Journal articles on the topic 'Renewable crude oil quality'
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Dumitru, Mihaela Gabriela. "Degumming Role of Sunflower Oil (Helianthus annuus) on Biodiesel Quality." Revista de Chimie 70, no. 1 (February 15, 2019): 54–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.37358/rc.19.1.6850.
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Biodiesel, known as fatty acid methyl ester, has become more attractive as an alternative fuel for diesel engine because of its environmental benefits and the fact that it is made from renewable resources such as vegetable oil and animal fats by reacting them with short chain alcohols. Biodiesel has become increasingly important due to the following advantages: it is renewable, biodegradable, non-toxic, and eco-friendly. Crude sunflower oil may be a cheap source for biodiesel production. However, it contains high amount of phosphorus, which can inhibit the action of the catalyst during transesterification. Phosphorus removal from vegetable oils applied for diesel fuel is an essential process, since the presence of phosphors in direct use to the diesel engine might cause plugging in the engine filters, lines and injectors. In the biodiesel production, the use of crude vegetable oils without degumming might decrease conversion rate and hard to separate glycerol from biodiesel, during and after trans-esterification reaction respectively.Degumming role of crude sunflower oil on physicochemical properties of biodiesel was studied with determination of following parameters: phosphorus content, acidity value, peroxide value, viscosity, density, iodine value and saponification value. Degumming of sunflower oil is realysed by water degumming and by electrolyte degumming followed by a fast decrease of residual phosphorus content. The compared results showed that degumming process of sunflower oil has a role on biodiesel quality.
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Jayusman, L. Hakim, A. Dalimunthe, and V. Yuskianti. "Analysis of methyl compounds variation in the crude Pongamia pinnata oil from Banten, West Java and North Java populations." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1115, no. 1 (December 1, 2022): 012050. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1115/1/012050.
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Abstract Identification of methyl compounds from crude oil is an important baseline provenance to support the development of renewable bioenergy resources in Indonesia. Pongamia pinnata, known as Malapari, has great potential to be an alternative to renewable bioenergy resources and an environmentally friendly substitute for fossil fuels. Our analysis of four provenances of crude Pongamia oil has identified eight (8) methyl compounds with a relative value of >1%, i.e. palmitoleate, lenoleate, eicostrienoic, erucate, docosadienoic, nervonate, eicosapentaenoate and arachidate. The value of the individual methyl compounds varied in each provenance. The unsaturated fatty acid content of Pongamia crude was higher and needs to be balanced to maintain the physical properties of Pongamia biodiesel. In addition, the quality of the tested Pongamia crude oil from all provenances that show high acidity and water content in the crude oil but exceed the standard for biodiesel (SNI 04-7182-2006) shows a need for improvement advanced process. The variations of the methyl compounds found in each provenance can be used as a selection basis for the development of products in the pharmaceutical and agricultural sectors.
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McSpadden, Charles L. "U.S. Refining — Changing Supply and Slate Requirements." Energy Exploration & Exploitation 12, no. 2-3 (March 1994): 177–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/014459879401200208.
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With international refining industries facing a number of challenges in the near future, it seems clear that those who survive will be ones with the ability to turn serious problems into real opportunities. In the U.S. refining industry, challenges such as slow growth in product demand, increasing reliance on imported raw materials, and continued exposure to offshore exporting refineries will have critical effects on the ability of the industry to capitalize on available opportunities. Other challenges include the ability to tolerate continued declines in crude oil quality and the serious monetary questions related to compliance with environmental legislation, including air, soil, and water clean-up. This paper presents the challenges which the U.S. refining industry faces over the coming years, and seeks to address those issues which will impact the success or failure of the industry as a whole. The paper begins with a focus on the demand for U.S. petroleum products, encompassing brief historical data and forecasts of demand for the next few years. Closely related to demand is the subject of U.S. refinery operations, including product import and yield patterns. In this vein, the paper offers forecasts of crude runs to stills, as well as forecasts of capacity changes. Because profitability of U.S. refineries is affected by raw material costs, the paper next probes the possibilities resulting from world crude oil price fluctuations, considering the reemergence of Iraq as a market player. Forecasts of profit margins for U.S. refiners in 1998 are also offered. Turning to crude oil supplies and qualities, the paper examines the downward trend of U.S. crude oil production, providing a forecast of the decline by 1998. An associated trend, that of U.S. crude oil imports, is also evaluated, with a discussion of the origins of these imports included. The paper then presents a brief discussion of the principal recipient of Canadian crude oil exports, the U.S. Midwest (PADD II), encompassing statistics for refinery runs and deliveries of crudes. Volumes of Canadian crude exported to the region are also presented, as well as crude oil qualities in the region. Finally, heavy crude oil prices are examined because of the degradation of average crude oil qualities consumed by U.S. refiners. Spreads between light and heavy crudes are contemplated, with a forecast for the current-dollar WTI/Maya price spread provided.
