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1
Hazboun, Shawn Olson, and Hilary Schaffer Boudet. "Public Preferences in a Shifting Energy Future: Comparing Public Views of Eight Energy Sources in North America’s Pacific Northwest." Energies 13, no. 8 (April 15, 2020): 1940. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13081940.
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The U.S. and Canada continue to face major changes in energy production. Mounting awareness of the climate crisis has placed increasing importance on developing renewable energy sources, however, advances in fossil fuel extraction technology have opened vast domestic reserves of oil and natural gas. Public preferences for energy policy play a role in determining energy futures, but researchers rarely simultaneously compare public views across multiple renewable and non-renewable energies or across country boundaries. Here, we used a 2019 online survey sample (n = 1500) to compare predictors of support for eight fuel sources for electricity generation in British Columbia, Canada, and Washington and Oregon, USA. Results indicate the highest support overall for renewables (wind, solar, wave/tidal energy, geothermal) and the lowest for fossil fuels (coal and natural gas), nuclear, and hydropower. Mixed-effects regression modeling indicates that views on climate and the balance between environment and economy were consistent predictors of support across most energy types, while political ideology was less consistent. Perceived local importance of both extractive and renewable energy industries were significant predictors of support for some, but not all, energy sources, as were education and gender. Overall, our research suggests that while divisions persist in public energy preferences for both renewable and non-renewable sources, there is the broadest support for renewable energy technologies.
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Murphy, Lawrence. "Energy Development in Canada — An Overview." Energy Exploration & Exploitation 6, no. 1 (February 1988): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/014459878800600102.
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While Canada is likely to remain a net energy supplier in total over the next twenty years, the country will experience imbalances regionally and for particular types of energy that raise concerns about the security of Canadian energy supply. The options available to deal with these imbalances can be looked at from three perspectives: (i) economic criteria, including options for new sources of conventional oil and gas, synthetic oil supplies, substitution for oil, renewable energy, imports and new technologies; (ii) commercial criteria, encompassing various types of commercial risk (reserves estimates, scheduling, technology, market, fiscal, financial, and so on); and (iii) political criteria, including regional economic development objectives, energy development policies, environmental regulations, and security of energy supply. The pursuit of national economic priorities suggests that the least-cost alternatives be pursued first. Economic priorities may require an appropriate sharing of risks, if private risks associated with desired energy development are unacceptable to investors. Government objectives go well beyond concern of economic efficiency into areas of regional economic growth, diversification of supply sources and protection of the environment. An energy strategy will ultimately emerge from the balancing of all these considerations.
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Castillo Ospina, Olga Lucía. "Who, How and How Far? Renewable Energy Transitions in Industrialized and Emerging Countries." Green Energy and Environmental Technology 2022 (December 7, 2022): 1–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/geet.10.
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The purpose of this paper is to analyze the current implementation status of renewable energy projects, analyzing not only the five country leaders during the last decade, in terms of their installed capacity, but also a set of emerging countries playing an important role at regional levels (the who of energy transitions), the sources of green energy that they have chosen (how the transitions are being done), and the trends in greenhouse gas reduction that they have achieved (how far the transitions have progressed). Calculations based on various statistical sources—mainly the International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA)—show that, while renewable energy installed capacity and implementation of renewable energy (RE) projects have grown in China, they have decreased to differing extents during the last ten years in the four other countries among the top five leaders in renewables (the US, Brazil, Germany and Canada). On the other hand, some non-industrialized countries have emerged in the regional renewable energy scene, and although they still do not stand out globally, they do play a significant role. In fact, in terms of transition toward a renewable energy matrix, the data shows that industrialized/high-GDP countries have made less progress at the national level than emerging ones. Regarding CO2 emissions, there are contrasting trends among the latter set of countries; however, the data analysis also shows that although economic growth negatively affects the decrease of CO2 emissions, individual energy consumption patterns might have an even greater positive impact in reducing emissions; current data from the US, China, Iran and the United Arab Emirates are good examples.
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Sokulski, Carla Cristiane, Murillo Vetroni Barros, Rodrigo Salvador, Evandro Eduardo Broday, and Antonio Carlos de Francisco. "Trends in Renewable Electricity Generation in the G20 Countries: An Analysis of the 1990–2020 Period." Sustainability 14, no. 4 (February 11, 2022): 2084. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14042084.
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The use of electricity from non-renewable sources increases environmental impacts. Therefore, several countries have committed to increase the use of renewable sources. Considering the importance of the Group of Twenty (G20), this article aims to identify trends in renewable electricity supply in these countries. The data collected are from the International Energy Agency (IEA) between 1990 and 2020. The methods measured the production of each type of electricity in the G20 matrices and identified the influence of the population, Gross Domestic Product (GDP), and CO2 emissions in renewable electricity production using multiple linear regression. In terms of results, Brazil and Canada have the most renewable electricity matrices and higher per capita renewable production than non-renewable. Saudi Arabia presented the smallest renewable matrix throughout the analyzed period. All 20 countries have varied electrical production, with different amounts of solar, wind, hydro, biomass, geothermal, and tidal energy. Countries with the highest GDP are not necessarily the largest producers of renewable electricity. Hydroelectric energy, the biggest highlight in renewable production, is making room for other sources such as wind and solar, which grew the most in terms of participation in the electrical matrices. The waste, geothermal, and tidal energy participation have shown a timid but constant growth.
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Zozmann, Elmar, Leonard Göke, Mario Kendziorski, Citlali Rodriguez del Angel, Christian von Hirschhausen, and Johanna Winkler. "100% Renewable Energy Scenarios for North America—Spatial Distribution and Network Constraints." Energies 14, no. 3 (January 28, 2021): 658. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14030658.
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The urgency to combat climate change and the widely distributed, increasingly competitive renewable resources in North America are strong arguments to explore scenarios for a renewable energy supply in the region. While the current power system of North America is heavily dependent on fossil fuels, namely natural gas, coal and oil, and some nuclear power plants, some current policies at the state level, and future federal policies are likely to push the share of different renewable sources available in Mexico, the U.S., and Canada. This paper explores three scenarios for a renewable energy supply, using a bottom-up energy system model with a high level of spatial and time granularity. The scenarios span the extremes with respect to connecting infrastructure: while one scenario only looks at state-level supply and demand, without interconnections, the other extreme scenario allows cross-continental network investments. The model results indicate that the North American continent (a) has sufficient renewable potential to satisfy its energy demand with renewables, independent of the underlying grid assumption, (b) solar generation dominates the generation mix as the least-cost option under given renewable resource availability and (c) simultaneous planning of generation and transmission capacity expansion does not result in high grid investments, but the necessary flexibility to integrate intermittent renewable generation is rather provided by the existing grid in combination with short-term and seasonal storages.
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Gingerich, Jon, and Ole Hendrickson. "The theory of energy return on investment: A case study of whole tree chipping for biomass in Prince Edward Island." Forestry Chronicle 69, no. 3 (June 1, 1993): 300–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.5558/tfc69300-3.
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Industrial societies consume vast quantities of fossil fuel resources; the carbon dioxide released when these fuels are combusted is a major concern because of global warming. "Energy Return On Investment" (EROI) is the ratio of energy gain from a resource relative to the energy invested to achieve that gain. EROI analysis shows that the net energy available from fossil fuels decreases as resources are depleted, encouraging a transition to renewable resources which will not be depleted under sustainable management. Renewable resources can reduce net contributions of carbon dioxide to the atmosphere; however, many sources of renewable energy require fossil fuel inputs into their production process. EROI analysis can also be used to determine renewable energy sources with the greatest energy gain, relative to the fossil fuel investment required to achieve that gain.One renewable source of energy with considerable potential for expansion in Canada is wood biomass. A case study of whole tree chipping (WTC) in Prince Edward Island revealed an EROI ratio of wood chip energy gained relative to fuel energy invested of 26.7:1. The major factor affecting the EROI for WTC was transport of the chips to the burning facilities: distance and load size were important components that should be considered when designing new burning facilities. There are some benefits and disadvantages of WTC not captured by EROI analysis that also need to be considered.
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Benchaabane, Youssef, Rosa Elvira Silva, Hussein Ibrahim, Adrian Ilinca, Ambrish Chandra, and Daniel R. Rousse. "Computer Model for Financial, Environmental and Risk Analysis of a Wind–Diesel Hybrid System with Compressed Air Energy Storage." Energies 12, no. 21 (October 24, 2019): 4054. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12214054.
