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Davidsson, Simon. "Global energy transitions : Renewable energy technology and non-renewable resources." Licentiate thesis, Uppsala universitet, Naturresurser och hållbar utveckling, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-245307.
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The global energy system is dominated by the use of fossil fuels. This system suffers from several problems, such as different environmental issues, while the long-term energy security is sometimes questioned. As an alternative to this situation, a transition to a global energy system based on renewable energy technologies, to a large extent solar and wind energy, is commonly proposed. Constructing the technology needed for such a transition requires resources and how fast this could happen is somewhat disputed. This thesis explores methods to assess the potential constraints for realizing such a transition by looking at potential technology growth rates and outlooks of production of the required natural resources. The thesis is based on three papers presenting case studies that look at growth rates of wind energy as well as future production outlooks of lithium and phosphate rock. Using different types of growth patterns reaching proposed installed capacities of wind power, annual commissioning requirements are investigated, taking account for the limited life expectancy oftechnology. Potential outlooks of mineral production are explored using resource constrained curve-fitting models on global lithium production. A more disaggregated model looking at individual countries are used on phosphate rock production to investigate new perspectives on production outlooks. It is concluded that the growth rates of individual energy technologies affect the resource requirements and prospective constraints on energy transitions. Resource constrained modelling of resource production can provide spans of potential outlooks for future production of resources required for anenergy transition. A higher disaggregation of the modelling can provide new perspectives of potential constraints on future production. These aspects should be further investigated when proposing alternative future energy systems.
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Demirdizen, Hasan Gence. "Market Development Of Renewable Energy In Turkey." Master's thesis, METU, 2013. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12615440/index.pdf.
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Renewable energy is a current issue in the world as well as in Turkey. Turkey has developing policies in the renewable energy field. Although it is a beneficial mean of obtaining energy, there are barriers on renewable energy production. In order to develop renewable energies, those barriers have to be analyzed and suitable implementations should be developed to overcome them. In this thesis policy and implementation on the renewables are evaluated in general and specially for Turkey. The electricity market is one of the crucial factors of development of the renewable energy. The day-ahead market and renewable energy support mechanism in Turkey are investigated. Finally benefit calculations is carried out in order to compare benefits of renewable energy in market and support mechanisms by using real time price and production values of two renewable energy plantsa hydropower and a wind power plants. Further, outcomes of newly developed prediction project for wind power plants are evaluated in terms of market benefit.
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Heita, Natalia Ndatilohamba. "The development of Namibia's renewable energy regime." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/15167.
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As is the case with many countries, Namibia has an economy dependent on fossil fuels. The country is, however, blessed with abundant and diverse - but as yet unexploited - renewable energy (RE) resources that could be used for improving the livelihood of the vast majority of its 2.2 million people. Today the conflict between energy production from fossil fuels and protection of the environment is intensifying and this compels all countries to search for means of resolving this conflict. Developing RE through the enactment of enabling legislation and implementation of relevant policy is one important step towards attaining the ideal of an energy-secure future. This state of affairs is not unique to Namibia, as most countries with abundant RE sources are striving to promote and deploy RE in their respective regimes through appropriate policies and legal frameworks. This study examines Germany and Ghana from, respectively, the developed and developing world, as leading countries that have established a proactive RE regime. However, such a regime can only be successfully achieved if countries, including Namibia, adopt laws and policies that promote and encourage the use of RE in order to move away from fossil fuel dependence to a greener economy. Thus the study seeks to investigate RE resources in Namibia and their potential development. It outlines the current legislation pertaining to the regulation of RE in Namibia. As such, the study further examines the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) guidelines and draws examples from other regimes, particularly Germany and Ghana, in order to provide a guideline for the enactment of a general Energy Act with a particular chapter on RE. It concludes with recommendations as to how Namibia can secure a sustainable energy future.
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Johnson, Darrin B. "Federal renewable-energy research and development funding and innovation /." View online, 2008. http://repository.eiu.edu/theses/docs/32211131423535.pdf.
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Connor, Peter Michael. "Strategic development of renewable energy technology in Europe." Thesis, n.p, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/.
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Jeong, Yonjoo. "Placing renewable energy development : an analysis of the spatialities of renewable energy projects in South Korea and Japan." Thesis, Lancaster University, 2012. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.658049.
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With growing concerns about global climate change there is increasing interest in the development of renewable energy (RE) and in the many different ways in which this can be taken forward. Existing studies of the social relations at work in RE project development have largely focused on patterns of conflict and have tended to consider places as forming a passive and contained background in which RE projects are situated. In so doing they have failed to see the intricate relations between place and people and the various forms of spatiality that are enrolled into the discourses through which projects are represented and understood. This thesis aims to enhance our understanding of RE development through investigating the spatial relations embedded in the discourses surrounding RE projects, focusing on the construction of place and spatiality and its effects. This study also seeks to broaden the research base by examining three case studies of the emergence of RE projects in the non-Western national contexts of South Korea and Japan. Based on a case study approach, the primary data was collected using in-depth interviews with stakeholders in each RE project and is analysed using discourse analysis to reveal the social and spatial relations embedded in the way in which place is conceptualised in RE projects. These case studies show that the boundaries of places where projects were situated are not fixed, rather the demarcation of the places is temporary and provisional and their identity is multiple, thus places are relationally conceptualised in their unique social contexts. Places are also open to change in part in response to the multiple social relations embedded in RE developments. Thus, an analysis of the construction of place and spatiality and their effects on social relations enables us to gain better understanding of the diversity and complexity of RE development and of how and why RE projects emerge in particular contexts and with different profiles and experiences of social involvement.
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Ashby, Scott John. "Remaining off-line : an investigation of Australia's reaction to renewable energy technology development /." Title page, table of contents and abstract only, 1998. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09ENV/09enva823.pdf.
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Paty, Melanie C. "Promoting Bold Investment in Renewable Energy Research and Development." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2015. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/1208.
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This thesis discusses the potential for private investment to fund ambitious renewable energy research and development to help mitigate climate change. I begin by discussing the threat of global warming and a brief history of renewable energy development in the United States. Next, I discuss existing avenues for private investment in renewable energy, potential methods of increasing corporate participation, and the belief that businesses must maximize only financial profits. Then I perform an in-depth case study of pension funds that have incorporated a social or environmental mission, existing environmentally focused mutual funds, and liquidated clean energy mutual funds. Finally, I compare the historical performance of the existing mutual funds to the liquidated to determine a profit threshold below which clean energy focused funds fail and discuss optimal investment strategies to foster bold renewable energy investment.
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Wen, Zheming. "Research and development in novel alternative renewable energy technology." Thesis, Bournemouth University, 2016. http://eprints.bournemouth.ac.uk/25047/.
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Fossil fuels have become the main energy source for human after the Industrial Revolution. However, with ever-increasing energy consumption, they are not sustainable in terms of their finite reserves, pollutions to the environment and contributions to climate change. Driven by these problems, the EU and UK have together set a mutual objective to generate renewable energy as 20% of the total energy supply by 2020. This research project, fully funded by Future Energy Source Ltd, is a direct response to the needs of developing novel alternative renewable energy technologies. This project concerns about the research and development of a large scale flat plate solar collector (LSFPSC) with serpentine tubing that can be fully integrated into building envelops. The project work focuses on design improvements for increasing thermal performance, enhancing reliability and minimising costs of the LSFPSC. This is accomplished by employing a three-stage approach combining both experimental testing and simulation studies. An experimental facility was designed and built for testing the LSFPSC prototype with comprehensive monitoring equipment for collecting important data such as temperature and flow rates. The 1st stage experimental results and mathematical analyses showed that the unglazed LSFPSC prototype has an operating efficiency of 28.55%. In the 2nd stage, research was done to propose suitable improvements which were then tested experimentally. These improvements include changing the heat transfer mechanism between the absorber and the circulation system, enhancing the bond conductivity and minimising convective losses. The improved prototype showed increased operating efficiencies of 43.50% (unglazed configuration) and 46.07% (glazed configuration). In the 3rd stage, the experimental and analysis data from the 2nd stage were employed to design TRNSYS simulation that was used to simulate the LSFPSC’s performance using weather data from 36 different locations in 22 countries. The simulation results showed the LSFPSC is capable of producing mean useful output of 1.29 GJ/m2/year (glazed) and 1.00 GJ/m2/year (unglazed). Further economic evaluation showed the LSFPSC has much shorter payback period (2.4 to 6.5 years) than the typical commercial flat plate collectors (8 to 12 years) indicating that the LSFPSC is an economical solution for low/medium temperature applications.
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Bray, Laura. "Preparing for offshore renewable energy development in the Mediterranean." Thesis, University of Plymouth, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10026.1/10099.
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The development of offshore wind farms and marine renewable energy devices in the Mediterranean is central to both national, and international, energy strategies for countries bordering the Mediterranean Sea. The ecological impacts of marine renewable energy development in the Mediterranean region, although essential for policy makers, are as yet unknown. The Northern Adriatic is identified as a plausible site for offshore wind farm development. Using the wider region (Adriatic and Northern Ionian) as a case study, this thesis examines the likely impact to the marine environment if an offshore wind farm is established. Site suitability, based on wind speed, bathymetry, and larvae connectivity levels are investigated along with the plausibility of the turbines operating as artificial reefs in the area. As offshore wind farms may alter the larval connectivity and supply dynamics of benthic populations, a connectivity map was constructed to identify areas of high and low connectivity in the Adriatic Sea. The Puglia coast of Italy is a likely larval sink, and displays some of the highest connectivity within the region, suggesting potential inputs of genetic materials from surrounding populations. Considering offshore wind farms could operate as artificial reefs, an in-situ pilot project was established to simulate the presence of wind turbines. Macroinvertebrates colonized the new substrata within the first few months but were lower in abundance when compared to a natural hard substrata environment. Time, turbine location, and the material used for turbine construction all affected the macro-invertebrate communities. In addition, fish abundances, and diversity were lower around the simulated OWF foundations in comparison to a natural hard substrata environment, and no increases in fish abundance occurred around the simulated turbines when compared to reference sites of soft substrata. This observation was validated with the use of an ecosystem modelling software (Ecopath with Ecosim), which simulated the overall ecosystem level impacts that would occur if 50 offshore monopile wind turbines were introduced to the Northern Ionian and colonized by macroinvertebrate communities. When compared to the baseline scenario (no simulated introduction of an OWF), the introduction of new habitat had no discernible impacts to the structure or functioning of the marine ecosystem. Noticeable changes to the ecosystem were only apparent if fishing restrictions were enforced in parallel with the simulated offshore wind farm; the ecosystem appears to become more structured by top down predation. In addition seabirds are also impacted by the reduction of fishing discards as a food source. These results are the first attempt to quantify the suspected benefits of offshore wind farms operating as de-facto marine protected areas.