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Zamanhuri, Norashikin Ahmad, Norazah Abd Rahman, and Noor Fitrah Abu Bakar. "Effect of Microwave Power and Extraction Time on Crude Palm Oil Quality Using Microwave-Assisted Extraction Process." International Journal of Renewable Energy Development 10, no. 3 (February 15, 2021): 495–505. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/ijred.2021.35402.
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The aim of this study is to evaluate microwave-assisted extraction at several microwave power and extraction time in extracting oil palm products, such as crude palm oil (CPO) and palm fatty acid (PFA) composition. The exposure time was shortened and overheating was avoided when sterilized mesocarp exposed to microwave prior to Soxhlet extraction in order to obtain good quality oil. The effects of CPO extraction and PFA composition on the distillate produced were investigated. Gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was used for the determination and quantification of PFA composition in the distilled products. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) reveals that the microwave-assisted extraction technique had efficiently assisted in the release of oil by breaking down the mesocarp cell structure. To fill the research gap of microwave-assisted sterilization in the previous research, microwave-assisted extraction was introduced, in which two processes (i.e., extraction and drying) were conducted in one equipment. Oil yield and color, free fatty acids (FFA), Deterioration of Bleachability Index (DOBI), and carotene contents of the CPO were quantified. At 100 W, the extraction of CPO demonstrated 64% yield produced, with chemical properties of 0.301% FFA, 3.53 DOBI and 1132 ppm carotene with final temperature of 76.2°C during microwave-assisted extraction. The optimum condition for extracting PFA distillate was 300 W for 30 min of exposure time. Additionally, distillate obtained at the optimum condition using microwave-assisted extraction consisted of high palmitic acid (C16:0), caramel-like aroma, and possessed a sweet fragrance.
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Andikos, Adi Fitra, and Helly Andri. "Pengujian Association Clasification Dalam Meningkatkan Kualitas Minyak Sawit Sebagai Bahan Dasar Biodisel." JURNAL MEDIA INFORMATIKA BUDIDARMA 3, no. 4 (October 17, 2019): 340. http://dx.doi.org/10.30865/mib.v3i4.1383.
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The role of oil and gas business in Indonesia has always influenced the source of revenue from the country and energy sources for the national economy. In the 1970 's to the 1990 's and mid-1990 's, it was characterized by the high dependence of the national economy on oil and gas revenues, triggering massive oil and gas-producing. Currently, Indonesia is the largest palm oil producer and exporter in the world. Palm oil is one of the roads to overcome the problem of petroleum in Indonesia. To commercialize plants is still constrained because the availability of low raw material costs very hard to get. The amalgamation of crude palm oil and crude palm sludge is one of the problems of raw materials for renewable energy production. This low-level oil has great potential as a raw material for biodiesel production. To get the maximum quality mixing required a computer method. The method used in this study is analysis study with the Association classification approach by testing Improved Apriori algorithm in mining palm oil dataset. In this research using Data Mining application so that can be used to display the information of quality improvement of palm oil acid with high quality as a biodiesel base where the information is seen from the value of support and Confidence between items. M-Apriori algorithm can not read the continous data, so it must be done transformation first, one of them using the help of discreetization technique. Crude palm oil acid type esteridication which is fatty acid levels > 60 and Abu bunches 51-100 g/mol then the quality of biodiesel with the result of rising methyl Ester increases by as much as 100% (confidence: 1). From data that is calculated manually, no relationship is found Association.
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Tang, Frank C. "China's Petroleum Market in the 1990s: Review and Challenges to its Refining Industry." Energy Exploration & Exploitation 13, no. 6 (December 1995): 617–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/014459879501300607.