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Remote and isolated communities in Canada experience gaps in access to stable energy sources and must rely on diesel generators for heat and electricity. However, the cost and environmental impact resulting from the use of fossil fuels, especially in local energy production, heating, industrial processes and transportation are compelling reasons to support the development and deployment of renewable energy hybrid systems. This paper presents a computer model for economic analysis and risk assessment of a wind–diesel hybrid system with compressed air energy storage. The proposed model is developed from the point of view of the project investor and it includes technical, financial, risk and environmental analysis. Robustness is evaluated through sensitivity analysis. The model has been validated by comparing the results of a wind–diesel case study against those obtained using HOMER (National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO, United States) and RETScreen (Natural Resources Canada, Government of Canada, Canada) software. The impact on economic performance of adding energy storage system in a wind–diesel hybrid system has been discussed. The obtained results demonstrate the feasibility of such hybrid system as a suitable power generator in terms of high net present value and internal rate of return, low cost of energy, as well as low risk assessment. In addition, the environmental impact is positive since less fuel is used.
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CHARNOVITZ, STEVE, and CAROLYN FISCHER. "Canada–Renewable Energy: Implications for WTO Law on Green and Not-So-Green Subsidies." World Trade Review 14, no. 2 (April 2015): 177–210. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1474745615000063.
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AbstractIn the first dispute on renewable energy to come to WTO dispute settlement, the domestic content requirement of Ontario's feed-in tariff was challenged as a discriminatory investment-related measure and as a prohibited import substitution subsidy. The Panel and Appellate Body agreed that Canada was violating the GATT and the TRIMS Agreement. But the SCM Article 3 claim by Japan and the European Union remains unadjudicated, because neither tribunal made a finding that the price guaranteed for electricity from renewable sources constitutes a ‘benefit’ pursuant to the SCM Agreement. Although the Appellate Body provides useful guidance to future Panels on how the existence of a benefit could be calculated, the most noteworthy aspect of the new jurisprudence is the Appellate Body's reasoning that delineating the proper market for ‘benefit’ analysis entails respect for the policy choices made by a government. Thus, in this dispute, the proper market is electricity produced only from wind and solar energy.
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Savchina, Oksana V., Dmitriy A. Pavlinov, Alexander L. Bobkov, and Natalia Konovalova. "Comparative Analysis of the Financial Stability of Renewable-based Electricity Companies: The Case for Hydroelectric Organizations." International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy 12, no. 5 (September 27, 2022): 392–408. http://dx.doi.org/10.32479/ijeep.13575.
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Hydroelectricity remains the dominate RES (Renewable Energy Source) and the most developed, reaching growth rate peaks in some countries in the 20th century. However, the share of it has fallen over the last few years, as other renewable sources have received rapid development. Despite this, growth for hydroelectricity has remained stable, with China, India, Japan, Russia, Turkey, France, Norway, Canada, USA and Brazil as market leaders. This article analyzes the key trends of development of the hydroelectricity market as a whole, as well as the financial stability of its organizations using bankruptcy likelihood prediction models. The Brazilian and Russian companies were chosen to assess as both countries are classified as developing markets. The bankruptcy prediction models indicate that overall, the financial stability of hydroelectricity giants of Brazil and Russia is at a high level, though profitability ratios are very low. During the COVID-19 pandemic, several financial support measures were implemented by governments, along with the already existing instruments for stimulating renewable energy growth. Authors’ forecasts show that current trends on the market indicate that net addition capacity growth in the next few years will not be enough to meet Net Zero goals for the renewables market.
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Komarova, A. V. "The main instruments of state regulation of the transformation of the fuel and energy balance." Interexpo GEO-Siberia 2, no. 4 (May 18, 2022): 165–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.33764/2618-981x-2022-2-4-165-170.
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The aim of the study is to analyze the experience of energy transition management policies in major fossil fuel exporting countries. The change in the structure of the fuel and energy balance in Canada, Australia, Norway, as well as Russia and the EU is assessed. The main trends associated with a significant decrease in the share of coal used and an increase in the share of natural gas and renewable energy sources for all the objects under consideration are identified. The analysis of carbon regulation policy revealed significant differences in the main applied principles. While Australia has a voluntary system of de facto subsidies for low-carbon activities, Canada is dominated by regional mandatory regulation, and Norway uses both tax instruments and EU cap-and-trade system.
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Subhonberdiev, A. S., E. V. Titova, and G. N. Egorova. "Trends and prospects for the development of renewable energy sources in the european union." Proceedings of the Voronezh State University of Engineering Technologies 82, no. 4 (January 20, 2021): 366–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.20914/2310-1202-2020-4-366-370.
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The largest net exporter of traditional energy resources to the EU countries, Russia should take into account the prospects for the development of renewable energy sources in European countries, since inter-fuel competition can lead to a decrease in demand for hydrocarbons from Russia in the energy markets of the European Union. Fuel granules (pellets) are gradually becoming one of the traditional types of fuel for generating heat and electricity, as well as industrial steam in various industries… All plant biomass in this scenario accounts for only 2.8 GW. The highest cost of electricity generation in the EU determines its dependence on subsidies, as opposed to heat production. The examples of the Netherlands and Great Britain are very indicative. In 2010–2012, the Netherlands was one of the first places in the EU for the import of pellets, because at that time there was a subsidy program for the generation of electricity by co-firing biofuel (pellets) with coal – about 5–6 eurocents per 1 kWh. Since 2013, after the closure of the program, the import of pellets has decreased by more than three times. In the UK, on the contrary: in 2010–2012, the annual import of pellets was about 1 million tons, and after the adoption of the subsidy program by 2020, it approached 9 million tons per year. Sales of renewable energy products to small-scale energy enterprises, primarily for generating thermal energy and industrial steam, are stable throughout the year and predictable, in contrast to supplies to large power plants, which are owned by European and international energy concerns, as a rule, owning controlling stakes in pellet production in the USA and Canada. If for the generation of industrial steam at industrial enterprises pellets can be used all year round, sometimes around the clock, then at thermal power facilities they are used depending on weather conditions, primarily temperature.
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Schott, Stephan, and Miranda Alice Schreurs. "Climate and Energy Politics in Canada and Germany: Dealing with Fossil Fuel Legacies." Canadian Journal of European and Russian Studies 14, no. 2 (April 27, 2021): 29–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.22215/cjers.v14i2.2766.
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Canada and Germany are both pursuing major energy transitions and far-reaching climate programs but differ in terms of policies towards some energy sources and their preferred policy instruments. Both countries have committed to large scale emission reductions despite the challenge of regional divestment from fossil fuels: hard coal in North Rhine Westphalia and the Saarland; lignite in the Rhineland, on the German-Polish border in the Lusatsia (Lausitz) region, and in central Germany; coal in Alberta, Saskatchewan and Nova Scotia; and oil in Western Canada. We contrast the current Pan Canadian framework (PCF) on Clean Growth and Climate Change to the German Climate Law and the European Green Deal setting targets to become climate neutral by 2050. Germany has plans for a dual phase out of nuclear energy by 2022 and coal by 2038. In contrast, Canada differs by province in terms of policies on fossil fuels and nuclear energy. Both are leaders in renewable energies, but differ in the type of renewable energy which dominates. We further examine the international action components of the PCF and its implications for collaboration with Germany and the EU. We discuss potential partnerships and strategic alliances between Canada and Germany in the context of their mutual interest to enable an energy transition and to lead to the implementation of the Paris agreement for climate change action. We identify political challenges within each federation, and especially the approach to impacted coal regions in Germany and Poland as well as the Canadian oil sands. Barriers to progress for meeting identified targets and timelines are considered. We conclude with insights on the possibility and likelihood of linking policies and regulatory measures across the Atlantic, and the political threats of advancing towards decarbonization and an energy transition away from fossil fuels in each jurisdiction.
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Halkos, George E., and Apostolos S. Tsirivis. "Electricity Production and Sustainable Development: The Role of Renewable Energy Sources and Specific Socioeconomic Factors." Energies 16, no. 2 (January 7, 2023): 721. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16020721.
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An eco-friendly and sustainable power production system constitutes the cornerstone of every country’s strategic plan to tackle climate change and enhance energy resource autonomy. Carbon dioxide abatement in electricity generation, in addition to being a necessary condition for t “green” energy transition, can contribute greatly to cleaner industrial production and sustainable development. Emphasizing this key role of the power sector, the present research focuses on shedding light on the impact of renewable energy resources (RES), per capita gross domestic product (GDP), electricity gross fixed capital formation (GFCF) and urbanization in the CO2 intensity, and the sustainability level of electricity production. The analysis is based on a comprehensive dataset of 31 countries including 26 European countries, U.S.A., Japan, Australia, Canada, and New Zealand from 1995 until 2018. The econometric outcomes revealed the strong statistical significance of all variables and a plethora of causality relationships, upon which several policy suggestions are made. Interestingly, GDP per capita beyond a certain level can gradually become an aggravating factor for the electricity carbon footprint. Similarly, the vital role of RES in clean electricity production was confirmed as expected, yet surprisingly, this effect also appears to reverse after a certain percentage of total RES reliance. In contrast to urbanization, the electricity GFCF parameter is estimated to have an adverse effect on electricity CO2 intensity, indicating that the vast amount of new investments in the power sector concerns carbon-intensive technologies. Finally, a dynamic analysis is carried out, revealing to policy makers the necessary time frame after which the implementation of new energy policies can have the full impact on the carbon emissions of electricity generation.