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Jung, Jae Sung. "Development and Deployment of Renewable and Sustainable Energy Technologies." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/56621.
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Solar and wind generation are one of the most rapidly growing renewable energy sources, and is regarded as an appealing alternative to conventional power generated from fossil fuel. This is leading to significant levels of distributed renewable generation being installed on distribution circuits. Although renewable generation brings many advantages, circuit problems are created due to its intermittency, and overcoming these problems is a key challenge to achieving high penetration.
It is necessary for utilities to understand the impacts of Photovoltaic (PV) generation on distribution circuits and operations. An impact study is intended to quantify the extent of the issues, discover any problems, and investigate alternative solutions. In this manner, system wide and local impact study are proposed in the dissertation.
1) System wide impact study
This study considers system effects due to the addition of Plug-in Hybrid Vehicles (PHEV) and Distributed Energy Resource (DER) generation. The DER and PHEV are considered with energy storage technology applied to the residential distribution system load. Two future year scenarios are considered, 2020 and 2030. The models used are of real distribution circuits located near Detroit, Michigan, and every customer load on the circuit and type of customer are modeled. Monte Carlo simulations are used to randomly select customers that receive PHEV, DER, and/or storage systems. The Monte Carlo simulations provide not only the expected average result, but also its uncertainty.
2) Local impact study
Analysis of high PV penetration in distribution circuits using both steady-state and quasi steady-state impact studies are presented. The steady-state analysis evaluates impacts on the distribution circuit by comparing conditions before and after extreme changes in PV generation at three extreme circuit conditions, maximum load, maximum PV generation, and when the difference between the PV generation and the circuit load is a maximum. The quasi steady-state study consists of a series of steady-state impact studies performed at evenly spaced time points for evaluating the spectrum of impacts between the extreme impacts. Results addressing the impacts of cloud cover and various power factor control strategies are presented. PV penetration levels are limited and depend upon PV generation control strategies and the circuit design and loading. There are tradeoffs in PV generation control concerning circuit voltage variations, circuit losses, and the motion of automated utility control devices. The steady state and quasi steady-state impact studies provide information that is helpful in evaluating the effect of PV generation on distribution circuits, including circuit problems that result from the PV generation.
In order to fully benefit from wind power, accurate wind power forecasting is an essential tool in addressing this challenge. This has motivated researchers to develop better forecast of the wind resources and the resulting power. As a solution for wind generation, frequency domain approach is proposed to characterize and analyze wind speed patterns in the dissertation.
3) Frequency Domain Approach
This study introduces the frequency domain approach to characterize and analyze wind speed patterns. It first presents the technique of and the prerequisite conditions for the frequency domain approach. Three years of wind speed data at 10 different locations have been used. This chapter demonstrates that wind speed patterns during different times and at different locations can be well characterized by using the frequency domain approach with its compact and structured format. We also perform analysis using the characterized dataset. It affirms that the frequency domain approach is a useful indicator for understanding the characteristics of wind speed patterns and can express the information with superior accuracy.
Among the various technical challenges under high PV penetration, voltage rise problems caused by reverse power flows are one of the foremost concerns. The voltage rises due to the PV generation. Furthermore, the need to limit the voltage rise problem limits PV generators from injecting more active power into the distribution network. This can be one of the obstacles to high penetration of PVs into circuits. As a solution for solar generation, coordinated control of automated devices and PV is proposed in the dissertation.
4) Coordinated Automated Device and PV Control
A coordinating, model-centric control strategy for mitigating voltage rise problems due to PV penetration into power distribution circuits is presented. The coordinating control objective is to maintain an optimum circuit voltage distribution and voltage schedule, where the optimum circuit operation is determined without PV generation on the circuit. In determining the optimum circuit voltage distribution and voltage schedule, the control strategy schedules utility controls, such as switched capacitor banks and voltage regulators, separate from PV inverter controls. Optimization addresses minimizing circuit losses and motion of utility controls. The coordinating control action provides control setpoints to the PV inverters that are a function of the circuit loading or time-of-day and also the location of the PV inverter. Three PV penetration scenarios are considered, 10%, 20%, and 30%. Baselines with and without coordinating controls for circuit performance without PV generation are established, and these baselines are compared against the three PV penetration scenarios with and without coordinating control. Simulation results are compared and differences in voltage variations and circuit losses are considered along with differences in utility control motion. Results show that the coordinating control can solve the voltage rise problem while minimizing circuit losses and reducing utility control motion. The coordinating control will work with existing PV inverter controls that accept control setpoints without having to modify the inverter controls.
5) Coordinated Local and Centralized PV Control
Existing distribution systems and their associated controls have been around for decades. Most distribution circuits have capacity to accommodate some level of PV generation, but the question is how much can they handle without creating problems. It proposes a Configurable, Hierarchical, Model-based, Scheduling Control (CHMSC) of automated utility control devices and photovoltaic (PV) generators. In the study here the automated control devices are assumed to be owned by the utility and the PV generators and PV generator controls by another party. The CHMSC, which exists in a hierarchical control architecture that is failure tolerant, strives to maintain the voltage level that existed before introducing the PV into the circuit while minimizing the circuit loss and reducing the motion of the automated control devices. This is accomplished using prioritized objectives. The CHMSC sends control signals to the local controllers of the automated control devices and PV controllers. To evaluate the performance of the CHMSC, increasing PV levels of adoption are analyzed in a model of an actual circuit that has significant existing PV penetration and automated voltage control devices. The CHMSC control performance is compared with that of existing, local control. Simulation results presented demonstrate that the CHMSC algorithm results in better voltage control, lower losses, and reduced automated control device motion, especially as the penetration level of PV increases.Ph. D.
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Parvanyan, Tigran. "Renewable Portfolio Standard : an analysis of design and implementation issues /." Link to online version, 2005. https://ritdml.rit.edu/dspace/handle/1850/1139.
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Reed, Daniel L. "Environmental and renewable energy innovation potential among the states : state rankings /." View online version, 2009. http://ecommons.txstate.edu/arp/291.
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Zauels, Nathalie, and Oana Maries. "Expert perceptions on renewable energy implementation in ASEAN." Thesis, Malmö universitet, Fakulteten för kultur och samhälle (KS), 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-23918.
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The world today is built on energy. Every process, whether industrial or civil, from the moment one awakes in the morning all throughout the day and into the late night, is fuelled by energy. There is an energy consumption going on twentyfour hours, every day of the year (IEA, 2017). The traditional energy mix (coal, gas, oil) has been used up to now with disrupting effects on our planet. In order to stay in the sustainable development concept, the demand for energy will be optimally met with renewable energies (RE), so to also keep the global temperatures under 2°C or even 1.5°C, if ambitious measures are used (IPCC, 2011).The focus of this study is on the Association of South East Nations (ASEAN), because it has an unexploited potential to increase the usage of RE, due the fact that the region has over 140 million in population without access the electricity (Shi, 2016, IEA, 2017). The region is also still developing its energy infrastructure and decides on energy road maps for the next couple of years (Zamora, n.d., Brahim, 2014, Alison Riddell, Steve Ronson, Glenn Counts, n.d., Renner et al., 2018). Thus, this is the right time to research why ASEAN has not yet implemented more RE into its nations.The paper will explore the experts perceptions on the RE implementations in ASEAN as well as how does the government regulation and policy structures involve in the renewable energy implementation. To provide a better understanding of the impacts in the implementation phase of RE in ASEAN, the PESTEL framework helps to analyse the area on a macro level from six different perspectives. This framework will also help to identify and give suggestions to overcome several obstacles that have emerged in the implementation of RE in ASEAN.
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Stands, Sarah Reed. "Utility-scale renewable energy job creation : an investigation of the South African Renewable Energy Independent Power Producer Procurement Programme (REIPPPP)." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/96791.
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Thesis (MPhil)--Stellenbosch University, 2015.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The South African Government developed the REIPPPP to ensure the implementation of Green Economy and job creation policies, while mitigating the current power crises with the short lead times of RE technologies. Current South African literature is ambiguous when discussing the legitimacy of the REIPPPP and the overall understanding of the programme and its associated outcomes in terms of job creation, are therefore, vague. A need therefore exists to unpack the quantitative job creation submissions of the REIPPPP and to carry out an investigation into the opportunities and challenges associated with meaningful job creation. Through a non-linear iterative exploratory design, hinging on the researcher’s position within industry, this empirical research comprises of two components. Firstly, a literature study informs the development of a meaningful job creation framework which is used to analyse the programme’s bid documentation and publicly available data. Secondly, mixed-methods are utilised to collect quantitative data from the DoE and qualitative data from job creation stakeholders. The result is an enriched understanding of the REIPPPP in terms of meaningful job creation, identifying trends, similarities and unexpected outcomes across methods. The study concludes that the programme does create meaningful jobs yet data is misaligned and currently unavailable to the public. Secondly, since job creation is a feature of South African Government development policy, a more robust emphasis is required in the REIPPPP weighting and auditing process, which includes further research of intended benefits and suggested improvements to align job creation data.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die Suid-Afrikaanse regering het die hernubare energie onafhanklike kragprodusent verkrygingsprogram ontwikkel om die voorsiening van die werksskeppingsbeleid en groen-ekonomiebelied te verseker. Huidige Suid-Afrikaanse letterkunde is dubbelsinnig wanneer die wettigheid van die program bespreek word. Die algehele begrip van die program en sy geassosieerde uitkoms is dus vaag. Daar is n behoefte om die kwantitatiewe werkskeppingvoorleggings te analiseer en om ondersoek in te stel in die geleenthede en uitdagings wat geassosieer word met betekenisvolle werkskepping. Deur n nie- lineêre iteratiewe ondersoekende ontwerp, wat gebaseer is op die navorser se posisie in die industrie, bestaan hieride empiriese navorsing, uit twee komponente. Eerstens, lig n literatuurstudie die ontwikkeling van n betekenisvolle werkskeppingsraamwerk in, en word gebruik om die program se boddokumentasie en publieke data te analiseer. Tweedens, word gemengde metodes gebruik om kwantitatiewe data van die departement van energie te versamel asook kwalitatiewe data van werkskeppingbelanghebbendes. Die resultaat is n meer verrykende verstandhouding van die hernubare energie onafhanklike kragprodusent verkrygingsprogram in terme van betekenisvolle werkskepping asook die identifisering van tendense en onverwagse uitkomste. Die studie kom tot die gevolgtrekking dat die program nie betekenisvolle werk skep nie en is tans onbeskikbaar vir die publiek. Tweedens, aangesien werkskepping 'n kenmerk is van die Suid-Afrikaanse regering se ontwikkelingsbeleid, word 'n meer robuuste klem vereis op die hernubare energie onafhanklike kragprodusent verkrygingsprogram se ouditeringsproses en verdere navorsing van die beoogde voordele word voorgestel.
