Journal articles on the topic 'Repetition'
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1
Čičigoj, Katja. "Repetitions of a text: A text on repetition." Maska 33, no. 191 (September 1, 2018): 95–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1386/maska.33.191-192.95_1.
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The text repeats the repetition of a performance on repetition with repetition. The text itself consists of the repetition of several texts and of itself; as such it has been/will be repeated several times. The repetitions might be for repetition’s sake (laziness), they might be the symptom of a repetitive hyperproductive activity (workaholism), or they might point to the need of the emergence of difference in the stream of repetition of always the same categories (laziness, work) with which we think art and non-art: repetitive and non.
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Jones, Anne E., S. P. Henzi, and Louise Barrett. "A Natural History of Repetition." Journal of Montessori Research 5, no. 2 (November 14, 2019): 15–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.17161/jomr.v5i2.7407.
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The purpose of this study was to understand typically developing children’s repetitive behavior in a free-play, daycare setting. By studying repetition in a non-Montessori setting, we tested the assumption that repetition is a characteristic behavior of all young children and not limited to the Montessori environment. Although Maria Montessori identified repetition during her observations, there is little empirical evidence to support her claim: most research has considered repetition in terms of psychopathology. We collected naturalistic observational data on 31 3- to 6-year-old children for a total of 101 hours to investigate the frequency, contexts, and structure of repetitive bouts. Multilevel model results suggest the ubiquity of repetition, as all children in the study engaged in motor repetition. Furthermore, repetition occurred throughout all free-play activities (construction, animation, fantasy play, rough-and-tumble play, and undirected activity), although repetition was not equally distributed across activities. Motor repetition was not equal across ages either; younger children engaged in more motor repetition than did older children. To understand the structure of repetition, our study also looked at the length of repetition bouts, which ranged from 2 to 19 repetitions and averaged 2.86 repetitions per bout. This natural history of repetition is an influential starting point for understanding the role of repetition in development and is informative to both Montessori and non-Montessori early childhood educators.
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Zupan, Simon. "Repetition and Translation Shifts." ELOPE: English Language Overseas Perspectives and Enquiries 3, no. 1-2 (June 20, 2006): 257–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.4312/elope.3.1-2.257-268.
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Repetition manifests itself in different ways and at different levels of the text. The first basic type of repetition involves complete recurrences; in which a particular textual feature repeats in its entirety. The second type involves partial recurrences; in which the second repetition of the same textual feature includes certain modifications to the first occurrence. In the article; repetitive patterns in Edgar Allan Poe’s short story “The Fall of the House of Usher” and its Slovene translation; “Konec Usherjeve hiše”; are compared. The author examines different kinds of repetitive patterns. Repetitions are compared at both the micro- and macrostructural levels. As detailed analyses have shown; considerable microstructural translation shifts occur in certain types of repetitive patterns. Since these are not only occasional; sporadic phenomena; but are of a relatively high frequency; they reduce the translated text’s potential for achieving some of the gothic effects. The macrostructural textual property particularly affected by these shifts is the narrator’s experience as described by the narrative; which suffers a reduction in intensity.
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Wulf, Christoph. "The Movement of Repetition: Incorporation through Mimetic, Ritual and Imaginative Movements." Gestalt Theory 42, no. 2 (August 1, 2020): 87–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/gth-2020-0010.
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SummaryThe movement of repetition is irrevocably linked to the constitution of the human body and is therefore a human condition. The process of hominisation makes this clear. In the body of Homo sapiens and in his movements a connection between nature and culture is created. The movement of repetition is of central importance. Repetition is essential for the evolution of Homo sapiens, the development of communities and individuals. Repetitions are mimetic; they lead to productive imitations in which new elements and events also emerge. Mimetic movements and the repetitive aspects they contain open up the historical and cultural world to people. Repetitions in rituals lead to the acquisition of an implicit silent practical body knowledge. The emotions arising in mimetic processes are movements through which an orientation in the world takes place. The imaginations based on the eccentricity of the human being and on movements of repetition contribute to the development of a collective and individual imaginary.
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Hamdani, Fadil, Misfa Susanto, and Tshiamo Sigwele. "SNR Gain Evaluation in Narrowband IoT Uplink Data Transmission with Repetition Increment: A Simulation Approach." Journal of Engineering and Scientific Research 5, no. 1 (June 9, 2023): 33–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.23960/jesr.v5i1.160.
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Deploying Internet of Things (IoT) on a large scale necessitates widespread network infrastructures supporting Machine Type Communication. Integrating IoT into cellular networks like LTE, known as Narrowband-IoT (NB-IoT), can fulfill this infrastructure need. Standard 3GPP Release 13 introduces NB-IoT's Repetition features, expanding radio transmission coverage while maintaining LTE performance. Focusing on uplink data traffic, this study examines NB-IoT's repetition mechanism, grid resource distribution, and NPUSCH performance through simulations. Results show that at SNR greater than -5 dB, maximum repetitions of 128 yield the highest BLER, while minimum repetitions of 2 result in the lowest. Quadrupling repetitions increases SNR by 5 dB, emphasizing repetition's role in error mitigation and uplink reliability, especially in challenging SNR conditions. For optimal throughput in SNR above -5 dB, maximum repetitions of 128 for NPUSCH format 1 are recommended. These findings underscore the importance of repetition in enhancing Narrowband IoT performance, offering insights for system optimization, where increasing the number of repetitions generally leads to higher SNR gain. The attained BLER and throughput values from Narrowband IoT simulations highlight the robustness of data transmission across varying channel conditions, affirming NB-IoT applicability to a wide range of IoT applications.
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Jügel, Thomas. "Repetition analysis function (ReAF) I." Indogermanische Forschungen 120, no. 1 (October 16, 2015): 177–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/if-2015-0010.
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Abstract Repetitions are relevant for several aspects of historical philology. With regard to Avestan, they may allow for the identification of ceremonial frames or opening and closing sections revealing the compositional structure of a ceremony. In case of manuscript comparison, the question arises whether a variant appears only once or in all of its repetitive passages. Furthermore, by analysing the compositional structure we may be able to detect ceremonial structures different to the practice of today. A secondary aspect relates to the interpretation of the grammaticality of Young Avestan passages. The repetition analysis provides evidence that passages which are hitherto considered ill-formed actually follow the rules of Avestan grammar. The scope of this study is to investigate computational means for detecting repetitive sequences. It represents a case study of the manuscript J2 by means of tools that were set up in the LOEWE priority programme Digital Humanities at the Goethe University Frankfurt am Main: a digital lexicon, a letter discrimination matrix for Avestan, and the programme Repetition Analysis Function. The article ReAF I offers some basic observations on repetitive sequences in the manuscript J2 and lays the foundation for ReAF II (Jügel forthc.), where the results of the repetition analyses will be used to discuss the compositional structure of the Yasna.
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Scheil, Juliane, and Thomas Kleinsorge. "Effects of global and local task repetition proportion on n − 2 repetition costs." Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 72, no. 3 (March 12, 2018): 579–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1747021818762087.
