show that prolonged dry curing results in lower strengths, higher porosity, coarser pore structure and more permeable concretes. It was found that the loss in early age compressive strength due to incorporation of fly ash or slag can be compensated for by the addition of small amounts of silica fume. The engineering and microstructural properties and permeability of concretes containing fly ash or slag appear to be more sensitive to poor curing than the control concrete, with the sensitivity increasing with increasing amounts of fly ash or slag in the mixtures. The incorporation of high volumes of slag in the concrete mixtures refined the pore structure and produced concretes with very low porosity and threshold diameters. The results emphasize that a minimum 7-day wet curing is needed for concrete with mineral admixtures to develop the full potential, and that continued exposure to a drying environment can have adverse effects on the long-term durability of inadequately cured slag or fly ash concretes. The results also confirm that compressive strength alone is not an adequate index to judge the performance of concrete, and the knowledge of the strength, pore structure and permeability are required for this purpose. Slag/silica fume concrete mixtures showed better performance than fly ash/silica fume concrete mixtures as regards the development of engineering and microstructural properties.
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El-Khatib, Jamal M. "Durability related properties of PFA, slag and silica fume concrete." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 1991. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.315418.

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Concrete has the largest production of all man-made materials. Compared with other construction materials, it possesses many advantages including low cost, general availability of raw materials, low energy requirement and utilization under different environmental conditions. Therefore, concrete will continue to be the dominant construction material in the foreseeable future. However, durability of concrete and reinfored concrete structures are still of worldwide concern, so producing a good quality concrete which impedes the ingress of harmful substances into it is of paramount importance. Cement replacement materials have been introduced into concrete mixtures for the purpose of improving the durability performance. Hence, the aim of the present investigation is to study the durability of concrete with and without cement replacement materials under various initial curing conditions. In this thesis various concrete mixes with and without cement replacement materials were considered. The cement replacement materials were, pulverised fuel ash, condensed silica fume, and ground granulated blast furnace slag. Superplasticiser was added to the majority of the mixes considered and air entraining agent to some of the mixes. Various curing regimes were employed which comprised hot dry curing to simulate concrete in the hot arid areas in the world and curing at normal temperature. Curing involved air curing, membrane curing and moist curing for fourteen days followed by air curing. A number of tests were conducted at either one particular age or at various ages. These included tests on porosity and pore structure of pastes obtained by mercury intrusion porosimetry technique, water absorption which covers the water absorption of concrete obtained by shallow immersion and the water absorbed by capillary action when the concrete surface is in contact with water, sulphate resistance of concrete which is performed by immersing the concrete specimens in sulphate solution, and monitoring the change in length at various periods of immersion, chloride penetration profiles of concrete at various ages of exposure. In addition to these tests on durability related properties, tests on compressive strength were also performed. Throughout the study a correlation between pore structure and durability related properties is investigated. A comprehensive compilation of chloride penetration data is made and an empirical expression is derived for the prediction of long term diffusion coefficients. At the end of the investigation, limitations of the present study, conclusions and suggestions for future research are made.
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Shattaf, Nasser Rashid. "Development of high durability concrete for the Arabian Gulf environment." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 1998. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/10213/.

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Concrete is probably the most widely used construction material in the world. In the Arabian Gulf region, deterioration of concrete due to the aggressive environment is recognized to be the main factor affecting their structural integrity. The durability of concrete structures can be preserved by various protection methods; however, using cement replacement materials is one of the most effective and economic methods of maintaining their stability as well as extending their service life. The aim of this project is to study four interrelated aspects, namely, (1) the effect of hot environment on the properties of fresh concrete incorporating mineral admixtures, (2), the influence of exposure environment on the engineering properties of hardened concrete, under various curing conditions, without and with mineral admixture, (3), the differences in porosity and pore structure of the same set of mixes, and, (4) the effect of outdoor exposure on the durability-related properties of concrete. To achieve the above aims, the experimental programme involved the study of five different mixes of combinations of silica fume/slag and silica fume. The effects of real exposure to the Arabian Gulf environment of these mixes subjected to four curing regimes, namely, continuous water curing, no water curing after demolding, and air drying after 3 and 7 days of initial water curing were investigated. The properties investigated include (1) consistency and setting times of cement pastes, workability and workability loss with time, (2) engineering properties such as compressive strength, dynamic modulus of elasticity, pulse velocity, shrinkage, expansion and thermal expansion, (3) microstructural properties such as porosity and pore size distribution, (4) durability-related properties such as permeability, water absorption and carbonation depth. The results show that exposure to hot environment results in rapid setting times, faster loss of slump, higher porosity, coarser pore structure and more permeable concretes. It was found that part cement replacement by silica fume and slag improves the quality of concrete mixtures, refined the pore structure and produced concretes with very low porosity and continuous pore diameter in both indoor and outdoor environment. The properties of concrete containing mineral admixture appear to be more sensitive to poor curing than the plain concrete, with the sensitivity increasing with increasing amount of slag in the mixture.
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Vogt, Carsten. "Ultrafine particles in concrete : Influence of ultrafine particles on concrete properties and application to concrete mix design." Doctoral thesis, KTH, Betongbyggnad, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-12161.

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Mason, Blair Joseph. "The Analysis of Taupo Pumice as an Effective Partial Cement Replacement in Concrete." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Geological Sciences, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/6825.