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Evans, David, Daniel Parkes, Mark Dooner, Paul Williamson, John Williams, Jonathan Busby, Wei He, Jihong Wang, and Seamus Garvey. "Salt Cavern Exergy Storage Capacity Potential of UK Massively Bedded Halites, Using Compressed Air Energy Storage (CAES)." Applied Sciences 11, no. 11 (May 21, 2021): 4728. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11114728.
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The increasing integration of large-scale electricity generation from renewable energy sources in the grid requires support through cheap, reliable, and accessible bulk energy storage technologies, delivering large amounts of electricity both quickly and over extended periods. Compressed air energy storage (CAES) represents such a storage option, with three commercial facilities using salt caverns for storage operational in Germany, the US, and Canada, with CAES now being actively considered in many countries. Massively bedded halite deposits exist in the UK and already host, or are considered for, solution-mined underground gas storage (UGS) caverns. We have assessed those with proven UGS potential for CAES purposes, using a tool developed during the EPSRC-funded IMAGES project, equations for which were validated using operational data from the Huntorf CAES plant. From a calculated total theoretical ‘static’ (one-fill) storage capacity exceeding that of UK electricity demand of ≈300 TWh in 2018, filtering of results suggests a minimum of several tens of TWh exergy storage in salt caverns, which when co-located with renewable energy sources, or connected to the grid for off-peak electricity, offers significant storage contributions to support the UK electricity grid and decarbonisation efforts.
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Boyd, Amanda D., Jiawei Liu, and Jay D. Hmielowski. "Public support for energy portfolios in Canada: How information about cost and national energy portfolios affect perceptions of energy systems." Energy & Environment 30, no. 2 (August 7, 2018): 322–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0958305x18790958.
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Public support for energy systems is a critical factor in the development and deployment of electricity-generating technologies. The publics’ support for energy developments may be driven by numerous factors, including the risks and benefits associated with the technology. It is well established that an important component in the deployment of energy systems is to assess the publics’ perceptions of the technology. There is also evidence that suggests providing information about the tradeoffs of different energy systems will encourage the public to make informed decisions regarding which energy technologies they support or oppose. To assess public perceptions of energy technologies, 1479 Canadians were surveyed about their preferences for nuclear, biomass, coal, wind, hydropower, solar, and natural gas. A portfolio approach was used to assess preferences for the seven technologies by asking respondents to create their ideal energy portfolio. In this manuscript, we examine (1) preferences for different energy sources, (2) whether preferences for these energy sources vary by province, and (3) whether providing information about the costs associated with the energy sources and the extent to which Canada relies on these different energy sources affects preferences for the technologies. Results indicate that participants were more likely to prefer energy portfolios that matched their current provincial energy portfolio. Results also show that participants were less supportive of expensive energy technologies and that providing information about the current state of electricity production may have a normalizing effect on energy perceptions. Implications for public policy and recommendations for communication about energy technologies are discussed.
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zhang, Li-min, and Rong-hu zhang. "The conception and countermeasures of "green hydrogen" industrial chain in Chengdu area." E3S Web of Conferences 236 (2021): 02018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202123602018.
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With the application of hydrogen energy in the world, photovoltaic hydrogen producton industry has been ignited rapidly. Many Chinese governments and companies are producing hydrogen, often called "green hydrogen", from renewable sources. Japan, Germany. The Netherlands, Australia, Canada and other countries have carried out research or investment in large-scale photovoltaic hydrogen production projects. This article takes the hydrogen energy planning of Chengdu, Sichuan Province as the lead, and combines the actual conditions of the Ganzi region to discuss the feasibility of using photovoltaic power generation to produce hydrogen to support the development of the hydrogen energy industry in Chengdu under the conditions of abundant photovoltaic resources and no transmission.
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Tontiwachwuthikul, Paitoon (P T), Malcolm Wilson, and Raphael Idem. "CO2-capture research and Clean Energy Technologies Research Institute (CETRI) of University of Regina, Canada: history, current status and future development." Clean Energy 6, no. 1 (December 31, 2021): 883–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ce/zkab056.
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Summary Clean Energy Technologies Research Institute (CETRI) was formerly known as the International Test Centre for CO2 Capture in the early 2000s. The original focus of the centre was to help lower the carbon intensity of the current energy sources to low-carbon ones in Canada. Currently, CETRI’s mandates have expanded and now include most of the low-carbon and near-carbon-free clean-energy research activities. Areas of research focus include carbon (CO2) capture, utilization and storage (CCUS), near-zero-emission hydrogen (H2) technologies, and waste-to-renewable fuels and chemicals. CETRI also brings together one of the most dynamic teams of researchers, industry leaders, innovators and educators in the clean and low-carbon energy fields.
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Dursun, Erdal. "Investigating the Air Transport-Induced EKC Hypothesis: Evidence from NAFTA Countries." International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy 12, no. 4 (July 19, 2022): 494–500. http://dx.doi.org/10.32479/ijeep.13347.
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The Major goal of this manuscript is to evaluate the long run relationship of economic growth, energy consumption, CO2 emissions and air transportation within the context of EKC hypothesis. In this sense, ADF and PP unit root tests, FMOLS, DOLS, CCR and ARDL tests are performed in order to determine the coefficient of effects of independent variables on dependent variable CO2 emissions. The periods from 1970 to 2020 for variables are derived from World Banks and Ourworldindata official website as annual data. According to FMOLS, DOLS, CCR tests there is a long-term stable linkage between CO2 emissions and energy consumption from 1970 to 2020 for all NAFTA countries including USA, Canada, and Mexico which is demonstrated empirically. It can be interpreted that increased consumption of the non-renewable energy or fossil will increase the amount of carbon dioxide emissions. For this reason, all three countries need to benefit from more environmentally friendly renewable energy sources.
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Aliev, R. A. "The Role of Renewable Sources in the Energy Sector of Canada after the Late 2000s Financial Crisis. Lessons for Russia." MGIMO Review of International Relations, no. 1(22) (February 28, 2012): 255–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.24833/2071-8160-2012-1-22-255-259.
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Hughes, William R. "North American Energy Markets: The Evolution of Energy Interdependence between Canada and the United States." Energy Exploration & Exploitation 4, no. 2-3 (May 1986): 103–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/014459878600400202.
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Energy trade between the United States and Canada is growing from a minor aspect of the markets in the United States to a significant development with material impacts on energy prices in the United States and a major aspect of Canada's energy economy. This development is most pronounced in natural gas, where Canada's large resources and flexible approach of negotiated transactions is leading to regrowth of exports. For the United States, Canada serves as a buffer from potential high prices as a result of resource depletion. This price impact is potentially substantial over the next 10 years. Imports will likely double by 1990 and will further increase thereafter. In electric power, the impacts are regional; in the affected regions, Canadian ratepayers will be spared the high costs of overcapacity and will benefit from provincial profits from exports. Ratepayers in the importing regions—New York, New England, and potentially California—will benefit from the fact that Canadian power is available at substantially lower rates than alternative sources in the United States. In petroleum, Canada, Mexico, and the Caribbean are main exporters to the United States. Price decontrol will help free interdependence of domestic Canadian markets with Canadian trade with the United States, but, overall, little change is expected from the present pattern.
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Shehadeh, Maha, Emily Kwok, Jason Owen, and Majid Bahrami. "Integrating Mobile Thermal Energy Storage (M-TES) in the City of Surrey’s District Energy Network: A Techno-Economic Analysis." Applied Sciences 11, no. 3 (January 30, 2021): 1279. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11031279.
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The City of Surrey in British Columbia, Canada has recently launched a district energy network (DEN) to supply residential and commercial buildings in the Surrey Centre area with hot water for space and domestic hot water heating. The network runs on natural gas boilers and geothermal exchange. However, the City plans to transition to low-carbon energy sources and envisions the DEN as a key development in reaching its greenhouse gas emissions (GHG) reduction targets in the building sector. Harvesting and utilizing waste heat from industrial sites using a mobile thermal energy storage (M-TES) is one of the attractive alternative energy sources that Surrey is considering. In this study, a techno-economic analysis (TEA) was conducted to determine the energy storage density (ESD) of the proposed M-TES technology, costs, and the emission reduction potential of integrating waste heat into Surrey’s DEN. Three transportation methods were considered to determine the most cost-effective and low-carbon option(s) to transfer heat from industrial waste heat locations at various distances (15 km, 30 km, 45 km) to district energy networks, including: (i) a diesel truck; (ii) a renewable natural gas-powered (RNG) truck, and (iii) an electric truck. To evaluate the effectiveness of M-TES, the cost of emission reduction ($/tCO2e avoided) is compared with business as usual (BAU), which is using a natural gas boiler only. Another comparison was made with other low carbon energy sources that the city is considering, such as RNG/biomass boiler, sewer heat recovery, electric boiler, and solar thermal. The minimum system-level ESD required to makes M-TES competitive when compared to other low carbon energy sources was 0.4 MJ/kg.