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In task switching research, one of the most straightforward indications for the involvement of inhibitory processes are n − 2 repetition costs. The present study aimed at investigating effects of different types of repetition proportion on n − 2 repetition costs. In Experiments 1 and 2, repetition proportion was varied globally (i.e., equally for all tasks). The occurrence of 33% task repetitions reduced n − 2 repetition costs when varied within as well as between subjects, but no further decline was visible from 33% to 50% task repetitions. This result is interpreted in terms of a shift of balance between task inhibition and task activation due to the occurrence of task repetitions that is independent of the specific repetition proportion. In contrast, when repetition proportion was varied locally (i.e., by differentially manipulating the occurrence of task repetitions for the three tasks involved), n − 2 repetition costs were reduced monotonically from 0% to 50% task repetitions. This result indicates that when the utility inhibition is tied to individual tasks, the cognitive system is able to adjust the deployment of inhibition accordingly, possibly by modulating processes of overcoming inhibition, not releasing it.
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Hansen, Keir T., John B. Cronin, and Michael J. Newton. "The Effect of Cluster Loading on Force, Velocity, and Power During Ballistic Jump Squat Training." International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance 6, no. 4 (December 2011): 455–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.6.4.455.
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Purpose:The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of set structure, in terms of repetition workrest ratios on force, velocity, and power during jump squat training.Methods:Twenty professional and semiprofessional rugby players performed training sessions comprising four sets of 6 repetitions of a jump squat using four different set configurations. The first involved a traditional configuration (TR) of 4 × 6 repetitions with 3 min of rest between sets, the second (C1) 4 × 6 × singles (1 repetition) with 12 s of rest between repetitions, the third (C2) 4x3 × doubles (2 repetitions) with 30 s of rest between pairs, and the third (C3) 4 × 2 × triples (3 repetitions) with 60 s of rest between triples. A spreadsheet for the analysis of controlled trials that calculated the P-value, and percent difference and Cohen’s effect size from log-transformed data was used to investigate differences in repetition force, velocity, and power profiles among configurations.Results:Peak power was significantly lower (P < .05) for the TR condition when compared with C1 and C3 for repetition 4, and all cluster configurations for repetitions 5 and 6. Peak velocity was significantly lower (P < .05) for the TR condition compared with C3 at repetition 4, significantly lower compared with C2 and C3 at repetition 5, and significantly lower compared with all cluster conditions for repetition 6.Conclusions:Providing inter-repetition rest during a traditional set of six repetitions can attenuate decreases in power and velocity of movement through the set.
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Wang, Ru, and Xin Wu. "Analysis of Rhetorical Device---Repetition in “The Killers”." English Language Teaching 15, no. 12 (December 1, 2022): 139. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/elt.v15n12p139.
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"The Killer" is known for its concise style, but has many repetitions in this short story, including words, phrases, and sentences. The repetition and concise style seems contradictory, but actually shows that Ernest Hemingway's unique narrative skills. This paper discusses how repetitive rhetoric plays an irreplaceable role in depicting characters and conveying themes.
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Frings, Christian. "On the Decay of Distractor-Response Episodes." Experimental Psychology 58, no. 2 (November 1, 2011): 125–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1618-3169/a000077.
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Distractor-to-distractor repetition effects can be explained by retrieval and/or inhibitory processes. Interestingly, the two accounts predict different effects from repeated distractors: Inhibition theories always predict benefits, whereas stimulus-response-retrieval theories predict an interaction of response repetition and distractor repetitions, resulting in benefits with response repetitions and costs with response changes. In the present experiment the time-course and the temporal separability of a stimulus-response episode on distractor-to-distractor repetitions were analyzed. The results showed that the interaction of response repetition and distractor repetitions was affected by a simple decay function. In addition, distractor repetition effects were affected by the temporal separability. In concert, the data yield evidence for retrieval-based explanations of distractor-to-distractor repetitions.
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Taher, Cecilia, René Rusch, and Stephen McAdams. "Effects of Repetition on Attention in Two-Part Counterpoint." Music Perception 33, no. 3 (February 1, 2016): 306–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/mp.2016.33.3.306.
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Repetition and novelty are essential components of tonal music. Previous research suggests that the degree of repetitiveness of a line can determine its relative melodicity within a musical texture. Concordantly, musical accompaniments tend to be highly repetitive, probably facilitating listeners’ tendency to focus on and follow the melodic lines they support. With the aim of contributing to the unexplored area of the relationship between repetition and attention in polyphonic music listening, this paper presents an empirical investigation of the way listeners attend to exact and immediate reiterations of musical fragments in two-part contrapuntal textures. Participants heard original excerpts composed of a repetitive and a nonrepetitive part, continuously rating the relative prominence of the two voices. The results indicate that the line that consists of immediate and exact repetitions of a short musical fragment tends to perceptually decrease in salience for the listener. This suggests that musical repetition plays a significant role in dynamically shaping listeners’ perceptions of musical texture by affecting the relative perceived importance of simultaneous parts.
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Endler, Peter Christian. "Repetitions of fundamental research models for homeopathically prepared dilutions beyond 10-23: a bibliometric study." International Journal of High Dilution Research - ISSN 1982-6206 10, no. 35 (December 23, 2021): 78. http://dx.doi.org/10.51910/ijhdr.v10i35.441.
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Introduction: Repeatability of experiments is an important criterion of modern research and a major challenge for homeopathic basic research. There is a lack of a recent overview about basic research studies in high homeopathic potencies that have been subjected to laboratory-internal, multicenter or independent repetition trials. Methods: We considered biochemical, immunological, botanical, cell biological and zoological studies on high potencies, i.e. beyond a dilution of 10-23. Main sources of information were reviews, personal contact with members of the homeopathic basic research community, and the MEDLINE and HOMBREX databases. Studies were extracted from the publications and grouped into models. Studies were further sorted according to repetition type (laboratory-internal, multicenter, or independent) and results achieved. Results: A total of 107 studies have been found. From these, 30 were initial studies. In the attempt to reproduce one of these initial studies, 53 follow up studies yielded comparable effects (35 laboratory-internal, 8 multicenter, 10 independent repetitions), eight studies showed a consistent, yet different result from the initial study (2 laboratory-internal, 2 multicenter, 4 independent repetitions), and 16 studies yielded zero effects (5 laboratory-internal, 2 multicenter, 9 independent repetitions). When all repetitive studies are considered, 69% reported effects comparable to that of the initial study, 10% different effects, and 21% zero effects. Independently performed repetition studies reported 44% comparable effects, 17% different effects, and 39% zero effects. Conclusions: We identified 24 experimental models in basic research on high homeopathic potencies, which were repeatedly investigated. 22 models were reproduced with comparable results, 6 models with different results, and repetition showed no results for 15 models. Independent reproductions with either comparable or different results were found for seven models. We encourage further repetition trials of published studies, in order to learn more about the model systems used and in order to test their repeatability
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Scheil, Juliane, and Thomas Kleinsorge. "Further investigating effects of task repetition proportion on n – 2 repetition costs: Task shielding as a potential modulating factor?" Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 73, no. 10 (May 22, 2020): 1629–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1747021820919705.
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Previous research has shown that n – 2 repetition costs are reduced when the experimental procedure allows for task repetitions. The present study aimed to further elucidate possible mechanisms underlying this effect. To this end, three experiments were conducted in which the possibility of task repetitions was tied to individual tasks. In Experiment I, the specific repetition proportions varied between participants. The reduction of n – 2 repetition costs was stronger when the relative amount of task repetitions associated with a particular task was high, suggesting that inhibition is reduced when the presence of repetitions tied to a specific task can easily be detected. In Experiment II, task preparation time varied between blocks to investigate whether cue-based preparation underlies this reduction of n – 2 repetition costs. While the duration of the preparation interval had no effect in this respect, additional combined analyses of both experiments revealed an influence of stimulus congruency: n – 2 repetition costs were highest when repetitions were precluded and the task stimulus was incongruent, whereas no effect of stimulus congruence on n – 2 repetition costs was observed with tasks that possibly repeated. This data pattern was replicated in Experiment III. This result is interpreted in terms of task shielding which is reduced for tasks without repetitions, making these tasks more vulnerable to crosstalk from competing tasks when they are still in an inhibited state.
