Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Reparation (Criminal justice) Rwanda'
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1
Pia, Christina Kalus. "Redressing female victims of sexual violence: possibilities for gender-specific reparations at the International Criminal Court." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2011. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&action=viewtitle&id=gen8Srv25Nme4_1824_1373278492.
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This paper is about the reparations regime of the International Criminal Court and reparations possibilities for victims of sexual violence. It will contain a legal analysis of the reparations system of
the Court, including the Trust Fund for Victims of the International Criminal Court. In a second step, the needs of women who experienced conflict related violence will be examined. The central
question, which this paper will try to answer, is whether the ICC reparations regime has the ability to provide gender-sensitive reparations and thus make a contribution to the improvement of
women&rsquo
s lives in post-conflict societies.
2
Wright, Martin. "Restorative justice and victim/offender mediation." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 1990. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.287788.
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Christie, Adrienne (Adrienne Elizabeth) Carleton University Dissertation Law. "Restorative injustice? The boundaries of restorative justice at the intersections of gender, race and class, a Canadian focus." Ottawa, 2000.
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Palmer, Nicola Frances. "A contextual process : understandings of transitional justice in Rwanda." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2013. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:caff303e-4afc-42a8-bc95-7b660f058ca1.
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This thesis examines the practices of international, national, and localised criminal courts in post-genocide Rwanda. It argues that, although the courts are compatible in law, an interpretive cultural analysis shows that they have often competed with one another. The research draws on interviews conducted with judges, lawyers, and a group of witnesses and suspects from the United Nations International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR), the national Rwandan courts, and the gacaca community courts. The courts’ judges and lawyers have interpreted Rwanda’s transitional justice processes very differently. The ICTR has been principally concerned with developing international criminal case law. The national courts purport to have focused on domestic legal reform, while personnel inside gacaca view these local courts as having provided an account of the events and causes of the genocide. This thesis argues that the different interpretations offered within Rwanda’s post-genocide courts illuminate divergent legal cultures inside the institutions, leading to failures in effective cooperation and evidence gathering. The courts have pursued diverse means to try to establish their legitimate authority. However, among a group of Rwandan citizens, the practices of one court were routinely used as the basis to criticise the actions of the others, raising challenges for the legitimacy of transitional justice in Rwanda. The potential for similar competition between domestic and international justice processes is apparent in the current practice of the International Criminal Court (ICC). However, this competition can be mitigated through more effective communication between different justice systems which respond to the needs of the affected populations, fostering a legal culture of complementarity.
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Hurst, Alexandra. "Reconciling Rwanda? : (ir)reconcilable narratives of history, identity and justice at the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda." Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.443021.
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Butera, Gerald. "Rwanda Gacaca traditional courts : an alternative solution for post-genocide justice and national reconciliation /." Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 2005. http://library.nps.navy.mil/uhtbin/hyperion/05Mar%5FButera.pdf.
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Thesis (M.A. in Stabilization and Reconstruction)--Naval Postgraduate School, March 2005.Thesis Advisor(s): Douglas Porch, Nancy Roberts. Includes bibliographical references (p. 65-69) Also available online.
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McCarthy, Conor. "Reparations and victim support under the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.609112.
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Ndzengu, Nkululeko Christopher. "A comparative analysis of aspects of criminal and civil forfeitures: suggestions for South African asset forfeiture law reform." Thesis, Nelson Mandela University, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/14267.
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In order for the proceeds of unlawful activities to be completely dislodged from the criminals’ hands, the latter should be effectively deterred from allowing their assets to be used to execute or facilitate the commission of offences. When properly exacted, in the interests of justice and within the existing constitutional framework, the legal process known as asset forfeiture should ensure that crime never pays. Asset forfeiture refers to both criminal forfeiture, which is conviction based following the United Kingdom asset forfeiture regime and civil forfeiture, which is non-conviction based following the United States of America one.2 Chapter 5 provisions of the Prevention of Organised Crime Act3 (hereafter POCA) provides for court, Basdeo M – Search, Seizure and Asset Forfeiture in the South African Criminal Justice System: Drawing a Balance between Public Utility and Constitutional Rights (2013) LLD, University of South Africa in Chapter 5 where a comprehensive comparative study of SA POCA and United States of America’s asset forfeiture and origin is undertaken. 3 Act 121 of applications for a restraint, confiscation and realisation for the recovery of proceeds of unlawful activities. The restraint is invoked when a suspect is to be charged or has been charged or prosecuted, there are reasonable grounds to believe that a conviction may follow and that a confiscation order may be made. Chapter 6 provisions of POCA provide for court applications for preservation and forfeiture order targeting both the proceeds of unlawful activities and removal from public circulation of instruments or assets used in the commission of offences where the guilt of the wrongdoer is not relevant. POCA has a Schedule with 34 items setting out examples of offences in relation to which civil forfeiture may be invoked. When the State discharges this noble professed task in the name of public safety, security and crime combating, legal challenges arise. This is more so within a constitutional democratic context where both individual and property rights are enshrined and protected. This study deals with some of these challenges. To the mind of a legal researcher, the law of asset forfeiture is, in this process, moulded and developed. South Africa (a developing country), Canada and New Zealand (developed countries in the north and southern hemispheres) have constitutional democracies. They also have asset forfeiture regimes, which attracted the attention of the researcher. The question is: can the developing country learn some best practices from the developed countries in this particular field? It would be interesting to establish this and the level of development of this field in the three countries under study. South Africa, with no federal government, has nine Provinces, single asset forfeiture legislation5 (combining both criminal forfeiture i.e. restraint, confiscation and realisation applications and civil forfeiture i.e. preservation and forfeiture applications), and a criminal statute6 applicable to all such Provinces. It also has, like Canada and New Zealand, pockets of asset forfeiture provisions embedded in various statutes. There is only one asset forfeiture office under the umbrella of the National Prosecuting Authority.7 It has branches8 in the Provinces, invoking the provisions of POCA, since 1999. It is not part of the police department. The researcher joined the South African Port Elizabeth branch in March 2003, Bloemfontein, Kimberly and Mmabatho branches from 2010 to 2011, July 2012 onwards in the Port Elizabeth and has practical experience in this regard. The Prevention of Organised Crime Act 121 of 1998. The Namibian POCA 29 of 2004 is almost a replica of the South African POCA except that the former makes express recognition of the victims of the underlying victims. The Criminal Procedure Act, 51 of 1977 (as amended). The Asset Forfeiture Unit (AFU) with its Head Office situated in Pretoria under the umbrella of the National Prosecution Authority, which Raylene Keightley in Young S Civil Forfeiture of Criminal Property Legal Measures for Targeting the Proceeds of Crime (2009) Cheltenham Edward Elgar Publishing, Inc.: Northampton, MA at 94 calls a specialist implementation agency. In Pretoria, Johannesburg, Cape Town, Port Elizabeth, East London, Durban, Bloemfontein, Kimberley, Mmabatho, Mpumalanga and Limpopo. It comprises of eleven Provinces to which the Criminal Code of Canada, the Controlled Drugs and Substances Act 1996 and a host of other statutes apply. Eight of the eleven Provinces have their own and distinct primary stand-alone asset forfeiture statutes introducing civil forfeiture10 as more fully explained in Chapter 2 of this study.
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N'dri, Maurice Kouadio. "Critical analysis of victims rights before international criminal justice." Thesis, University of Pretoria, 2006. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&action=viewtitle&id=gen8Srv25Nme4_7533_1183427953.
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History is regrettably replete with wars and dictatorial regimes that claimed the lives of millions of people. Most of the time the planners were not held accountable for their misdeeds. Fortunately in recent years the idea of people being prosecuted for mass atrocities was launched and debated. The purpose of this study was to propose avenues for promoting respect for victims rights. It examined the rationale of the victims reparation, its evolution, its denial and its rebirth. It canvass victims rights in domestic law especially in the civil law in comparison with international law. It proposed means whereby the international community may better address the issue of victims rights.
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Trouille, Helen L. "Rights, responsibilities and reform : a study of French justice (1990-2016)." Thesis, University of Bradford, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/16020.
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The principal questions addressed in this portfolio of eleven publications concern the reforms to French justice at the end of the twentieth and beginning of the twenty-first centuries. The portfolio is accompanied by a supporting statement explaining the genesis and chronology of the portfolio, its originality and the nature of the submission's distinct contribution to knowledge. The thesis questions whether the reforms protect the rights of the defence adequately. It considers how the French state views its responsibility to key figures in criminal justice, be they suspected and convicted criminals, the victims of offences or the professionals who are prosecuting the offences. It reflects upon the role of the examining magistrate, the delicate relationship between justice, politics and the media, breaches of confidentiality and the catastrophic conditions in which suspects and prisoners are detained in French prisons. It then extends its scope to a case study of the prosecution of violent crimes before the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda, and discovers significant flaws in procedures even at international levels. In concluding, it asks whether, given the challenges facing the French criminal justice system, French courts are adequately equipped to assure justice when suspects charged with the most serious international crimes appear before them under the principle of universal jurisdiction. The research, carried out over a number of years, relies predominantly on an analysis of French-language sources and represents a unique contribution to the understanding and knowledge of French justice for an English-speaking public at the turn of the twenty-first century.
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McGuinness, Paul. "Room for reparation? : an ethnographic study into the implementation of the Community Payback Order in a Scottish Criminal Justice Social Work Office." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2014. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/5561/.
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With the introduction of the Criminal Justice and Licensing Act (Scotland) 2010, the Community Payback Order became the default non-custodial criminal justice sentence in Scotland as of February 1st 2011. The order’s focus upon reparation as a means to reintegrate offenders back into the community represented a shift away from retributive practices towards a relationally beneficent approach. The terms of the order, however, remain ambiguous. Lingering suspicions as to how this philosophical switch in policy manifests itself in practice remain. By ethnographically studying the working practices of Criminal Justice Social Workers’, this study presents CPO’s articulation of reparation as practiced. In addition the role of the social worker is interrogated using a performative lens to understand how the tensions between reparation and retribution, care and control, the courts and their clients, are made coherent in their practices. As a result the barriers to enacting a reparationally oriented criminal justice response are articulated so that the Habermasian intersubjectivity that reparation requires can be more wholly understood in the context of criminal justice workplaces for future practice innovations.