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Wills, Adam, Carsen Banister, Mathieu Pellissier, and Justin Berquist. "A multi-year analysis of Canadian Arctic historical weather data in support of solar and wind renewable energy deployment." E3S Web of Conferences 246 (2021): 03006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202124603006.
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This work explores the importance of renewable resource temporal distribution for solar and wind energy deployment in Arctic communities to meet building and ancillary loads. An analysis of ten years of historic weather data was performed for six locations in the Canadian Arctic to assess renewable resource variation. Simulations of similar capacity solar and wind generation systems were then coupled with the historic data to compare and contrast generation potential. This analysis highlighted the importance of considering hourly, daily, monthly, and year-to-year renewable generation when deploying solar and wind to the Arctic. As many northern communities in Canada have local electricity generation and distribution systems, and no connection to the continental grid, managing grid interactions effectively is crucial to the success of deployment, integration, and operation. The results for the solar energy analysis showed high consistency of production year-to-year. The results for the wind energy analysis showed that the annual outputs have significantly less variation than the year-to-year output of individual months for all the locations under study. For the high latitude locations studied, solar energy can still provide useful electricity generation output, but the more pronounced bias of the annual output to the summer months can leave several months with little or no output. The use of additional renewable sources is crucial in beginning to transition some electricity generating capacity within Arctic communities from being solely reliant on fossil fuels.
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Tschirhart, Victoria, Maurice Colpron, James Craven, Fateme Hormozzade Ghalati, Randy J. Enkin, and Stephen E. Grasby. "Geothermal Exploration in the Burwash Landing Region, Canada, Using Three-Dimensional Inversion of Passive Electromagnetic Data." Remote Sensing 14, no. 23 (November 25, 2022): 5963. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs14235963.
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Sustainable development of Canada’s North requires an increased focus on renewable, zero-emission energy sources. Burwash Landing in Yukon is prospective for geothermal energy based on a high geothermal gradient, local occurrence of warm groundwater and proximity to the active, crustal-scale Denali fault. Uncertainties about the potential geothermal system include the nature and geometry of fluid pathways, and heat sources required to drive a hydrothermal system. In this study, we inverted three passive electromagnetic datasets—321 extremely low frequency electromagnetic, 33 audiomagnetotelluric and 51 magnetotelluric stations—to map the subsurface electrical structure to 8 km depth. Our new model reveals vertical conductive structures associated with the two main faults, Denali and Bock’s Creek, which we interpret to represent fluid-deposited graphite and hydrothermal alteration, respectively. Our model supports an interpreted releasing bend on the main Denali fault strand. This is associated with the deepest conductivity anomaly along the fault and potential for deeper penetration of fluids. Enigmatic conductive bodies from 1 to > 6 km depth are associated with intermediate to mafic intrusions. Fluids released from these bodies may advect heat and provide a possible heat source to mobilize hot fluids and sustain a geothermal system in the region.
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Dorey, Katherine, Scott Dickey, and Tony R. Walker. "Testing efficacy of bird deterrents at wind turbine facilities: a pilot study in Nova Scotia, Canada." Proceedings of the Nova Scotian Institute of Science (NSIS) 50, no. 1 (March 15, 2019): 91. http://dx.doi.org/10.15273/pnsis.v50i1.8874.
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Wind energy has become one of the fastest-growing renewable electricity sources globally, and this trend is expected to continue. However, wind turbines cause avian mortality when birds collide with these structures. Although regulatory agencies in many jurisdictions require post-construction bird mortality monitoring at turbine sites, resulting mortality estimates are often imprecise and under-reported. This uncertainty is often attributed to searcher inefficiencies or scavenger losses. Furthermore, data regarding the effectiveness of active bird mortality mitigation at these facilities are also lacking. This pilot study assessed mitigation effectiveness of visual and audio deterrents, using predator owl deterrent models and bioacoustic alarm and predator calls deployed at a wind turbine facility in Nova Scotia, Canada. These deterrents did not deter birds from wind turbines in statistically significant ways, in comparison to control sites. Whilst results were inconclusive, it would be prudent to continue assessing mitigative options to minimize impacts on birds, considering the expected growth of the wind energy sector in Canada.Keywords: Wind energy development; Wind turbines; Bird mortality monitoring; Bird deterrents; Bird mortality mitigation
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Haider, Azad, Wimal Rankaduwa, Farzana Shaheen, and Sunila Jabeen. "The Nexus between GHGs Emissions and Clean Growth: Empirical Evidence from Canadian Provinces." Sustainability 15, no. 3 (January 25, 2023): 2218. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su15032218.
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Canada is one of the most emission-intensive economies in the world and the big challenge for Canada and its provinces is in how to mitigate the GHGs while keeping the same pace of economic growth. This paper’s main objective is to examine the relationship between greenhouse gas (GHGs) emissions and clean growth using cross-sectional data for Canadian provinces from 1995 to 2019. Based on the results of the cross-sectional dependence, slope heterogeneity, and Hausman test, the study applied the pooled mean group (PMG) estimators. For the robustness of the results, the study also provided the results of augmented mean group (AMG) estimators. The results of Westerlund’s test show that the variables of the estimated models are cointegrated in the long run except in the case of the carbon intensity (GHGs/Energy) model, while no short-run relationship was observed. The main findings of both estimators show that an inverted U-shaped relationship exists in the case of the carbon intensity model. In contrast, as expected, a U-shaped relationship exists in the case of the energy intensity model. The results also confirmed that Canada reduced its GHGs emissions after 2005 and that GHGs emissions and energy intensity are decreasing over time. At the province level, only Alberta has no long-run relationship as regards carbon intensity and energy intensity, while Nova Scotia and British Colombia have no long-run relationship as regards energy intensity. In terms of tipping points, Canada is in the increasing phase of the inverted U-shaped curve in the case of carbon intensity, while in the decreasing phase of the U-shaped curve in the case of energy intensity. There is a significant decrease in greenhouse gas emissions per capita at the provincial level compared to the 2005 base levels. It is imperative to reduce greenhouse gas emissions per capita in Canada and its provinces over time by gradually rolling out energy-saving incentives rather than by using more efficient energy-saving technology. The government of Canada should shift towards low-carbon energy and renewable sources which emit fewer greenhouse gases per unit of energy produced.
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Kabanda, Herve, Alex Romard, Fuze Yurtsever, Anjali Wadhera, Joshua Andrews, and Craig Merrett. "Construction Time Estimation Function for Canadian Utility Scale Power Plants." Energies 14, no. 17 (August 31, 2021): 5421. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14175421.
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Construction time and time overruns for infrastructure projects have been frequently studied; however, the construction time of power plants has not been studied. This lack of study is problematic, as more renewable energy power plants, such as wind and solar, are planned for many jurisdictions. Accurately estimating the construction time of a power plant will assist construction planning, budget estimates, and policy development encouraging the use of more renewable sources. The construction times of utility scale power plants in Canada were studied using publicly available data. Multiple linear regression analysis techniques were applied to the data to generate construction time estimation functions for all power plants together, and for individual technologies. The analyses reveal that construction time is sensitive to jurisdiction and the decade of construction, indicating that decisions made by individual Canadian provincial governments at different times had statistically significant impacts on construction time. The analyses also indicated that construction time is a strong function of installed capacity, independent of technology. This finding suggests that large solar or wind energy facilities will encounter longer construction times similar to large hydroelectric facilities.
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Bae, Sangmu, Yujin Nam, and Ivor da Cunha. "Economic Solution of the Tri-Generation System Using Photovoltaic-Thermal and Ground Source Heat Pump for Zero Energy Building (ZEB) Realization." Energies 12, no. 17 (August 27, 2019): 3304. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12173304.
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The zero energy building (ZEB) is being introduced as a new energy policy in the building sector. Accordingly, to realize the ZEB, renewable energy systems that can produce energy are essential. Various hybrid systems are being proposed to develop a more efficient system than individual renewable energy systems, among which tri-generation systems are attracting attention. In this study, in order to find an economic solution of a tri-generation system for the realization of ZEB, the simulation model using the dynamic energy analysis code was constructed and a feasibility study was conducted. Moreover, the conventional design method and the design method for ZEB realization were proposed, and the return on investment (ROI) was calculated according to four local conditions and two design methods. As a result of energy analysis, the energy self-sufficiency (ES) in Seoul, Ulsan, Ottawa and Toronto were calculated as 62%, 65.1%, 57.7%, and 60.2%, respectively. Moreover, results of feasibility analysis compared to a conventional system showed that the payback period of the tri-generation system in South Korea was within 13 years, and Canada was within 10 years.