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On the basis of reviewing China's petroleum market in the early 1990s, this paper examines some critical issues facing the country's refining industry. China's crude oil production has stagnated in recent years, whereas oil demand and oil imports have increased rapidly since the early 1990s. For the first time since 1960s, China became a net oil importer in 1993. Although the total capacity of China's refining industry is impressive, the overall refinery utilization rate has been considerably low owing to the inherited dispersed and poorly coordinated refining system, and inadequate domestic crude oil supply. In addition, the industry is confronting several major critical challenges, mainly, changing demand pattern, worsening crude quality, and tightening product specifications.
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Abatyough, Michael Terungwa, Victor Olatunji Ajibola, Edith Bolanle Agbaji, and Zakka Israila Yashim. "Properties of Upgraded Bio-oil from Pyrolysis of Waste Corn Cobs." Journal of Sustainability and Environmental Management 1, no. 2 (May 26, 2022): 120–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/josem.v1i2.45348.
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Technologies for conversion of waste solid materials to liquid fuel and bio-crude oil have been researched widely for the production of renewable energy as substitute to fossil fuel oil. However, ash composition of biomass affects the pyrolysis process and the bio-crude oil product has unsatisfactory properties compared to conventional petroleum oil, such as, low heating value, high viscosity, corrosiveness, and the presence of oxygenated compound which causes bio oil ageing. This paper investigated the total waste materials; corn cobs and paper sludge obtained in municipal areas of Abuja, Nigeria, employed in pyrolysis of demineralized corn cobs and the upgrade of crude bio oil via thermal cracking using zeolite prepared from waste paper sludge, with expectation to improve bio oil properties. Demineralization of corn cob removed most of the ash content of biomass allowing for pyrolysis process. The prepared zeolite with mesoporous cage-like crystals analyzed using SEM was able to effectively catalyze thermal cracking of the crude bio oil and reduce the quantity of less desired high molecular weight oxygenated compounds. The bio oil chemical composition obtained from GC-MS analysis indicated the bio oil consisted of oxygenated compounds and hydrocarbons such as aliphatic hydrocarbons (28.768%), alcohols (-0.001%), amines (10.472%), carboxylic acids (0.144), phenols (0.047%), and esters (60.57 %), which significantly influenced the bio oil properties. The physical and chemical properties of the corn cob bio oil was determined for density (0.852 ± 0.03), viscosity (1.66 ± 0.01), cloud point (-34.0 ± 0.02) and calorific value (30.9 ± 0.01). With the exception of Flash point (58 ± 0.01) and acid value (13.1 ± 0.03). In comparison, the produced bio oil had properties likened to petroleum fraction of conventional gasoline than diesel. In conclusion, pyrolysis of corn cob and upgrade of the crude bio oil using prepared zeolite was found as a promising process in improving bio oil quality. The pyrolysis study has potential in the management of environmental wastes to help resolve the challenge of solid waste disposal.
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Al-Muslim, Husain, Ibrahim Dincer, and Syed M. Zubair. "Exergy Analysis of Single- and Two-Stage Crude Oil Distillation Units." Journal of Energy Resources Technology 125, no. 3 (August 29, 2003): 199–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1595670.
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In a refinery distillation plant, there are many components of interest to be analyzed thermodynamically, e.g., the crude oil heating furnace, the distillation column and a network of heat exchangers. Previous studies showed that the highest exergy losses occur when there is a heat transfer process especially in the crude oil heating furnace where high quality fuel is used to heat the crude oil, which is a low quality duty, beside the high temperature difference. Therefore, it is proposed in this work to perform distillation in two stages rather than one to reduce heat duty of the heating furnace and thus reducing irreversible losses. In this paper, energy and exergy analyses of a traditional one-stage crude oil distillation unit and a newly proposed two-stage crude oil distillation unit are conducted to study energy and exergy efficiencies of these units and determine the exergy losses. The results are compared for both one- and two-stage distillation units. In this regard, a commercial software package, SimSci/PRO II program is used to carry out both energy and exergy calculations. It is found that the overall exergy efficiencies for single- and two-stage distillation units are 14.0% and 31.5%, respectively. The proposed two-stage distillation unit shows 43.8% decrease in the overall exergy losses and 125% increase in the overall exergy efficiency.
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Barros, António André Chivanga, Paulo Francisco, Arleth Prata Serafim Francisco, and Adriano da Silva Mateus. "Plug flow reactor (PFR) to palm oil (Elaeis Guineensis Jacq.) thermal cracking." STUDIES IN ENGINEERING AND EXACT SCIENCES 3, no. 4 (November 29, 2022): 719–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.54021/seesv3n4-011.