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Gaparayi, Idi Tuzinde. "Justice and social reconstruction in the aftermath of genocide in Rwanda: an evaluation of the possible role of the gacaca tribunals." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/930.
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"Rwanda was largely destroyed in 1994. Among an endless host of problems, highly complex questions and dilemmas of justice, unity, and reconciliation haunt Rwanda to this day. A basic question confronting Rwanda is how to deal with the legacy of the conflict that culminated in the genocide of the Tutsi and in the massacres of Hutu opponents of the genocide. The UN set up an International Criminal Tribunal in Arusha, Tanzania, and Rwanda has its own courts. In both cases, the process of trying accused genocidaires is long, laborious, and frustrating. Only eight convictions have been handed down in Arusha after five years of work, while in Rwanda only some 3,000 cases have been disposed of. At least 120,000 detainees are in prisons around the country, the vast majority of whom are accused of participation in the genocide. At the present rate it is estimated that it will take anywhere between two and four centuries to try all those in detention. The Rwandese government has developed a new procedure called “gacaca,” lower-level tribunals that attempt to blend traditional and contemporary mechanisms to expedite the justice process in a way that promotes reconciliation. The impact of gacaca remains to be seen, and as a process, it certainly needs an evaluation or, at least, an attempt to evaluate its possible contribution to the perplexing questions of justice, unity and social reconstruction in the aftermath of genocide.
This paper mainly aims to analyse the draft legislation on the gacaca jurisdictions. Further, this essay attempts to examine the impact of criminal trials in the aftermath of mass violence and genocide. Although conventional wisdom holds that criminal trials promote several goals, including uncovering the truth; avoiding collective accountability by individualising guilt; breaking cycle of impunity; deterring future war crimes; providing closure for the victims and fostering democratic institutions, little is known about the role that judicial intervention have in rebuilding societies.
The present essay deals only with criminal trials. By definition, these are focused on the perpetrators of abuses and their allies. Although not examined in the essay, a comprehensive and holistic approach to dealing with a legacy of past atrocities should also include range of victim-focused efforts, such as programs for compensation and rehabilitation, the establishment of memorials, and the organisation of appropriate commemorations.
The main sources of this study are textbooks, articles from journals and official documents of national and international bodies. Since this essay aims at evaluating the gacaca proposals, a great deal of attention is paid to the terms of the draft legislation.
It is certainly premature to make an in-depth assessment of a draft law and the merits and flaws of the legal institution it is designed to set up. Only gradually and over a period of time can the gacaca become effective and credible. Further research aimed at gathering data through interviews, field observations, participant observation, study and analysis of the implementation can also illuminate experience in ways that analysis of published sources do not. A thorough and sound appraisal of this new institution must therefore wait some time. I shall nevertheless attempt in this essay to set out some initial and tentative comments on some of the salient traits of the future gacaca tribunals.
This paper makes a preliminary “human rights impact assessment” of the implementation of the draft law establishing “gacaca jurisdictions”. The potential role of the new institution in rebuilding the Rwandese society is also discussed. Considering the many complex issues which still surround the process of justice in Rwanda six years after the genocide, as well as the continuing challenge to the judicial system in terms of the inadequacy of resources for dealing with such an enormous caseload, recommendations to help the process follow the analysis of the gacaca proposals (Chapter Three).
To end impunity, it is necessary to respond in accordance with human rights law to the genocide and mass killings. Therefore, the starting point for our evaluation of the gacaca proposals will be an analysis of the proposals in human rights law. Does human rights law impose any affirmative duties to punish genocide and other mass killings that occurred in Rwanda? In addition, for the “gacaca jurisdictions” to be effective, they should not be viewed in isolation, as their performance will depend to a large extent on whether other judicial mechanisms and institutions are functioning properly. The relationships between the gacaca jurisdiction and other mechanisms are thus reviewed. In particular, the process of setting up the gacaca jurisdictions should include an evaluation of the genocide trials which have taken place to date both at the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda and in the domestic courts and apply the lessons learnt (Chapter Two). An evaluation of the potential contribution of the use of gacaca courts needs to be put into the broader context of the conflict in Rwanda. Thus, an analysis of the conflict in Rwanda is necessary to grasp the challenges facing the questions of justice and social reconstruction in the aftermath of genocide in Rwanda (Chapter One)." -- Introduction.Prepared under the supervision of Professor Jeremy Sarkin, Faculty of Law, University of the Western Cape
Thesis (LLM (Human Rights and Democratisation in Africa)) -- University of Pretoria, 2000.
http://www.chr.up.ac.za/academic_pro/llm1/dissertations.html
Centre for Human Rights
LLM
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Adjolohoun, Horace Segnonna A. T. "The right to reparation’ as applied under the African Charter by Benin’s Constitutional Court." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/5340.
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The purpose of the study is to determine the extent to which Benin’s Constitutional Court gives effect to the right to reparation under the African Charter and to examine relevant routes for
the Court to discharge its duty fully and accurately. Ultimately, the study envisions suggesting Benin’s Constitutional Court a more genuine approach to the right to reparation with an emphasis on the content and scope of the right to reparation, competent remedial institutions and
determination of the quantum in cases of monetary compensation.Mini Dissertation (LLM)--University of Pretoria, 2007.
http://www.chr.up.ac.za/
Centre for Human Rights
LLM
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Kayitare, Frank. "Respect of the right to a fair trial in indigenous African criminal justice systems : the case of Rwanda and South Africa." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/1087.
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"As already mentioned, gauranteeing the right to a fair trial aims at protecting individuals from unlawful and arbitrary curtailment or deprivation of other basic rights and freedoms. The fundamental importance of the right to a fair trial is illustrated not only by international instruments and the extensive body of interpretation it has generated, but most recently, by a proposal to include it in the non-derogable rights stipulated in article 4(2) of the ICCPR. Standards for a fair trial may stem from binding obligations that are included in human rights treaties to which a state in examination is a party, but they may also be found in documents and practices which, though not binding, can be taken to express the direction in which the law is evolving. One of the problems is that law and human rights have been viewed largely as Western concepts, and are therefore defined and valued by Western criteria. This leads to a number of difficulties. First, there are many non-Western societies in which law and human rights thus defined, is impractical and mechanisms of protecting human rights in non-Western justice systems are not recognised as comparable counterparts to those in Western societies. Secondly, African states have failed to abide by their international fair trial obligations because, probably, these standards are impractical given the realities like poverty, illiteracy and strong cultural beliefs that characterise most African communities. As a result, the law applied by the Western style courts is felt to be so out of touch with the needs of most African communities, and coercion to resort to them amounts to denial of justice. This explains why communities, especially in the rural Africa, resort to indigenous African justice systems irrespective of state recognition or otherwise. Upon realisation that the Western style of justice did not respond to the prevailing post-genocide situation for example, the government of Rwanda re-established traditional courts to help deal with the crime of genocide and foster reconciliation. A Gacaca court is constituted of a panel of lay judges who coordinate a process in which genocide survivors and suspected perpetrators and the latter between themselves confront each other. They, and the community, participate by telling the truth of what happened; who did what during the genocide, and then the judges, based on the evidence given to them, decide on the case. These judges are elected by their respective communities for their integrity, not their learning. However, human rights organisations argue that Gacaca proceedings violate the accused persons's fair trial rights. They question among other things capacity of lay judges who make decisions in these courts, to conduct a fair trial. They also contend that Gacaca does not guarantee the right to be presumed innocent because it requires confessoins and that defendants are denied legal representation. In South Africa, traditional courts (konwn as chiefs' courts) exist. They have played a crucial role in dispensing justice in the indigenous communities and are prototypes of the kind of dispute resolution mechanisms desirable in a modern society. They apply 'people's law', which developed as a result of lack of legitimacy of the Western system of justice among the indigenous South Africans. However, critics see them as conservative and unable to render justice in the modern social, economic and political climate in South Africa today. As a result, Western style court proceedings that are conducted in foreign languages to indigenous communities, and thus have to rely on inaccurate and unreliable interpreters in addition to costs for legal counsels and subjection to very technical and formal procedures, are the only alternative in criminal matters. Briefly, the major problem is to ascertain whether indigenous African criminal justice systems do, or otherwise conform to fair trial standards. If they do not, according to who are they not fair? In other words, is there a universal measure of fairness or does appreciation depend on people's enviornment and their socio-economic backgrounds, in which case, the beneficiaries of indigenous African criminal justice systems should be the ones to appreciate its fairness?" -- Introduction.Thesis (LLM (Human Rights and Democratisation in Africa)) -- University of Pretoria, 2004.
Prepared under the supervision of Prof. Nii Ashie Kotey at the Faculty of Law, University of Ghana
http://www.chr.up.ac.za/academic_pro/llm1/dissertations.html
Centre for Human Rights
LLM
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Kim, Moonkwi. "Essai sur la justice restaurative illustré par les exemples de la France et de la Corée du Sud." Thesis, Montpellier, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015MONTD004/document.