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García-Ramos, Amador, Jonathon Weakley, Danica Janicijevic, and Ivan Jukic. "Number of Repetitions Performed Before and After Reaching Velocity Loss Thresholds: First Repetition Versus Fastest Repetition—Mean Velocity Versus Peak Velocity." International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance 16, no. 7 (July 1, 2021): 950–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2020-0629.
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Purpose: To explore the effect of several methodological factors on the number of repetitions performed before and after reaching certain velocity loss thresholds (VLTs). Method: Fifteen resistance-trained men (bench press 1-repetition maximum = 1.25 [0.16] kg·kg−1) performed with maximum intent a total of 182 sets (77 short sets [≤12 repetitions] and 105 long sets [>12 repetitions]) leading to failure during the Smith machine bench press exercise. Fifteen percent, 30%, and 45% VLTs were calculated, considering 2 reference repetitions (first and fastest repetitions) and 2 velocity variables (mean velocity [MV] and peak velocity [PV]). Results: The number of repetitions performed before reaching all VLTs were affected by the reference repetition and velocity variable (P ≤ .001). The fastest MV and PV during the short sets (75.3%) and PV during the long sets (72.4%) were predominantly observed during the first repetition, while the fastest MV during long sets was almost equally distributed between the first (37.1%) and second repetition (40.0%). Failure occurred before reaching the VLTs more frequently using PV (4, 8, and 33 occasions for 15%, 30%, and 45% VLTs, respectively) than MV (only 1 occasion for the 45% VLT). The participants rarely produced a velocity output above a VLT once this threshold was exceeded for the first time (≈10% and 30% of occasions during the short and long sets, respectively). Conclusions: The reference repetition and velocity variable are important factors to consider when implementing VLTs during resistance training. The fastest repetition (instead of the first repetition) and MV (instead of PV) are recommended.
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Tan, Kevin, Jeffrey Pagaduan, Mandra Janep, and Ali Md Nadzalan. "Changes in joint kinematics and kinetics through the implementation of inter-repetition rest protocols in snatch training." Pedagogy of Physical Culture and Sports 26, no. 1 (February 28, 2022): 68–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.15561/26649837.2022.01.08.
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Background and Study Aim. Inter-repetition rest pertains to a short period of rest between repetitions during strength training. Manipulating inter-repetition rest may influence fatigue accumulation, manifesting alteration in lifting mechanics. This study aimed to examine the effects of different inter-repetition rest protocols on joint velocity and ground reaction force during snatch exercise.
Material and Methods. Fifteen male (n=15) athletes participated in this study (age = 23.0 ±2.31 years; body weight = 65.32 ± 1.37 kg; height = 168.80 ± 5.64 cm; snatch one repetition maximum (1RM)/bodyweight = 0.78 ± 0.12), performing three sets of 5 repetitions at 85% 1 Repetition Maximum snatch with 10, 30, or 50 seconds of inter-repetition rest implemented randomly across three sessions. Ankle, knee, and hip kinematics and ground reaction force in the three protocols were used for comparison. The participants visited the exercise science laboratory for four sessions between 0800-1700 hrs. These sessions were separated by 72 hours.
Results. One-way repeated measure analysis of variances (ANOVA) showed a significant effect of inter-repetition rest on the maintenance of kinematic and kinetic variables. The ground reaction force for 10 seconds inter-repetition rest protocol showed a significant drop in force output across repetition (p = .037, p < 0.05).
Conclusions. The utilization of inter-repetition rest in snatch exercise may reduce neuromuscular fatigue across repetitions, maintaining consistent performance output. Specifically, the 50 second inter-repetition rest protocol reduced the negative effect of neuromuscular fatigue in the kinematic and kinetic variables during snatch exercise.
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Counter. "Zola's Repetitions: On Repetition in Zola." Modern Language Review 116, no. 1 (2021): 42. http://dx.doi.org/10.5699/modelangrevi.116.1.0042.
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Counter, Andrew J. "Zola's Repetitions: On Repetition in Zola." Modern Language Review 116, no. 1 (2021): 42–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/mlr.2021.0073.
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Tufano, James J., Jenny A. Conlon, Sophia Nimphius, Lee E. Brown, Alex Petkovic, Justin Frick, and G. Gregory Haff. "Effects of Cluster Sets and Rest-Redistribution on Mechanical Responses to Back Squats in Trained Men." Journal of Human Kinetics 58, no. 1 (August 1, 2017): 35–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hukin-2017-0069.
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Abstract Eight resistance-trained men completed three protocols separated by 48-96 hours. Each protocol included 36 repetitions with the same rest duration, but the frequency and length of rest periods differed. The cluster sets of four (CS4) protocol included 30 s of rest after the 4th, 8th, 16th, 20th, 28th, and 32nd repetition in addition to 120 s of rest after the 12th and 24th repetition. For the other two protocols, the total 420 s rest time of CS4 was redistributed to include nine sets of four repetitions (RR4) with 52.5 s of rest after every four repetitions, or 36 sets of single repetitions (RR1) with 12 s of rest after every repetition. Mean (MF) and peak (PF) force, velocity (MV and PV), and power output (MP and PP) were measured during 36 repetitions and were collapsed into 12 repetitions for analysis. Repeated measures ANOVA 3 (protocol) x 12 (repetition) showed a protocol x repetition interaction for PF, MV, PV, MP, and PP (p-values from <0.001 to 0.012). No interaction or main effect was present for MF. During RR1, MV, PV, MP, and PP were maintained, but decreased throughout every 4-repetition sequence during CS4 and RR4. During CS4 and RR4, PF was less following a rest period compared to subsequent repetitions, whereas PF was maintained during RR1. These data indicate that rest redistribution results in similar average kinetics and kinematics, but if total rest time is redistributed to create shorter but more frequent sets, kinetics and kinematics may remain more constant.
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Holloway, Tanya M., Robert W. Morton, Sara Y. Oikawa, Sean McKellar, Steven K. Baker, and Stuart M. Phillips. "Microvascular adaptations to resistance training are independent of load in resistance-trained young men." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 315, no. 2 (August 1, 2018): R267—R273. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.00118.2018.
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Resistance training promotes microvasculature expansion; however, it remains unknown how different resistance training programs contribute to angiogenesis. Thus, we recruited experienced resistance-trained participants and determined the effect of 12 wk of either high-repetition/low-load or low-repetition/high-load resistance training performed to volitional fatigue on muscle microvasculature. Twenty men performed either a high-repetition [20–25 repetitions, 30–50% of 1-repetition maximum (1RM); n = 10] or a low-repetition (8–12 repetitions, 75–90% of 1RM; n = 10) resistance training program. Muscle biopsies were taken before and after resistance training, and immunohistochemistry was used to assess fiber type (I and II)-specific microvascular variables. High-repetition/low-load and low-repetition/high-load groups were not different in any variable before resistance training. Both protocols resulted in an increase in capillarization. Specifically, after resistance training, the capillary-to-fiber ratio, capillary contacts, and capillary-to-fiber perimeter exchange index were elevated, and sharing factor was reduced. These data demonstrate that resistance training performed to volitional failure, using either high repetition/low load or low repetition/high load, induced similar microvascular adaptations in recreationally resistance-trained young men.