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Given the need to develop and implement alternative renewable energy sources, this research was focused on using palm oil (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) as a raw material for biofuel production. A bench-scale plug flow reactor was designed and built and it was then used to carry out the thermal cracking experiments aimed at bio-oil production. For each experiment, the bio-oil products were characterized according to the acid value, refraction index, viscosity, and density and distillation curve. The results obtained from each experiment were compared with those for crude oil in order to identify the operation conditions that provide the best quality bio-oil. The bio-oil from each experiment was then fractionated using a distillation column, to produce bio-gasoline, bio-kerosene and green diesel. The distillation products were also characterized, based on the same properties evaluated for the bio-oil, and the results were compared with those for gasoline and diesel fuels. The results of this study show that it is possible to produce a bio-fuel based on bio-oil obtained from the thermal cracking of palm oil using a plug flow reactor, and the product is similar to crude oil, with the exception of the acid index value. With regard to the distillation curve, when compared with those for crude oil (Hungo and Cabinda blends) and its derivatives, good approximations are observed. The thermal cracking of palm oil can therefore be used as a technological strategy to obtain bio-oil and its derivatives and thereby reduce the greenhouse gas emissions from fossil fuels.
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Pani, R. Soelarso, Heribertus Sukarjo, and Yustinus Sigit Purwono. "Pembuatan Biofuel dengan Proses Pirolisis Berbahan Baku Plastik Low Density Polyethylene (LDPE) pada Suhu 250 °C dan 300 °C." Jurnal Engine: Energi, Manufaktur, dan Material 1, no. 1 (May 31, 2017): 32. http://dx.doi.org/10.30588/jeemm.v1i1.226.
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<em>The level of fuels’ consumption as an energy source in the world is currently experiencing huge increase. When the use of the oil as fuels is not managed properly, it can be sure that the oil will run out and triggered the world’s energy crisis. Currently, plastik waste become a serious problem that can lead into the environment contamination if not properly managed. One of the solution to overcome the energy crisis and environmental polution is to find and create a renewable energy such as biofuel. The research was conducted in order to know the effect of combustion temperature on pyrolisis process based on the Low Density Polythylene (LPDE) plastic material to produce biofuel. The eraly stages of the research was start with pyrolisis process of the LDPE plastic which comes from the bottle and glass logo waste with the reactor temperature of 250 ºC and 300 ºC. The weight of each material was 2 kg. After getting the crude oil, the researcher examined the crude oil characteristic from pyrolisis process using viscosity test, density test, caloric value test, and flash point test. From the test results, the test results that the gigher the temperature in the pyrolisis reactor, the production of the biofuel oil from pyrolisis were more and have a better quality. The result of the experiment pointed out that the higher the pirolysis reactor temperature , the greater the yield and the better quality. The pyrolisis result was crude oil with each of the weight was 240 ml on the 250 ºC reactor temperature and 260 ml on the 300 ºC reactor temperature. The viscosity test showed the results 3.128 mm²/s on the 250 ºC reactor temperature and 2.698 mm²/s on the 300 ºC reactor temperature. The density on the 250 ºC reactor temperature was 0.9984 and 0.9085 on the 300 ºC reactor temperature. The caloric value test on the 250 ºC reactor temperature showed the results 9084.101 kal/g on the first test and 8765.253 kal/g on the second test. Whereas the caloric value test on the 300 ºC reactor temperature were 9588.312 kal/g on the first test and 9507.779 on the second test. The results of the crude oil flash point test on 250 ºC and 300 ºC showed the same temperature result at 28.5 ºC. From the characteristic test results it can be concluded that the crude oil from the pyrolisis process has approaching the kerosene characteristic and entered into the fuel category.</em>
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Adriani Liman, Arum, Stephani Juanita, Felycia Edi Soetaredjo, and Suryadi Ismadji. "Potential application of waste neem leaves for bleaching of low-quality crude palm oil." Asia-Pacific Journal of Chemical Engineering 6, no. 4 (May 29, 2010): 685–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/apj.459.
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Carpenter, Chris. "Development of Alternative Fuels in Europe Presents Opportunity for the Middle East." Journal of Petroleum Technology 72, no. 12 (December 1, 2020): 50–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/1220-0050-jpt.