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Chernysheva, Svetlana. "The development of renewable energy in Russia: challenges and constraints." Thesis, Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet, Institutt for sosiologi og statsvitenskap, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-26515.
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Chadwick, Helen. "Planning decision support tools for sustainable development and renewable energy." Thesis, De Montfort University, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/2086/4267.
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Pitcher, Keith Francis. "Development of biomass renewable energy policies, schemes, systems and procedures." Thesis, University of Leeds, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.364895.
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Lucas, Porta Hugo. "Challenges and Potential Support Mechanisms for Renewable Energy Deployment in Developing Countries." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Lleida, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/671223.
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Els països en desenvolupament enfronten el doble desafiament d'haver de contribuir amb la seva part a la mitigació del canvi climàtic i, al mateix temps, tractar de promoure amb urgència el desenvolupament sostenible. Atès que aquest últim es correlaciona positivament amb la demanda d'energia, el primer només es pot aconseguir quan els països en desenvolupament aconsegueixen descarbonitzar els seus sectors d'energia.
La tesi porta a terme un anàlisi dels desafiaments únics per al desplegament d'energia renovable per al cas dels Petits Estats Insulars en Desenvolupament de Pacífic, destacant la necessitat de polítiques específiques i desbloquejar finances i inversions privades . L'anàlisi també ha demostrat que les transicions energètiques en els països en desenvolupament poden reduir-se, dràsticament, a causa dels dèficits de capacitat humana. Els dèficits de capacitat humana i la manca d'ofertes adequades d'educació i capacitació es van avaluar mitjançant una anàlisi de la base de dades IRELP de IRENA. Els resultats indiquen un desajust significatiu entre la quantitat i la qualitat de l'educació i les habilitats que busquen els sectors d'energia renovable, el que representa una barrera estructural crítica per al desplegament eficient d’energia renovable, especialment, en els països en desenvolupament.
S'avaluen posteriorment les subhastes d'energia renovable pel que fa a la seva capacitat per incentivar, les inversions privades en sectors d'energia renovable a l'Àfrica subsahariana, al mateix temps que es minimitzen el preu de l'electricitat generada a partir d'energies renovables. Aquestes característiques, així com l'adaptabilitat de les subhastes per atendre també a objectius polítiques secundàries, les fan molt atractives per als encarregats de formular polítiques en els països en desenvolupament. A més, es va analitzar l'aplicabilitat i l'èxit dels subhastes en el context de la contractació de serveis d'electrificació rural, amb base en l'experiència del Perú, confirmant l'adaptabilitat i flexibilitat de les subhastes a contextos específics.
No obstant això, les subhastes no són suficient, i si bé les barreres estructurals extenses per al desplegament d'energia renovable, com els dèficits de capacitat humana, poden abordar teòricament a través de disseny adequats, això sempre resultarà en compensacions d'eficiència. Aquesta tesi suggereix que les subhastes són, idealment, un component integrat d'una combinació de polítiques més àmplia i alineada.Los países en desarrollo enfrentan el doble desafío de tener que contribuir con su parte a la mitigación del cambio climático y, al mismo tiempo, tratar de promover con urgencia el desarrollo sostenible. Dado que este último se correlaciona positivamente con la demanda de energía, el primero solo se puede lograr cuando los países en desarrollo logran descarbonizar sus sectores de energía. La tesis lleva a cabo un análisis de los desafíos únicos para el despliegue de energía renovable para el caso de los Pequeños Estados Insulares en Desarrollo del Pacífico, destacando la necesidad políticas específicas y desbloquear finanzas e inversiones privadas. El análisis también ha demostrado que las transiciones energéticas en los países en desarrollo pueden reducirse drásticamente debido a la falta de recursos humanos. Los déficits de recursos humanos y la falta de ofertas adecuadas de educación y formación se evaluaron mediante el análisis de la base de datos IRELP de IRENA. Los resultados indican un desajuste significativo entre la cantidad y la calidad de la formación ofertada y las habilidades que busca el sector de las energías renovables, lo que representa una barrera estructural crítica para el despliegue eficiente de energía renovable, especialmente en los países en desarrollo. Se evalúan, posteriormente, las subastas de energía renovable con respecto a su capacidad para incentivar inversiones privadas en el África subsahariana, al mismo tiempo que se minimiza el coste de la generación renovable. Esta característica, así como su adaptabilidad para promover al mismo tiempo objetivos políticos secundarios, las hacen muy atractivas para los países en desarrollo. Además, se analizó la aplicabilidad y el éxito de las subastas en el contexto de la contratación de servicios de electrificación rural, con base en la experiencia del Perú, confirmando la adaptabilidad y flexibilidad de las subastas a contextos específicos. Sin embargo, las subastas no son suficiente, y si bien las barreras estructurales extensas para el despliegue de energía renovable, como los déficits de recursos humanos, pueden abordarse teóricamente a través de su diseño, esto siempre reducirá su eficiencia. Esta tesis sugiere que las subastas son, idealmente, un componente integrado de una combinación de políticas más amplia y alineada.
Developing countries face the dual challenge of having to contribute their share to climate change mitigation while simultaneously trying to urgently promote sustainable development. Given that the latter is correlating positively with energy demand, the former can only be achieved when developing countries manage to decarbonise their power sectors. The thesis seeks to explore the unique challenges to renewable energy deployment is conducted for the case of Pacific Small Island Development States, highlighting the need for targeted policy intervention and the need to unlock private finance and investment. The analysis has also shown that energy transitions in developing countries may be severely slowed down due to widespread human capacity deficits. Human capacity deficits and the lack of adequate education and training offers were evaluated through an analysis of IRENA’s IRELP database. Results are indicative of a significant mismatch between quantity and quality of education and skills which, the emerging renewable energy sectors seek and, what education providers are capable to supply, representing a critical structural barrier to efficient renewable energy deployment, especially in developing countries. Renewable energy procurement auctions in developing countries are subsequently evaluated with respect to their capability to significantly incentive private investments into renewable energy sectors in Sub-Saharan Africa, while at the same time minimizing support costs by competitively driving down the price of electricity generated from renewables. These features, as well as the adaptability of auctions to cater also to secondary policy objectives and priorities, render them highly attractive to policy makers in developing countries. Further, the applicability and success of auction mechanisms in the context of rural electrification service procurement were analysed, based on experience from Peru, confirming auctions adaptability and flexibility to specific contexts. Auctions are, however, not a one-fit-all solution, and while extensive structural barriers to renewable energy deployment, such as human capacity deficits, can theoretically be addressed via the diligent composition of adequate design elements, this will always result in efficiency trade-offs. This thesis suggests that auctions are ideally an integrated component of a wider aligned and reinforcing policy mix.
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Purcell, Fergal. "Sustainable development of Northern Ireland's energy supply system." Thesis, University of Ulster, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.284856.
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Napier, Sarah Vicki. "The ability of renewable energy assets to attract private investment: factors and considerations that influence an investor's decision to invest into South African assets with a renewable energy exposure." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/25173.
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This paper aims at facilitating, through research and increased understanding, the inflow of investments into renewable energy (RE) assets. The private sector represents vast pools of funding that is needed for RE capacity to be unlocked on a sustainable and large scale rate. Through using a grounded theory research design methodology, the drivers and restraints identified were the risks and rewards involved in investing into a RE asset, specifically the macro-economic and microeconomic risk and reward factors involved. Renewable energy assets were found to closely be affected by government policies and the stability thereof. Return attributes to renewable energy were a high cash yielding, long term in nature and inflation indexed payments - all attractive attributes to pension funds, the largest private investment group with regards to assets under management. Through the grounded theory methodology process a causal loop diagram (CLD) was built, representative of the insights of RE as an asset class- gained from the literature. One leveraging factor identified in the CLD to increase investment is government policy stability which will substantially decrease perceived risks to investors and facilitate in increased investments into renewable energy assets.
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Perkins, Eben. "Shaping Our Energy Future: Lessons from Maine's Offshore Wind Energy Development Plans." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2011. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/pomona_theses/94.
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Maine is at a crossroads in its energy future. With 80 percent of homes in the state heated by oil, the highest percentage in the country, Mainers find themselves addicted to imported energy and without a renewable powered heating alternative for the long, harsh winters. Enter offshore wind into the equation. A relatively unknown technology in the United States, offshore wind farms are currently powering one million homes in Europe. Furthermore, the Gulf of Maine has world class wind resources that could potentially provide double the power production of the state’s current peak electricity demand. Through eight weeks of research conducted in Portland, Maine, which consisted of a literature review and stakeholder interviews, I have identified and focused on the key opportunities and obstacles to successful offshore wind energy development in Maine in the short and long term.
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Au, P. N., and 區沛能. "Pearl River Delta and the development of renewable energy in HongKong." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2004. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31255723.
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Jones, Thomas Elisha, and Thomas Elisha Jones. "Analysis of the Barriers to Renewable Energy Development on Tribal Lands." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/620678.
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Native American lands have significant renewable energy resource potential that could serve to ensure energy security and a low carbon energy future for the benefit of tribes as well as the United States. Economic and energy development needs in Native American communities match the energy potential. A disproportionate amount of Native American households have no access to electricity, which is correlated with high poverty and unemployment rates. Despite the vast resources and need for energy, the potential for renewable energy development has not fully materialized. This research explores this subject through three separate articles: 1) a case study of the Navajo Nation that suggests economic viability is not the only significant factor for low adoption of renewable energy on Navajo lands; 2) an expert elicitation of tribal renewable energy experts of what they view as barriers to renewable energy development on tribal lands; and 3) a reevaluation of Native Nation Building Theory to include external forces and the role that inter-tribal collaboration plays with renewable energy development by Native nations. Major findings from this research suggests that 1) many Native nations lack the technical and legal capacity to develop renewable energy; 2) inter-tribal collaboration can provide opportunities for sharing resources and building technical, legal, and political capacity; and 3) financing and funding remains a considerable barrier to renewable energy development on tribal lands.
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Ley, Debora. "Sustainable development, climate change, and renewable energy in rural Central America." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2013. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:90ce7966-ad99-4bcc-9192-001712ca03f1.