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Tame, Kim. "And Finally . . . Repetition, Repetition, Repetition." Expository Times 119, no. 6 (March 2008): 312. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0014524608089785.
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Haischer, Michael, Joseph Carzoli, Daniel Cooke, Joshua Pelland, Jacob Remmert, and Michael Zourdos. "Predicting Total Back Squat Repetitions from Repetition Velocity and Velocity Loss." Journal of Human Kinetics 87 (April 17, 2023): 167–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.5114/jhk/162021.
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The purpose of this investigation was to determine if average concentric velocity (ACV) of a single repetition at 70% of one-repetition maximum (1RM), ACV of the first repetition of a set to failure at 70% of 1RM, or the velocity loss during the set could predict the number of repetitions performed in the back squat. Fifty-six resistance-trained individuals participated in the study (male = 41, age = 23 ± 3 yrs, 1RM = 162.0 ± 40.0 kg; female = 15, age = 21 ± 2 yrs, 1RM = 81.5 ± 12.5 kg). After 1RM testing, participants performed single repetition sets with 70% of 1RM and a set to failure with 70% of 1RM. ACV was recorded on all repetitions. Regression model comparisons were performed, and Akaike Information Criteria (AIC) and Standard Error of the Estimate (SEE) were calculated to determine the best model. Neither single repetition ACV at 70% of 1RM (R² = 0.004, p = 0.637) nor velocity loss (R² = 0.011, p = 0.445) were predictive of total repetitions performed in the set to failure. The simple quadratic model using the first repetition of the set to failure () was identified as the best and most parsimonious model (R2 = 0.259, F = 9.247, p < 0.001) due to the lowest AIC value (311.086). A SEE of 2.21 repetitions was identified with this model. This average error of ~2 repetitions warrants only cautious utilization of this method to predict total repetitions an individual can perform in a set, with additional autoregulatory or individualization strategies being necessary to finalize the training prescription.
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Horner, Aidan J., and Richard N. Henson. "Incongruent Abstract Stimulus–Response Bindings Result in Response Interference: fMRI and EEG Evidence from Visual Object Classification Priming." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 24, no. 3 (March 2012): 760–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_00163.
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Stimulus repetition often leads to facilitated processing, resulting in neural decreases (repetition suppression) and faster RTs (repetition priming). Such repetition-related effects have been attributed to the facilitation of repeated cognitive processes and/or the retrieval of previously encoded stimulus–response (S-R) bindings. Although previous research has dissociated these two forms of learning, their interaction in the brain is not fully understood. Utilizing the spatial and temporal resolutions of fMRI and EEG, respectively, we examined a long-lag classification priming paradigm that required response repetitions or reversals at multiple levels of response representation. We found a repetition effect in occipital/temporal cortex (fMRI) that was time-locked to stimulus onset (EEG) and robust to switches in response, together with a repetition effect in inferior pFC (fMRI) that was time-locked to response onset (EEG) and sensitive to switches in response. The response-sensitive effect occurred even when changing from object names (words) to object pictures between repetitions, suggesting that S-R bindings can code abstract representations of stimuli. Most importantly, we found evidence for interference effects when incongruent S-R bindings were retrieved, with increased neural activity in inferior pFC, demonstrating that retrieval of S-R bindings can result in facilitation or interference, depending on the congruency of response between repetitions.
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Nurjannah, Nunung. "The Analysis of Repetition in the Body Text of Shampoo Advertisements." Academic Journal Perspective : Education, Language, and Literature 2, no. 2 (November 14, 2018): 275. http://dx.doi.org/10.33603/perspective.v2i2.1663.
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This research is intended to analyze the repetition in the body text of shampoo advertisements. The objectives of this research are: first, to describe what types of repetitions are used in the body text of shampoo advertisements. Second, to find out which repetition is most often used in the body text of shampoo advertisements. Third, to find out why certain repetition is most often used in the body text of shampoo advertisements. This is a qualitative research. Therefore, it uses descriptive method with the theories of repetition proposed by Halliday and Hasan (1976), Renkema (1993), Hoey (1991) and Halliday (1994), the theories of discourse proposed by Halliday (1985), Renkema (1993) and Nunan (1993), and the theories of advertisement proposed by Cook (1992) and Moi (1997). At the end of the analyses the writer found that the repetitions in the body text of shampoo advertisements are classified into simple repetition and complex repetition. Simple repetition is the most dominant types of repetition that used in the body text of shampoo advertisements because the use of simple repetition in the body text of shampoo advertisements is very important to make the readers or consumers understand and remember the name of the products or brands and the usage of products. It also makes the relationship between the sentences in the body text of shampoo advertisement clear and more communicative.
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Cuenca, Maria Josep. "Repetició consecutiva i idiomaticitat." Zeitschrift für Katalanistik 20 (August 8, 2023): 189–219. http://dx.doi.org/10.46586/zfk.2007.189-219.
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In this paper, two types of idiomatic constructions are described, namely consecutive repetition and coordinate repetition. Considering corpus examples, these constructions and their subtypes are identified and characterized; they are also related to and differentiated from similar structures such as emphatic repetition, mimetic repetition or tautology. Consecutive and coordinate repetitions implement meanings related with intensification or increase (in degree, number or duration) and, in some cases, can be associated to prototype effects (i.e., prototype identification or referential dissociation).Keywords: Repetition, idiomaticity, construction, intensification, prototype effects, tautology.
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Bowins, Brad. "Repetitive Maladaptive Behavior: Beyond Repetition Compulsion." American Journal of Psychoanalysis 70, no. 3 (August 27, 2010): 282–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/ajp.2010.14.
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Orr, Leanard. "Narrative repetition, repetitive narration: A taxonomy." Neohelicon 23, no. 2 (September 1996): 203–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02435507.
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مادواني, زهره قرباني. "The phenomenon of repetition according to Abu Al-Ala’ Al-Ma’arri in “The Chapters and Ends”." Kufa Journal of Arts 1, no. 34 (February 25, 2018): 303–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.36317/kaj/2017/v1.i34.5952.
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Repetition is a stylistic phenomenon known to rhetoricians in all its eras. It has different types of letter, noun, verb and phrase. It is the one who has different connotations when writers use it. Al-Ma’arri is one of those who used it in his book called “Fouls wal-Ghaiyat” abundantly, so he does not confine it to the usual repetitions of verbal repetition, but rather focuses on intangible repetitions such as synonymy, observance of counterparts, and ascending repetition. This article aims to define repetition at the beginning, and then clarify what is meant by it according to Al-Ma’arri. And his different types by mentioning the models and indications that made Al-Ma'arri resort to its different types. The approach that I chose is the analytical approach that stems from the environment of the text, extracting the types of repetition from the book Al-Fusul wal-Giāyāt. .
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Cook, Harold. "Mere Repetition of a Verbal Cue in Problem Solving." Perceptual and Motor Skills 60, no. 3 (June 1985): 799–802. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.1985.60.3.799.