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This article, written by JPT Technology Editor Chris Carpenter, contains highlights of paper SPE 198165, “Alternative Fuels Development in Europe: Threat or Opportunity for the Middle East?” by Maarten Van Haute, Kuwait Petroleum Research and Technology, prepared for the 2019 SPE Kuwait Oil and Gas Conference and Show, Mishref, Kuwait, 13-16 October. The paper has not been peer reviewed. In December 2018, the revised Renewable Energy Directive (RED) [European Union (EU)] 2018/2001 was implemented, establishing a new binding renewable EU energy target for 2030 of at least 32%, with a clause for a possible upward revision by 2023. The subtarget for renewable energy in transport was raised to 14%. The scope of the complete paper is limited to the 14% renewable energy target in transport and its possible effect on the Middle East. Introduction The first portion of the complete paper includes an extended discussion of the RED and definitions needed to appreciate its conclusions that the production and consumption of fossil fuels will be reduced gradually and replaced by renewable alternatives. This is an economically threatening situation for any country whose gross domestic product is dependent upon oil. The energy transition is a slow but steady process, so nations of the Middle East are reviewing their long-term strategies. Energy-transition and renewable-energy developments, however, may offer solutions and opportunities for these nations. Overview of Renewable Fuels Biofuels. According to the definition provided in the RED, biofuels refers to liquid fuel for transport produced from biomass. A delineation from crude oil is in order before these fuels are discussed in detail. One might consider crude oil a fuel from biomass, but, because the biomass is fossil and the process cannot be replenished within a human time scale, it is not considered renewable. Biomass used to produce biofuels is a mix of hydrocarbons that has high oxygen content and a limited amount and type of unsaturated hydrocarbons. The role of oxygen and unsaturated hydrocarbons (which are less stable) and the limited amount of hydrocarbon species are the biggest challenges for biofuels production. These feedstocks all need a pretreatment step to liquefy or gasify the hydrocarbons so they can be processed in a refinery. Many pretreatment options exist for different feedstocks under development. The RED makes a distinction between first-generation biofuels and advanced biofuels. The latter are those made of feedstocks that generally are waste-based or nonfood-based feedstocks. The allowed percentage of first-generation biofuels is capped. The supply of this first generation is not limited by availability or lack of conversion processes but rather by its competition with the food chain and vast deforestation. To achieve sustainability, the development of advanced biofuels, where the choice of feedstock and pretreatment and conversion technology is key, should be prioritized. Feedstocks will be at much lower volumes than crude and less consistent in quality, so the advanced-biofuels-processing industry likely will comprise many small bioprocessing units.
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Fadzil, Muhamad Amir Mohd, Haslinda Zabiri, Adi Aizat Razali, Jamali Basar, and Mohammad Syamzari Rafeen. "Base Oil Process Modelling Using Machine Learning." Energies 14, no. 20 (October 12, 2021): 6527. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14206527.
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The quality of feedstock used in base oil processing depends on the source of the crude oil. Moreover, the refinery is fed with various blends of crude oil to meet the demand of the refining products. These circumstances have caused changes of quality of the feedstock for the base oil production. Often the feedstock properties deviate from the original properties measured during the process design phase. To recalculate and remodel using first principal approaches requires significant costs due to the detailed material characterizations and several pilot-plant runs requirements. To perform all material characterization and pilot plant runs every time the refinery receives a different blend of crude oil will simply multiply the costs. Due to economic reasons, only selected lab characterizations are performed, and the base oil processing plant is operated reactively based on the feedback of the lab analysis of the base oil product. However, this reactive method leads to loss in production for several hours because of the residence time as well as time required to perform the lab analysis. Hence in this paper, an alternative method is studied to minimize the production loss by reacting proactively utilizing machine learning algorithms. Support Vector Regression (SVR), Decision Tree Regression (DTR), Random Forest Regression (RFR) and Extreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost) models are developed and studied using historical data of the plant to predict the base oil product kinematic viscosity and viscosity index based on the feedstock qualities and the process operating conditions. The XGBoost model shows the most optimal and consistent performance during validation and a 6.5 months plant testing period. Subsequent deployment at our plant facility and product recovery analysis have shown that the prediction model has facilitated in reducing the production recovery period during product transition by 40%.
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Azman, Norazwan, Bukhari Manshoor, and Amir Khalid. "The Production and Comparison of Fuel Properties on Biodiesel with Alternative Fuel: A Review." Applied Mechanics and Materials 773-774 (July 2015): 560–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.773-774.560.