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La justice restaurative est une alternative aux méthodes conventionnelles de voir l’infraction et d’y répondre. Elle est devenue presque partout dans le monde, un sujet essentiel dans la réforme de la justice pénale et a gagné du terrain dans le monde universitaire et dans les pratiques judiciaires. Ainsi, son essor et expansion au niveau international sont remarquables aujourd’hui. Grâce à sa flexibilité conceptuelle, son adaptabilité pratique et ses atouts réels, ce mode de justice mérite d’être pleinement développé au sein des systèmes pénaux français et sud-coréen. La première partie, consacrée aux fondamentaux de la justice restaurative, en témoigne sans pour autant occulter ses limites et risques. Pourtant, comme le démontre la deuxième partie, consacrée aux pratiques en France et en Corée du Sud, l’implantation et le développement de la justice restaurative dans ces deux pays sont freinés par plusieurs obstacles socioculturels et par plusieurs difficultés pratiques. La présente thèse a pour objectif de trouver des moyens de sortir de l’état actuel des deux pays en matière de justice restaurative, marqué par l’imperfection, la réticence et la réserve, de manière que les mesures restauratives existantes puissent retrouver leur essence restaurative et que la justice restaurative puisse s’implanter et se développer avec succès en France et en Corée du SudThe restorative justice is an alternative to the conventional methods to see the crime and to respond it. It has become, almost everywhere in the world, a key issue in the reform of criminal justice and has gained ground in academia and in the judicial practices. Its international growth and expansion are noteworthy today. With its conceptual flexibility, its practical adaptability and its real assets, this mode of justice deserves to be fully developed within the French and South Korean penal systems. The first part of this thesis, devoted to the fundamentals of the restorative justice, demonstrates this without obscuring its limitations and risks. However, as shown in the second part, dedicated to the practices in France and South Korea, the integration and the development of the restorative justice in both countries are constrained by several socio-cultural obstacles and a number of practical difficulties. This thesis aims to move away from the current state of the two countries in the field of restorative justice, marked by imperfection, reticence and reserve, so that the existing restorative measures can regain their restorative essence and that the restorative justice can be applied and developed successfully in France and South Korea
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Von, Bonde Johannes Christian. "Redress for victims of crime in South Africa: a comparison with selected Commonwealth jurisdictions." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/640.
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In terms of the Constitution every person has the right to freedom and security of the person. This includes the right to be free from all forms of violence from either public or private sources. The state is charged with the duty to protect the individual from such harm. While the Constitution refers to the protection of victims of crime in broad and general terms without indicating how these rights should be protected, it makes meticulous and detailed provision for the rights of arrested, detained and accused persons. This leads to the popular belief that the Constitution protects the criminal and not the victim, engendering public dissatisfaction with the status quo, which is amplified by the fact that South Africa’s current legal dispensation for victims of crime does not embody the requirements of ubuntu and African customary law, which the Constitution declares to be binding on South African courts. This study analyses the means that exist in South African law for the victim of crime to obtain redress for criminal acts and proposes effective avenues through which victims can obtain redress, should the existing machinery prove to be inadequate. The term restitution is used to indicate recompense obtained from the perpetrator, while the term compensation refers to recompense obtained from the state. A comparative study is conducted to ascertain how the legal position of victims of crime in South Africa compares with that of victims of crime in Great Britain, India and New Zealand, respectively. South Africa does not have a state-funded victim compensation scheme such as those which exist in most developed countries. The respective proposals of the South African Law Commission for a victim compensation scheme and revised legislation to deal with offender/victim restitution are considered critically, inter alia, in the light of the findings of the comparative study. Proposals are made regarding changes to the South African legal system to bring it in line with international developments regarding restitution and compensation to victims of crime, attention being given to the meaning, significance and implementation of the doctrine of restorative justice when dealing with the aftermath of criminal injury. In addition to a complete revision of South African legislation dealing with offender/victim restitution, this study recommends the consolidation of the Road Accident Fund and the Compensation Fund operating in terms of the Compensation for Occupational Injuries and Diseases Act. These two bodies should be amalgamated to create a unified Compensation Scheme to compensate victims of crime, as well as victims of traffic and industrial injuries. General qualifying criteria for claimants would be drafted, with specific criteria applying in cases of traffic, industrial and crime related injuries, respectively.
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Mulerwa, Olivia Kaguliro. "The hybrid court model and the legitimacy of international criminal justice in Africa." University of Western Cape, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/3916.
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Magister Legum - LLMHybrid Courts are the latest innovation in the prosecution of international crimes after the era of the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR) and the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY). Examples include; the Extraordinary African Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia, the Regulation 64 Panels in the courts of Kosovo and the Special Court for Sierra Leone. The hybrid court model at its inception was believed to be the panacea for the short comings of purely international tribunals. The characteristic location of the tribunals in the locus of the atrocities and the participation of local judicial officers alongside their international counterparts was expected to promote legitimacy and foster capacity building for conflict ravaged transitional states. Despite the criticisms of the model today, a new hybrid court has recently been inaugurated to prosecute Hissène Habré the former President of Chad, for international crimes committed during his presidency. The promulgation of the Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Senegal suggests that the model continues to be useful, especially for Africa. This is of particular significance since international criminal justice has lately come under attack on the continent. The on-going feud between the African Union and the International Criminal court is only the most prolific example of this. This research paper explores the dimensions of the challenges facing the legitimacy of international criminal justice in Africa and the extent to which the hybrid court model can provide a solution for them. In order to do so, the study begins by addressing the meaning of legitimacy within the African context. A general discussion of hybrid tribunals, as well as the specific manifestations of the model in Africa so far, follows. The Special Court for Sierra Leone and the Extraordinary African Chambers in the Courts of Senegal are distinguishable from each other in structure and are thus juxtaposed in order to illuminate possible improvements on the hybrid court model for the future.
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Wibabara, Charity [Verfasser]. "Gacaca Courts versus the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda and National Courts : Lessons to Learn from the Rwandan Justice Approaches to Genocide / Charity Wibabara." Baden-Baden : Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft mbH & Co. KG, 2014. http://d-nb.info/1107610745/34.
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Ingabire, Mackline. "An analysis of the legal regime governing transfer of cases from the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR) to the Rwandan domestic justice system." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/4444.
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The International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR), established by the United Nations Security Council was originally set to wind up its affairs in 2010. However, by Resolution 1901 of the Security Council, ICTR's mandate has been extended to 2012.This will necessitate the transfer of residual cases to national courts for trial after it has closed. Rwanda considers itself a suitable candidate for referral, and hence has supported the ICTR Prosecutor's requests (five requests) for referral to its national courts.
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Obura, Ken Otieno. "Combating corruption while respecting human rights : a critical study of the non-conviction based assets recovery mechanism in Kenya and South Africa." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1013159.
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The thesis contributes to the search for sound anti-corruption laws and practices that are effective and fair. It argues for the respect for human rights in the crafting and implementation of anti-corruption laws as a requisite for successful control of corruption. The basis for this argument is threefold: First, human rights provide a framework for checking against abuse of state’s police power, an abuse which if allowed to take root, would make the fight against corruption lose its legitimacy in the eye of the people. Second, human rights ensure that the interest of individuals is catered for in the crafting of anti-corruption laws and practices thereby denying perpetrators of corruption legal excuses that can be exploited to delay or frustrate corruption cases in the courts of law. Third, human rights provide a useful framework for balancing competing interests in the area of corruption control – it enables society to craft measures that fulfils the public interest in the eradication of corruption while concomitantly assuring the competing public interest in the protection of individual members’ liberties – a condition that is necessary if the support of the holders of these competing interests is to be enlisted and fostered in the fight against corruption. The thesis focuses on the study of the non-conviction based assets recovery mechanism, a mechanism that allows the state to apply a procedure lacking in criminal law safeguards to address criminal behaviour. The mechanism is thus beset with avenues for abuse, which if unchecked could have debilitating effects not only to individual liberties but also to the long term legitimacy of the fight against corruption. In this regard, the thesis examines how the human rights framework has been used in Kenya and South Africa to check on the potential dangers of the non-conviction based mechanism and to provide for a proportional balance between the imperative of corruption control and the guarantee against arbitrary deprivation of property. The aim is to unravel the benefits of respecting human rights in the fight against corruption in general and in the non-conviction based assets recovery in particular. Kenya and South Africa are chosen for study because they provide two models of non-conviction based mechanisms with different levels of safeguards, for comparative consideration.
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White, Charlaine Annette Cecilia. "The promise of restorative justice: An outcomes evaluation of an Orange County Victim Offender Reconciliation Program, with focus on the victim's perspective." CSUSB ScholarWorks, 2000. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd-project/1957.
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Victim-offender reconciliation programs (VORPs), the hallmark of the restorative justice movement, offer an alternative to the retributive approach to crime. These programs seek to bring the victim and offender together for purposes of working out a mediated settlement agreement.
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Ndzengu, Nkululeko Christopher. "The war againts organised crime: a critical assessment of South African asset forfeiture law and its impact on redress for victims of crime." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/905.
Full textAbstract:
This research will be undertaken in the field of both criminal and civil law with particular focus on international interventions in the fight against organized criminal activities, assets forfeitsure in South Africa in general and its treatment of victims of the underlying forfeitsure crimes ("the victims") in assert forfeitsure, more specifically.
23
Fall, Astou. "Le traitement juridictionnel du crime de génocide et des crimes contre l'humanité commis au Rwanda." Thesis, Clermont-Ferrand 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014CLF10451.
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Le génocide des Tutsi du Rwanda est singulier au regard des génocides du XXème siècle. Il l’est par le nombre de ses victimes, par sa rapidité, ses modes d’exécution et surtout par le nombre de ses auteurs. Ce sont plus d’un million de Rwandais (Hutu) qui ont pris part directement aux massacres. La sanction de ces crimes de masse dans une société en quête de reconstruction soulevait d’innombrables difficultés notamment dans l’appréhension d’une criminalité collective en termes de responsabilité individuelle. L’ampleur et le paroxysme atteint dans ce drame a nécessité un traitement spécifique. Trois instances de justice ont été activées de manière concomitante : les juridictions classiques rwandaises (relayées par des juridictions coutumières dites Gacaca), le Tribunal international créé par le Conseil de Sécurité des Nations Unies et enfin les juridictions nationales étrangères en application du principe de la compétence universelle. L’intérêt scientifique de notre démarche réside justement dans l’étude de ce traitement juridictionnel multiniveaux. Deux questions se posent : quelle est la pertinence de ce modèle de justice 20 ans après le drame rwandais ?Quel bilan provisoire peut-on tirer de tous les jugements rendus par ces différentes juridictions ?The Tutsi genocide in Rwanda is singular in consider genocides of the XXth century. It is true by the number of victims, the speed and methods of implementation and, above all the number of the authors. These are more than one million Rwandan (Hutu) who participated directly in the massacres. Punishment of the massive crimes in a society in search of reconstruction, run into problems of group crime and individual responsibility. The scale and the speak of human tragedy needed specific treatment. Rwandan ordinary courts (replace by customary Courts called Gacaca), International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (created by United Nations Security Council) and lastly, national foreign jurisdictions are also begin simultaneously in application of the principle of universal jurisdiction. The interest of our scientific approach lies in the study of multilevel constitutionalism. This raises two obvious questions: What is the relevance of this justice model twenty years after the Rwandan tragedy? What has been the interim review of all the judgments handed down by the different jurisdictions?