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Can rural renewable energy projects simultaneously meet the multiple goals of sustainable development, climate change mitigation and climate change adaptation? If so, under what conditions? Rural communities throughout Latin America have increasingly suffered the impacts of climate change and few policies exist to help them adapt to these impacts. The basic infrastructure and services that they frequently lack can be provided by low carbon technologies, potentially funded by international carbon finance flows that could enable the Millennium Development Goals of economic growth and poverty alleviation to be met while minimizing carbon emissions. This research will focus on this interrelationship among development, climate change mitigation and climate change adaptation policies and practices using political ecology to analyse community renewable energy projects in rural Central America. I assess fifteen community-owned renewable energy projects in Guatemala and Nicaragua to analyse whether current renewable energy projects are achieving these goals in an integrated way. The projects were established primarily as development, emissions reductions, climate change adaptation and disaster relief. The projects are evaluated on economic, development and climate change indicators that include sustainable development, poverty alleviation, emissions reductions, and climate vulnerability. I examine how the type of common property governance, local historical and environmental background and project implementation process influence the project success in meeting multiple objectives of climate adaptation, mitigation and development. Research methods include participatory poverty assessment techniques, semi-structured interviews, stakeholder analysis, and a combination of rapid and participatory methods. The analysis of sustainable development and vulnerability used the Sustainable Livelihoods Approach methodologies and emissions reductions were calculated using standard carbon reduction methodologies. The results show that, under certain conditions, renewable energy projects can simultaneously meet these three objectives, and thus that responses to climate change can be integrated with poverty alleviation and sustainable development. Small scale hydroelectric and solar systems can reduce emissions, enable adaptation and help local livelihoods although there are numerous problems that limit the success of projects including poor design, inequitable distribution of benefits, and poorly designed governance and maintenance structures.
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Valenti, Devan. "Diversifying South Africa's renewable energy mix through policy." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/96742.
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Thesis (MPhil)--Stellenbosch University, 2015.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: South Africa is one of the most energy-intensive economies in the world, with around 90 per cent of its electricity generated using coal as a primary resource. As such, the South African energy system remains on a highly unsustainable path, and the potential for long-term growth and prosperity of the economy is thwarted. The alternative to conventional energy, renewable energy, has unfortunately been relatively slow to take off in the South Africa market. This is disappointing considering the country’s wealth of natural resources required for renewable energy generation. The potential of renewable energy to contribute to the South African energy mix is thus significant. The transition to a green economy, and subsequently a more sustainable energy future, is therefore achievable and realistic. However, national policies aimed at promoting the deployment of renewable energy have been thwarted by inconsistencies, lack of coordination, and proved relatively ineffective at increasing the country’s renewable energy capacity to its full potential. The recent policy changes from a feed-in tariff to a competitive tender approach dented investor confidence in the South African renewable energy industry significantly. Nevertheless, renewable energy policy in South Africa is still in its infancy, and valuable lessons are still to be learnt and incorporated into future policies going forward. A critical analysis of the current policy identifies the need for amendment to the structure of the policy landscape. The current policy strongly favours larger, more established and mature renewable technologies, whilst completely neglecting smaller and less mature ones. This not only results in a highly undiversified renewable energy mix, which has considerable negatives in itself, but also reduces the ability of the policy to capture a host of significant opportunities and advantages associated with small-scale renewable energy projects. The importance of diversifying South Africa’s renewable energy mix was therefore ones of the principal stances of this study, and intervention that ensured diversification within the industry was therefore vital. This study fundamentally designs and proposes a revised policy system that makes use of both competitive tenders and feed-in tariffs within the policy framework. In essence, this would allow for greater diversification within the renewable energy industry. The competitive tender component should be used for larger, more established technologies and projects, while the feed-in tariff should be used to drastically stimulate investment in smaller technologies and projects. By making use of a dual-mechanism system, the benefits associated with small-scale renewable energy projects can be realized without any noteworthy opportunity costs foregone. These benefits include diversification of the renewable energy mix; stimulation of smaller technologies; increased job creation; and stabilisation of supply volatility. This study recommends that the current renewable energy policy in South Africa be reassessed for both its relevancy within the South African context as well as its ability to effectively promote the deployment of alternative energy technologies. In an ever-changing and globalising world, where exogenous influences on national policies are stronger than ever, it becomes necessary and of utmost importance that policies are evaluated constantly in order to ensure their effectiveness is at optimal level.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die Suid-Afrikaanse ekonomie is een van die energie-intensiefstes ter wêreld, met steenkool as hoofbron vir sowat 90 persent van die land se kragopwekking. Die Suid-Afrikaanse energiestelsel as sulks bly dus op 'n onstabiele pad, en die potensiaal vir langdurige ekonomiese groei en welvaart word geknel. As teenvoeter vir konvensionele krag het hernubare energie steeds stadig veld gewen in die plaaslike mark – wat teleurstellend is as die land se rykdom aan natuurlike bronne vir hernubare energie-opwekking in ag geneem word. Hernubare energie het dus 'n aansienlike potensiaal om tot die Suid-Afrikaanse energiemengsel by te dra. Die oorgang na 'n groen ekonomie, en gevolglik na 'n volhoubaarder energie-toekoms, is daarom bereikbaar en realisties. Nasionale beleide oor hoe die uitrol van hernubare energie bevorder word, is egter tot dusver gestrem deur ongereeldhede en 'n gebrek aan koördinasie, en was gevolglik relatief ondoeltreffend om die land se hernubare energiekapasiteit ten volle te verhoog. Die onlangse beleidsveranderinge vanaf 'n toevoertarief na 'n mededingende tenderbenadering het beleggersvertroue aansienlik geskaad. Suid-Afrika se hernubare energiebeleid is nietemin nog in sy kinderskoene, met kosbare lesse wat geleer kan word en vir die pad vorentoe in toekomsplanne ingewerk kan word. 'n Kritiese ontleding van die huidige beleid wys hoe nodig 'n aangepaste struktuur vir die beleidsraamwerk is. Die huidige beleid begunstig groter, meer gevestigde en ontwikkelde tegnologieë terwyl kleiner en minder ontwikkeldes heeltemal afgeskeep word. Dit het tot gevolg nie net 'n hoogs ongediversifiseerde mengsel van hernubare energie nie, wat op sigself 'n aantal nadele inhou, maar boonop verminder dit die beleid se vermoë om vele betekenisvolle geleenthede en voordele aan te gryp wat gepaard gaan met kleinskaalse projekte vir hernubare energie. Dat die diversifisering van Suid-Afrika se hernubare energiesamestelling belangrik is, was dus een van dié studie se hoofbenaderings, asook dat ingryping ter wille van diversifisering binne die bedryf onontbeerlik is. Hierdie studie bied 'n ingrypende ontwerp en voorstel vir 'n hersiene beleidstelsel, met mededingende tenders asook toevoertariewe binne die beleidsraamwerk. Dit sal in wese ruimte laat vir groter diversifikasie binne die hernubare energiebedryf. Die mededingende tendergedeelte behoort vir groter, meer gevestigde tegnologieë en projekte gebruik te word, terwyl die toevoertariewe kan dien om belegging in kleiner tegnologieë en projekte te stimuleer. Deur 'n stelsel van tweeledige meganismes kan die voordele van kleinskaalse hernubare energieprojekte realiseer sonder die inboet van noemenswaardige geleentheidskoste. Dié voordele sluit in, om enkeles te noem, die diversifikasie van die hernubare energie-toneel; die stimuleer van kleiner tegnologieë met gepaardgaande groter werkskepping; en toenemende plaaslike produkvervaardiging. Met dié studie word aanbeveel dat Suid-Afrika se huidige beleid oor hernubare energie heroorweeg word, rakende die relevansie daarvan binne die landskonteks asook die beleid se vermoë om die ontplooiing van alternatiewe energietegnologieë doeltreffend te bevorder. In 'n voortdurend veranderende en globaliserende wêreld, met buite-invloede op nasionale beleidsrigtings sterker as ooit, word dit noodsaaklik en uiters belangrik dat beleide voortdurend heroorweeg word om die doeltreffendheid daarvan op die gunstigste vlak te verseker.
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Jaynutapong, Sawayos. "Sustainability Ascertainment for CDM: : The case study of renewable energy projects in China." Thesis, KTH, Industriell ekologi, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-58631.
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China’s spectacular economic growth during the last decade has brought many benefits and challenges. As China poised to leapfrog today’s global economics creates huge negative environmental impact thus make China becomes one of the biggest potential to reduce its emissions. Further, China made rapid progress in learning how to mitigate its pollution by becoming the major player of the global carbon market with expecting to have its own cost efficient for reducing greenhouse gas emissions by learning through the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM). However, to assist Annex I countries in meeting their greenhouse gas emissions reduction targets with cost-effective reduction is not the only goal of CDM but also to achieve sustainable development in non-Annex I countries. Nonetheless, the first objective is measurable in term of the greenhouse gas reduction amount while the second objective is difficult to determine due to lacking of clear procedure and well proven methodologies and limited knowledge on the application of CDM sustainable development assessment. As China being the major player in CDM market especially in renewable energy projects therefore sustainability assessment are needed to ascertain if CDM projects are actually contributing to sustainable development. The research question that this paper aims to answer: How to measure sustainability performance from CDM renewables projects in China? I will discuss and propose a sustainability assessment tool which is based on quantified data. To provide solutions to this problem, the aim translates into a set of six specific research questions: What is the definition and criterion for CDM projects in regards to its contribution to sustainable development in China?, What are the requirements for an effective sustainability assessment for CDM renewables projects?, How suitable are the existing methodology in respond to determine sustainable development performance?, Is the developed methodology applicable with CDM renewables projects in China?, What is the best sustainable CDM renewable energy project for China?, What will China benefit in implementing this developed methodology? A SWOT analysis distinguished the MATA-CDM methodology from the other methodologies, and an appraising tool was further developed. With a flexibility and people related preferences, this tool is applicable to any size of project. As one of the objectives of the thesis is to help China define better sustainable development criteria and indicators, the ultimate sustainability performance ascertainment tool offers the height of rarity and possibility to ensure sustainability performance results for each and every examined CDM renewable energy project in China. The results of the fiveregistered CDM projects are actively exhibited that they have positively promoted sustainable development in China, even though a few projects have been ineffective in the development. Thus to improve sustainability performance of a project, project developer need to understand the implication of China’s sustainable development criteria and better understand the activities that can truly improve project sustainability performance an with the developed methodology, China can improve its society, environment, and nation economy in terms of sustainable development.