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The energy is the most of the human existence. Consumption fossil fuels has grown substantially and consumption the energy sources that is seen as having a major environmental impacts. Diminution world oil reserves and increasing environmental concern have induced found alternative and renewable energy resources called biodiesel. Biodiesel fuel from the vegetable oil, regarded as of the best candidate for the substitute diesel fuel in diesel engines because of the characteristics closer. The application of biodiesel has shown a positive impact in resolving these issues. This paper introduces some type of alternative fuel whose oils are potential sources of biodiesel. These types are crude palm oil (CPO), straight vegetable oil (SVO), waste cooking oil (WCO) and Jatrophacurcas (JPO). From the review, fuel properties are found to considerablyareon density, viscosity, acid value, water content and flash point. In conclusion, a long period of storage will reduce the quality of biodiesel does not matter what kind of conditions and environments that are exposed to. However, the rate of degradation of biodiesel can be slow if the right circumstances and environment provided.
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Cheng, Dingsheng, Lirong Dou, Qingyao Chen, and Wenqiang Wang. "Geochemical characteristics and origins of biodegraded oils in the Bongor Basin (Chad) and their implications for petroleum exploration." Energy Exploration & Exploitation 40, no. 2 (January 10, 2022): 682–700. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/01445987211069582.
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The Bongor Basin is a typical lacustrine passive-rifted basin situated in the West and Central African Rift System (WCARS). It has experienced two phases of tectonic inversion and features a complex process of petroleum generation and accumulation. A total of 41 crude oil samples from the basin were geochemically analyzed to investigate their compositions of molecular markers. The results show that the oils have similar origins and are likely to belong to the same oil population. However, there are significant differences in geochemical characteristics and physical properties, caused by the secondary alteration. The relative contents and distribution patterns of normal alkanes and acyclic isoprenoids indicate that some of the oils have suffered biodegradation to varying degrees. The samples can be divided into three categories according to their relative degrees of degradation: normal oil, slightly biodegraded oil (PM 1–3), and severely biodegraded oil (PM 5–7). The burial depth of oil reservoirs in this area is the predominant factor impacting on the level of biodegradation. Crude oils in reservoirs with burial depths of less than 800 m are all severely biodegraded, while oils in reservoirs with burial depths greater than 1300 m have experienced no evident biodegradation. In reservoirs with burial depths between 800 m and 1300 m, the biodegradation degrees vary from normal to severely biodegraded. Oil reservoirs with burial depths less than 1300 m and adjacent to major faults are readily subject to biodegradation, while reservoirs with similar burial depths, but a certain distance away from major faults, have suffered no evident biodegradation. Moreover, if primary reservoirs have been modified by tectonic activity after accumulation, the crude oils are more likely to be biodegraded. Faulted anticline traps may create more favorable geological conditions for preservation of crude oil than reverse extrusion anticline reservoirs. This study may provide practical guidance for the assessment and prediction of oil quality in future oil exploration.
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Mohammadkhani, Samira, Benaiah U. Anabaraonye, Armin Afrough, Rasoul Mokhtari, and Karen Louise Feilberg. "Crude Oil–Brine–Rock Interactions in Tight Chalk Reservoirs: An Experimental Study." Energies 14, no. 17 (August 28, 2021): 5360. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14175360.
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We present a systematic study of crude oil–brine–rock interactions in tight chalk cores at reservoir conditions. Flooding experiments are performed on outcrops (Stevns Klint) as well as on reservoir core plugs from Dan field, the Ekofisk and Tor formations. These studies are carried out in core plugs with reduced pore volumes, i.e., short core samples and aged with a dynamic ageing method. The method was evaluated by three different oil compositions. A series of synthetic multicomponent brines and designed fluid injection scenarios are investigated; injection flow rates are optimized to ensure that a capillary-dominant regime is maintained. Changes in brine compositions and fluid distribution in the core plugs are characterized using ion chromatography and X-ray computed tomography, respectively. First, we show that polar components in the oil phase play a major role in wettability alteration during ageing; this controls the oil production behavior. We also show that, compared to seawater, both formation water and ten-times-diluted seawater are better candidates for enhanced oil recovery in the Dan field. Finally, we show that the modified flow zone indicator, a measure of rock quality, is likely the main variable responsible for the higher oil recoveries observed in Tor core samples.