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Sopilko, Natal'ya Yu, and Ol'ga Yu Myasnikova. "ECOLOGICAL AND ECONOMIC APPROACH TO SECONDARY BIOMATERIALS USAGE IN THE CONTEXT OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT." RSUH/RGGU Bulletin. Series Economics. Management. Law, no. 2 (2021): 97–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.28995/2073-6304-2021-2-97-110.
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In the presented paper considers the issue associated with the depletion of traditional energy resources (coal, oil, peat, natural gas). Such a situation turns up in a process of their usage as a factor in the deterioration of the environmental situation in terms of Russian Federation transition to a model of a sustainable economic development. The article analyses the possibility of alternative raw materials using based on secondary plant biomaterials as a renewable substitute for the energy supply sources. A tendency of growth in the biomass consumption for energy generation in European countries, the USA, Canada is highlighted. The characteristics of the main economic advantages of its application are presented, along with a notion of the special importance of ecological component. The conducted research is a priority and promising direction for the world economy and energy, and the analysis of basic technical and economic features of various types of the waste biomass and the reasoning of its utilization ways can serve for its well-targeted and full-fledged usage as an energy resource.
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Sharma, Prakash, Flor Lucia De la Cruz, and Jonathan Sultoon. "Finding winners in the hydrogen hype." APPEA Journal 62, no. 2 (May 13, 2022): S67—S71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj21168.
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The global energy trade is set for its greatest transformation since the 1970s and the rise of OPEC (The Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries). Electrification is central to this as countries plough money into renewables to reduce emissions and enhance energy security. But electrification can take the world only so far. With higher carbon prices looming on the horizon, fossil fuel exporters and industrial sectors – as well as heavy-duty trucking, shipping and aviation – need alternatives to decarbonise. Most are looking to electricity-based fuels and feedstocks such as hydrogen, ammonia and methanol to replace hydrocarbons. This will revolutionise energy trade, with total trade declining by as much as 50% and virtually all remaining traded oil gas and coal being either completely decarbonised or backed by offsets. With 147 GWel (giga‐watts electrolyser capacity) in announced projects, green hydrogen produced from renewable electricity is ahead of the game. And while its export supply chains are complex, requiring conversion into a ‘product’ to allow delivery, there is no exploration risk as in oil and gas projects. Worldwide, national hydrogen roadmaps are being passed, with virtually all oil and gas companies, utilities and industrials backing at least one hydrogen project. Focus is now shifting to future sources of hydrogen supply. Lenders will be drawn to locations with a proven track record of exporting natural resources, suitable conditions for low-cost renewable electricity and the potential for large-scale carbon capture. A few countries already stand out, but none more so than Australia. Using our proprietary research, we will present a case study evaluating hydrogen supply options from Australia, Saudi Arabia and Canada – delivered into key markets like Japan for different applications. We will also assess when costs will fall across the value chain – production, midstream and downstream – and reach parity to incumbent fuels.
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Matvieieva, Yuliia. "Modelling and Forecasting Energy Efficiency Impact on the Human Health." Health Economics and Management Review 3, no. 2 (2022): 78–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.21272/hem.2022.2-09.
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Nowadays, one of the main pollutant factors is the inefficient use and breakdown of energy technologies. Improving access to modern energy, which emits less pollution, both at home and in the community could benefit the health of many people. Besides, it could contribute to the long-term goals of sustainable development. Health is a universal indicator of progress towards sustainable energy. Given the issue’s relevance, this article examines the impact of energy on public health. The study’s purpose is to substantiate the prospects for achieving sustainable development and human well-being, which depends on the quality of the environment and could be provided by a carbon-free economy. The methodological basis of the work is general scientific research methods, such as empirical and theoretical methods, as well as systemic and functional methods. This study applied VOSviewer tools, Web of Science and Scopus analysis tools, and Google Trends to conduct a bibliometric analysis of the impact of energy factors on public health. Based on Scopus data, the findings confirmed the hypothesis concerning a growing trend of publications examining the impact of energy factors on human health. In the study framework, the VOSviewer 1.6.18 tools allowed the detection of six clusters of research streams: renewable resources, sustainable development, public, energy policy, energy efficiency, and solar energy. The authors noted that different countries research the impact of energy on public health. These issues are most actively studied in China, the USA, and India. A separate dynamics of the publications were studied for 10 countries leading in the publication activity on the subject. The Google Trends tool has identified public interest in the topic. The interest of business and industry is considered separately. The findings showed that in the first case, the interest is more in the health factor. In turn, businesses and industries pay more attention to developing renewable energy sources. Google Trends analysis of the popularity of the search query «renewable energy» identified Korea, Turkey, Nigeria, Bangladesh, and Germany as leaders in the number of queries. However, the keywords healthy leaders are New Zealand, USA, Canada, Poland, and Australia.
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De León Mendoza, Isaac J., and César Fernández Gómez. "How does geopolitics affect energy law: North America—an illustrative example." Journal of World Energy Law & Business 12, no. 5 (October 1, 2019): 379–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jwelb/jwz024.
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Abstract Global energy trade has changed over the last decade. Increased energy flows to Asia present a major shift in energy trade as Asia’s share of global energy demand rises. The shale revolution has enabled the United States (U.S.) to become the world’s largest oil and gas producer accounting for more than half of the world’s production. Renewable energy sources have become more important as countries are challenged to meet the climate goals set by the Paris Agreement. Nuclear Energy seems to be the energy source that can most dramatically help reducing carbon emissions rapidly. Gas demand will grow rapidly over the next 20 years as countries move to decarbonize their energy matrix, given it is a cleaner fuel for power generation than coal. The purpose of this article is to show the effects of global energy trade, its effects on the way countries interact with each other and how local energy law and policy are nonetheless affected by the shifts in the energy market. We will use North America (Canada, Mexico and the U.S.) as an example of the complexity of such interactions and the effects is having (or should have) in regional energy markets. The purpose then of this article is not to attempt to resolve these complex issues, but rather to motivate readers, energy lawyers and policymakers to start asking the right questions regarding global (and local) energy trade.
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Somma, Renato, Daniela Blessent, Jasmin Raymond, Madeline Constance, Lucy Cotton, Giuseppe De Natale, Alessandro Fedele, et al. "Review of Recent Drilling Projects in Unconventional Geothermal Resources at Campi Flegrei Caldera, Cornubian Batholith, and Williston Sedimentary Basin." Energies 14, no. 11 (June 4, 2021): 3306. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14113306.
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Unconventional geothermal resource development can contribute to increase power generation from renewable energy sources in countries without conventional hydrothermal reservoirs, which are usually associated with magmatic activity and extensional faulting, as well as to expand the generation in those regions where conventional resources are already used. Three recent drilling experiences focused on the characterization of unconventional resources are described and compared: the Campi Flegrei Deep Drilling Project (CFDDP) in Italy, the United Downs Deep Geothermal Power (UDDGP) project in the United Kingdom, and the DEEP Earth Energy Production in Canada. The main aspects of each project are described (geology, drilling, data collection, communication strategies) and compared to discuss challenges encountered at the tree sites considered, including a scientific drilling project (CFDDP) and two industrial ones (UDDGP and DEEP). The first project, at the first stage of pilot hole, although not reaching deep supercritical targets, showed extremely high, very rare thermal gradients even at shallow depths. Although each project has its own history, as well as social and economic context, the lessons learned at each drilling site can be used to further facilitate geothermal energy development.
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Kinney, Dehghani-Sanij, Mahbaz, Dusseault, Nathwani, and Fraser. "Geothermal Energy for Sustainable Food Production in Canada’s Remote Northern Communities." Energies 12, no. 21 (October 24, 2019): 4058. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12214058.