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Tan, Andrew Huey Ping. "The development of a measurement system for water-energy-food (WEF) security nexus in Malaysia : wellbeing, sectoral balance and sustainable development." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2018. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/52599/.
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It is undeniable that activities and events within the water, energy, and food (WEF) security nexus are inextricably linked and their relationships numerous and substantial. Complexity increases when factors governing the daily lives of humanity namely social, technology advancement, environment, economic, and policies (STEEP) adds upon the difficulty in addressing the relationships. It is thus paramount to address the problems from a holistic and systematic approach to maximise benefits as well as to minimize the negative impacts upon one another. However, there exists little to zero means of measuring their performance, whether qualitatively or quantitatively, within the context of a nexus. Moreover, minimal understanding exists regarding the relationships between the WEF securities in Malaysia, an emerging economy rich in natural resources, which envisions to be a developed nation. This research sought to establish a measurement system for the WEF security nexus in Malaysia within the context of resource security wellbeing, sectoral balance, and sustainable development using a System Dynamics (SD) approach. This entailed an extensive literature review and qualitative interview with key stakeholders from the industrial sectors. The front end of the SD process is concerned with obtaining important and relevant information from literature and interviews, which are then used to construct causal loop diagrams (CLD). The back end of the SD is concerned with converting the CLDs into a stock and flow diagram (SFD), which provides a platform for quantitative simulation of different well-designed scenarios. Key findings from this research can be highlighted; these include: renewables are necessary for the long-term energy plan of Malaysia, nuclear power is necessary to keep electricity tariff low, water tariff of supply and services are severely low, increasing self-sufficiency level (SSL) of Malaysia’s staple food is important, under-utilised crops are efficient in meeting nutrient requirements, and cash crops imposed systemic stresses upon the water sector more than the energy sector. Consequently, recommendations for policy makers are suggested accordingly to achieve a reasonable proportion of RE penetration, providing education on nuclear benefits, centralising and streamlining water governance, socio-economic improvement of water economics, increase SSL of staple food, embark upon widespread adoption of local under-utilized crops, and controlling land use of non-food crops. The outcome of this research forms a vital and novel contribution to knowledge, when it is a pioneering work to address the WEF security nexus for Malaysia; especially in considering their securities for the country as a system rather than unaffected individual entities. This work will contribute towards spearheading the awareness and, hopefully, trigger further and more in-depth work in transdisciplinary resource and technology management. As a pioneering effort, this research has nonetheless provided the foundation and the fundamental understanding to an integrative and inclusive cross-sectoral national resource backbone - The WEF security nexus measurement system of Malaysia.
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Rallis, Evan. "Solar and Wind Energy Development in Maine: 1973-1997." Fogler Library, University of Maine, 2003. http://www.library.umaine.edu/theses/pdf/RallisE2003.pdf.
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Kitley, David. "Exploring renewable energy powered reverse osmosis desalination plants in South Africa: a costing analysis of Reverse Osmosis desalination plants powered by renewable energy and their potential for South Africa." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/11678.
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The desalination process requires large amounts of energy, either in the form of waste heat or grid electricity. If conventional grid electricity sources are used to power desalination plants, the burning of fossil fuels will contribute towards the release of greenhouse gasses.
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Ogunleye, Olaoluwa. "Power to the People: Assessing Renewable Energy Cooperatives in Ontario." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/37985.
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There is need for increased production of electricity from renewable energy technologies. The transition to a low-carbon economy, whilst achieving energy security and meeting the Sustainable Development Goal 7 (SDG7) is an ongoing challenge for many countries. Local communities instituting an energy co-operative model may be instrumental to reducing greenhouse gas emissions to attain the 2030 goal. Renewable energy co-operatives (RECs) are one approach that can contribute to environmentally and socially equitable energy transitions in order to meet the SDG7. This thesis examines the factors that affect the success of RECs within Ontario to better discern how RECs are set up and how government policy affects their development.
The main research question of this study is “How can Ontario’s renewable energy co-ops grow, experience long-term viability, be updated or expanded?” This thesis argues that the quest towards energy transition, a low-carbon economy and to achieve both the federal and provincial targets by 2030 should take on a multi-stakeholders approach. In theory, this should reflect community desires, goals and energy equity since a community should have its own supported role in energy generation towards the whole of Ontario. With the absence of provincial support from the removal of the Feed-In Tariff (FIT) program in 2017, it is now imperative that municipal governments become involved in REC developments within their community.
The methodological approach of this thesis uses a combination of the Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats (SWOT) and sustainability analyses in order to interpret the data collected from semi-structured interviews with co-ops and policymakers as well as their websites and reports. This study examines the support structures and barriers for the growth of RECs in Ontario and how their growth can contribute to the SDG7. Through document review and interviews with representatives from the co-ops, I discovered that barriers include unstable government policy, inadequate funding, and a lack of support from financial institutions due to the smaller size of the projects developed by power co-ops. Comparisons with REC policy and progress in European countries show Ontario can do more to support RECs. This thesis concludes that one of the many available options for Ontario to contribute substantially to the transition to a low-carbon-economy is through applying the Pan-Canadian Framework on Clean Growth and Climate Change and the SDG7 by supporting citizen-led initiatives like RECs and to encourage large financial institutions to invest in their communities.
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Hu, Huaining. "Development of continuous microbial fuel cell for renewable energy production from wastewater." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2009. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/11692/.
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There is around 9.5 kJ/L of energy contained in UK wastewater which is wasted through traditional aeration treatment. Microbial fuel cell (MFC) technology provides a new approach to carry the promise of both treating wastewater without aeration and producing renewable energy in the form of electricity and H2. This work has contributed to making this a reality. In this work, MFC designs were developed and constructed to test their energy performances. The power densities ranged from 13.3 mW/m2 to 30 mW/m2. The coulombic efficiency based on the contained substrates is in the range of 1 % to 7 0/0. The Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) removal conversion per pass of MFCs arrived at 3.0 0/0. The H2 recovery rate was about 14 % with H2 yield of 11.6 mg/g COD. Comparative study suggested that continuous flow, no membrane and single chamber design can be used effectively in MFC for further application. The high temperature CO2 oxidation treatment of carbon anode materials resulted in an improvement of power by a factor of 2 when applied to MFC. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) study and the textural property measurements based on Brunauer Emmett Teller (BET) theory suggested that treatments help bacteria to grow on the material surface resulting in power improvement. Graphite as cathode decreased the MFC power density by around 50 % compared to that of MFC with Pt contained cathode, but the cost is 1/1000 that of the Pt makes it a very attractive alternative. A typical industry case study for implementation of MFC were carried out that considerable energy cost savings and water disposal savings can offset the installation within 1-2 year. It shows that the MFC technology has a promising future for the sustainable development of the world with further research.
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Primard, Pierre. "Life-cycle studies on raw materials for renewable energy development in France." Thesis, KTH, Kraft- och värmeteknologi, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-167354.
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The present report is a reflection on the impact and costs of raw materials involved in renewable energy (RE) technology development. The study is performed in collaboration with ADEME in France and is based on a range of previous studies initiated by ADEME, which aimed to test the limits for the integration of renewables in the energy mix by considering their raw material consumption and identifying the possible impacts if this consumption steadily grows in the future. The Earth’s material resources are already under heavy pressure, especially the exotic metals used in advanced technologies including renewable energy components and equipment. A sharp rise in material consumption due to a wide deployment of renewable energy could harm the metal markets and endanger the industries that depend on them. Securing a sustainable development path for RE technologies would require avoiding any fast resource depletion. This thesis focuses on several modern RE technologies, identifies their specific raw material consumption and points out some important strategic and economic issues regarding their sustainability. The possible penetration in the energy mix of France of different RE technologies related to their life-cycle and cost implications of the involved raw materials is discussed. The study also compares the requirement of raw materials for a 100%-RE energy system to a more conventional mix where the larger part is allocated to nuclear power and fossil fuels. By identifying the weaknesses and strengths of the renewable energy technologies as far as materials are concerned, the author aims at promoting the idea that a detailed Life Cycle Assessment of a project during the planning phase is a useful tool for the decision process and an important first step towards a more sustainable energy mix.
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Curtis, Daniel Joseph. "Nuclear renewable oil shale hybrid energy systems : configuration, performance, and development pathways." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/97964.
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Thesis: S.M., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Nuclear Science and Engineering, 2015.Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references.
Nuclear Renewable Oil Shale Systems (NROSS) are a class of large Hybrid Energy Systems in which nuclear reactors provide the primary energy used to produce shale oil from kerogen deposits and also provide flexible, dispatchable electricity to the grid. Kerogen is solid organic matter trapped in sedimentary shale, and the formations of kerogen oil shale in the western United States are the largest and densest hydrocarbon resource on the planet. When heated above 300 °C, kerogen decomposes into oil, gas, and char. NROSS couples electricity and transportation fuel production in a single operation, reduces lifecycle carbon emissions from the fuel produced, improves economics for the nuclear plant, and enables a major shift toward a very-low-carbon electricity grid. The nuclear reactor driving an NROSS system would operate steadily at full power, providing steam for shale heating in closed steam lines when the price of electricity is low and electricity to the grid when the price of electricity is high. Because oil shale has low thermal conductivity, heat input to the shale can be cycled as needed without disrupting the steady increase in average temperature. The target average shale temperature of 350 °C would be reached over 2 years using two heating stages in the baseline configuration driven by light water reactors. First stage heating brings the shale to an intermediate temperature, assumed to be 210 °C in this study. The second heating stage isolates the steam delivery line from the reactor and uses electricity, purchased when prices are low, to increase steam temperature and bring the shale to 350 °C. This capacity to absorb low price electricity mitigates the tendency for electricity prices to collapse to zero, or potentially negative values, during periods of peak wind and solar output. The analysis herein shows that liquid fuels produced by a baseline NROSS would have the lowest life cycle greenhouse gas impact of any presently available fossil liquid fuels and that operation as part of an NROSS complex would increase reactor revenues by 41% over a stand-alone baseload reactor. The flexible, dispatchable electricity provided by NROSS could also enable the transition to a very-low-carbon grid in which renewables are widely deployed and the NROSS provides variable output to balance their uncontrolled output to meet demand. Fully deployed, NROSS could require tens or hundreds of reactors. Large fleet operations and local mass production of the necessary hardware could bring about substantial reductions in system cost as development proceeds, potentially offering a pathway to jump start and maximize the realization of the mass production cost savings envisioned for small modular reactors. The development pathway to achieve large scale NROSS deployment will be complicated, however, requiring involvement from many government agencies, a demonstration system, and a complex commercialization effort with partnered nuclear vendors, utilities, and petroleum system developers.
by Daniel Joseph Curtis.