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Latency to solution of a measurement of circumference problem requiring the use of a string was employed to determine the repetition effect of 1, 15, 30, and 60 repetitions of a cue relevant to problem solution, a cue irrelevant but phonetically related, and an irrelevant cue. Latency to solution was significantly slower for subjects in the 60-repetition condition and faster for those in the 0-repetition control and 1-repetition conditions.
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Bilyy, Andrey, Tamer El-Nakhal, Jakub Kadlec, Waldemar Bartosik, Filip Van Tornout, and Vasileios Kouritas. "Preoperative training education with incentive spirometry may reduce postoperative pulmonary complications." Asian Cardiovascular and Thoracic Annals 28, no. 9 (September 11, 2020): 592–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0218492320957158.
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Objective To assess whether preoperative incentive spirometer training would influence the development of postoperative pulmonary complications after lung resection. Methods Sixty-two lung resection patients were prospectively investigated; 17 were given an incentive spirometer preoperatively and 45 did not have an incentive spirometer preoperatively. Postoperatively, both arms exercised with an incentive spirometer. The number of repetitions per day, balls raised per repetition, correct technique of exercising, and postoperative pulmonary complications were compared between the 2 groups. Univariate binary logistic regression analysis of potential predictors of postoperative pulmonary complications led to multivariate analysis of independent predictors. Receiver operating characteristic analysis established the cutoff points of predictors. Results The group with no preoperative incentive spirometer developed more postoperative pulmonary complications than the preoperative incentive spirometer group (24.4% vs. 5.9%, respectively, p = 0.045). The preoperative incentive spirometer arm achieved more repetitions per day, balls per repetition, and correct incentive spirometer technique ( p = 0.002, p < 0.001, p = 0.034, respectively). Balls raised per repetition and repetitions per day postoperatively were identified as independent predictors of postoperative pulmonary complications ( p = 0.032 and p = 0.021, respectively). Less than 5 repetitions per day (sensitivity 93%, specificity 77%, p < 0.001) and less than 2 balls per repetition (sensitivity 93%, specificity 77%, p < 0.001) were predictive of postoperative pulmonary complications. Conclusion Preoperative incentive spirometer exposure ensured better compliance with postoperative treatment and a more accurate technique (balls raised per repetition, repetitions per day). These variables correlated with a lower postoperative pulmonary complication rate.
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Golovkina, S. Kh. "Repetition as the Mean of Artistic Expression in the Poetry by N. Rubtsov." Russian language at school 79, no. 7 (July 24, 2018): 61–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.30515/0131-6141-2018-79-7-61-66.
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The different types of repetitions in poetic texts of N. Rubtsov are investigated in the article, their semantic and functional features are set. The cases of root lexical repetition, methods of syntactic organization of repetitive elements (parallelism, anaphoric constructions) are analysed. The refrain and framing (inclusion) are examined as the special elements in the structure of text, their role in expression of maintenance of text and stylistic functions come to light. It was set as a result of analysis that according to the poet repetition becomes the fundamental principle of structural and semantic organization of text, one of the tools of subjective modality creation, of the authors attitude to the content, meaningful means of expressiveness, creating the special unique style of writer and emotional expression in artistic text.
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Schimanke, Florian, Robert Mertens, and Oliver Vornberger. "Spaced repetition learning games on mobile devices." Interactive Technology and Smart Education 11, no. 3 (September 9, 2014): 201–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/itse-07-2014-0017.
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Purpose – The purposes of this paper are to implement a spaced repetition algorithm into a learning game, analyze the pros and cons of this implementation and make different considerations about designing the game to make the algorithm work in an optimal way. While games offer a promising way of engaging and motivating learners to deal with a certain topic, repetitions foster immersing this topic sustainably. Those repetitions should be done at sophistically determined intervals to maximize learning outcomes. Design/methodology/approach – The work is implemented as two prototype learning games which use the SM2 algorithm for content selection and repetition scheduling. Based on our findings about user behavior, this study developed an auxiliary algorithm to aid SM2 in the special setting of a learning game. To design the game in a way which supports the spaced repetition approach, this study have analyzed best-practices in this domain and made some considerations for adapting them accordingly. Findings – An auxiliary algorithm is needed to support the usage of common spaced repetition algorithms in mobile learning games. Best-practices in designing those games need to be to suit the spaced repetitions approach. Practical implications – This paper shows the benefits of combining learning games with the spaced repetition approach and points out specifics in designing spaced repetition based mobile learning games. Originality/value – While spaced repetitions are already commonly used with other types of learning, it has yet to be implemented in learning games. This study’s approach shows ways to do this and which considerations have to be made.
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Aydın, Erbil Murat, Yılmaz Uçan, and Hakan Yarar. "The acute effect of static stretching between sets on the number of repetitions performance in resistance training." Journal of Human Sciences 14, no. 4 (December 1, 2017): 3913. http://dx.doi.org/10.14687/jhs.v14i4.4865.
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Rest interval between sets in resistance exercises is an important variable that influence on the training volume. The purpose of the current study was to determine the effect of static stretching on the number of repetitions for three consecutive sets upper and lower body exercises. Nine trained men (age: 21,78 2,49 years; height: 171,5 4,62 cm; weight: 73,98 6,62 kg; body fat percentage: 11,1 3,95 %) completed three sets push down and leg extension exercises with 10 repetition maximum, %60 of 1 repetition maximum and %85 of 1 repetition maximum load. Participants took part static stretching and non-stretching conditions that was done on counterbalance. The results of this study demonstrated that the number of repetitions significantly decreased after static stretching for both exercises at all intensities. When compared the two conditions, the number of repetitions after static stretching on set 2 and set 3 was significantly lower than the set 1 for push down exercise at all intensities. However, for leg extension exercise at 10 repetition maximum intensity on set 2 was significantly lower than the set 1 and at %85 of 1 repetition maximum intensity on set 2 and set 3 significantly lower than the set 1. There is no significant difference for leg extension exercise between groups at %60 of 1 repetition maximum intensity. In conclusion, this study indicated that static stretching between consecutive sets has negative effect on the number of repetitions for push down and leg extension exercises. Therefore static stretching should be avoided during the rest period between sets when performing the push down and leg extension exercises.
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Xue, Gui, Leilei Mei, Chuansheng Chen, Zhong-Lin Lu, Russell Poldrack, and Qi Dong. "Spaced Learning Enhances Subsequent Recognition Memory by Reducing Neural Repetition Suppression." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 23, no. 7 (July 2011): 1624–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn.2010.21532.
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Spaced learning usually leads to better recognition memory as compared with massed learning, yet the underlying neural mechanisms remain elusive. One open question is whether the spacing effect is achieved by reducing neural repetition suppression. In this fMRI study, participants were scanned while intentionally memorizing 120 novel faces, half under the massed learning condition (i.e., four consecutive repetitions with jittered interstimulus interval) and the other half under the spaced learning condition (i.e., the four repetitions were interleaved). Recognition memory tests afterward revealed a significant spacing effect: Participants recognized more items learned under the spaced learning condition than under the massed learning condition. Successful face memory encoding was associated with stronger activation in the bilateral fusiform gyrus, which showed a significant repetition suppression effect modulated by subsequent memory status and spaced learning. Specifically, remembered faces showed smaller repetition suppression than forgotten faces under both learning conditions, and spaced learning significantly reduced repetition suppression. These results suggest that spaced learning enhances recognition memory by reducing neural repetition suppression.