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The cold, remote, northern regions of Canada constitute a challenging environment for the provision of reliable energy and food supply to communities. A transition from fossil fuels to renewables-based sources of energy is one positive step in reducing the greenhouse gases from the energy supply system, which currently requires long-distance transport of diesel for electricity and heating needs. Geothermal energy can not only displace diesel for part of this energy need, it can provide a base-load source of local energy to support food production and mitigate adverse impacts of food insecurity on communities. In this proof-of-concept study, we highlight some potential benefits of using geothermal energy to serve Canada’s northern communities. Specifically, we focus on food security and evaluate the technical and economic feasibility of producing vegetables in a “controlled environment”, using ground sources of heat for energy requirements at three remote locations—Resolute Bay, Nunavut, as well as Moosonee and Pagwa in Ontario. The system is designed for geothermal district heating combined with efficient use of nutrients, water, and heat to yield a diverse crop of vegetables at an average cost up to 50% lower than the current cost of these vegetables delivered to Resolute Bay. The estimates of thermal energy requirements vary by location (e.g., they are in the range of 41 to 44 kW of thermal energy for a single greenhouse in Resolute Bay). To attain adequate system size to support the operation of such greenhouses, it is expected that up to 15% of the annually recommended servings of vegetables can be provided. Our comparative analysis of geothermal system capital costs shows significantly lower capital costs in Southern Ontario compared to Northern Canada—lower by one-third. Notwithstanding high capital costs, our study demonstrates the technical and economic feasibility of producing vegetables cost-effectively in the cold northern climate. This suggests that geothermal energy systems can supply the heat needed for greenhouse applications in remote northern regions, supplying a reliable and robust source of cost-competitive sustainable energy over the long-term and providing a basis for improved food security and economic empowerment of communities.
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Rezaei, Abolfazl, Bahador Samadzadegan, Hadise Rasoulian, Saeed Ranjbar, Soroush Samareh Abolhassani, Azin Sanei, and Ursula Eicker. "A New Modeling Approach for Low-Carbon District Energy System Planning." Energies 14, no. 5 (March 3, 2021): 1383. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14051383.
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Designing district-scale energy systems with renewable energy sources is still a challenge, as it involves modeling of multiple loads and many options to combine energy system components. In the current study, two different energy system scenarios for a district in Montreal/Canada are compared to choose the most cost-effective and energy-efficient energy system scenario for the studied area. In the first scenario, a decentral energy system comprised of ground-source heat pumps provides heating and cooling for each building, while, in the second scenario, a district heating and cooling system with a central heat pump is designed. Firstly, heating and cooling demand are calculated in a completely automated process using an Automatic Urban Building Energy Modeling System approach (AUBEM). Then, the Integrated Simulation Environment Language (INSEL) is used to prepare a model for the energy system. The proposed model provides heat pump capacity and the number of required heat pumps (HP), the number of photovoltaic (PV) panels, and AC electricity generation potential using PV. After designing the energy systems, the piping system, heat losses, and temperature distribution of the centralized scenario are calculated using a MATLAB code. Finally, two scenarios are assessed economically using the Levelized Cost of Energy (LCOE) method. The results show that the central scenario’s total HP electricity consumption is 17% lower than that of the decentral systems and requires less heat pump capacity than the decentral scenario. The LCOE of both scenarios varies from 0.04 to 0.07 CAD/kWh, which is cheaper than the electricity cost in Quebec (0.08 CAD/kWh). A comparison between both scenarios shows that the centralized energy system is cost-beneficial for all buildings and, after applying the discounts, the LCOE of this scenario decreases to 0.04 CAD/kWh.
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Sekulić, Gordana, Dragan Kovačević, Damir Vrbić, Vladislav Veselica, and Dominik Kovačević. "STRATEGIC ROLE OF OIL PIPELINES IN EU ENERGY SUPPLY." Journal of Energy - Energija 68, no. 1 (April 30, 2019): 33–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.37798/20196816.
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The oil pipelines have a strategic importance in the energy supply of the European Union (EU), especially given the fact that in the next two decades the crude oil will continue to be a dominant energy source, accounting for approx. 30% of the primary energy consumption, along with a reduction in the petroleum product consumption and growth in renewables.
Europe has a widespread network of oil pipelines of approx. 22,5 thousand kilometres (without Russia), connecting refineries to import oil ports or to land-based crude oil sources. The refineries of the Central Eastern Europe are supplied mainly from the Druzhba oil pipeline. Recently, these refineries have diversified their crude oil supply routes and sources, by sea imports from the North Sea, the Middle East, Canada and others (Poland) or by the TAL – IKL oil pipelines (Czech Republic) and the JANAF oil pipeline (Hungary, Slovakia and the Czech Republic). Given the insufficient diversification of crude oil supply precisely of the Central Eastern European region, particularly the landlocked countries (and refineries respectively), the EU has envisaged, among the projects of common interests, also six connection oil pipelines with terminals. At the same time, they are the only pipelines planned to be constructed in Europe and financed by the oil companies’ funds.
The oil pipeline and storage companies, as well as other oil companies, have a social responsibility as regards the energy supply, yet also a responsibility as regards their successful performance and development, thus investing considerable funds into modernisations, upgrades, protection, safety and security, etc. The oil pipeline companies hastily modify their strategies by expanding business and becoming more and more transport-storage-energy oriented, and by investing in the flow reversal of oil pipelines and connection pipelines, storage capacities, as well as in enhancement of efficiency and flexibility of oil pipeline and storage infrastructures.
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Cameron, G. W. "Canadian Market Developments." Energy Exploration & Exploitation 6, no. 4-5 (September 1988): 361–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/014459878800600409.
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Domestic and export sales of gas had risen to 25,800 million cu. metres by 1986. Prices appear to have settled near $Can 1.75 MMbtu after deregulation. The pipeline system now in place allows adequate transmission to most regions of Canada and into the U.S. Deregulation has seen a marked increase in sales, sometimes in circumstances where there is fierce competition from alternative energy sources such as from electricity in Quebec. The number of shippers active in inter-provincial markets has increased. Exports to the U.S. have grown despite shrinking gas consumption. Sales in the future will be even more competitive but the prospects of expanded sales to the U.S. North East and Midwest are excellent. Prices will continue to be influenced by those for crude oil
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Sharma, Chinmay, Van Lantz, Patrick Withey, Galen McMonagle, and Thomas O. Ochuodho. "Economic and CO2 impacts of alternative power sources for electricity generation by 2040 in New Brunswick, Canada." Journal of Cleaner Production 347 (May 2022): 131170. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.131170.
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Parsons, Robert V. "Canada as a Case Study for Balanced Presentation to Address Controversy on Emission Reduction Policies." Sustainability 13, no. 14 (July 15, 2021): 7909. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13147909.
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Controversy is common on environmental issues, with carbon taxation in Canada a current example. This paper uses Canada as a case study for analysis based around balanced presentation, a technique developed some time ago, yet largely forgotten. Using the method, analysis is shifted away from the point of controversy to a broader quantitative question, with comparative data employed from official government sources. Simple quantitative analysis is applied to evaluate emission trends of individual Canadian provinces, with quantitative metrics to identify and confirm the application of relevant emission reduction policies by individual jurisdictions. From 2005 through 2019, three provinces show consistent downward emission trends, two show consistent upward trends, and the remaining five have no trends, showing relatively “flat” profiles. The results clarify, in terms of diverse emission reduction policies, where successes have occurred, and where deficiencies or ambiguities have existed. Neither carbon taxation nor related cap-and-trade show any association with long-term reductions in overall emissions. One policy does stand out as being associated with long-term reductions, namely grid decarbonization. The results suggest a possible need within Canada to rethink emission reduction policies. The method may be relevant as a model for other countries to consider as well.
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Awonaike, Boluwatife, Abha Parajulee, Ying Duan Lei, and Frank Wania. "Traffic-related sources may dominate urban water contamination for many organic contaminants." Environmental Research Letters 17, no. 4 (March 21, 2022): 044030. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ac5c0e.
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Abstract Urban runoff and wastewater/sewage input are majorly responsible for the contamination of urban streams. In streams where wastewater input is not a considerable input, the importance of urban runoff as a mechanism of contaminant transport and delivery from urban surfaces to receiving waters is even more apparent. Extensive studies on two such streams in Southern Ontario, Canada yielded data on the occurrence and levels of multiple contaminant groups (polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and quinones, benzotriazoles (BTs), BT ultraviolet stabilizers, organophosphate esters, herbicides) and the influence of factors such as temperature, rainfall characteristics, and land use. Here, we collectively examined the data from these studies to identify any trends and further insights. Using concentration-discharge relationships, we found that the transport dynamics of many particle-bound compounds are strikingly similar to each other, and to that of suspended solids in which they were quantified, suggesting a single, predominant source. Similar urban to rural ratios across compound groups and strong correlations with road density further support the existence of a dominant source and point to traffic as this source, respectively. Although road traffic had not previously been implicated as a major source of many of the investigated compound groups, their uses suggest that traffic-related sources are very plausible. Overall, this work highlights that traffic is a major source of a surprisingly wide array of organic contaminants to urban surfaces, and subsequently to nearby streams.
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Warrack, Jessica, Mary Kang, and Christian von Sperber. "Groundwater phosphorus concentrations: global trends and links with agricultural and oil and gas activities." Environmental Research Letters 17, no. 1 (December 23, 2021): 014014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ac31ef.