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Concrete is an integral material in modern infrastructural requirements worldwide. The production of Portland cement is however expensive, energy intensive, and results in globally significant greenhouse gas emissions. Natural pozzolans such as pumice can be used as a partial replacement for Portland cement in concrete, which can reduce production costs and greenhouse gas emissions, and improve concrete performance. A fluvial pumice deposit which may be suited for use as a natural pozzolan has been identified on the floodplains of the Waikato River. A sample was milled in Germany, and returned to New Zealand in two subsamples. These were tested in concrete, with tests divided into four rounds. The first two rounds established baseline concrete strengths at water/binder (w/b) ratios of 0.6 and 0.5, with pumice replacing cement at 5, 10, 15 and 30%. Round Three assessed the use of high pH mix water (pH=12.9), and Round Four assessed the use of a polycarboxylate superplasticiser, both with 10% pumice. Pumice is known to retard early concrete strength, however through optimisation of mix design, improvements in concrete strength and durability can be made. Indeed, all 28 day concrete strengths in this research were below Ultracem, however half of these achieved or exceeded Ultracem strengths at 91 days. The use of superplasticiser achieved the best 28 day concrete strengths, and dosage optimisation is expected to yield further improvements. Concrete durability was tested at w/b=0.5, with 10% and 30% pumice. After prolonged curing (231 days), composite concrete showed substantial improvements in electrical resistivity and resistance to chloride attack, most notably with 30% pumice. Concrete porosity was essentially unaffected. This pumice has shown significant promise as a partial cement replacement. Further mix optimisation is likely to yield greater improvements in concrete strength and durability, and will provide a more economically and environmentally sustainable product for the New Zealand concrete market.
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Brown, Dorothy Kamilah. "Unprocessed rice husk ash as a partial replacement of cement for low-cost concrete." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/78143.

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Thesis (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, 2012.
Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 73-76).
Cement is a very valuable commodity as it can be used to construct structurally sound buildings and infrastructure. However, in many developing countries cement is expensive due to the unavailability of local resources to produce enough cement in-country to meet the demand for this material, and therefore it has to be imported. In rice-producing countries rice husk ash-a material naturally high in silica-can be used as a supplementary cementitious material and can substitute a portion of Portland cement in concrete without sacrificing the compressive strength. This study investigates the use of Cambodian rice husk ash in 10, 20 and 30% replacements of Portland cement by mass in mortar, without optimization of the ash by controlled burning. Five ashes collected from different sources in Cambodia were assessed for their suitability for use in rural Cambodian construction via compression strength testing of 2" (50 mm) mortar cubes. A 20% replacement of unprocessed Cambodian rice husk ash was deemed appropriate for use in small-scale, rural structural applications. Low-tech methods of grinding the ash were also investigated and were found to drastically increase the compressive strength of RHA-cement mortars in comparison to mortars made with unground RHA.
by Dorothy Kamilah Brown.
S.M.
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Taha, Bashar. "The use of mixed colour waste recycled glass as sand/cement replacement in structural concrete." Thesis, University of the West of England, Bristol, 2006. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.429538.

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Rasool, Sava Tnar, and Omar Sharif. "Expansion of Sickla treatment plant : A study about the replacement of standard concrete to green concrete." Thesis, KTH, Betongbyggnad, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-278542.