24
Bommer, Felix. "Offensive Verletztenrechte im Strafprozess /." Bern : Stämpfli, 2006. http://www.gbv.de/dms/spk/sbb/recht/toc/50379712X.pdf.
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Mahony, Christopher. "International crimes prosecution case selection : the ICC, ICTR, and SCSL." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2013. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:a390aead-46cb-42bb-baa7-431540692d9d.
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International crimes prosecutions have become more common since 1993, both domestically and at international courts and tribunals. The advance of this norm confronts realist state interests causing debate about the norm's status. Kathryn Sikkink views a norm as cascading when enough states adopt it to cause international influence, without domestic pressure, to procure levels of conformity. This thesis considers the degree of conformity by observing the level of case selection independence to determine whether this norm is cascading. By identifying the jurisdictional and functional elements of case selection independence, I develop a framework for observing the interface between politics and law. While Sikkink errs towards the quantity of international crimes prosecutions, I focus on the quality. This project examines case selection independence at the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda, the Special Court for Sierra Leone and the International Criminal Court, in Uganda. The project considers whether case selection has become more or less independent at these courts - whether the norm of international crimes prosecution has cascaded or contracted. In observing the various case selection independence elements I attempt to explain the observed cascades and contractions at each court. I then consider whether a cascade or contraction occurred during the period of the courts' collective design and function. The research qualitatively observes a cumulative justice contraction. The research observes a combination of factors affecting case selection independence, including shifts in power dynamics between and among weak and powerful states, increasing state sophistication in international court engagement, a shift in jurisdiction triggering actors and forums, and realist state co-option of norm entrepreneurs via endearing explanation of independence-diminishing policies.
26
McCormick, Cameron Anthony. "Get mad, stay mad : exploring stakeholder mobilization in the instance of corporate fraud and Ponzi schemes." Thesis, Lethbridge, Alta. : University of Lethbridge, Faculty of Management, c2011, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10133/3248.
Full textAbstract:
Using a multi-case study, three Ponzi schemes were investigated: Road2Gold, Bernie
Madoff’s empire, and the Earl Jones affair. This grounded study used an inductive
bottom-up methodology to observe and describe stakeholder mobilization in reaction to
corporate fraud. This research on stakeholder behaviour in Ponzi schemes articulates
new theory for describing stakeholder behaviour and possible determinants for successful
mobilization to action. The data presented here point to a useful distinction in the
stakeholders in a corporate fraud: reluctant and engaged stakeholders. Reluctant
stakeholders seek only interest-based ends, whereas engaged stakeholders have additional
identity and ideological goals shared by a mobilized group.viii, 85 leaves : ill. ; 29 cm
27
Abou, assi Sabbagh Nathalie. "La réparation en droit pénal - Etude comparative." Thesis, Lyon, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LYSE3047.
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La notion de réparation est de plus en plus présente en droit pénal. Indépendamment de la réparation au sens civil du terme, la réparation évolue au cœur de mesures alternatives, communément appelées « troisième voie », et constitue parfois l’essence de certaines peines. La question de la place de la réparation en droit pénal est ainsi soulevée : la réparation est-elle une alternative à la justice pénale ou une composante de la justice pénale ? L’étude comparative des droits français, anglais et libanais apporte un éclairage intéressant à la question. Elle permettra d’analyser les différentes approches en matière de réparation et d’enrichir la réflexion sur la place de la réparation en droit pénal. Ainsi, dans une première partie, l’étude des manifestations de la réparation comme alternative à la justice pénale fait apparaître la réparation comme nouveau mode de réponse pénale. Dans une seconde partie, envisager la réparation comme une composante de la justice pénale permet de révéler des caractères propres à la réparation qui en font une notion autonome qui mérite d’être définie. La réparation pénale redéfinit ainsi aujourd’hui les contours de la justice pénaleThe concept of reparation is becoming more common in criminal law. In fact, reparation is evolving, independently of the civil aspect of the notion, at the heart of alternative measures, commonly known as a “third way”, and in the essence of some sentences. This brings us to questioning the place of the notion of reparation in criminal law: is reparation an alternative to criminal justice or a component of criminal justice? The comparative study of French law, English law and Lebanese law will shed the light on some interesting aspects of the question. It will open the possibility to analyze the different approaches in terms of reparation and to enrich the study of the reparation’s position in criminal law. In a first part, the study of the reparation’s expressions in criminal law will reveal the concept of reparation as a new response to offences. In a second part, the idea of considering reparation as a component of criminal justice will reveal the notion’s special characteristics that make reparation an autonomous concept that needs to be defined. Nowadays, reparation in criminal law redefines the outlines of criminal justice
28
Matignon, Emilie. "La justice en transition. Le cas du Burundi." Thesis, Pau, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PAUU2015.
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En réponse aux cycles de violences de masse et à la guerre civile qui ont jalonné son histoire douloureuse, le Burundi s’est engagé dans un processus de justice transitionnelle, officiellement depuis la signature des Accords de paix d’Arusha en 2000. Malgré la mobilisation des énergies internationales et l’omniprésence de la problématique au sein du débat public depuis douze ans, seules des consultations nationales destinées à recueillir l’avis de la population burundaise sur le sujet ont été organisées en 2009. Á l’aube de la mise en place d’une Commission Nationale de Vérité et de Réconciliation, à laquelle devrait être associé un tribunal spécial, le constat de la nature globale de la justice transitionnelle s’impose. Cette globalité s’exprime à travers le recours à des instruments à la fois judiciaires et extra-judiciaires mais également à des outils ayant vocation à s’appliquer de façon immédiate (ou conjoncturelle) et durable (ou structurelle). D’une part, dans une perspective normative et légaliste, le processus global de justice transitionnelle semble être cause d’inerties et de blocages comme peut a priori l’illustrer le cas du Burundi. D’autre part, à la lumière d’une approche systémique et inclusive, la globalité est au contraire source d’évolutions et d’émulations qui stimulent la créativité de la justice transitionnelle comme le démontre également le Burundi. Cette justice elle-même en transition est en réalité une justice réconciliatrice porteuse de doutes mais aussi d’espoirs. Elle est une justice complexe qui s’invente chaque jour, qui ne peut être efficace et efficiente qu’à condition d’être adaptée, légitime et appropriée par ceux à qui elle est destinée. Elle implique que soient trouvées des réponses satisfaisantes aux souffrances et aux besoins indissociables des victimes et des auteurs des violences de masse d’hier et des injustices sociales d’aujourd’hui. Elle a aussi pour ambition de prévenir la commission des crimes du futur en participant au renforcement de l’État de droit et, de façon plus globale, de rompre avec l’histoire de violences symboliques et actives subies et perpétrées au BurundiAs an answer to cycles of mass violence in Burundi, a transitional justice process has been opened. The Burundian case study presents some particularities among this kind of process. Whereas the Arusha peace and reconciliation agreement for Burundi in 2000 decided setting up two transitional justice instruments, a special court and a Truth Reconciliation Commission, the transitional justice process has not begun yet. Only National Consultations were organized in 2009. The negotiations and the mediation occurred during the ongoing war. There were no winners and no losers but just armed men who decided to discuss in order to conquer the power and then to keep it. That may explain why negotiations were so longer and staggered. A sort of consociativisme system was set up in Burundi as the model organization of power-sharing. Inside the politic game of power-sharing the peace-justice dilemma appears through instrumentalization of retributive justice which is assimilated to justice and the truth and pardon which claim referring to peace. Another particularity is found regarding numerous judicial and legal reforms relatively to children rights, lands conflict, electoral law or Criminal Code. On the eve of the implementation of the Truth Reconciliation Commission, the global nature of the transitional justice process is obvious. The Burundian context appears as an illustration of the extensive meaning of transitional justice which represents a justice in transition. The global nature of the matter is emerging through its temporal and disciplinary versatility. On one hand, transitional justice seems to be past justice, currently justice and future justice at the same time and on the other hand it may take several forms out of the official one, initially predicted. In a legalist and normative view, global nature of justice in transition might cause deadlock regarding the case of Burundi. In a systemic and multidisciplinary perspective, global nature of justice in transition reveals change capacities according to the case of Burundi. What really matter in such transitional justice process is relieving victims and perpetrators’sufferings which are undeniably linked and bringing answers to each protagonist of the crime as to the society with the permanent and ambitious aim of reconciliation
29
Ngari, Allan Rutambo. "State cooperation within the context of the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court : a critical reflection." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/80212.