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Abstract Although observations show that anthropogenic phosphorus (P) can reach groundwater supplies, there has been no comprehensive evaluation of P in groundwater at the global scale and P contamination from sources such as agriculture and oil and gas activities are poorly understood. We compile and analyze 161 321 groundwater P measurements in 12 different countries to determine the extent of P contamination at the global scale. We find that all 12 countries report groundwater samples with concentrations >0.1 mg P l−1, a concentration at which the risk for eutrophication of surface waters is high. In Canada and the United States (US), we perform an analysis of 1529 dissolved oxygen (DO) concentrations to determine the degree of association between DO and groundwater P measurements. For P concentrations <0.1 mg P l−1, we find a strong inverse relationship between DO and P. However, for P concentrations >0.1 mg P l−1, we find a weak inverse correlation, which suggests anthropogenic sources are responsible for elevated P concentrations in groundwater. To identify anthropogenic sources of P, we conduct an analysis on land use data and the 24 146 P concentrations in Canada and the US. Although we find that 12% (2899) of all P concentrations are >0.1 mg P l−1, 33% of P concentrations from P monitoring sites located on pastureland (managed grassland) report concentrations >0.1 mg P l−1. In Alberta and Ontario, we analyze P measurements with respect to their proximity to oil and gas wells and find the relationship to be inconclusive. Overall, we find a positive correlation with agriculture and elevated groundwater P concentrations, but additional data are needed to identify a relationship between oil and gas wells and elevated groundwater P concentrations. Characterizing the role of agriculture and oil and gas wells on groundwater P contamination can help regulators develop effective strategies to protect water quality and ecosystem health.
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Rebello, Eldrich, David Watson, and Marianne Rodgers. "Ancillary services from wind turbines: automatic generation control (AGC) from a single Type 4 turbine." Wind Energy Science 5, no. 1 (February 12, 2020): 225–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/wes-5-225-2020.
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Abstract. Wind turbines possess the technical ability to provide various ancillary services to the electrical grid. Despite this, renewable generators such as wind and solar have traditionally not been allowed to provide significant amounts of ancillary services, in part due to the variable and uncertain nature of their electricity generation. Increasing levels of renewable generation, however, continue to displace existing synchronous generation and thus necessitate new sources of ancillary or system services. This work is part of an ongoing project that seeks to provide empirical evidence and an examination of how ancillary services can be provided from commercially available wind turbines. We focus specifically on providing secondary frequency response (automatic generation control or AGC) and demonstrate that wind turbines have the technical capability to provide this service. The algorithms used are intentionally simple so as to evaluate the capabilities and limitations of the turbine technology. This work presents results from a single, 800 kW, International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) Type 4 wind turbine. A total of 10 % of rated power is offered on the regulation market. We do not separate up- and downregulation into individual services. Upregulation is offered through a 5 % constant power curtailment. The AGC update interval is 4 s, to mimic real-world conditions. We use performance scoring methods from the Pennsylvania–Jersey–Maryland (PJM) operator and the National Research Council (NRC) of Canada to quantify the wind turbine's response. We use the calculated performance scores, annual site wind data, and 2017 PJM market price data to estimate income from providing secondary frequency regulation. In all cases presented, income from the regulation market is greater than the energy income lost due to curtailment.
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Wieringa, Jamin G., Juliet Nagel, David M. Nelson, Bryan C. Carstens, and H. Lisle Gibbs. "Using trace elements to identify the geographic origin of migratory bats." PeerJ 8 (October 19, 2020): e10082. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.10082.
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The expansion of the wind energy industry has had benefits in terms of increased renewable energy production but has also led to increased mortality of migratory bats due to interactions with wind turbines. A key question that could guide bat-related management activities is identifying the geographic origin of bats killed at wind-energy facilities. Generating this information requires developing new methods for identifying the geographic sources of individual bats. Here we explore the viability of assigning geographic origin using trace element analyses of fur to infer the summer molting location of eastern red bats (Lasiurus borealis). Our approach is based on the idea that the concentration of trace elements in bat fur is related through the food chain to the amount of trace elements present in the soil, which varies across large geographic scales. Specifically, we used inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry to determine the concentration of fourteen trace elements in fur of 126 known-origin eastern red bats to generate a basemap for assignment throughout the range of this species in eastern North America. We then compared this map to publicly available soil trace element concentrations for the U.S. and Canada, used a probabilistic framework to generate likelihood-of-origin maps for each bat, and assessed how well trace element profiles predicted the origins of these individuals. Overall, our results suggest that trace elements allow successful assignment of individual bats 80% of the time while reducing probable locations in half. Our study supports the use of trace elements to identify the geographic origin of eastern red and perhaps other migratory bats, particularly when combined with data from other biomarkers such as genetic and stable isotope data.
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Pakchotanon, Pet, Amornvadee Veawab, Adisorn Aroonwilas, and Teerawat Sema. "Atmospheric Dispersion of Gaseous Amine Emitted from Absorption-Based Carbon Capture Plants in Saskatchewan, Canada." Energies 15, no. 3 (February 8, 2022): 1221. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15031221.
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Carbon capture and storage (CCS) is a key strategy to reduce carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from industrial point sources. Gas absorption into aqueous amine solutions is an immediate technology for carbon capture that has been tested in many demonstration plants. One concern of using the amine-based carbon capture process is the environmental impacts and health risk caused by emissions of gaseous amines from the process to the atmosphere. This work applied the knowledge of air dispersion modelling to map out the atmospheric dispersion and resulting ground surface level concentration of gaseous amine, namely Monoethanolamine (MEA), from a coal-fired power plant (with a carbon capture unit) and in surrounding areas, in case of an accidental leaking of amine from the CCS system to the atmosphere. The chosen study area was centered on a coal-fired power plant in the province of Saskatchewan, Canada. The Environmental Protection (EPA) approved air pollution model (CALPUFF), together with meteorological and geophysical data were used for gaseous amine dispersion simulation. The results were presented, and the ground amine concentrations were found to vary with wind patterns (wind direction and wind speed). The maximum ground surface amine concentrations standard is 15.2 µg/m3. However, the results showed that when using the water wash unit, the MEA concentrations were well below the standard level, compared to those without the water wash unit. It is essential for CO2 capture plants located in highly populated areas to be equipped with water wash units.
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Johnson, Robert G. "Will Florida be saved?" JOURNAL OF ADVANCES IN NATURAL SCIENCES 3, no. 2 (October 31, 2016): 251–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.24297/jns.v3i2.5009.
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The state of Florida is typical of all the low-lying densely populated coastal areas around the world that are threatened by present and future rising sea level. These coastal areas will become destructively flooded by sea level rise due to melting of the world's glacial ice if fossil fuel consumption and resulting global warming are not strongly limited. Efforts to achieve this limitation in a timely way might not be successful because of cultural inertia, opposition by vested interests, and the difficulties in developing alternative sources of renewable energy on a large scale. However, the rising sea level could be reversed to a more rapidly falling sea level at least temporarily if a previously unrecognized tipping point in the changing climate is reached in coming decades. This tipping point is the onset of rapid new glacial ice sheet growth in northeastern Canada, Greenland, and the Barents Sea. The cause would be an order of magnitude increase in regional precipitation. Much evidence for that event is found in the geological records of the initiation of the last ice age 120,000yrs ago. The precursors for a similar future event are in place and are identified in modern oceanic records. These precursors include the increasing salinity of the Mediterranean Sea and the observed increasing penetration of the Spitsbergen-Atlantic Current into the polar ocean, which suggests that the tipping point may be reached before the end of this century. If so, the flooding may occur on only a small scale. However if so, a sharp 500yr cooling would be expected in eastern Canada and northern Europe, and greenhouse warming elsewhere would continue unless fossil fuel usage is reduced. This paper supports the suggestion by Giff Miller and Anne de Vernal in a 1992 letter to Nature that global warming and an ice age may occur simultaneously.
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Karkour, Selim, Yuki Ichisugi, Amila Abeynayaka, and Norihiro Itsubo. "External-Cost Estimation of Electricity Generation in G20 Countries: Case Study Using a Global Life-Cycle Impact-Assessment Method." Sustainability 12, no. 5 (March 5, 2020): 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12052002.