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Stockholm Vatten has decided to close down the Bromma waste water treatment plantand manage the waste water from Bromma together with the waste water from the formerEolshällsverket to Henriksdal’s waste water treatment plant. Henriksdals wastewater treatment plant will be expanded for higher purification requirements and loads,estimated to be finished until 2040. This entails extensive renovations and additionsto the existing treatment plant in and on Henriksdalsberget, as well as a major expansionof the Sickla plant.The purpose of the study is to investigate an environmentally friendly alternative tothe standard concrete that will be used for the expansion of the Sickla plant. The largestenvironmental villain in concrete is the cement. The aim of this study has beento replace the cement with environmentally friendly additives in the largest possibleamount, thus reducing the negative impact of the cement on the environment.In the present study, a review was made of obtained data with exposure classes, then aliterature study was performed to gain knowledge in the area. With help from experts,two fictitious recipes for each exposure class have been calculated for the standardconcrete and the green concrete. In this way, a careful comparison between the concretetypes was made of the cement’s impact on global warming. Thereafter, a study wascarried out on existing EPDs, which were incorporated into the One Click LCA (2015)software. An LCA in the mentioned software was carried out, which enabled data to becompiled and a comparison of the climate impact between the four different fictitiousrecipes has been done.Compiled and compared data from LCA and analysis of EPDs show that 70% of thestructure with exposure class XD2 gets a 47% reduction in global warming when usinggreen concrete instead of standard concrete. Furthermore, the results show that theremaining 30% of the structure with exposure class XF3/XC4 gets a 20% reductionwhen using green concrete instead of standard concrete. The total reduction in globalwarming when using green concrete instead of standard concrete for the expansion ofSickla treatment plant was calculated to be 40%.
Stockholm Vatten har beslutat att lägga ned Bromma reningsverk och leda avloppsvattnetfrån Bromma tillsammans med avloppsvattnet från det forna Eolshällsverkettill Henriksdals reningsverk. Henriksdals reningsverk ska byggas ut för högre reningskravoch belastningar beräknade till år 2040. Detta medför omfattande om- och tillbyggnationeri det befintliga reningsverket i och på Henriksdalsberget samt en storutbyggnad av Sicklaanläggningen.Syftet med detta arbete är att undersöka ett miljövänligare alternativ till standardbetongensom ska användas vid utbyggnaden av Sicklaanläggningen. Då den främsta”miljöboven” i betongen är cementet har målet med denna studie varit att ersätta cementetmed miljövänliga tillsatsmaterial i största möjliga mängd, i syfte att minskacementets negativa inverkan på miljön.I föreliggande arbete har en genomgång utförts på erhållna data med exponeringsklasser,därefter påbörjades en litteraturstudie i syfte att inhämta kunskaper inomområdet. Med hjälp av experter har två fiktiva recept för respektive exponeringsklassräknats fram för standardbetongen och den gröna betongen. Med denna metod genomfördesen noggrann jämförelse mellan de olika recepten avseende cementets inverkanpå den globala uppvärmningen. Därefter undersöktes existerande EPD:er, vilka infogadesin i programvaran One Click LCA (2015). En LCA i den nämnda programvaranutfördes, vilket möjliggjorde att data kunde sammanställas och en jämförelse av klimatpåverkanmellan de fyra olika fiktiva recepten kunde genomföras.Sammanställd och jämförd data från LCA och analys av EPD:er visar att 70% av konstruktionenmed exponeringsklass XD2 får en reducering på 47% på den globala uppvärmningenvid användning av grön betong istället för standardbetong. Vidare visarresultatet att resterande 30% av konstruktionen med exponeringsklass XF3/XC4 fåren reduktion på 20% vid användning av grön betong istället för standardbetong. Dentotala reduktionen på den globala uppvärmningen vid användning av grön betongistället för standardbetong för utbyggnaden av Sickla reningsverk beräknades till 40%.
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Immelman, Derick Wade. "The influence of percentage replacement on the aggregate and concrete properties from commercially produced coarse recycled concrete aggregate." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/80388.

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Thesis (MScEng)--Stellenbosch University, 2013.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The aim of this research is to investigate the potential use of coarse recycled concrete aggregate (RCA) as a material in structural concrete. The lack of knowledge and specifications in South Africa are the main reasons for this research of RCA. By increasing the database of research of RCA in South Africa the possibility of specifications for this alternative building material can be initiated. The implications of such specifications would lead to RCA acceptance in concrete design and therefore reducing the amount of construction and demolition (C&D) waste accumulating at landfill sites and decreasing the extraction of depleting natural aggregates. The objectives that are achieved through this research project are firstly, what is the percentage replacement of RCA to a concrete blend that will produce a material that achieves similar or better results than a concrete blend containing natural aggregates. Secondly, what aggregate properties and limits should be defined in the specification of RCA for it to be accepted as a material in concrete mixtures. The objectives were assessed through examining the geometrical, physical and chemical properties of the aggregate as a material and the fresh and hardened concrete properties of concrete which contains RCA as a constituent. RCA which was processed by a commercial recycling facility which produces concrete masonry units was collected at three different instances. This material was reprocessed in the laboratory to control the grading and amount of fine material not guaranteed by the recycling process. The RCA is then combined with natural aggregate (NA) at the replacement percentages: 0, 15, 30, 50 and 100% which is then used to examine the aggregate properties. It was determined that the physical properties of RCA were dependent on the geometrical properties, while taking into consideration that the geometrical properties are dependent on the source and method of recycling of the original C&D waste. The chemical properties were established as dependent on the physical properties of the RCA. The RCA is then mixed with NA at the same replacement percentages together with other concrete constituents to produce the concrete used to examine fresh and hardened concrete properties. The fresh concrete properties investigated were: slump, slump loss, air content and fresh compacted density. The hardened concrete properties studied were: compressive strength, tensile splitting strength, oxygen permeability, water sorptivity, chloride conductivity, modulus of elasticity, shrinkage and creep. The concrete properties were not significantly influenced by the inclusion of RCA. According to the aggregate and concrete properties examined in this investigation, the full replacement of NA in structural concrete is possible and will improve the sustainable development of the construction industry.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die doel van hierdie navorsing is om ondersoek in te stel na die potensiele gebruik van growwe herwonne betonaggregaat (RCA) as ‘n materiaal in betonstruktuurontwerp. Die gebrek aan kennis en spesifikasies in Suid Afrika is die vernaamste rede vir hierdie navorsing van RCA. Deur die vermeerdering van die databasis van hierdie navorsing van RCA in Suid-Afrika kan die moontlikheid van spesifikasies vir hierdie alternatiewe boumateriaal geïnisieer word. Die implikasie van sodanige spesifikasies sou lei tot RCA aanvaarding in betonontwerp en dus die vermindering van die hoeveelhede konstruksie en sloping (C&D) van afvalversameling by stortterreine en om die ontginning van natuurlike aggregate te verminder. Die doelwitte wat deur hierdie navorsingsprojek bereik word is eerstens, wat is die vervangings persentasie van RCA in 'n betonmengsel wat produseer word wat dieselfde of beter resultate sal lewer as 'n betonmengsel wat uit natuurlike aggregate bestaan. Tweedens, watter aggregaat eienskappe en beperkings moet gedefinieer word in die spesifikasie van RCA sodat dit aanvaarbaar is as ‘n materiaal in betonstruktuur ontwerp. Die doelwitte word geassesseer deur die ondersoek van die geometriese, fisiese en chemiese eienskappe van die aggregaat as ‘n wesenlike materiaal en die vars en verharde betoneienskappe van RCA as ‘n bestanddeel in struktuurbetonontwerp. RCA monsters was geneem by ‘n kommersiele herwinningsfasiliteit wat RCA gebruik om betonsteen eenhede te vervaardig, is op drie verskillende tydperke ingesamel. Hierdie materiaal is herverwerk in die laboratorium om die gradering en die hoeveelheid van fyn materiaal wat nie deur die herwinningsproses beheer is nie. Die RCA was dan gekombineer met NA teen vervangingspersentasies van: 0, 15, 30, 50 en 100 % wat dan gebruik was om die eienskappe van die aggregaat te ondersoek. Daar is vasgestel dat die fisiese eienskappe van die RCA afhanklik van die geometriese eienskappe, met inagneming dat die geometriese eienskappe afhanklik is van die bron en metode van die herwinning van die oorspronklike C&D afval. Dit is gestig dat die chemise eienskappe is afhanklik van die fisiese eienskappe van die RCA. Die RCA is toe gemeng met NA teen dieselfde vervangingspersentasies saam met ander beton bestanddele om beton te produseer wat dan vergelyk kan word met vars en verharde beton eienskappe. Die volgende vars betoneienskappe is ondersoek: insinking, insinking verlies, luginhoud en vars gekompakteerde digtheid. Die volgende verharde betoneienskappe is bestudeer: druksterkte, trek die splintsing van krag, suurstofpermeabiliteit, water sorptiwiteit, chloride geleidingsvermoё, modulus van elastisiteit, krimp en kruip. Die beton eienskappe was nie beduidend beïnvloed deur die insluiting van RCA nie. Volgens die aggregate en beton eienskappe wat in hierdie navorsing ondersoek is, blyk dit dat die volle vervangingswaarde van NA in strukturele beton moontlik is en die volhoubare ontwikkeling van die konstruksiebedryf sal verbeter.
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Elbusaefi, Adel A. "The effect of steel bar corrosion on the bond strength of concrete manufactured with cement replacement materials." Thesis, Cardiff University, 2014. http://orca.cf.ac.uk/68354/.