S.M.
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Jalkenäs, Frida, and Monika Mizgalewicz. "Modelling resources to supply Ethiopia with renewable electricity by 2030." Thesis, KTH, Industriell ekologi, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-213925.
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Energy is a crucial factor when it comes to development. Among other electricity is important when advancing the living standards of a society as it facilitates various actions and mechanisms. Through the past years social trends such as increased population have put energy and electricity systems under stress as they have often been based on limited and unsustainable fossil fuels. A need for a shift from the conventional fuels to renewable sources becomes more prominent and development needs to be performed in a sustainable way. Ethiopia is one of the countries who have expressed a desire to reach sustainable development by adapting United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals. This project focuses and analyzes more specifically Ethiopia’s relation to, and possibility of reaching Goal 7 - sustainable energy for all. It attempts to find a future configuration of energy sources which will create an electricity system which will benefit the economy, the social aspect and the environment. The aim is to have a cost-efficient energy mix which supplies all of Ethiopia’s inhabitants with electricity without having to contribute with any carbon dioxide emissions. A literature review is performed to obtain country specific information such as geographical predispositions, and a field trip to Addis Ababa is conducted where data regarding the electricity system is collected. Modelling is then carried through by usage of tools MoManI and OnSSET and the obtained results show a continuous trend in all scenarios where solar and wind compromise the biggest part of electricity production in 2030 and after. Every scenario also allows all inhabitants access to electricity by year 2030. Further, four out of five scenarios ensures elimination of carbon dioxide emissions by 2022, and all five by 2030.
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Makhoba, Phiwayinkosi Lucas. "Multi-dimensional barriers to the development of renewables energy." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/31561.
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While some of the developed and emerging economies are registering phenomenal growth in their renewable energy industries, it would appear that there are still a number of factors that are limiting the renewable energy to its potential worldwide. This paper applies a theoretical framework using the systems thinking to examine three possible multi-dimensional factors that are barriers to be development of renewable energy in South Africa. The objective was to use a qualitative research to investigate further the barrier interconnection and multi-dimensional barriers limiting renewable energy development using the South Africa market for sampling and interviews.The methodology employed involved a literature review. In addition, a questionnaire was designed and interviews were conducted to ascertain the prevalence of such barrier multi-dimensional and interconnection. The results obtained were analysed using qualitative method. These analyses revealed that the possible multi-dimensional barriers that were identified namely technology; pricing and costing; policy and regulations; and market performance are valid for South Africa. In addition, even though the results highlighted, as identified initially that technology have a significant impact as a linkage, the results suggest that the regulatory framework have a more significant linkage and effect on the relationship and interconnection.Dissertation (MBA)--University of Pretoria, 2012.
Gordon Institute of Business Science (GIBS)
Unrestricted
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Siddiqui, Firoze Ahmed. "Linking innovation and local uptake in rural development : potential for renewable energy cooperatives in Bangladesh /." Siddiqui, Firoze Ahmed (2003) Linking innovation and local uptake in rural development: potential for renewable energy cooperatives in Bangladesh. PhD thesis, Murdoch University, 2003. http://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/310/.
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In Bangladesh, as elsewhere in the world, energy both commercial and noncommercial, serves as a major vehicle for development. In the last three decades, lopsided development efforts, without proper concern for the environment and productivity level of natural resources have created significant problems for development sustainability in Bangladesh. The energy sector faces deep crisis in meeting increasing energy demands for development of agriculture, industry, transportation and other sectors of economy.
The country is heavily dependent on import of commercial fossil fuel energy, petroleum, petroleum products and coal. Such dependency makes Bangladesh economy more vulnerable to external price shocks in the international energy market. Non-commercial energy plays a dominant role in overall energy consumption in Bangladesh. Use of non commercial energy constitutes about two-thirds of the country's total energy balance and is almost entirely supplied from the already overstressed biomass resources of the country. The population size and the vast majority living in rural areas have created immense pressure on the country's biomass resources resulting in massive deforestation, decline of soil fertility and reduced productivity of agriculture. Desperate access to resources, particularly in rural areas is also causing uneven development of the rural population in Bangladesh.
The development of the energy sector is a time bound issue and demands proper and timely attention. For Bangladesh, substitution of current biomass energy use with iv sustainable energy sources and their effective management is therefore critically important to sustain its overall development.
There is ample scope for introducing energy efficient technologies and energy conservation measures in commercial and non-commercial energy use in Bangladesh. Effective and realistic energy planning and policy formulation is therefore crucially important for sustainable development in Bangladesh.
The thesis explores the possibility of introducing an alternate approach to rural energy development through a series of case studies on selected technologies viz. biogas and improved efficiency cook stoves technology projects in the public sector and Grameen Shakti's renewable energy programme in the private sector.
Application of village energy supply system based on renewable energy technologies utilising abundantly available renewable resources of the country and already well in place technologies such as solar PV, bio digesters and energy storage batteries will be trailed within a framework that works with the participation of the (rural/village) community in running and managing energy supply in the villages. Introduction of a community based energy supply system Rural Energy Cooperative (REC) has been examined as a model for rural energy development, targeting economic, environmental and community development at the same time, which forms together the necessary foundation for sustainable development in (rural) Bangladesh, as well as in other parts of the developing world.
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Miller, Janah. "Promoting sustainable development in South Africa : environmental regulation in support of renewable energy." University of the Western Cape, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/5662.
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Salih, Nizam. "Renewable for Rural Electrification in Sri Lanka." Thesis, KTH, Energi och klimatstudier, ECS, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-117714.
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At the beginning of the 1970s, the industrial countries accounted for about 80%of world oil consumption. Today, they are down tolittle more than 50%. Already, China uses more totalprimary energy than United States. Developing countries are in the process ofconsuming a substantial amount of energydue to alarming growth, industrialization, urbanization etc. With a tight and volatile oil market, combined with sharply risingconsumption in emerging countries there is renownedconcerns about energy security. Various models are beingimplemented in these countries with the help ofdonors and local governments toenhance the use of renewable energy fora sustainable development. Use of renewable energy for rural electrificationhas not progressed as anticipated regardless of provisions of subsidies &other measurers by governments. InSri Lanka, the primary energy contributions in 2009 to nationalenergy supply were 51% from biomass, 44.8% from crude oil and petroleumproducts, and 3.6% from hydroelectricity and other renewable sources. The useof non-conventional energy resources, NCRE, (small-scale hydropower, biomass,biogas and waste, solar power and wind power) in Sri Lanka is of a relativelysmaller scale (<1%) and therefore its contribution is presently of lowsignificance in the macro energy picture. Regardless, the energy policydocument of the government of Sri Lanka has set a target to reach a minimumlevel of 10% of electrical energy supplied to the grid to be from non-conventionalrenewable energy in 2015. Inthis context, this study attempts to analyse the strengths and weaknesses ofthe existing financial and institutional models for renewable energydissemination for rural electrification in Sri Lanka and to recommend possiblemeasures needed for better financial and institutional models. In addition to aliterature survey, a questionnaire survey was carried out with power producers,financial institutions and government and non-government organizations in therenewable energy business to obtain their perception for better analysis.
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Cullen, William. "A Comparative Analysis to Understand the Subnational Motivations for Renewable Energy Development in India." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2019. https://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/2175.
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Providing energy security and diversifying the energy production in India align with the country’s rising power ambitions and policy goals to industrialize. Renewable energy provides a useful tool for the state to meet these policy goals without producing more air pollution and additional environmental degradation. The Central Government has international ambitions of with becoming a rising responsible power; these aspirations have created new resources, incentives, and policy ideas for the subnational states in India. The purpose of this thesis is to map out the motivations, interests, and incentives of subnational elites in devising policies to promote renewable energy development in Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Gujarat, and Rajasthan. I develop an analytical framework based on four variables: 1) state-level party politics, 2) financial space/ indebtedness of state distribution companies, 3) institutional knowledge in state-level nodal renewable energy agencies, and 4) state-level linkages with the private sector to examine different modes of vertical alignment that subnational actors employ to develop renewable energy policies. I find that environmental concerns weren’t the primary driver of renewable energy development; instead, environmental benefits were an unintended outcome of private sector actors and state elites coordinating with the Central Government to address the pressing needs of ensuring reliable energy for industry leaders. In particular, Kerala demonstrates that even when active environmental movements and popular support exists for renewable energy, unless there are active private sector linkages, renewable energy development will remain slow. These findings may be very helpful for central government officials in India and state-level bureaucrats trying to devise climate change mitigation policies on the subnational level. Moreover, international climate change negotiators could use these findings to engage with India more to accelerate renewable energy development to slow anthropogenic climate change.
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Zhou, Aiming. "Sustainable agriculture, renewable energy and rural development an analysis of bio-energy systems used by small farms in China /." Access to citation, abstract and download form provided by ProQuest Information and Learning Company; downloadable PDF file, 305 p, 2006. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1172118931&sid=4&Fmt=2&clientId=8331&RQT=309&VName=PQD.
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Dlamini, Letsiwe Thulisile Sibongile. "Investigating alternative funding sources for community equity ownership in renewable energy projects in South Africa." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/13637.