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Károly, Krisztina. "Shifts in repetition vs. shifts in text meaning." Target. International Journal of Translation Studies 22, no. 1 (June 30, 2010): 40–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/target.22.1.04kar.
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This study focuses on the discoursal role of repetition, exploring the way shifts in repetition patterns in text trigger coherence shifts, altering the meaning potential of translations. As repetition in translation has been hypothesized to be affected by certain universals of translation, the paper also offers initial data to support the universals of explicitation and avoiding repetition. Lexical repetitions are investigated using Hoey’s (1991) theory in a corpus of Hungarian—English news texts. Analyses reveal considerable shifts in repetition in translations; however, these differences are not statistically significant. The corpus also provides evidence for repetition shifts affecting the macropropositional structure of target texts, leading to macropropositional shifts, which alter the global meaning of translations compared to sources.
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Merrigan, Justin J., James J. Tufano, Jonathan M. Oliver, Jason B. White, Jennifer B. Fields, and Margaret T. Jones. "Reducing the Loss of Velocity and Power in Women Athletes via Rest Redistribution." International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance 15, no. 2 (February 1, 2020): 255–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2019-0264.
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Purpose: To examine rest redistribution (RR) effects on back squat kinetics and kinematics in resistance-trained women. Methods: Twelve women from strength and college sports (5.0 [2.2] y training history) participated in the randomized crossover design study with 72 hours between sessions (3 total). Participants completed 4 sets of 10 repetitions using traditional sets (120-s interset rest) and RR (30-s intraset rest in the middle of each set; 90-s interset rest) with 70% of their 1-repetition maximum. Kinetics and kinematics were sampled via force plate and 4 linear position transducers. The greatest value of repetitions 1 to 3 (peak repetition) was used to calculate percentage loss, [(repetition 10–peak repetition)/(peak repetition) × 100], and maintenance, {100–[(set mean–peak repetition)/(peak repetition)] × 100}, of velocity and power for each set. Repeated-measures analysis of variance was used for analyses (P < .05). Results: Mean and peak force did not differ between conditions. A condition × repetition interaction existed for peak power (P = .049) but not for peak velocity (P = .110). Peak power was greater in repetitions 7 to 9 (P < .05; d = 1.12–1.27) during RR. The percentage loss of velocity (95% confidence interval, –0.22% to –7.22%; P = .039) and power (95% confidence interval, –1.53% to –7.87%; P = .008) were reduced in RR. Mean velocity maintenance of sets 3 (P = .036; d = 1.90) and 4 (P = .015; d = 2.30) and mean power maintenance of set 4 (P = .006; d = 2.65) were greater in RR. Conclusion: By redistributing a portion of long interset rest into the middle of a set, velocity and power were better maintained. Therefore, redistributing rest may be beneficial for reducing fatigue in resistance-trained women.
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Shizhang, Yang. "Adaptation in translation of political discourse (based on the translation of repetitions in Xi Jinping’s “Speech at a Ceremony Marking the Centenary of the Communist Party of China”)." OOO "Zhurnal "Voprosy Istorii" 2022, no. 11-3 (November 1, 2022): 274–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.31166/voprosyistorii202212statyi30.
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Based on Xi Jinping's Speech at a Ceremony Marking the Centenary of the Communist Party of China and its Russian translation, this paper studies the adaptation of various repetition phenomena in political discourse in the process of translation into Russian. The author summarizes the categories of repetition in the Speech, including morpheme repetition, component repetition, epistrophe and cohesive means repetition, and analyzes the main translation methods used in the adaptation of these repetitive means in Russian translation, such as substitution and omission.
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Nadila, Refni, Charlina Charlina, and Elvrin Septyanti. "LEXICAL COHESION IN THE NOVEL PERGI BY TERE LIYE." SASTRANESIA: Jurnal Program Studi Pendidikan Bahasa dan Sastra Indonesia 9, no. 2 (June 25, 2021): 38. http://dx.doi.org/10.32682/sastranesia.v9i2.1890.
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This research aims to describe the types and meanings that appear in lexical cohesion in the novel Pergi by Tere Liye. The benefits of this research are theoretical and practical benefits. This research uses descriptive qualitative recearch. The data of this research are in the form of words and phrases contained in the novel Pergi by Tere Liye, the source of data in this study is a collection of texts in the novel Pergi by Tere Liye. In this research, the writer uses descriptive method, using documentation technique, namely reading and taking notes. The data analysis technique uses three stages, namely, data reduction, data presentation, and conclusions. The validity of this research data uses triangulation theory. based on the results of the research found, there are as many as 97 lexical cohesion data in the novel Pergi by Tere Liye. The results of the lexical cohesion research data contained in the novel Pergi by Tere Liye include the types of repetitions as many as 55 data, which consists of 12 data epizeukis repetitions, 3 data repetition of tautotes, 14 data of anaphora repetitions, 11 data of epistropha repetition, simploke repetition of 3 data, 9 data for mesodiplosis repetition, 2 data for epanalepsis repetition, and 1 data for anadiplosis repetition. Then the type of synonymous lexical cohesion is 6 data, antonym is 18 data, collocation is 6 data, hyponym is 5 data, and finally equivalence 7 data.Key words: lexical cohesion, novel Pergi, Tere Liye
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dos Santos, Leandro, Alex Ribeiro, Edilaine Cavalcante, Hellen Nabuco, Melissa Antunes, Brad Schoenfeld, and Edilson Cyrino. "Effects of Modified Pyramid System on Muscular Strength and Hypertrophy in Older Women." International Journal of Sports Medicine 39, no. 08 (June 26, 2018): 613–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/a-0634-6454.
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AbstractThis study aimed to analyze the effects of a pyramid system performed with two repetition zones on muscular strength and skeletal muscle mass (SMM) in older women. Thirty-nine physically independent older women (67.8±5.4 years) were randomly assigned into one of two of groups that performed an 8-week resistance training program in an ascending pyramid fashion. Both groups performed 3 sets: a narrow repetition zone (NPR, n=20) with 12/10/8 repetitions, and a wide repetition zone (WPR, n=19) with 15/10/5 repetitions. The program consisted of 8 whole-body exercises, performed 3 times a week. Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry was used to measure SMM, and muscular strength was evaluated by one-repetition maximum (1RM). Both groups increased (P<0.05) SMM (NPR=+ 4.7%, effect size=+ 0.34; WPR=+ 8.4%, effect size=+ 0.77), and total strength (NPR=+ 11.3%, effect size=+ 0.80; WPR=+ 13.8%, effect size=0.84), without statistical differences between them. Results suggest that both zones of repetitions in a pyramid system are effective strategies to improve muscular strength and muscle growth in older women.
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Hocking, Paul. "Repetition Indicating Form and Function." HIPHIL Novum 6, no. 1 (March 5, 2020): 2–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.7146/hn.v6i1.142749.
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It has long been observed that the repetition of literary devices has been used in the Bible and other ancient Near Eastern literature for the purpose of structuring the text and connecting related pericopes. The work done more recently under the TAPJLA project, labels the structuring aspect of repetition: “Repetitions as markers of architecture.” Also, the innovative work of Moshe Kline suggests that literary repetition has been used systematically in two-dimensional structuring of the Torah. This paper builds on these insights, together with elements of my own thesis on the rhetoric of Leviticus. It models an inductive, synchronic case study of a literary unit (Leviticus 23), to show how repetitions have been used both in the form and in the function of the unit, for composition and for suasion.