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Thesis (LLM)--Stellenbosch University, 2013.Bibliography
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This thesis is a reflection of the provisions of the Rome Statute in relation to the most fundamental condition for the effective functioning of the Court – the cooperation of states. It broadly examines the challenges experienced by the Court with respect to application of Part IX such as whether non-State Parties to the Rome Statute can, notwithstanding their right not to be party, be compelled to cooperate with the Court owing to the customary international law obligation for all States to repress, find and punish persons alleged to have committed the crimes within the jurisdiction of the Court (war crimes, crimes against humanity, and genocide). This is particularly challenging where such persons are nationals of non-States Parties. The various meanings of international cooperation in criminal matters is discussed with reference to and distinguished from the cooperation regime of the International Criminal Tribunals for Rwanda and the former Yugoslavia. For States Parties to the Rome Statute, the thesis evaluates the measure of their inability or unwillingness to genuinely prosecute persons alleged to have committed crimes within the jurisdiction of the Court within the context of the principle of complementarity. It seeks to address, where such inability or unwillingness has been determined by the Court, how effective the cooperation between the States Parties and the Court could best serve the interests of justice. The thesis answers the question on what extent the principle of complementarity influences the cooperation of States with the Court, whether or not these States are party to the Rome Statute. The concept of positive complementarity that establishes a measure of cooperation between the Court and the national criminal jurisdictions is further explored in the context of the Court’s capacity to strengthen local ownership of the enforcement of international criminal justice. A nuanced discussion on the practice of the Court with respect to the right of persons before the Court is developed. The rights of an accused in different phases of Court proceedings and the rights of victims and affected communities of crimes within the Court’s jurisdiction are considered at length and in the light of recently-established principles regulating the Court’s treatment of these individuals. These persons are key interlocutors in the international criminal justice system and have shifted the traditional focus of international law predominantly from states to individuals and bring about a different kind of relationship between States as a collective and their treatment of these individuals arising from obligations to the Rome Statute. Finally the thesis interrogates the enforcement mechanisms under the Rome Statute. Unlike States, the Court does not have an enforcement entity such as a Police Force that would arrest persons accused of committing crimes within its jurisdiction, conduct searches and seizures or compel witnesses to appear before the Court. Yet, the Court must critically assess its practice of enforcing sentences that it imposes on convicted persons and in its contribution to restorative justice, the enforcement of reparations orders in collaboration with other Rome Statute entities such as the Trust Fund for Victims.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie tesis is 'n weerspieëling van die bepalings van die Statuut van Rome in verhouding tot die mees fundamentele voorwaarde vir die effektiewe funksionering van die Hof - die samewerking van State. Dit ondersoek breedweg die uitdagings wat deur die Hof ervaar word met betrekking tot die toepassing van Deel IX soos byvoorbeeld of State wat nie partye is tot die Statuut van Rome, nieteenstaande hul reg om nie deel te wees nie, verplig kan word om saam te werk met die Hof weens die internasionale gewoontereg verpligting om alle persone wat na bewering misdade gepleeg het binne die jurisdiksie van die Hof (oorlogsmisdade, misdade teen die mensdom en volksmoord) te verhinder, vind en straf. Dit is veral uitdagend waar sodanige persone burgers is van State wat nie partye is nie. Die verskillende betekenisse van die internasionale samewerking in kriminele sake word bespreek met verwysing na, en onderskei van, die samewerkende stelsel van die Internasionale Kriminele Tribunale vir Rwanda en die voormalige Joego-Slawië. Vir State wat partye is tot die Statuut van Rome, evalueer die tesis - in die konteks van die beginsel van komplementariteit - die mate van hul onvermoë, of ongewilligheid om werklik persone te vervolg wat na bewering misdade gepleeg het binne die jurisdiksie van die Hof. Dit poog om aan te spreek, waar so 'n onvermoë of ongewilligheid bepaal is deur die Hof, hoe effektiewe samewerking tussen State wat partye is en die Hof, die belange van geregtigheid die beste kan dien. Die tesis beantwoord die vraag op watter mate die beginsel van komplementariteit die samewerking van die State met die Hof beïnvloed, ongeag of hierdie State partye is tot die Statuut van Rome. Die konsep van positiewe komplementariteit wat samewerking vestig tussen die Hof en die nasionale jurisdiksies aangaande kriminele sake word verder ondersoek in die konteks van die Hof se vermoë om plaaslike eienaarskap in die handhawing van die internasionale kriminele regstelsel te versterk. 'n Genuanseerde bespreking op die praktyk van die Hof met betrekking tot die reg van persone voor die Hof word ontwikkel. Die regte van 'n beskuldigde in die verskillende fases van die hof verrigtinge en die regte van slagoffers en geaffekteerde gemeenskappe van misdade binne die hof se jurisdiksie word in diepte bespreek in die lig van die onlangs gevestigde beginsels wat die Hof se behandeling van hierdie individue reguleer. Hierdie persone is sleutel gespreksgenote in die internasionale kriminele regstelsel en het die tradisionele fokus verskuif van die internasionale reg van State na individue, en bring oor 'n ander soort verhouding tussen State as 'n kollektiewe en hulle behandeling van hierdie individue as gevolg van hul verpligtinge aan die Statuut van Rome. Ten slotte bevraagteken die tesis die handhawings meganismes onder die Statuut van Rome. In teenstelling met State, het die Hof nie 'n handhawing entiteit soos 'n Polisiemag wat persone kon arresteer wat beskuldig word van misdade binne sy jurisdiksie, deursoek en beslagleggings uitvoer of persone dwing om as getuies te verskyn voor die Hof nie. Tog, moet die Hof sy praktyk van uitvoering van vonnisse wat dit oplê op veroordeelde persone en in sy bydrae tot herstellende geregtigheid die handhawing van herstelling in samewerking met ander Statuut van Rome entiteite soos die Trust Fonds vir Slagoffers krities assesseer.
30
Kimball, Marilynn Jean. "Major crime victim's perceptions of the San Bernardino County District Attorney's Office." CSUSB ScholarWorks, 2004. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd-project/2532.
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The purpose of this study was to gain a better understanding of perceptions crime victims have of the San Bernardino County District Attorney's Office. This project focused on crime victims' perceptions of communication channels and service delivery at the San Bernardino County District Attorney's Office. This research is based on a victim survey used for primary data collection.
31
Stone, Karin Jewel. "An Evaluation of Recidivism Rates for Resolutions Northwest's Victim-Offender Mediation Program." PDXScholar, 2000. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/2291.
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Victim-offender mediation, a component of restorative justice, has been a valuable tool for rehabilitating juvenile offenders since the late 1970s. Victim offender mediation brings crime victims and offenders together to reach agreements for restitution and community healing. Resolutions Northwest, a non-profit organization in Multnomah County, offers a victim-offender mediation program to juvenile offenders and their victims.
The purpose of this study was to analyze the recidivism rates for juvenile offenders who went through Resolutions Northwest's victim-offender mediation program as opposed to offenders who went through the traditional justice system. It was hypothesized that the participants in this program would have lower recidivism rates than the juvenile offenders who were not given this restorative justice option.
Records on juvenile offenders who successfully completed the victim-offender mediation program were collected from Resolutions Northwest. These records were then compared to a secondary data set. This secondary data was from the Tri-County Juvenile Information System database, supplied by the Multnomah County Department of Adult and Community Justice to Professor William Feyerherm as part of the Casey Foundation supported Juvenile Detention Alternative Initiative.
It was found that 41.6% of the Juvenile Detention Alternative Initiative group reoffended within one year of their original arrest. In comparison, only 20.3% of the Resolutions Northwest group reoffended within a year of their victim-offender mediation program completion. It was also investigated as to whether the juveniles in both groups reoffended a second, third or even fourth time within a one year period. The explorations into second, third and fourth reoffenses yielded similar results in that the juveniles from Resolutions Northwest had significantly lower recidivism rates than those from the Juvenile Detention Alternative Initiative group.
32
Filippi, Jessica. "Droit pénal des mineurs et justice restaurative. Approche comparée franco-belge." Thesis, Pau, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PAUU2004.
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La présente recherche porte sur les rapports entre droit pénal des mineurs et justice restaurative dans le cadre d’une approche comparative entre la France et la Belgique. Au-delà de la révélation de similitudes et de différences entre les deux pays dans ces domaines, la recherche aborde également les difficultés présentées par la France et la Belgique dans l’acceptation de la justice restaurative en droit pénal des mineurs et de son développement au sein des institutions judiciaires. Par l’étude des raisons qui ont conduit la France à manquer le tournant restauratif et de celles ayant permis, en Belgique, l’implantation de la justice restaurative dans le droit pénal des mineurs, des points d’ancrage sont relevés de nature à permettre son épanouissement dans l’ordonnance du 2 février 1945. Une expérimentation dans un service éducatif de réparation pénale a été menée avec le souci de prendre en compte des problématiques intéressant le service lui-même (logiques actuarielles, prudentielles, financières, idéologies professionnelles, craintes diverses). L’analyse des pratiques souligne que les services de réparation pénale, inscrits dans une rationalité managériale du traitement du phénomène criminel juvénile, sont limités dans la mise en œuvre des démarches de justice restaurative. Il s’avère également que quelques prises en compte du mineur et des modalités de l’exécution de la mesure envisagée par les éducateurs facilitent (approche psycho-criminologique du passage à l’acte inscrit dans une dimension psycho-socio-éducative de la réparation) ou bien inhibent (approche criminologique de l’acte inscrit dans une dimension rétributive de la réparation) des programmes de justice restaurative. Pour autant, quand bien même la pratique facilite une telle expérimentation, lorsque les éducateurs disposent de mission de « réparation-directe » notamment, des obstacles d’ordre idéologique s’observent au niveau de l’accueil, du démarchage et de la participation de la victime. Il demeure cependant essentiel de souligner que, par la présentation des principes et des promesses de la Justice restaurative aux éducateurs rencontrés, les écueils identifiés tombent, principalement quant à la présence de la victime lors de la mise en œuvre de la réparation pénale directe. Une telle évolution des postures professionnelles augure d’une intégration harmonieuse prochaine des démarches de justice restaurative en droit pénal des mineursThis research focuses on the juvenile criminal law and restorative justice in a comparative approach between France and Belgium. Beyond revealing the similarities and differences of these countries in these fields, the research also carters to the difficulties encountered by France and Belgium in the acceptance of restorative justice in juvenile criminal law and its development in the judicial institutions. By studying the reasons that led France to miss the “turning” of restorative justice and those enabled, in Belgium enabled, the implementation of restorative justice in the criminal law for minors, anchor points have been identified for its development in the order of 2 February 1945. Subsequently, an experiment in youth justice service on the reparation measures was led considering difficulties which concern the service itself (actuarial logic, supervisory, financial, professional ideologies and fears). Our analysis of practices in the youth justice services on the reparation measures, reveals that the experimentation of restorative justice is limited by a managerial rationality treatment of juvenile criminal phenomenon. Also, some of the minor approaches and their implementation in the measure facilitate (psycho-criminological approach to acting out part and a psycho-socio-educational dimension in reparation) or inhibit (criminological approach to act itself and a retributive dimension in reparation) restorative justice programs. However, even if the practice facilitates experimentation and that educators apply “direct reparation”, ideological barriers remain in dealing with victims. However, it remains essential to underline that, thanks to the presentation of the principles and promises of restorative justice educators met, the identified pitfalls fall, mainly with the presence of the victim during the implementation of “direct reparation”. Such a development professional postures omen a harmonious integration of next restorative justice approaches in juvenile criminal law
33
Nguyen, Déborah. "Le statut des victimes dans la pratique des Juridictions Pénales Internationales." Thesis, Lyon 3, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LYO30046/document.