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Includes bibliographical references.The combined effect of a number of factors has forced the Government of South Africa to launch and seek to expand the renewable energy sector through the Renewable Energy Independent Power Producer Procurement Programme (REI4P). Such elements include environmental issues, especially climate change; the need to diversify energy sources in order for the country to be energy secure; and the developmental potential that investment in a new industry, in this instance the renewable energy industry, can bring in terms of job creation, economic growth and the exploitation of abundant natural resources. In addition to the REI4P, the Government has also been compelled to seek to expand energy supply in the country, in general, due to the energy crisis, which in turn, is closely associated with a population that is growing at a pace that is much faster than the rate at which energy can be readily supplied. Community Equity Ownership (CEO) or local community ownership is a unique feature of the REI4P that has recently come under close scrutiny due to its requirement for project companies to offer a minimum of 2.5% to 5% shares of their companies to local communities residing within a 50km radius of their renewable energy plants, in an effort to contribute toward their socio-economic development; the challenges presented by community trusts; and the subsequent resistance towards the notion of local community ownership by REI4P project companies. It is the subject of this research because it is still a critical and integral component of the REI4P and challenges associated with its financing have, in the past, jeopardised the accomplishment of the very goals for which it was constituted. The value of Social License to Operate (SLO) is that it can lay the foundation for positive relations to prevail between communities and Independent Power Producers (IPPs) in the pursuit of a viable renewable energy industry and increased energy supply in South Africa. To this end, the study demonstrates that whilst CEO is obligated in the REI4P, it also constitutes SLO because if communities own shares in REI4P projects, they are more likely to cooperate with them. Thus, the CEO, Socio-Economic Development (SED) and Enterprise Development (ED) requirements of the REI4P essentially constitute the SLO ‘building blocks’ for the Programme. Development Finance Institutions (DFIs) have been at the forefront of funding local community ownership, although other financial institutions, including commercial banks xiv have started financing it as well, while requiring guarantees and security from communities, which can offer neither. The continued implementation of the REI4P, as well as the launch of the Baseload IPP Programme and the Medium Term Risk Mitigation Project, will ultimately increase the total number of IPP Programmes in the country and will likely intensify the demand for finances to fund CEO. In view of this, where will the funding for this key aspect of the current and proposed IPP Programmes come from? This study sought to identify alternative funding options for CEO in order to ensure its continuity in both the REI4P and the proposed IPP Programmes. An exploratory research design was pursued for the study in view of data limitations arising from the infancy of the renewable energy sector in South Africa. Moreover, a questionnaire survey was undertaken and a purposive sampling technique was used to interrogate a select group of financial institutions and REI4P Independent Power Producers (IPPs), with a view to determine what their experiences have been in relation to funding CEO, as well as to identify alternative funding options for it, going forward. In this regard, a sample size of 15 was taken out of a combined total of 72 financial institutions and IPPs. Thematic content analysis was subsequently performed to process the data. The main risk associated with financing CEO that was identified by stakeholders has to do with a lack of security in lending to disadvantaged communities because they often have no collateral and can offer no guarantees that demonstrate their capacity to repay debts. Furthermore, the establishment of a Grant Scheme for funding CEO, on the one hand, and a Guarantee and Incentive Programme, on the other, wherein Government stands in as guarantor for communities as they borrow funds to facilitate CEO; were found to be potentially instrumental in widening the pool of funding for CEO. Increased vendor support and more ‘preferential’ loan terms and ‘softer’ loans from DFIs were also identified as critical in the endeavour to increase the funding sources for CEO. Although the use of the Government Pension Fund to warehouse shares on behalf of communities and utilising communal land as equity both hold some promise; they require further research. It is, therefore, concluded that there is potential for alternative funding options for community equity ownership in the REI4P. The study also found that, based on the experiences of survey respondents, there are inadequate sources of finance for CEO, in light of the increasing pressure on available financial opportunities. To this end, the delineation between the xv potential for funding local community shareholding in REI4P projects and actual access to funding is fundamental.
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Hermanus, Lauren. "Local governments' changing power in South Africa's energy system: reshaping the regulatory space for renewable energy, from the bottom up." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/25323.
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In 1994, South Africa's post-apartheid government inherited a highly-centralised energy sector, in which all aspects including planning, procurement, generation, distribution, pricing, and management were determined through top-down institutional arrangements and investments, centred around Eskom. In 2016, however, following rounds of energy sector reform, and the successful implementation of the Renewable Energy Independent Power Producers Procurement Programme (REIPPPP), this centralised configuration of power showed signs of disruption. Municipalities began to ambitiously redefine their role by building on opportunities related to renewable energy, resulting in an emergent challenge to centralised energy policy and planning. This dissertation sought to explore how this contestation took shape and to explain how seemingly ad hoc actions have created new possibilities, as well as new regulatory frameworks, by municipalities for municipalities. To achieve this, an analysis of the evolution of decentralised renewable energy generation in South Africa between 2008, when it first began, and 2016, was undertaken, applying the method of process tracing to two case studies. In order to contextualise these bottom-up processes within the national political economy of energy, process tracing was also applied in a high-level analysis of countervailing movements that consolidate centralised energy planning and procurement during the same period, with a particular focus on national plans to undertake massive investments in nuclear energy. It was found that municipalities' bottom-up actions have positioned them to drive renewable energy in such a way that seriously challenges the historical configuration of power that has determined South Africa's energy future up to now.
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Musango, Josephine Kaviti. "Technology assessment of renewable energy sustainability in South Africa." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/18149.
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Thesis (PhD (School of Public Leadership))--University of Stellenbosch, 2012.Please download the required VENSIM software from: http://www.vensim.com/freedownload.html
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Technology assessment has changed in nature over the last four decades. It changed from an analytical tool for technology evaluation, which depends heavily on quantitative and qualitative modelling methodologies, into a strategic planning tool for policy-making concerning acceptable new technologies, which depends on participative policy problem analysis. The goal of technology assessment today is to generate policy options for solutions of organisational and societal problems, which at the operational level, utilise new technologies that are publicly acceptable; that is, viable policy options. Energy technology assessment for sustainability is inherently a complex and dynamic process that requires a holistic and transdisciplinary approach. In the South Africa context, specifically, there is no formal and coherent approach to energy technology assessment from a sustainability perspective. Without a formal comprehensive or well integrated technology assessment approach to evaluate the sustainability of any technology, the policy-makers, technology designers, and decision-makers are faced with difficulty in terms of making reasoned decisions about the appropriate technology options. This study developed a framework that incorporates a technology assessment approach, namely, system dynamics, within the broader scope of technology development for sustainability. The framework, termed the Systems Approach to Technology Sustainability Assessment (SATSA), integrates three key elements: technology development, sustainable development, and a dynamic systems approach. The study then provides a guiding process of applying the framework to energy technology assessment theory and practice within the context of sustainable development. Biodiesel, a cleaner burning replacement fuel, argued to potentially contribute to sustainable development, is used for the demonstration. Biodiesel development entails complex interactions of actors such as the technology developers, government at different levels, communities, as well as the natural environment. Different actions or responses in the greater system might hinder or undermine the positive effects of such a development. Based on the SATSA framework, a Bioenergy Technology Sustainability Assessment (BIOTSA) model was developed. The BIOTSA model was used to test the outcomes of a proposed biodiesel production development in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa on selected sustainability indicators. In addition, some policy scenarios were tested to compare how they assist in improving the selected indicators. The BIOTSA model results are useful in comparing dynamic consequences resulting from a proposed biodiesel production development and the respective policies and decisions that may arise from such a development. The testing and validation of the BIOTSA model was carried out based on structural validity, behavioural validity, and expert opinion. Potential policy scenario outcomes and their implication, on the selected sustainability indicators, were also tested. The opinions of the selected stakeholders indicated that the BIOTSA model was useful in providing an understanding of the potential impacts of the biodiesel development on selected sustainability indicators in the Eastern Cape Province. Thus, the SATSA framework can be applied for assessing sustainability of other renewable energy technologies. In addition, system dynamics provide a useful and a feasible dynamic systems approach for energy technology sustainability assessment. Finally, the model building process and transdisciplinary nature of this study enabled the identification of the potential problems that could arise during the biodiesel production development. In addition, gaps in data and knowledge were identified and the recommendation for future work in this field is highlighted. Nevertheless, the findings of the BIOTSA model could inform policy- and decision-making in biodiesel production development in South Africa. The development of similar models for other renewable energy development efforts is thus recommended. The current efforts to facilitate the large-scale roll out of concentrated solar thermal technologies in Southern Africa, for example, would require the development of a Solar Thermal Technology Sustainability Assessment (SOTTSA) model.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die aard van tegnologie assessering het in die afgelope vier dekades verander. Dit het verander ten opsigte van ’n analitiese hulpmiddel vir tegnologie evaluering, wat hoofsaaklik staatmaak op kwalitatiewe en kwantitatiewe modelleringsmetodiek, na ’n strategiese beplanningshulpmiddel vir beleidvorming met betrekking tot nuwe aanvaarbare tegnologieë, wat afhanklik is van ’n deelnemende beleidsprobleem analise. Vandag se doel vir tegnologie assessering is om beleidsopsies vir oplossings van organisatoriese en sosiale probleme te genereer, wat op operasionele vlak gebruik maak van nuwe tegnologieë wat deur die publiek aanvaar is; met ander woorde, lewensvatbare beleidsopsies. Energie tegnologie assessering vir volhoubaarheid is sonder twyfel ’n komplekse en dinamiese proses wat ’n holistiese en transdisiplinêre benadering benodig. In die Suid- Afrikaanse konteks is daar geen formele en samehangende benadering tot tegnologie assessering vanaf ’n volhoubaarheidsperspektief nie. Beleidsmakers, tegnologie ontwerpers en besluitnemers mag sukkel om beredenerende besluite te neem oor die toepaslike tegnologie opsies sonder ’n formele omvattende of goed geïntegreerde tegnologie assesseringsbenadering om die volhoubaarheid van enige tegnologie te evalueer. Hierdie studie het ’n raamwerk ontwerp wat die tegnologie assesseringsbenadering inkorporeer binne die breë bestek van tegnologiese ontwikkeling vir volhoubaarheid naamlik, stelsel dinamika. Die raamwerk, genoem die Sisteem Benadering tot Tegnologie Volhoubaarheidsassessering (SBTVA) integreer drie sleutelelemente: tegnologiese ontwikkeling, volhoubaarheidsontwikkeling, en ʼn dinamiese stelsels benadering. Verder verskaf die studie ’n leidende proses te opsigte van die toepassing van die raamwerk tot energie tegnologie assesseringsteorie en praktyk binne die konteks van volhoubaarheidsontwikkeling. Biodiesel word gebruik vir die demonstrasie omdat dit gereken word as ’n skoner plaasvervanger vir brandstof en daar aangevoer word dat dit ’n potensiële bydraer tot volhoubaarheidsontwikkeling is. Die ontwikkeling van biodiesel behels komplekse interaksie tussen verskeie akteurs soos tegnologiese ontwikkelaars, die regering op verskillende vlakke, gemeenskappe asook die natuurlike omgewing. Verskeie aksies of reaksies in die groter sisteem mag dalk die positiewe effek van so ontwikkeling ondermyn of verhinder. ’n Biodiesel Tegnologiese Volhoubaarheidsassessering (BIOTVA) model is ontwerp gebaseer op die SBTVA raamwerk. Die BIOTVA model is gebruik om die uitkomste op geselekteerde volhoubaarheidsaanduiders van ’n voorgestelde biodiesel produksie ontwikkeling in die Oos- Kaap Provinsie van Suid-Afrika te toets. Buiten vir die voorafgaande is sekere beleidtoekomsblikke ook getoets om te vergelyk hoe hulle sal help om die geselekteerde aanwysers te verbeter. Die BIOTVA model resultate is behulpsaam in die vergelyking van dinamiese gevolge wat voortspruit uit die voorgestelde biodiesel produksie ontwikkeling asook die onderskeie beleide en besluite wat mag ontstaan van so ’n ontwikkeling. Die toetsing en bekragtiging van die BIOTVA model was uitgevoer gebaseer op strukturele geldigheid, gedragsgeldigheid, en kundige opinie. Potensiële beleidtoekomsblikke uitkomste en die nagevolge, ten opsigte van die geselekteerde volhoubaarheidsaanduiders, is ook getoets. Die opinies van die geselekteerde aandeelhouers het aangedui dat die BIOTVA model bruikbaar is om ’n beter begrip te verskaf ten opsigte van die potensiële impak wat die biodiesel ontwikkeling op geselekteerde volhoubaarheidsaanduiders in die Oos-Kaap Provinsie sal hê. As gevolg hiervan kan die SBTVA raamwerk toegepas word om die volhoubaarheid van ander herwinbare energie tegnologieë te assesseer. Buiten die voorafgaande kan stelsel dinamika ’n bruikbare en uitvoerbare dinamiese stelselbenadering vir energie tegnologie volhoubaarheidsassessering verskaf. Ten slotte, die model bouproses en transdisiplinêre aarde van die studie het gehelp om potensiële probleme wat kan voorkom tydens die biodiesel produksie ontwikkeling te identifiseer. Daarby is gapings in data en kennis ook geïdentifiseer en die aanbevelings vir verdere studie in die veld is uitgelig. Nieteenstaande kan die bevindings van die BIOTVA model beleidmakers en besluitnemers in die biodiesel produksie ontwikkeling van Suid- Afrika inlig. Die ontwikkeling van soortgelyke modelle vir ander herwinbare energie ontwikkelingspogings word aanbeveel. As voorbeeld sal die huidige pogings om die grootskaalse uitrol van gekonsentreerde son termiese tegnologieë in Suider-Afrika te fasiliteer die ontwikkeling van ’n Son Termiese Tegnologie Volhoubaarheidsassesering (SOTTVA) model benodig.