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This thesis presents a study of the bond strength between corroded and uncorroded steel reinforcement and the surrounding concrete within steel reinforced structures. The work is based on concretes manufactured with different types of cement replacement materials, and investigates the influence of the corrosion rate of steel as predicted by concrete permeability. The cement replacement binders included CEM II, blended cements of fly ash (PFA), ground granulated blast-furnace slag (GGBS), metakaolin (MK) and silica fume (SF). The experimental work was conducted by placing 200mm cube test specimens in a saline solution (3.5% NaCl) for different exposure times (3, 7, 10, 14 and 20 days) with an applied external current of 10 mA between the reinforcing steel and a stainless steel counter electrode. Pull-out tests were conducted to evaluate the bond strength between the concrete and the steel reinforcement. The permeability coefficients of concretes were investigated using a relative gas permeability test. The specimens used for determining permeability were cylindrical 100mm diameter and 100mm length, which were oven dried at 105 ºC. The experimental results indicated that the bond strength was governed by concrete properties. Furthermore, the bond strength of the corroded specimens was found to depend on the corrosion levels and varied across all concrete types, depending on the concrete microstructure. Moreover, when the corrosion level exceeded 1.74%, the bond strength began to decline. Thereafter, the bond strength continued to reduce as the corrosion time of the reinforced concrete increased. The relationship between the compressive strength and gas permeability of concretes was inconclusive but the latter does depends on the cement replacement levels. The PFA concretes had the lowest permeability compared to the other two types of concrete (CEM II and GGBS). The permeability of concretes and corrosion rates with different types and levels of cement replacement materials significantly decreased as the age of concretes increased. The improvements in gas permeability and corrosion rate were observed when 40% of cement weight was replaced with PFA. The ABAQUS program was used to model the bond-slip behaviour of different concrete mixes, in addition to a plastic damage model. A cohesive zone element was employed for the steel-concrete interface. During analysis, the numerical model was validated against the results obtained from the experimental tests. The numerical results showed good agreement with the experimental results for CEM II, GGBS and SF concrete specimens, but in the case of PFA concrete where the numerical result of bond strength was overestimated by to the experimental ones.
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Books on the topic "Replacement for Cement in Concrete"

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N, Swamy R., ed. Cement replacement materials. Bishopbriggs, Glasgow: Surrey University Press, 1986.

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Ramezanianpour, Ali Akbar. Cement Replacement Materials. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-36721-2.

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Farny, James A. White cement concrete. Skokie, Ill: Portland Cement Association, 2001.

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Hayes, Teresa L., and Paul N. Dean. Cement & concrete additives. Cleveland: Freedonia Group, 1999.

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Canada, Industry Science and Technology Canada. Cement and concrete. Ottawa: Industry, Science and Technology Canada, 1991.