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La reconnaissance du droit de participation et du droit à réparation des victimes est l’évolution la plus remarquable des dernières décennies dans le domaine des droits nationaux et dans le cadre de la justice pénale internationale. Les Juridictions Pénales Internationales construisent le statut des victimes. Confrontés à des concepts innovants, les juges doivent créer des précédents et organiser les modalités des droits des victimes. Ils doivent allier la coordination de la représentation légale de milliers de victimes avec les impératifs de la justice. Au vu des premières décisions, la place des victimes est acquise puisque les juges ont accepté leur participation. Cependant, leur interprétation des règles apporte de sérieuses restrictions aux droits des victimes dans la pratique. La participation des victimes n’est pas pleinement effective et leur réparation se révèle exceptionnelle. Ainsi, l’intérêt de l’étude de la jurisprudence réside dans la détermination du statut réel des victimes au sein des procès internationaux et l’importance des droits appliqués. Des évolutions positives sont possibles en faveur de la reconnaissance du statut de parties au procès et de l’effectivité des droits des victimesThe recognition of the right to participate and the right to reparation to the victimes is the most remarkable evolution of these last decades in the national laws and in the International Criminal Justice. The International Criminal Jurisdictions built the victims’ status. Confronted to innovative concepts, the judges have to create precedents and organise the modalities of the victim’s rights. They have to combine the coordination of the legal representation of thousands of victims with the necessity of justice. In view of the first decisions, the place of the victimes is established since the judges grant them the right to participate. However, their interpretation of the rules brings serious limitations to the rights of the victims in the practice. The victims’ participation is not fully applied and their reparation turns out to be exceptionnal. So, the interest of the jurisprudence study resides in the determination of the real status of the victims in the international trial and the importance of the granted rights. Positive evolutions can be made in favor of the recognition of the status of parties in the trial and the effectiveness of the rigths of the victims
34
Guematcha, Emmanuel. "Les commissions vérité et les violations droits de l’homme et du droit international humanitaire." Thesis, Paris 10, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA100202.
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Après la commission de violations des droits de l’homme et du droit international humanitaire et dans le cadre parfois d’une transition ou d’une situation post conflictuelle difficile, les Commissions vérité ont été de plus en plus créées au sein des Etats. Parce qu’elles sont destinées à l’examen de violations de règles établies en droit international, se pose la question de leur rapport avec ce droit. Par leurs spécificités formelles et la flexibilité de leurs règles, leur utilisation du droit international et leur prise en compte des victimes, elles constituent un cadre particulièrement novateur dédié à l’examen des violations des droits de l’homme et du droit international humanitaire. Cependant, instances non judiciaires et eu égard aux évolutions du droit international, elles conduisent à s’interroger sur la responsabilité pour ces violations et des obligations internationales de l’Etat à cet égard, et à exiger la mise en œuvre de la responsabilité pénale pour la commission des violations les plus graves qu’elles ont constatéesIn time of transition or in post conflict situations, many truth Commissions have been increasingly created within many States to deal with a past caracterised by many human rights and international humanitarian law violations. Because they are dedicated to investigate violations of established rules of international law, the question emerge on their relationships with international law. Their formal characteristics and their flexibility, their use of international law and the focus and attention they give to the victims of these violations, make them appear to be an innovative mean allowing specific review of violations of human rights and international humanitarian law. However, because there are non-judicial bodies and taking into consideration the developments of international law, they raise questions about responsibility for these violations and international obligations of the State in this regard, and lead to the requirement of prosecution and the implementation of criminal liability for the serious violations they reported
35
Van't, Westeinde Jobine. "Restorative principles in the criminal justice system: alternatives for satisfying justice?" Thesis, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/8344.
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The subject of this thesis is criminal justice policy. It focusses on diversion, that is,
alternatives to the court system. I argue that the current criminal justice system, which
is rooted in retributive principles, has shortfalls which are of such a degree that it
makes sense to consider alternatives. A new movement in criminal justice policy,
restorative justice, reflects a theory that may provide a framework for new programs.
Restorative justice is based on principles that are fundamentally different from
retributive ideology and the translation of these ideas results in dramatically different
programs.
In my thesis I delineate the differences between restorative and retributive principles.
The retributive system leads to dissatisfaction among the stakeholders in the criminal
process. The purpose of the thesis is to investigate whether implementation of
restorative justice principles could lead to more satisfaction and a higher quality of
justice. The restorative justice theory has a strong rhetoric, as will be made clear. The
implementation of restorative programs, however, does not develop quickly. There are
several reasons for the slowness, including the reluctance of criminal justice officials to
give new initiatives a chance to develop and to co-operate in their development.
I describe three restorative programs that divert criminal cases from the court system,
they are: mediation, dading, and family group conferences. On the basis of these
programs I make clear which are the strengths and the possible weaknesses of restorative justice. The comparison of different programs from different countries,
provides a useful insight in the dynamics of restorative justice in practice. International
research and comparison will lead to understanding in how to design a suitable and
valuable process. My conclusion is that a truly restorative system is neither a realistic,
nor a wished situation. For a variety of cases, though, restorative programs provide a
better locus for resolving the problems involved in crime, than the court process does.
I therefore advise that the development of restorative programs must go on.
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Wibabara, Charity. "Gacaca courts versus the international criminal tribunal for Rwanda and national courts: lessons to learn from the Rwandan justice approaches to genocide." 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/3821.
Full textAbstract:
Doctor Legum - LLDThe 20th century witnessed several wars and genocides worldwide. Notable examples include the Armenian and Jews genocides which took place during World War I and World War II respectively. The Rwandan genocide of 1994 is a more recent example where a large number of the population was affected, either as victims or perpetrators. Over 800,000 Tutsis were dead, and more than 120,000 suspects were in prison for the genocide. The present study focuses on the Rwandan genocide against Tutsi where the scale of the crimes simultaneously dictated the overwhelming need for justice at both international and national level. At the international level, the ICTR was set up by the United Nations to deal with the organisers of the genocide while the Rwandan national courts were left to deal with the remaining suspects. Yet it became increasingly clear that the national courts lacked themselves the capacity to deal with the vast majority of alleged perpetrators. If their impact was to be enhanced, they needed to rely on the support of alternative justice mechanisms. So Rwanda introduced a modern version of the traditional Gacaca courts as an attempt to deal with the huge backlog of cases in order to combat the culture of impunity. However, having different courts for one and the same situation has had its own limitations. One of these issues is the legal and practical disparities that exist between the ad hoc International Tribunal and national justice mechanisms in the process of prosecuting perpetrators, such as the unequal treatment of the accused. This study therefore attempts to show these discrepancies and their impact on the process of accountability and reconciliation. Thus, the study analyses the relationship between the ICTR, national courts and Gacaca in prosecution of genocide suspects as well as lessons from the adopted ‘multifaceted approaches’ to deal with the crime of genocide.
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Mustafa, Isabela Albuquerque. "A reponderação da importância da vítima pela justiça penal (e a reparação do seu dano)." Master's thesis, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10316/84275.
Full textAbstract:
Dissertação de Mestrado em Direito apresentada à Faculdade de DireitoAo se compreender a evolução do sistema penal, é possível distinguir o papel desempenhado pela vítima numa análise geral da história e reconhecer sua atual importância no conflito. A revalorização da posição da vítima no discurso penal e a indiscutível crise da pena privativa de liberdade, diante do fracasso das finalidades preventivas e ressocializadoras, encobrem os discursos político-criminais contemporâneos e conduzem o desenvolvimento teórico da reparação, vista não somente através da indenização do dano sofrido, já que se encontra albergada pelo direito civil. Todavia, tem-se consciência das dificuldades encontradas para se complementar o modelo atual que se baseia nos direitos fundamentais do autor do crime e nas expectativas da sociedade, numa proposta que conserve as funções primordiais da pena, bem como aponte a possibilidade de atenuá-la ou excluí-la sempre que se possa lograr de atos reparatórios. O foco principal do trabalho é apurar as necessidades das vítimas, especialmente no interesse à reparação, o que implica saber que passos já foram dados e que resultados daí advieram ao percorrer os aspectos essenciais do Direito Penal e Processual Penal do ordenamento jurídico português, sem avançar em legislações secundárias, bem como, ao final, entender os limites da reação dada ao crime. A investigação responde ainda aos anseios que em torno da proteção do bem jurídico e das finalidades da pena como função do direito penal envolvidos na questão da fundamentação da reparação, admitindo que, em certos casos, a vítima faça parte na solução do conflito penal, sem que para isso se crie um novo paradigma de justiça.
By understanding the evolution of the criminal system, it is possible to distinguish the function developed by the victim in a general analysis of history and to recognize its current importance in the conflict. The revaluation of the victim's position in the penal discourse and the indisputable crisis of custodial sentence, faced with the failure of preventive and resocializing purposes, cover up contemporary political-criminal discourses and lead to the theoretical development of reparation, not only through compensation for the damage suffered, since it is accordance with civil law. However, difficulties are found to complement the current model which is based on the fundamental rights of the offender and the expectations of society, in a proposal that retains the primary functions of the sentence and indicates the possibility of mitigating or excluding it whenever reparatory acts can be achieved. The main objective of the work is to assess the needs of the victims, especially in the interests of reparation, which implies knowing what steps have already been taken and what results have been obtained through the reviewing the essential aspects of Criminal Law and Criminal Procedure in the portuguese legal system, so that it does not progress in secondary legislations, as well as, in the end, understand the limits of the reaction given to crime. The investigation still responds to the expectations that cover the protection of the legal good and the purposes of the sentence as a function of criminal law involved in the issue of the basis of reparation, assuming that in certain cases the victim participates in the resolution of the criminal conflict, without creating a new paradigm of justice.
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Siang'andu, Twaambo Ellah Mapenzi. "The methodology by which transitional justice strategies ought to be incorporated into the International Criminal Court framework." Thesis, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/21168.
Full textAbstract:
This research seeks to establish a methodology by which transitional justice strategies ought to be incorporated within the International Criminal Court (ICC) framework. The study is based on the situation in Uganda as an example of the state that has a situation and cases before the ICC. The aim of the thesis was achieved through the adoption of a combination of theoretical legal research and the non -doctrinal approaches.