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Mitura, Magdalena. "Powtórzenie w oryginale, powtórzenie w przekładzie." Między Oryginałem a Przekładem 27, no. 1 (51) (March 15, 2021): 87–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.12797/moap.27.2021.51.05.
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Repetition in Original Work, Repetition in Translation: Remarks onthe Phenomenon of Repetition on the Example of Dukla by Andrzej Stasiuk and Its French Translation
The objective of the present article is to analyze the translational solutions applied to repetitions in the French translation of the Dukla novel by Andrzej Stasiuk. Based on the classification elaborated by Adam Dobaczewski (2018), we diversified two groups in the selected Polish materials: intra-sentence repetitions and inter-sentence repetitions. The intra-sentence repetitions were then divided into two subgroups. The first one included systemic repetitions, i.e. those that were the predetermined code units of the respective language. The other subgroup included supra-language operations, which were the result of text-creative mechanisms that were independent from the specific language system. The results of our analysis undermine the existing belief that supra-langue repetitions are easily translatable. Even when these elements are not subject to potential blocking by limitations of grammar, their translation – or more frequently – disappearance, depend on stylistic considerations and/or arbitrary decisions madeby the translator.
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Dimyathi, Muhammad Syairozi, Inayah Elmaula, and Hananah Muhtar Tabroni. "Repetition in the Qur’an the Perspective of Badi’uzzaman Sa'id Nursi." Jurnal Studi Al-Qur'an 18, no. 2 (July 24, 2022): 149–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.21009/jsq.018.2.01.
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Repetition in the Holy Qur’an is one of the topics that concern some orientalists, as they claim that the Holy Qur’an is a book that raises doubts that it is from God Almighty because of the many repetitions in it as if God Almighty has no other expressions to highlight His purposes and is forced to repeat some verses. According to Saeed Nursi, the research aims to reveal the rule of repetition in the Holy Qur’an because of his unique insight into the phenomenon of Qur’anic repetition. In this research, the inductive analytical method is used, where the views of Said Nursi about repetition in the Holy Qur’an and the wisdom behind it were extrapolated and analyzed through his writings in the Rasa’il al-Nur. Among the results of this research is that Saeed Nursi provided a full explanation of the ruling on repetition of the Qur’anic verses, in the luminous miraculousness in the repetitions of the Qur’an, in six main points, namely: that repetition in the Holy Qur’an is better and more eloquent and even more necessary than others; Behind this repetition are Qur’anic purposes; It is considered one of the human moral needs. It is for confirmation, determination, and endorsement; It is a repetition in different forms; It is done in various ways. Nursi also showed that repetition in the Holy Qur’an is for the sake of not being bored and bored, as it came to establish, and that it sends psychological and aesthetic pleasure in the hearts of readers and listeners. Thus, Saeed Nursi came up with something new that no other scholars had preceded in their statement of the ruling on repetition in the Holy Qur’an.
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Simpson, Lisa A., Amanda Mow, Carlo Menon, and Janice J. Eng. "Preliminary Examination of the Ability of a New Wearable Device to Capture Functional Hand Activity After Stroke." Stroke 50, no. 12 (December 2019): 3643–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/strokeaha.119.026921.
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Background and Purpose— A reliable measure of movement repetitions is required to assist in determining the optimal dose for maximizing upper limb recovery after stroke. This study investigated the ability of a new wearable device to capture reach-to-grasp repetitions in individuals with stroke. Methods— Eight individuals with stroke wore an instrumented wrist bracelet while completing 12 upper limb activities. Participants completed 5 and 10 repetitions of each activity on 2 separate sessions (time 1 and time 2) and completed clinical assessments (Fugl-Meyer Upper Extremity Assessment and Action Research Arm Test). Mean reach-to-grasp counts (ie, hand counts) were compared across activities. Scaling properties were assessed by the ratio of 10 repetitions to 5 repetitions for the activities (ie, expected value of 2). Bland-Altman diagrams were used to examine agreement between time 1 and time 2 counts. Results— The wrist bracelet averaged 0 to 0.6 hand counts per repetition for the arm-only and hand-only activities and averaged 1 to 2 counts per repetition of the reach-to-grasp activities. The mean ratio of 10 repetition to 5 repetition counts was ≈2 for all of the reach-to-grasp activities. Mean differences from time 1 to time 2 were <0.3 counts/repetition for all activities except one. Conclusions— These preliminary results provide evidence that the wrist bracelet is able to capture hand counts over a variety of tasks in a consistent manner. This wrist bracelet could be further developed as a tool to record dose of upper limb practice for research or clinical practice, as well as providing motivation and accountability to patients participating in treatments requiring upper limb movement repetitions. Currently, there are limitations in interpreting the impact of impairment and common compensatory movements on hand counts, and it would be valuable for future studies to explore these effects.
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Tsekoura, Maria, Konstantinos Anastasopoulos, Alexandros Kastrinis, and Zacharias Dimitriadis. "What is most appropriate number of repetitions of the sit-to-stand test in older adults: a reliability study." Journal of Frailty, Sarcopenia and Falls 05, no. 04 (December 1, 2020): 109–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.22540/jfsf-05-109.
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he most frequently employed versions of the sit-to-stand test (STST) are the 5 times STSΤ and the 30 seconds STST. However, it is not known whether a variation with different number of repetitions or time could be more appropriate for older adults. The objective of this study was to investigate the reliability of STST at different time points and number of repetitions. The test was performed in 33 older adults (73±6.1 years) for 40 seconds. The participants performed the procedure twice with a day interval between the sessions. The test was video-taped and the data were processed by two examiners. The highest test-retest reliability was found for the 4th (ICC=0.73, SEM=1.48, SDD=1.68), 5th (ICC=0.76, SEM=1.73, SDD=1.97) and 6th repetition (ICC=0.78, SEM=1.78, SDD=2.03). The inter-rater reliability was excellent independently of the number of trials (ICC>0.9). The correlation of the time at the 4th and 6th repetition with the time at the traditionally selected 5th repetition was excellent (r>0.9). The termination of the STST at the 4th repetition seems to provide equally reliable and valid estimations with the termination at the 5th repetition. Future studies should examine a 4 times STST since the reduction of the number of repetitions may be less tiring and safer for older adults.
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Ambrose, Nicoline Grinager, and Ehud Yairi. "The Role of Repetition Units in the Differential Diagnosis of Early Childhood Incipient Stuttering." American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology 4, no. 3 (August 1995): 82–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/1058-0360.0403.82.
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The role of the number of repetition units as a differentiating factor in the identification of very early stuttering in young children is explored. Speech samples of 1,000 syllables each from 29 experimental and 29 control subjects were analyzed for presence and extent of part-word and single syllable word repetitions. Statistically significant differences between the two groups were found for the mean number of units per instance of repetition, the percentages of single- and multiple-unit repetitions, and the frequency of occurrence of instances containing multiple repetition units. The extent of overlap between groups varied among the three measures. Specific suggestions concerning applications of the findings to clinical purposes are made.
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Stone, Michael H., W. Guy Hornsby, Dylan G. Suarez, Marco Duca, and Kyle C. Pierce. "Training Specificity for Athletes: Emphasis on Strength-Power Training: A Narrative Review." Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology 7, no. 4 (November 16, 2022): 102. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jfmk7040102.