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Canada, Industry Science and Technology Canada. Cement and concrete. Ottawa, Ont: Industry, Science and Technology Canada, 1988.

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Cement and concrete. London: Chapman & Hall, 1997.

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Hayes, Teresa L., Anna Docktor, and Michael B. Richardson. Cement & concrete additives. Cleveland: Freedonia Group, 2001.

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Hersch, Martin. Cement & concrete admixtures. Cleveland, Ohio: Freedonia Group, 1998.

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Maurice, Villemagne, Charonnat Yves, and Nissoux Jean-Louis, eds. Cement concrete pavements. Rotterdam: A. A. Balkema, 1996.

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Book chapters on the topic "Replacement for Cement in Concrete"

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Thomas, Job, Nassif Nazeer Thaickavil, and T. N. Syamala. "Supplementary Cement Replacement Materials for Sustainable Concrete." In Springer Transactions in Civil and Environmental Engineering, 387–403. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-1202-1_33.

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Liu, Y., Y. Zhuge, and W. Duan. "Reusing Alum Sludge as Cement Replacement to Develop Eco-Friendly Concrete Products." In Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering, 75–82. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-3330-3_10.

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AbstractAlum sludge is a typical by-product of the water industry. The traditional sludge management method, disposing of sludge in landfill sites, poses a critical environmental and economic concern due to a significant increase in sludge amount and disposal cost. In this paper, the feasibility of reusing sludge as cement replacement is investigated, and the physical performance and microstructure modification of concrete products made with sludge is discussed. The obtained results indicated that a satisfying pozzolanic reactivity of sludge after calcination at high temperatures and grinding to the appropriate size was identified. When 10% cement was replaced with sludge, the reaction degree of sludge was up to 39%, and the obtained concrete blocks exhibited superior mechanical performance. Based on the microstructural analysis, e.g., x-ray diffraction, thermogravimetric analysis, and advanced nanoindentation method, the high aluminum content in sludge was incorporated into C–(A)–S–H gel; the original “Al-minor” C–(A)–S–H gel in pure cement paste was converted to ‘Al-rich’ C–(A)–S–H gel. Also, sludge promoted the formation of aluminum-bearing hydrates, such as ettringite and calcium aluminate hydrates (C–A–H). Although the Al incorporation had no significant effect on the hardness and modulus of C–(A)–S–H gel, the homogeneous mechanical properties (hardness and modulus measured with nanoindentation) of binder paste degraded with increasing sludge ash content above 10%, attributing to the lower hardness of unreacted sludge than cement clinker and the relatively lower reaction degree. Using sludge in concrete products offers an economical and environmentally friendly way to dispose of sludge and preserve diminishing natural resources. Also, the reduction of cement usage may contribute to achieving carbon neutrality.
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Bertelsen, Ida M. G., Sissel A. Kahr, Wolfgang Kunther, and Lisbeth M. Ottosen. "Clay Brick Powder as Partial Cement Replacement." In International RILEM Conference on Synergising Expertise towards Sustainability and Robustness of Cement-based Materials and Concrete Structures, 142–52. Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-33187-9_14.

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Kumar, D., M. Alam, and J. Sanjayan. "A Novel Concrete Mix Design Methodology." In Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering, 457–68. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-3330-3_46.

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AbstractConcrete mix design is the methodology for mixing binder, aggregate and water to achieve required physical, mechanical, and thermal properties. In particular, the physical properties depend on the volume fraction of each element in the concrete recipe. In this study we considered cement mortar, complying with ASTM C105, as the reference concrete with cement as the binder and silica sand as the aggregate. The reference mortar was denser with high thermal conductivity and compressive strength at given rheological properties. A denser concrete presents difficulty in material handling and imposes a safety risk, and high thermal conductivity increases building energy consumption. Therefore, lightweight concrete (LWC) has been developed by replacing silica sand with porous materials. LWC includes cement as the binder, with silica sand and other porous materials as the primary and binary fillers. The mass of the filler materials is determined by their particle density and volume fraction. LWC has low thermal mass, thereby exacerbating the summertime overheating and peak cooling demand of buildings. Therefore, there is a need to design a LWC with high thermal mass by incorporating phase change materials (PCM), which are mainly incorporated as tertiary filler. Here, we propose a novel concrete mix design methodology to incorporate PCM composite as a partial replacement of the porous material without changing binding materials.
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Denny, Liya Mary, and S. Sreerath. "Experimental Study on Pervious Concrete with Silicafume as Cement Replacement." In Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering, 667–75. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-12011-4_54.

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Khawal, Pandurang, and Govind Sangwai. "Sewage Sludge Ash as a Partial Replacement of Cement in Concrete." In Techno-Societal 2018, 543–50. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-16848-3_49.

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Imran, Nik Farhanim, Mohd Afiq Mohd Azham, Md Rasul Mohamad Nor, Noor Syafeekha Mohamad Sakdun, Nor Hafida Hashim, Siti Rahimah Rosseli, Hafizah Muhamad Azlan, and Muhd Norhasri Muhd Sidek. "Concrete Performance Using Treated POFA as a Partial Replacement of Cement." In Charting the Sustainable Future of ASEAN in Science and Technology, 411–20. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-3434-8_35.