This research establishes that the primary responsibility to prosecute persons suspected of violating international law lies with the states. The importance of the concept of individual criminal responsibility, the idea that every person suspected of committing the most serious offences must be held accountable regardless of status. The principle of individual criminal responsibility is further developed with the creation of the ICC.
This research clarifies that there are limitations in terms of what prosecutions can achieve during transitional periods; further, that trials in the ICC and national courts can be undertaken together with proceedings of the Truth and Reconciliation Commissions or indigenous mechasims. Such an approach will allow for confines of prosecutions to be addressed.
Despite the existence of principles and institutional framework that are intended to ensure individuals are held accountable for the most serious offences of international concern, the majority of individuals are not held accountable. In order for the ICC to operate effectively it would need to seek to go beyond deterrence and retribution. This would require post – conflict states to devise transitional arrangements that compel with the ICC structure.
Thus the research recommends that it would be better for judicial and non- judicial measures to be adopted in states that have cases before the ICC. Particularly Uganda must adopt the mato oput method formally as a tool to address the past human rights abuses in Uganda. All persons regardless of whether they have been granted amnesty or not must be held accountable under the mato oput measures. This implies all persons with exception to those that the ICC has issued the warrants of arrest against.Public, Constitutional and International Law
LL. D.
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Plaatjies, Minette Feona. "A model for implementation of restorative justice in the South African correctional system." Thesis, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/1487.
Full textAbstract:
This report is the culmination of literature study and semi-structured interviews which assisted in developing a Model for Implementation of Restorative Justice in the South African Correctional System. The study explores the use of Restorative Justice as part of rehabilitation in a prison setting.
Literature focuses mainly on Restorative Justice as part of diversion, in cases of first offenders and less serious offences. Restorative Justice with sentenced offenders has been gaining momentum, though. Diversity in terms of language, cultural and religious practice as well as social background, should be considered as it affects the decision to enter into a Restorative Justice process. Restorative Justice with sentenced offenders is challenging and in the main a largely unsupported field. The study draws on experience from other countries, while at the same time advocate for uniquely South African practice.
The involvement of the most important role players, namely victim, offender and the community is emphasized. Attitude and insufficient training seem to be some of the challenges for the implementation of Restorative Justice. Successes are reported in the few sites where Restorative Justice is implemented in the Correctional System, but a change of mindset, of being open to possibilities other than lock-up and punish in the entire Criminal Justice System is needed. Restorative Justice in the Correctional System seems to have been approached as yet another new programme, and not as a paradigm shift for the entire Criminal Justice System. Dealing with conflict in a restorative way should be at the front end of the chain, with young children whose behaviour can be directed, as changing behaviour of adults proves to be difficult.
Repentance and forgiveness in different cultures and spiritual backgrounds are some of the issues that are grappled with, although forgiveness is nowhere indicated as a requirement for a successful Restorative Justice process. Voluntary participation is required from victims and offenders with support from communities. It remains a deeply spiritual and individual journey for those who choose to turn away from anger, fear and hatred, and start the process of personal healing and restoration. Restorative Justice with sentenced offenders can assist in dealing with the aftermath of crime.Penology
D. Litt. et Phil. (Penology)
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Raymond, Émilie. "Justice pour les crimes contre l’humanité et génocides : point de vue et attentes des victimes." Thèse, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/4752.
Full textAbstract:
Les violations aux droits humains causent des milliers de victimes chaque année, des mécanismes de justice sont élaborés afin de répondre à ces crimes, mais les victimes demeurent peu consultées. Par le biais d’entretiens semi-directifs, cette étude présente le point de vue et les attentes des victimes de crimes contre l’humanité du Cambodge et du Rwanda sur la justice. La justice sociale constitue le cadre théorique de cette étude. Les résultats montrent que la justice pénale est centrale à la définition de la justice. La réparation et la vérité en constituent aussi les éléments essentiels. Toutefois, la capacité des tribunaux à rendre compte de la vérité est critiquée par les répondants créant un écart entre ce qu’elles veulent et ce qu’elles obtiennent. La qualité de la prise de décision et du traitement interpersonnel favorise aussi la perception de justice du point de vue des victimes. Les différentes composantes de la justice perçues, comme la punition, la réparation et la procédure, varient toutefois en fonction du contexte social et historique de la victimisation.Human rights violations cause thousands of victims every year. Justice mechanisms, such as the International Criminal Court, have been developed to respond to these crimes, but victims remain under consulted. In this study, semi-structured interviews were conducted with Rwandan and Cambodian victims of crimes against humanity. Using social justice theories as a theoretical framework, this study examines victims’ perceptions of justice. The results show that while criminal justice is central in victims’ definition of justice, reparation and truth also are essential components. However, the criminal court’s ability to achieve truth is criticized by respondents creating a gap between the truth that they seek and the truth that they obtain. The quality of decision-making as well as how victims are treated also contribute to victims’ perception of justice. However, victims’ justice objectives vary according to the social and historic context.
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Benyera, Everisto. "Debating the efficacy transitional justice mechanisms : the case of national healing in Zimbabwe." Thesis, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/15410.
Full textAbstract:
D. Litt. et Phil. (African Politics)This study is an exploration of transitional justice mechanisms available to post conflict communities. It is a context sensitive and sustained interrogation of the effectiveness of endogenous transitional justice mechanisms in post-colonial Zimbabwe. The study utilised Ruti Teitel’s (1997: 2009-2080) realist/idealist theory as its theoretical framework. Using the case of Africa in general and Zimbabwe in particular, it analyses the application of imported idealist transitional justice mechanisms, mainly International Criminal Court (ICC) trials. It also debates the efficacy of realist transitional justice mechanisms, mainly the South African model of a Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC).The study explores the application of what it terms broad realist transitional justice mechanisms used mostly in rural areas of Zimbabwe to achieve peace building and reconciliation. These modes of everyday healing and reconciliation include the traditional institutions of ngozi (avenging spirit), botso (self-shaming), chenura (cleansing ceremonies), nhimbe (community working groups) and nyaradzo (memorials). The key finding of this exploration is that local realist transitional justice mechanisms are more efficacious in fostering peace building and reconciliation than imported idealist mechanisms such as the ICC trials and imported realist mechanisms such as the TRC. More value can be realised when imported realist mechanisms and local realist transitional justice mechanisms complement each other. The study contributes to the literature on transitional justice in general and bottom-up, victim-centred reconciliation in particular. It offers a different approach to the study of transitional justice in post conflict Zimbabwe by recasting the debate away from the liberal peace paradigm which critiques state centric top-down approaches such as trials, clemencies, amnesties and institutional reform. The study considers the agency of ‘ordinary’ people in resolving the after effects of politically motivated harm. It also lays the foundation for further research into other traditional transitional justice mechanisms used for peace building and reconciliation elsewhere in Africa
Political Sciences
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Apotheloz, Caroline. "La dérive des travaux communautaires/bénévoles au Québec : échec d’une alternative... ou alternative à un échec." Thèse, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/9744.
Full textAbstract:
Les travaux communautaires sont de manière générale un travail exécuté sans rémunération par un contrevenant pour le compte de la société.
Dans ce mémoire, nous cherchons d’une part à appréhender la perception qu’ont les acteurs de la réalisation des travaux communautaires au Québec et d’autre part à savoir si les acteurs judiciaires (avocats, procureurs et juges) et non judiciaires (intervenants des organismes de justice alternative, délégués à la jeunesse et organismes d’accueil) ainsi que les jeunes contrevenants donnent un sens réparateur aux travaux communautaires. Nous abordons ces questions à partir de deux schèmes : le schème fonctionnel pour comprendre la/les fonction(s) des travaux communautaires et le schème herméneutique afin de saisir la valeur symbolique, le sens qui est donné aux travaux communautaires.
Les résultats de cette étude montrent des variations entre les points de vue en fonction des différents groupes et cela autour des trois grands thèmes principaux : la nature des travaux, les objectifs des travaux et les effets de ces derniers. Malgré certaines divergences de points de vue et quelques difficultés dans l’application des travaux, les acteurs sont pour la plupart satisfait de cette mesure.Community work services are usually unpaid work performed by an offender in the interest of the society. In this paper, we seek both to understand the perceptions of actors carrying out the community work services in Quebec and secondly whether legal actors (lawyers, prosecutors and judges) and non-judicial (alternative justice agencies, youth workers and host organizations) and young offenders do give a restorative aspect to community work services. We address these questions using two schemes: the functional scheme to understand the function(s) of community work services and the hermeneutic scheme to capture the symbolic value, the meaning that is given to community work. The results of this study show variations between the points of view of the different groups and that, around three main themes: the nature of community work, community work objectives and effects of the latter. Despite some differences of views and some difficulties in the implementation of the community work services, the actors are mostly satisfied with this measure.
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Van, den Berg Christina Elizabeth. "Penologiese studie rakende restitusie as 'n bevel aan die slagoffer van misdaad." Thesis, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/16249.
Full textAbstract:
Text in AfrikaansHierdie proefskrif is 'n poging om vanuit 'n Penologiese perspektief 'n teoreties-prinsipiele uiteensetting te gee betreffende restitusie aan die slagoffer van misdaad. Die doel van hierdie studie was om deur navorsing tot insig en kennis te kom betref f ende die vraagstuk rondom slagof fervergoeding en meer spesifiek restitusie as slagoffervergoeding. Die proef skrif behels 'n beskrywing van slagoffervergoeding vanaf die vroegste tye wat as die historiese ontwikkeling van slagoffervergoeding gesien kan word tot en met die tydsvlak waarin die strafreg horn nou bevind. Restitusiestelsels van Brittanje, die Verenigde State van Amerika en vyf Europese lande is bespreek. Die Republiek van Suid Afrika beskik nie oor 'n kompensasie of restitusiestelsel om slagoffers te vergoed nie en daarom is slegs die status wat die slagof fer in die strafproses beklee, bespreek. Gedurende die bestudering van die onderskeie lande se restitusiestelsels kon selfs binne die Europese Unie, geen eenstemmige beleid gevind word ten opsigte van die omvang van restitusie aan die misdaadslagoffer nie. In al die lande wat bestudeer is was die doelstellings waarom restitusie ingestel is egter die.slfde naamlik dat die tradisionele strafmetodes waaronder gevangenisstraf en ondertoesigstelling gefaal het in hul pogings om die slagoffer van misdaad te akkommodeer. Navorser het tot die gevolgtrekking gekom dat gesien teen die swak posisie wat die slagoffer van misdaad in Suid-Afrika beklee, die instelling van 'n restitusiestelsel 'n dringende noodsaaklikheid geword het. Die stelsel moet funksioneer vanuit die ondertoesigstellingsdepartement met as ondertoesigstellingsbeamptes as inyorderaars van restitusie wat ook as bemiddelaars kan optree. Aanbevelings is ook gedoen vir die implimentering van 'n sentrale slagoffervergoedingsfonds.