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The external costs derived from the environmental impacts of electricity generation can be significant and should not be underrated, as their consideration can be useful to establish a ranking between different electricity generation sources to inform decision-makers. The aim of this research is to transparently evaluate the recent external cost of electricity generation in G20 countries using a global life-cycle impact-assessment (LCIA) method: life cycle impact assessment method based on endpoint modeling (LIME3). The weighting factors developed in the LIME3 method for each G20 country enable one to convert the different environmental impacts (not only climate change and air pollution) resulting from the emissions and resources consumption during the full lifecycle of electricity generation—from resource extraction to electricity generation—into a monetary value. Moreover, in LIME3, not only the weighting factors are developed for each G20 country but also all the impact categories. Using this method, it was possible to determine accurately which resources or emission had an environmental impact in each country. This study shows that the countries relying heavily on coal, such as India (0.172 $/kWh) or Indonesia (0.135 $/kWh) have the highest external costs inside the G20, with air pollution and climate accounting together for more than 80% of the costs. In these two countries, the ratio of the external cost/market price was the highest in the G20, at 2.3 and 1.7, respectively. On the other hand, countries with a higher reliance on renewable energies, such as Canada (0.008 $/kWh) or Brazil (0.012 $/kWh) have lower induced costs. When comparing with the market price, it has to be noted also that for instance Canada is able to generate cheap electricity with a low-external cost. For most of the other G20 countries, this cost was estimated at between about 0.020$ and 0.040 $/kWh. By estimating the external cost of each electricity generation technology available in each G20 country, this study also highlighted that sometimes the external cost of the electricity generated from one specific technology can be significant even when using renewables due to resource scarcity—for example, the 0.068 $/kWh of electricity generated from hydropower in India. This information, missing from most previous studies, should not be omitted by decision makers when considering which type of electricity generation source to prioritize.
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Shin, Rachel, and Cory Searcy. "Evaluating the Greenhouse Gas Emissions in the Craft Beer Industry: An Assessment of Challenges and Benefits of Greenhouse Gas Accounting." Sustainability 10, no. 11 (November 14, 2018): 4191. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su10114191.
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A growing number of companies in the brewery industry have made commitments to measure and reduce their greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. However, many brewers, particularly craft brewers with relatively low rates of production, have not made such commitments. The purpose of this research was to investigate the challenges and benefits of measuring and reducing GHG emissions in the craft brewery industry. The research was conducted in Ontario, Canada, which has seen strong recent growth in the craft brewery industry. A case study and semi-structured interviews among Ontario Craft Brewers were conducted. The case study found that indirect (scope 3 GHGs under the WBCSD & WRI GHG Protocol) GHG sources accounted for 46.4% of total GHGs, with major sources from barley agriculture, malted barley transportation, and bottle production. Direct emissions (scope 1) accounted for only 14.9% of GHGs, while scope 2 emissions, comprised mainly of energy consumption, accounted for 38.7% of GHGs. The case study used case company primary data, and secondary data such as emission factors from external sources. The case study and interviews found that the main challenges in calculating brewery GHGs are secondary data availability, technical knowledge, and finances. The semi-structured interviews, which used prepared interview questions and probes to encourage follow-up answers, also found that the main benefits for Ontario breweries to measure their GHGs include sustainability marketing and preserving the environment. The interviews also found a poor understanding of carbon regulation among Ontario Craft Brewers, which is interesting considering that Ontario implemented a provincial cap and trade program in 2017.
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Arturo, Ian A., and Patricia L. Corcoran. "Categorization of plastic debris on sixty-six beaches of the Laurentian Great Lakes, North America." Environmental Research Letters 17, no. 4 (March 16, 2022): 045008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ac5714.
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Abstract The Laurentian Great Lakes system is a major global sink for plastic debris. An area of 10 m2 on each of sixty-six Great Lakes beaches was sampled for large micro-, meso- and macroplastic items. A total of 21 592 plastic items were collected and categorized. Pre-production plastic pellets were the most abundant debris type, accounting for 58.3% of the total count. The remaining 42.7% of the debris items are the focus of this study. Detailed, multi-step characterization was performed with the plastics being categorized using physical identification, known usage, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Values of 805.5 items m−2 at Baxter Beach in Sarnia, Ontario, Canada, and 688.1 items m−2 at Bronte Beach in Oakville, Ontario, Canada are the highest of all sampling locations. Sampling sites on only three beaches contained no plastic debris: Bay City in Michigan, U.S.A., Presque Isle State Park in Erie, Pennsylvania, U.S.A. and Pebble Beach in Marathon, Ontario, Canada. The plastic items sampled were mainly large microplastics (68.4% of total) with a total of 1477.5 items m−2, followed by mesoplastics (27.3% of total) with 598.8 items m−2, and macroplastics (4.3% of total) with 91.9 items m−2. By mass, the microplastic fraction accounted for 25.61 g m2 (14.1%), the mesoplastic for 47.06 g m2 (25.9%), and macroplastic for 109.3 g m2 (60.1%). A total of 3004 items were determined as specific polymers based on physical properties, known polymer usage, Resin Identification Code, and FTIR. A total of 1227 plastic items (40.8% of total) were identified as expanded polystyrene. The 49 most common items, excluding pellets, were scored using a matrix scoring technique to determine their potential general origin. It was determined that these items mostly originated from shoreline and urban sources, whereas pellets originated from the plastics industry.
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Sakharov, Andrei, and Inna Andronova. "Sustainable Development in Canada’s Arctic Territories: Goals and Results." International Organisations Research Journal 15, no. 4 (December 1, 2020): 140–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.17323/1996-7845-2020-04-07.
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The sustainable development agenda is gaining singular prominence in the context of studying development challenges in the Arctic. This region is particularly vulnerable to climate change and its ramifications and faces, due to its geographical remoteness, some of the greatest challenges in terms of the socio-economic aspects highlighted in the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals. This article reviews the experience of Canada, as a large northern country with vast territories and water areas beyond the Arctic Circle, in implementing national strategies and programmes for the development of its Arctic territories. The article identifies effective policy measures to create favourable conditions for sustainable socio-economic development through an analysis of the actual dynamics of key sustainable development indicators in Canada’s northern territories.Socio-economic development of the northern territories — Nunavut, Northwest Territories and Yukon — is one of the key priorities of Canada’s strategic development plans. These include the Federal Sustainable Development Strategy, the Northern Strategy and the Arctic and Northern Policy document. The following indicators were selected to analyze the implementation of these plans: population dynamics, life expectancy, gross regional product (GRP), unemployment rate, level of education of the population, share of economically active population, labour productivity, balance of regional budgets, federal subsidies in the structure of regional budgets, number of educational institutions, share of new renewable energy sources in the structure of electricity production, greenhouse gas emissions per capita, and hydrocarbons extraction.
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Lin, Jiunn-Cheng, Jun-Yen Lee, and Wan-Yu Liu. "Risk Analysis of Regions with Suspicious Illegal Logging and Their Trade Flows." Sustainability 13, no. 6 (March 23, 2021): 3549. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13063549.
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To eradicate illegally harvested wood sources in its domestic market, it is critical to conduct risk assessments on wood sourcing in regions with illegal loggings. It is not reliable to use a single indicator to analyze suspicious illegal logging. This study integrates three key global indicators: CPI (Corruption Perceptions Index), HDI (Human Development Indicator), and WGI (The Worldwide Governance Indicators) by applying the entropy weight method to establish a new risk indicator to rank suspicious illegal logging regions. This study aims to establish better risk indicators by considering more factors to assess the risks of illegal logging and its trade flow more reliably. By analyzing roundwood production, Myanmar, Congo, and Nigeria are rated high-risk. Countries such as the U.S., Germany, Canada, and Finland are rated low-risk.
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Yaïci, Wahiba, Andres Annuk, Evgueniy Entchev, Michela Longo, and Janar Kalder. "Organic Rankine Cycle-Ground Source Heat Pump with Seasonal Energy Storage Based Micro-Cogeneration System in Cold Climates: The Case for Canada." Energies 14, no. 18 (September 10, 2021): 5705. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14185705.
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In cold climatic regions such as those located across Canada, it is necessary to implement heating system technology that is ultra-efficient and that has near-zero rates of emissions. Such systems would satisfy consumers’ energy needs and also comply with environmental standards, especially because the systems would account for more than 80% of residential energy use. This paper investigates two complementary efficient systems that can support these heating systems; ground-source heat pumps (GSHPs) and organic Rankine cycle systems (ORCs). The study proposes to couple these two systems in a parallel configuration. A dynamic simulation model created in TRNSYS platform has been deployed to assess the performance of the combined ORC-GSHP based micro-cogeneration system. This former provides heating to a residential house during the heating mode as needed. It has the capacity to switch to a charging mode, during which the ORC system is directly coupled to the ground heat exchanger (GHE), which works as a thermal energy storage and supplies energy to the GSHP. The feasibility of this combined system arrangement, and its comparison with a conventional GSHP system are examined for use in residential buildings in three cities across the varied climatic regions within Canada, namely Edmonton (AB), Halifax (NS), and Vancouver (BC). Results showed that the proposed micro-cogeneration system recorded less energy use of over 80%. The addition of the ORC system had a definite effect on the performance of the GSHP in that it decreased the operating hours from 11–58% compared to the conventional GSHP case and maintained consistently higher COP values. These results may help to specify viable ORC-GSHP based micro-co/trigeneration systems in cold climatic applications and should be useful for prototype design and development.