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Pepe, Marco. "Insights into the Influence of Cement Replacement in Recycled Aggregate Concrete." In A Conceptual Model for Designing Recycled Aggregate Concrete for Structural Applications, 91–120. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-26473-8_6.

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Singh, Jaspal, and Sanjeev Naval. "Partial Replacement of Cement with Red Mud in Concrete—A Review." In Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering, 51–70. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-51354-2_6.

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Martinelli, Enzo, Eduardus A. B. Koenders, and Marco Pepe. "State of Knowledge on Green Concrete with Recycled Aggregates and Cement Replacement." In Recent Advances on Green Concrete for Structural Purposes, 3–27. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-56797-6_1.

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Conference papers on the topic "Replacement for Cement in Concrete"

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"Fast-Track Concrete Construction Using Cement Replacement Materials." In "SP-221: Eighth CANMET/ACI International Conference on Fly Ash, Silica Fume, Slag, and Natural Pozzolans in Concrete". American Concrete Institute, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.14359/13250.

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Pawluczuk, Edyta. "RECYCLED CONCRETE POWDER AS PARTIAL CEMENT REPLACEMENT IN FINE-GRAINED CONCRETE." In 17th International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference SGEM2017. Stef92 Technology, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5593/sgem2017/41/s18.022.

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Pešta, Jan, Michal Ženíšek, Vladimír Kočí, and Tereza Pavlů. "Environmental perspectives of recycled concrete powder as cement replacement." In SPECIAL CONCRETE AND COMPOSITES 2020: 17th International Conference. AIP Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0042093.

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Ženíšek, Michal, Tereza Pavlů, Kristina Fořtová, and Jiří Pazderka. "Use of concrete dust as a partial cement replacement." In SPECIAL CONCRETE AND COMPOSITES 2019: 16th International Conference. AIP Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0000432.

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Parvini, Mehdi. "Application of Internal Curing in Slab Replacement using Rapid Strength Concrete." In 12th International Conference on Concrete Pavements. International Society for Concrete Pavements, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.33593/v04v57ig.

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The California Department of Transportation (Caltrans) uses rapid strength concrete (also known as high early strength concrete) to repair or rehabilitate concrete pavements. Failed concrete slabs are removed and replaced with rapid strength concrete (RSC) that is often volumetrically proportioned in the field. Both Type III Portland cement concrete and specialty cements are used to prepare RSC. The performance of slab replacement strategy using RSC has been questionable based on past experience. A study was conducted to evaluate and compare the performance of RSC made with the two different cement types. Due to relatively short performance data and variability of the influencing performance factors, no definite conclusions were derived from this study. One consideration in potential short service life of slabs constructed with RSC is the limitation of proper concrete curing. Internal Curing (IC) with lightweight aggregate is employed to compensate for the lack of external/surface curing of the concrete. A pilot slab replacement project on route 680 in Bay Area was identified and slabs were placed side by side with and without lightweight aggregate to monitor and compare the performance of the RSC using internal curing (RSC-IC). The steps that are taken to initiate, design and construct this pilot project is discussed in this paper. Caltrans plans to monitor, test and report the expected improvement in the performance of internal Cured rapid strength concrete in the future.
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Freitas, Lucas Ferreira, Heberson Teixeira da Silva, Fernanda Andrade Dultra, Leandro Teixeira da Silva, Arlon Teixeira da Silva, and Tales Alexandre Aversi-Ferreira. "Sustainable concrete: The use of sugarcane bagasse ash (SBC) in the production of concrete." In ENSUS2023 - XI Encontro de Sustentabilidade em Projeto. Grupo de Pesquisa Virtuhab/UFSC, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.29183/2596-237x.ensus2023.v11.n1.p132-140.

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Concrete is one of the most used construction materials in the world, with cement being one of its main ingredients. The incorporation of Sugarcane Bagasse Ash (SBC) in the production of concrete can present solutions for the use of this agro-industrial by-product and minimize environmental impacts arising from the removal of limestone in the production of cement, in addition to contributing to the reduction of emission of carbon dioxide and preserve natural deposits for cement production. This study aimed to use sugarcane bagasse ash in the addition and partial replacement of cement in the production of concrete. The specimens (TBs) were manufactured following the NBRs 7223 and 5738, in which a ratio was adopted: (1:1.98:3.23:0.61) as primary proposal (T1), and the replacement (T2) and addition (T3) of 5% of Portland cement by mass was performed. The ruptures of the specimens were performed by the compressive strength test of concrete cylindrical specimens at 7, 14, 21 and 28 days of age, after rectification. The results obtained show that it is feasible to use SBA, since the water/cement ratio and the percentage of mass to be replaced or added are appropriate, because both in the addition and the replacement of 5% cement by SBA obtained a gain in strength of concrete.
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"Experimental Investigation of Concrete using Sugarcane Baggase Ash as a Partial Replacement for Cement." In Recent Advancements in Geotechnical Engineering. Materials Research Forum LLC, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21741/9781644901618-11.