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Murrall-Smith, Sally. "Policy learning and the development of renewable energy policy in the United Kingdom." Thesis, University of Plymouth, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10026.1/932.
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Despite the UK’s abundance of renewable energy sources and the imperative for renewable energy to make a significant contribution to addressing the problems of climate change and fossil-fuel dependency, renewable energy capacity in the UK has developed slowly compared with some other EU states. The UK has introduced a succession of policies to promote renewable energy, but so far these have failed to meet national and EU targets. This signals the need for detailed examination of the reasons for these ‘failures’ and, in particular, the extent, nature and constraints on ‘policy learning’ within UK renewable energy policy. Policy learning has emerged in recent years as an innovative way of exploring the roles of knowledge acquisition and use in policy change. This study examines the contribution of policy learning to the development of UK renewable energy policy. It is argued that interpreting UK renewable energy policy development through the lens of policy learning yields fresh perspectives on why policies develop in certain directions and not others. In so doing, it critically examines problems caused by failings in policy learning and identifies options for the further promotion of renewable energies in the UK. The study distinguishes four different forms of policy learning: technical, conceptual, social and political. Little research has been conducted on the characteristics of these different learning types, the conditions under which they occur, the psychological, institutional and cultural factors that stimulate or constrain learning, and how they interact to shape policy change. The study utilises a qualitative methodology to analyse and explain changes in UK renewable energy policy over the past 20 years. The main methods employed are content analysis of policy documents (including legislative acts and instruments, consultations and select committee reports); and semi-structured interviews with key stakeholders from government, industry, NGOs, academia and the media. It is argued in the thesis that UK energy policy has tended to become ‘locked’ into low-level forms of technical learning because current government learning mechanisms do not challenge the parameters of existing policy and, thus, fail to stimulate broader processes of conceptual and social learning that might encourage more radical policy change. These forms of policy learning are particularly constrained by hierarchical institutional structures that hinder communication and learning between policy areas. Furthermore, the current style of policy making for renewable energy in the UK privileges the interests of incumbent energy companies, giving them the ability to filter or block new ideas that do not align with their commercial interests. Political learning was shown to operate alongside other types of policy learning and to take multiple forms but focused predominantly on political risk management rather than political innovation: thus, it tended to narrow rather than extend the parameters of debate. These findings were used to develop a model of policy learning in UK renewable energy policy. This was used to conceptualise relationships between different learning types, highlight specific barriers to policy learning, and illustrate dynamics of policy learning and change that might be extended to other policy areas and countries. Finally, it is argued that many of the barriers identified might be overcome by fostering more evidence-based policy making and learning mechanisms that engage with a broader range of stakeholders to stimulate more pluralistic government processes.
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Rogers, Jennifer Claire. "The development and impacts of community renewable energy projects in rural Cumbria, UK." Thesis, Lancaster University, 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.551643.
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In the UK a consensus has emerged that renewable energy generation should be increased. Following public opposition to large-scale installations, interest has grown in the potential for community-based renewable energy developments, with high levels of local participation. Bottom up development processes are expected to deliver locally appropriate projects more likely to win public support, bring socio-economic and environmental benefits to rural areas and increase public engagement with sustainable energy issues. This thesis investigates the development and impacts of community renewable energy projects in rural Cumbria to assess the validity of these expectations. A series of in-depth case studies was undertaken to compare development of projects at different stages, with a focus on woodfuel heating. The research used an action research approach and grounded theory methodology for data analysis, as these techniques are appropriate for the study of complex, real-world problems. Abstract Title: Author: Submitted: The development and impacts of community renewable energy projects in rural Cumbria, UK Jennifer Claire Rogers, BSc October 2010 Considerable support for the concept of community-based renewable energy generation was found, alongside widespread enthusiasm for low-level participation in project development. Community-led project development was less attractive but can be successful in well-defined socially-cohesive communities where individuals have the skills, motivation and support to drive a bottom-up development process. Processes of project development as well as project outcomes were found to have positive impacts, although increased engagement with sustainable energy issues through community renewables did not necessarily lead to energy behaviour change. Overall the research indicated there is potential for community renewables which has by no means been realised yet, but that greater institutional support will be required for successful conversion of local ideas and enthusiasm into practical projects. Given that opportunities for community renewables are highly context-dependent the most effective support structures are likely to be locally-specific and responsive, and include more proactive approaches to identify and exploit opportunities with communities where independent local leadership does not emerge.
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Rischmuller-Magadley, Esther. "Development of an analytical computer tool for building integrated renewable energy and CHP." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2009. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/10773/.
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This thesis describes a computer tool that was developed to compare different combinations of photovoltaic panels, solar thermal collectors and combined heat and power technologies for building applications to find the option with the lowest cost of emissions reduction. The novelty of this computer tool is that it addresses the uncertainty of building energy load profiles in the sizing of renewable energy and CHP technologies by applying the Monte Carlo Method. A database of historical building energy load profiles was collated for this purpose. However, little domestic hot water load profiles were found in the literature. Therefore, as part of this study, a survey was also carried out to collect some domestic hot water load profile data. The survey consisted of a questionnaire and monitoring study. The questionnaire consisted of two parts: a general questionnaire about the dwelling and a diary study. The questionnaire collected general information about the dwelling, enabling the load profiles collected to be classified into different building type categories. In the diary study the hot water consumption patterns were recorded. The hot water energy consumption data was also obtained from direct monitoring using temperature sensors attached to the hot water pipes of the different appliances to record when and from which appliance hot water was used throughout the day in the dwellings. Load profiles were formed using this data and the data from the diary study in the questionnaire together with typical hot water usages of different appliances which were calculated from hot water usage times and flow rates of the different appliances that were recorded by a clamp-on flow meter. The data collected from the survey and the literature was loaded into the computer tool database.
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Law, Derek J. Tyley Scott M. "Development and Application of an Approach to Optimize Renewable Energy Systems in Afghanistan." Thesis, Monterey, California. Naval Postgraduate School, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10945/7374.
Full textAbstract:
Energy systems in Afghanistan are currently limited to diesel only solutions. The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) do not have means to optimize various energy solutions when designing or modifying Afghanistan National Security Force (ANSF) installations in Afghanistan. The logistics of transporting diesel fuel increases risk to personnel and operations security, and can have a myriad of obscured costs. The purpose of this research is to develop an approach to prioritize multiple stakeholder needs and optimize a power portfolio based on actual environmental conditions. The approach seeks to reduce problems associated with fossil fuel systems by supplementing diesel generators with renewable energy solutions. The approach produces the data necessary to generate a rubric containing optimal combinations of energy systems to include both renewable and diesel power sources. The rubric aids in determining energy system characteristics for any given location in Afghanistan. The results demonstrate millions of dollars in savings while simultaneously reducing risk to operations and personnel in Afghanistan. This approach can be adapted to any region on the globe.
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Serrallés, Roberto Juan. "Electricity, policy and landscape : an integrated geographic approach to renewable electric energy development /." view abstract or download file of text, 2004. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/uoregon/fullcit?p3153797.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Oregon, 2004.Typescript. Includes vita and abstract. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 228-236). Also available for download via the World Wide Web; free to University of Oregon users.
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Parker, David Anthony. "The design and development of a fully dynamic simulator for renewable energy converters." Thesis, University of Leicester, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/2381/30181.
Full textAbstract:
This report describes the work undertaken to develop a real-time dynamic simulator for a renewable energy conversion system, focusing on wind energy converter systems (WECS). An assessment of exiting simulators including hardware-in-the-loop simulation (HILS) has shown that there is a need for a hardware simulator with a comprehensive description of WECS aerodynamics. The report reviews the modelling of WECS and establishes models for both the aerodynamics and drive train dynamics. Once the models have been established the hardware and software used for the simulator are introduced. The hardware consists of a DC drive controlling a DC motor, which acts as a prime mover and provides a shaft torque for a grid connected induction generator. The software used to model the WECS 'front end' and to provide a torque demand, via a serial communications link for the DC drive, is the Matlab/Simulink environment with the Real-Time Workshop. A model of a 45kW WECS is developed from specifications provided, and implemented in Simulink as a software-only design. Verification of the model is obtained by comparing the performance of the simulation with measured site data. Following the verification of the software-only model, the effects of including hardware in the simulation are modelled and assessed. Additionally, the effects of including the DC motor in the hardware test-bed are investigated and compensated for prior to the assessment of HILS. The results of the HILS show that the simulator compares favourably with the measured site data and meets the objectives of the project brief. There are, however, some discrepancies between the simulated results and measured site data at high frequencies due to noise in the system. An alternative method of communication, between the PC and drive using a data acquisition card, is introduced to improve the response. The resulting simulations, with the card used for communications, show that the low to mid-frequency response is improved.