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Specificity has two major components: A strength-endurance continuum (S-EC) and adherence to principles of Dynamic Correspondence. Available evidence indicates the existence of the S-EC continuum from two aspects. Indeed, the S-EC exists, particularly if work is equated as a high load low repetition scheme at one end (strength stimulus) and high volume (HIEE stimulus) at the other. Furthermore, some evidence also indicates that the continuum as a repetition paradigm with high-load, low repetition at one end (strength stimulus) and a high repetition, low load at the other end. The second paradigm is most apparent under three conditions: (1) ecological validity—in the real world, work is not equated, (2) use of absolute loads in testing and (3) a substantial difference in the repetitions used in training (for example 2–5 repetitions versus ≥10 repetitions). Additionally, adherence to the principles and criteria of dynamic correspondence allows for greater “transfer of training” to performance measures. Typically, and logically, in order to optimize transfer, training athletes requires a reasonable development of capacities (i.e., structure, metabolism, neural aspects, etc.) before more specific training takes place.
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Schwartz, Hadar, Aviv Emanuel, Isaac Isur Rozen Samukas, and Israel Halperin. "Exploring the acute affective responses to resistance training: A comparison of the predetermined and the estimated repetitions to failure approaches." PLOS ONE 16, no. 8 (August 18, 2021): e0256231. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0256231.
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Background In resistance-training (RT), the number of repetitions is traditionally prescribed using a predetermined approach (e.g., three sets of 10 repetitions). An emerging alternative is the estimated repetitions to failure (ERF) approach (e.g., terminating sets two repetitions from failure). Despite the importance of affective responses experienced during RT, a comparison between the two approaches on such outcomes is lacking. Methods Twenty women (age range: 23–45 years) without RT experience completed estimated one repetition maximum (RM) tests in four exercises. In the next two counterbalanced sessions, participants performed the exercises using 70%1RM. Participants completed ten repetitions in all three sets (predetermined condition) or terminated the sets when perceived to be two repetitions away from task-failure (ERF condition). Primary outcomes were affective-valence, enjoyment, and approach-preference and secondary outcomes were repetition-numbers completed in each exercise. Results We observed trivial differences in the subjective measures and an approximately even approach-preference split. Under the ERF condition, we observed greater variability in repetition-numbers between participants and across exercises. Specifically, the mean number of repetitions was slightly lower in the chest-press, knee-extension, and lat-pulldown (~1 repetition) but considerably higher in the leg-press (17 vs. 10, p<0.01). Conclusions Both approaches led to comparable affective responses and to an approximately even approach preference. Hence, prior to prescribing either approach, coaches should consider trainee’s preferences. Moreover, under the ERF condition participants completed a dissimilar number of repetitions across exercises while presumably reaching a similar proximity to task-failure. This finding suggests that ERF allows for better effort regulation between exercises.
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Petten, Cyma Van, Marta Kutas, Robert Kluender, Mark Mitchiner, and Heather McIsaac. "Fractionating the Word Repetition Effect with Event-Related Potentials." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 3, no. 2 (April 1991): 131–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn.1991.3.2.131.
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Word repetition has been a staple paradigm for both psycholinguistic and memory research; several possible loci for changes in behavioral performance have been proposed. These proposals are discussed in light of the event-related brain potential (ERP) data reported here. ERPs were recorded as subjects read nonfiction articles drawn from a popular magazine. The effects of word repetition were examined in this relatively natural context wherein words were repeated as a consequence of normal discourse structure. Three distinct components of the ERP were found to be sensitive to repetition: a positive component peaking at 200 msec poststimulus, a negative one at 400 msec (N400), and a later positivity. The components were differentially sensitive to the temporal lag between repetitions, the number of repetitions, and the normative frequency of the eliciting word. The N400 responded similarly to repetition in text as it has in experimental lists of words, but the late positivity showed a different pattern of results than in list studies.
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Huhtamäki, Martina, Jan Lindström, and Anne-Marie Londen. "Other-repetition sequences in Finland Swedish: Prosody, grammar, and context in action ascription." Language in Society 49, no. 4 (March 11, 2020): 653–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0047404520000056.
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AbstractThis study examines other-repetitions in Finland Swedish talk-in-interaction: their sequential trajectories, prosodic design, and lexicogrammatical features. The key objective is to explore how prosody can contribute to the action conveyed by a repetition turn, that is, whether it deals with a problem of hearing or understanding, a problem of expectation, or just registers receipt of information. The analysis shows that large and upgraded prosodic features (higher onset, wider pitch span than the previous turn) co-occur with repair- and expectation-oriented repetitions, whereas small, downgraded prosody (lower onset, narrower pitch span than the previous turn) is characteristic of registering. However, the distinguishing strength of prosody is mostly gradient (rather than discrete), and because of this, other concomitant cues, most notably the speakers’ epistemic positions in relation to the repeated item, are also of importance for ascribing a certain pragmatic function to a repetition. (Repetition, other-repetition, action ascription, prosody in conversation, repair, epistemics, conversation analysis, interactional linguistics, Finland Swedish)*
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Rossi, Giovanni. "Other-repetition in conversation across languages: Bringing prosody into pragmatic typology." Language in Society 49, no. 4 (July 6, 2020): 495–520. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0047404520000251.
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AbstractIn this article, I introduce the aims and scope of a project examining other-repetition in natural conversation. This introduction provides the conceptual and methodological background for the five language-specific studies contained in this special issue, focussing on other-repetition in English, Finnish, French, Italian, and Swedish. Other-repetition is a recurrent conversational phenomenon in which a speaker repeats all or part of what another speaker has just said, typically in the next turn. Our project focusses particularly on other-repetitions that problematise what is being repeated and typically solicit a response. Previous research has shown that such repetitions can accomplish a range of conversational actions. But how do speakers of different languages distinguish these actions? In addressing this question, we put at centre stage the resources of prosody—the nonlexical acoustic-auditory features of speech—and bring its systematic analysis into the growing field of pragmatic typology—the comparative study of language use and conversational structure. (Repetition, conversation, prosody, pragmatics, typology)*
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Mor, Ron, Eyal Weissblueth, and Izhar Ben Shlomo. "High Load few Repetitions Exercise is better for the Cardiovascular System than low Load Many Repetitions Exercise." Sport Mont 20, no. 1 (February 1, 2022): 59–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.26773/smj.220210.
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Blood pressure, pulse rate, and blood lactate concentration in response to resistance training are of critical significance for people, who could benefit from performing it, but to whom extreme blood pressure levels may be harmful. Traditionally high load training was held to cause an exaggerated blood pressure response but few recent studies challenged this. Since the published data is not unanimous, we examined whether longer duration with low load or high load in shorter duration would be favorable to heart rate, blood pressure, double product, and lactate levels in a group of healthy young people. Twenty-three young students performed twice, a week apart, a sequence of four sets of an exercise, once with 20 repetitions of 50% of maximal resistance of 1 Repetition Maximum and once with 10 repetitions of 75% of 1 Repetition Maximum. Heart rate was measured continuously while blood pressure and blood lactate levels were measured before exercise and after the conclusion of each set. Heart rate, blood pressure, and blood lactate levels increased significantly more following the 20, lower load repetition sets compared to the higher load 10 repetition sets. We conclude that high load low repetition exercise is less demanding on the cardiovascular system compared to lower load high repetition exercise, which should be considered in prescribing physical activity to older beginners and cardiac rehabilitation patients.