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Abstract. Cement being a major contributor to carbon emission needs a revolution in its production or modification to the existing cement. One such way to reduce cement usage is to replace the cementitious compound with a suitable material that does not alter the original purpose of cement in concrete. The sugarcane bagasse ashes (SCBA), which are ashes from biomass burning, are found to act as supplementary cementitious material. Moreover, studies were conducted to relate the strength and durability of concrete by the percentage of replacement of sugarcane bagasse ash to cement. The studies revealed that the SCBA imparts more strength to cement at 10% replacement when compared to 20% replacement. However, this study is intended to use 20% of SCBA replacement in cement by adding silica fume. Concrete being mainly reinforced with steel has the problem of corrosion. To overcome the problem of corrosion as well as to reduce the use of cement and to attain the compressive strength of 10% replacement of SCBA. This experiment is intended to analyze the behavior of concrete up to 20% replacement of SCBA with silica fume at different concentrations such as 0%,5%,10%,15%.
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Reiterman, Pavel, and Martin Keppert. "Application of concrete slurry waste in cement screeds." In The 13th international scientific conference “Modern Building Materials, Structures and Techniques”. Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/mbmst.2019.072.

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Sedimented concrete slurry waste (CSW), containing cement, mineral additives, fine fillers, admixtures and water, is currently a waste without an additional use and has to be fully landfilled. Current CSW management is very expensive and introduces number of environmental risks due to its high pH, exceeding 11.5. This paper deals with the application of two types of CSW as cement replacement in cement screed. The evaluation was carried out in terms of workability and basic mechanical performance of the obtained composites. The applied cement replacement was up to 10 wt.% due to the negative impact on the rheology of fresh mixtures. Reduced workability consequently caused higher content of air in the fresh mixture. It was reflected by lower values of bulk density in hardened state for both studied CSW. These aspects were the reasons of decreased mechanical performance by approximately 15% per 5 wt.% of replacement. Conducted experimental program declared significant limits of CSW application in cement based composites, however additional processing of CSW could significantly modify its properties.
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Dasarathy, Tamil Selvi, and Ponkumar Ilango. "Concrete with glass powder as a partial replacement for cement." In ADVANCES IN SUSTAINABLE CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS. AIP Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0144626.

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Shukla, Ashish, Tanish Chaudhary, Vinod Kumar Kushwah, Payal Dubey, and Nakul Gupta. "Partial replacement of cement in concrete by using Red-mud." In 2ND INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON FUTURISTIC AND SUSTAINABLE ASPECTS IN ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY: FSAET-2021. AIP Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0153930.

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Reports on the topic "Replacement for Cement in Concrete"

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Lomboy, Gilson, Douglas Cleary, Seth Wagner, Yusef Mehta, Danielle Kennedy, Benjamin Watts, Peter Bly, and Jared Oren. Long-term performance of sustainable pavements using ternary blended concrete with recycled aggregates. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), May 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/40780.

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Dwindling supplies of natural concrete aggregates, the cost of landfilling construction waste, and interest in sustainable design have increased the demand for recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) in new portland cement concrete mixtures. RCA repurposes waste material to provide useful ingredients for new construction applications. However, RCA can reduce the performance of the concrete. This study investigated the effectiveness of ternary blended binders, mixtures containing portland cement and two different supplementary cementitious materials, at mitigating performance losses of concrete mixtures with RCA materials. Concrete mixtures with different ternary binder combinations were batched with four recycled concrete aggregate materials. For the materials used, the study found that a blend of portland cement, Class C fly ash, and blast furnace slag produced the highest strength of ternary binder. At 50% replacement of virgin aggregates and ternary blended binder, some specimens showed comparable mechanical performance to a control mix of only portland cement as a binder and no RCA substitution. This study demonstrates that even at 50% RCA replacement, using the appropriate ternary binder can create a concrete mixture that performs similarly to a plain portland cement concrete without RCA, with the added benefit of being environmentally beneficial.
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Ley, M., Zane Lloyd, Shinhyu Kang, and Dan Cook. Concrete Pavement Mixtures with High Supplementary Cementitious Materials Content: Volume 3. Illinois Center for Transportation, September 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36501/0197-9191/21-032.

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Fly ash is a by-product of coal combustion, made up of particles that are collected through various methods. This by-product has been used successfully as a partial Portland cement replacement in concrete, but the performance predictions of fly ash in concrete have been difficult to predict, especially at high fly ash replacement rates. This study focuses on comparing the performance of concrete with a variety of fly ash mixtures as well as the particle distribution and chemical makeup of fly ash. The slump, unit weight, compressive strength, and isothermal calorimetry tests were used to measure the performance of concrete at 0%, 20%, and 40% fly ash replacement levels. The particle distribution of fly ash was measured with an automated scanning electron microscope. Additionally, the major and minor oxides from the chemical makeup of fly ash were measured for each mixture and inputted into a table. The particle distribution and chemical makeup of fly ash were compared to the performance of slump, unit weight, compressive strength, isothermal calorimetry, and surface electrical resistivity.
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Anderson, Mark, and Dov Dover. Bonded Fly Ash: A Low-Energy Replacement for Portland Cement Concrete to Improve Resistance to Chem-Bio Intrusion. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, October 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada419578.

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Hartell, Julie, Matthew O’Reilly, and Hang Zeng. Measuring Transport Properties of Portland Cement Concrete Using Electrical Resistivity. Illinois Center for Transportation, August 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.36501/0197-9191/23-012.