This desertion is an attempt to present, from a Penological perspective, a theoretical fundamental exposition regarding restitution to the victim of crime. The purpose of this study was to, through research, gain insight and knowledge with regard to the question of victim compensation and more specific restitution as victim compensation. The dissertation comprises a description of victim compensation from the earliest of times, which can be seen as the historical development of victim compensation, until the time period that criminal law finds itself in today. Restitution systems of Britain, the United States of America and five European countries are discussed. The Republic of South Africa does not possess a Compensation or restitution system to compensate victims and therefore only the status of the victim in the criminal process is discussed. During the study of different countries's restitution systems there could, not even in the European Union, agreement be found with regard to the extent of restitution to the victim of crime. In all of the countries studied, the purposes why restitution were emplaced were the same, namely that the traditional punishment process, where under imprisonment and under supervision, failed in their attempts to accommodate the victim of crime. Research came to the conclusion that, taken against the bad position that the victim of crime in South Africa holds, the emplacement of a restitution system have become a necessity. The system should function from the under supervisory department with the supervisory officials as collectors of restitution and which could also act as mediators. Recommendations are done for the implementation of a central victim compensation fund.·
Sociology
D. Litt. et Phil. (Penologie)
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Kořínková, Ivana. "Prvé poznatky s uplatňováním zákona č. 45/2013 Sb. o obětech trestných činů v praxi poskytovatelů pomoci." Master's thesis, 2015. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-347810.
Full textAbstract:
(in English): The aim of the work was to describe the experience of the providers of assistance to victims of crime with the use of the law in their practice. The experience and the views of the providers were obtained in the form of a questionnaire survey. As a source of data for addressing service has been utilized to view all registered entities providing their services to the victims of the crimes on the web site of the Ministry of justice. The work was focused on the practical application of selected provisions of act no. 45/2013 Coll. and from its results revealed that providers in your practice are finding that the provisions relating to particularly vulnerable victims, are defined too narrowly. Also the communication between the provider and the police is not yet ideally set.
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Oliveira, Maria Manuel Teodoro. "A justiça restaurativa e a mediação penal : ponto de encontro entre agressor e vítima." Master's thesis, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.14/36033.
Full textAbstract:
Definida como um “processo no qual a vítima e o ofensor, e, quando apropriado, quaisquer outros indivíduos ou membros da comunidade afetados por um crime, participam ativamente na resolução das questões oriundas do crime, geralmente com a ajuda de um facilitador”1, a justiça restaurativa surge nos anos 70 do século passado, como forma de combater as deficiências apresentadas pelo direito penal tradicional.
Influenciada por movimentos vitimológicos e feministas, a justiça restaurativa pretende colocar a vítima no centro de interesses visados com a resolução de litígio, permitindo a resolução do caso penal que opõe vítima e agressor através do diálogo entre ambos, da contraposição de ideais e da chegada a um acordo que retrate a visão, os objetivos e as pretensões de ambos, permitindo o empowerment da vítima através da responsabilização do agente. A mediação penal surge como a prática restaurativa de maior fôlego e implementação, sendo regulada, em Portugal, pela lei n.º 21/2007, 12 junho. Este processo restaurativo visa a resolução do delito que opõe vítima e ofensor através do acordo celebrado entre ambos, com a intermediação de um terceiro imparcial: o mediador. Desta forma, a justiça restaurativa – e, concretamente, a mediação penal – permitem colocar vítima e agressor em contacto, permitindo que ambos dialoguem de igual para igual, questionando-se mutuamente e comuniquem com vista à chegada a um consenso quanto ao acordo final, funcionando verdadeiramente como um ponto de encontro entre agressor e vítima. Apesar de visarem a reparação e a restauração dos danos causados pelo crime, as práticas inseridas no universo restaurativo permitem prosseguir finalidades próprias do direito penal tradicional, possibilitando a integração do agente na sociedade e a proteção de bens jurídicos tutelados.Defined as a "process in which the victim and the offender, and, where appropriate, any other individuals or community members affected by a crime, actively participate in resolving the issues arising from the crime, usually with the help of a facilitator"2, restorative justice emerged in the 1970s as a way to address the shortcomings presented by traditional criminal law. Influenced by victimological and feminist movements, restorative justice intends to place the victim in the center of the interests aimed at with the resolution of litigation, allowing the resolution of the criminal case that opposes victim and aggressor through dialogue between them, the confrontation of ideals and the reaching of an agreement that portrays the vision, the objectives and the claims of both, allowing the empowerment of the victim through the accountability of the agent. Penal mediation is considered the restorative practice with the greatest impact and implementation, being regulated in Portugal by law 21/2007, June 12th. This restorative process aims at the resolution of the offense that opposes victim and offender through an agreement between them, with the intermediation of an impartial third party: the mediator. In this way, restorative justice - and, specifically, penal mediation - allows placing victim and offender in contact, allowing both to dialogue as equals, questioning each other and communicating with a view to reaching a consensus on the final agreement, truly functioning as a meeting point between offender and victim. Despite aiming at the repair and restoration of the damage caused by the crime, the practices inserted in the restorative universe allow the pursuit of purposes proper to traditional criminal law, enabling the integration of the perpetrator in society and the protection of protected legal goods.
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Carapêto, Maria João Dias. "A avaliação do sentimento de justiça dos sobreviventes." Master's thesis, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10362/19039.
Full textAbstract:
The present research is the result of the need of evaluation of perceptions of justice of crimes against humanity survivors, in places were accountability was achieved through international tribunals. The opinion of the survivors is a way to achieve conclusions regarding main aspects about the decision on the need of accountability, especially in what concerns the mechanism that should be used. The effectiveness of any mechanism, taking in account the needs of the population will have positive effects, such as reconciliation, peace, the achievement of social rights, truth, emotional healing (both individual and of the community).
The method of the investigation is the analysis of empirical datasets that were obtained in regions were international trials took place, such as Sierra Leone and Cambodia (hybrid courts), Rwanda (ad hoc tribunal), Congo and Uganda (International Criminal Court). The data was select by applying and conceptual model that gather the most relevant data (although the data was insufficient) regarding the need of evaluation the perceptions of justice, such as exposure to violence, individual priorities, the need of accountability and the perceptions about the international tribunals.
The results reveal the high level of exposure to violence, that socioeconomic priorities are more important than justice, the need of accountability of perpetrators trough criminal procedures, but also a positive awareness of the work of the tribunals regarding effectiveness, justice values and equity.
The conclusion demonstrates the need of a holistic approach and complementarity between mechanisms that could respond do victim’s needs (concerning both retributive and restorative justice). There is a general acceptance of international justice, but the lack of legitimacy can affect the results, that can be conditioned by externalization of the tribunals and insufficient knowledge. The social and economic context is an issue that affects the acceptance of the tribunals, but the construction of a legacy and the correct management of victim’s expectations can create guarantees of non-repetition. The accomplishment of transitional justice purposes, such as truth, justice and guarantees of non-repetition have a great role regarding reconciliation, emotional and social healing, but also the creation of social rights and the implementation of democratic processes.A presente investigação resulta da necessidade de avaliar a perceção de justiça dos sobreviventes de crimes contra a humanidade em regiões em que uma das soluções para a respetiva responsabilização foi a justiça internacional. A opinião da população sobrevivente permite alcançar conclusões sobre os principais aspetos a ter em conta na decisão de responsabilizar, nomeadamente quanto ao método de execução. A efetividade de qualquer mecanismo, que vá ao encontro das necessidades reais da população, terá um efeito positivo em aspetos como a reconciliação, a restauração da paz, a implementação de direitos sociais, a necessidade de apuramento da verdade e na cura emocional, tanto dos indivíduos como da sociedade. A análise partiu do recurso a dados empíricos já existentes em regiões onde foram utilizados tribunais internacionais: na Serra Leoa e no Camboja (tribunais híbridos), no Ruanda (tribunal ad hoc) e no Congo e no Uganda (pelo Tribunal Penal Internacional). Ao conjunto de dados obtidos foi aplicado um método conceptual que agrupou respostas que responderam (ainda que parcialmente, atendendo à escassez de dados) à necessidade de avaliar o sentimento de justiça, partindo da exposição à violência das vítimas, as suas prioridades individuais, a responsabilização dos agressores e as perceções sobre os tribunais. Os resultados permitiram delinear conclusões, como os elevados níveis de violência sofrida, a prevalência das prioridades socioeconómicas em detrimento da justiça, a necessidade de responsabilização dos agressores através do processo criminal, o reconhecimento de uma prestação positiva aos tribunais internacionais relativamente à sua efetividade, justiça e equidade. Em conclusão, existe a necessidade de uma abordagem holística e de complementaridade entre mecanismos que respondam às necessidades de justiça retributiva e restaurativa da população. O recurso à justiça internacional é aceite, mas a legitimidade é um aspeto condicionador de resultados, afetados pela externalização e o desconhecimento. O contexto socioeconómico da região influencia a aceitação dos tribunais, mas a construção de um legado e uma correta gestão de expectativas pode criar condições para que os crimes não se repitam. O cumprimento de objetivos da justiça de transição, como a verdade, a justiça e as garantias de não-repetição constituem metas a alcançar com vista à reconciliação, à cura emocional e social, à criação de direitos sociais e à implementação de um processo democrático.