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Although classification tables based on susceptibility to chloride ion permeability are recommended in AASHTO T 358, the classification levels with respect to durability parameters may or may not be adequate. Of interest for concrete pavement performance, this study verifies the recommended classification levels against standard durability testing such as corrosion, salt scaling, and freeze-thaw. The researchers conducted corrosion, salt scaling, and freeze-thaw durability tests in parallel with electrical surface resistivity testing to compare performance classifications for each method. Twenty-four mixture designs were evaluated. The designs vary in water-to-cementitious material ratio (0.4, 0.45, and 0.5 w/cm ratio), supplementary cementitious material type (100% ordinary Portland cement, 20% Class C fly ash, 40% Grade 100 slag cement, and 8% silica fume replacements), and air content (air entrained and non-air entrained). The results of the experimental study indicate that there is no clear relationship between concrete electrical conductivity and durability performance based on standard methods of testing. It may not be appropriate for the determination of durability performance of a concrete mixture for concrete pavement construction. However, the test method does present advantages, as mixtures of similar composition and design can yield the same results over time under standardized curing. Here, resistivity-time curves could be a useful tool as part of a quality control and quality assurance program to ensure consistency in concrete delivery during construction.
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Baral, Aniruddha, Jeffrey Roesler, M. Ley, Shinhyu Kang, Loren Emerson, Zane Lloyd, Braden Boyd, and Marllon Cook. High-volume Fly Ash Concrete for Pavements Findings: Volume 1. Illinois Center for Transportation, September 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36501/0197-9191/21-030.

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High-volume fly ash concrete (HVFAC) has improved durability and sustainability properties at a lower cost than conventional concrete, but its early-age properties like strength gain, setting time, and air entrainment can present challenges for application to concrete pavements. This research report helps with the implementation of HVFAC for pavement applications by providing guidelines for HVFAC mix design, testing protocols, and new tools for better quality control of HVFAC properties. Calorimeter tests were performed to evaluate the effects of fly ash sources, cement–fly ash interactions, chemical admixtures, and limestone replacement on the setting times and hydration reaction of HVFAC. To better target the initial air-entraining agent dosage for HVFAC, a calibration curve between air-entraining dosage for achieving 6% air content and fly ash foam index test has been developed. Further, a digital foam index test was developed to make this test more consistent across different labs and operators. For a more rapid prediction of hardened HVFAC properties, such as compressive strength, resistivity, and diffusion coefficient, an oxide-based particle model was developed. An HVFAC field test section was also constructed to demonstrate the implementation of a noncontact ultrasonic device for determining the final set time and ideal time to initiate saw cutting. Additionally, a maturity method was successfully implemented that estimates the in-place compressive strength of HVFAC through wireless thermal sensors. An HVFAC mix design procedure using the tools developed in this project such as the calorimeter test, foam index test, and particle-based model was proposed to assist engineers in implementing HVFAC pavements.
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6

Baral, Aniruddha, Jeffery Roesler, and Junryu Fu. Early-age Properties of High-volume Fly Ash Concrete Mixes for Pavement: Volume 2. Illinois Center for Transportation, September 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36501/0197-9191/21-031.

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High-volume fly ash concrete (HVFAC) is more cost-efficient, sustainable, and durable than conventional concrete. This report presents a state-of-the-art review of HVFAC properties and different fly ash characterization methods. The main challenges identified for HVFAC for pavements are its early-age properties such as air entrainment, setting time, and strength gain, which are the focus of this research. Five fly ash sources in Illinois have been repeatedly characterized through x-ray diffraction, x-ray fluorescence, and laser diffraction over time. The fly ash oxide compositions from the same source but different quarterly samples were overall consistent with most variations observed in SO3 and MgO content. The minerals present in various fly ash sources were similar over multiple quarters, with the mineral content varying. The types of carbon present in the fly ash were also characterized through x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, loss on ignition, and foam index tests. A new computer vision–based digital foam index test was developed to automatically capture and quantify a video of the foam layer for better operator and laboratory reliability. The heat of hydration and setting times of HVFAC mixes for different cement and fly ash sources as well as chemical admixtures were investigated using an isothermal calorimeter. Class C HVFAC mixes had a higher sulfate imbalance than Class F mixes. The addition of chemical admixtures (both PCE- and lignosulfonate-based) delayed the hydration, with the delay higher for the PCE-based admixture. Both micro- and nano-limestone replacement were successful in accelerating the setting times, with nano-limestone being more effective than micro-limestone. A field test section constructed of HVFAC showed the feasibility and importance of using the noncontact ultrasound device to measure the final setting time as well as determine the saw-cutting time. Moreover, field implementation of the maturity method based on wireless thermal sensors demonstrated its viability for early opening strength, and only a few sensors with pavement depth are needed to estimate the field maturity.
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Bullard, Jeffrey W. Virtual cement and concrete testing laboratory :. Gaithersburg, MD: National Institute of Standards and Technology, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.6028/nist.ir.7707.

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Castro, Javier, Robert Spragg, and Phil Kompare. Portland Cement Concrete Pavement Permeability Performance. West Lafayette, Indiana: Purdue University, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284314244.

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Hochel, R. C. Tritium Characterization in Cement and Concrete. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), May 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/7522.

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Frohnsdorff, Geoffrey, and James Clifton. Cement and concrete standards of the future:. Gaithersburg, MD: National Institute of Standards and Technology, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.6028/nist.ir.5933.

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