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Irawan, Bambang, Rusdianasari, and Abu Hasan. "Pyrolysis Process of Fatty Acid Methyl Ester (FAME) Conversion into Biodiesel." International Journal of Research in Vocational Studies (IJRVOCAS) 1, no. 2 (September 2, 2021): 01–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.53893/ijrvocas.v1i2.21.
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Biodiesel is a biomass fuel that can replace petroleum diesel fuel. One of the advantages of biodiesel fuel as renewable energy source that it is more environmentally friendly than fossil fuels because biodiesel significantly reduces greenhouse gas emissions compared to fossil fuels. FAME (fatty acid methyl ester) is a derivative product of CPO (crude palm oil) that has been treated both physically and chemically. The main advantage of FAME lies in the low content of impurities, especially sulphure and metal content. FAME comes from vegetable oil raw materials, which contain high enough fatty acids, around 61-62%, and nowadays, it is used as a mixture with petroleum diesel. The characteristics of biodiesel obtained from the conversion of FAME into biodiesel by pyrolysis at a temperature range of 160 – 200 oC indicate that the biodiesel produced is density 0.8475 kg/m3, viscosity 3.053 cSt, calculated cetane index (CCI) 48.5, flash point 59oC, moisture content 223 ppm, and sulphure content of 0.07% m/m. The results obtained are below the maximum limit of the specified biodiesel quality requirements.
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Helwani, Zuchra, Muliadi Ramli, Asep Rusyana, Marlina Marlina, Warman Fatra, Ghazi Mauer Idroes, Rivansyah Suhendra, Viqha Ashwie, Teuku Meurah Indra Mahlia, and Rinaldi Idroes. "Alternative Briquette Material Made from Palm Stem Biomass Mediated by Glycerol Crude of Biodiesel Byproducts as a Natural Adhesive." Processes 8, no. 7 (July 2, 2020): 777. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr8070777.
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Recently, the global population has increased sharply, unfortunately, the availability of fossil fuel resources has significantly decreased. This phenomenon has become an attractive issue for many researchers in the world so that various studies in the context of finding renewable energy are developing continuously. Relating to this challenge, this research has been part of scientific work in the context of preparing an energy briquette employing palm oil stems and glycerol crude of biodiesel byproducts as inexpensive and green materials easily found in the Riau province, Indonesia. Technically, the palm oil stems are used for the production of charcoal particles and the glycerol crude as an adhesive compound in the production of energy briquettes. The heating value of palm oil stem is 17,180 kJ/kg, which can be increased to an even higher value through a carbonization process followed by a densification process so that it can be used as a potential matrix to produce energy briquettes. In detail, this study was designed to find out several parameters including the effect of sieve sizes consisting of 60, 80, and 100 mesh, respectively, which are used for the preparation of charcoal particles as the main matrix for the manufacture of the briquettes; the effect of charcoal-adhesive ratios (wt) of 60:40, 70:30, and 80:20; and the effect of varied pressures of 100, 110, and 120 kg/cm2 on the briquette quality. The quality of the obtained briquettes is analyzed through the observation of important properties which involve the heating value and the compressive strength using Response Surface Methodology (RSM). The results showed that the produced briquettes had an optimum heating value of 30,670 kJ/kg, while their loaded charcoal particles resulted from the mesh sieve of 80, in which there was a charcoal loading of 53 g and it pressed at 93.1821 bar, whereas, the compressive strength value of the briquette was 100,608 kg/cm2, which loaded charcoal particles from the mesh sieve of 100, the charcoal-adhesive ratio of 53:47 (wt) and the pressure of 93.1821 bar.
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Ido, Atsushi, and Mika Kaneta. "Fish Oil and Fish Meal Production from Urban Fisheries Biomass in Japan." Sustainability 12, no. 8 (April 20, 2020): 3345. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12083345.
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Finding an alternative feed source for the replacement of fish oil (FO) and fish meal (FM) produced from whole fish has been an important issue for realizing sustainable aquaculture. In this study, fishery by-products generated in the distribution phase, known as urban fisheries biomass (UFB), were focused on. The quality parameter and nutrient components of FO and FM from UFB were analyzed. Although crude FO produced from UFB showed relatively poor quality properties, the refinement process made an improvement of the quality to make it comparable to commercially available FO. There is no big variation in several samples in fatty acid profiles of FO and amino acid profiles of FM, and they seem to be able to replace FO and FM from whole fish in the diet for cultured fish. The utilization of UFB should be promoted in economic and ecologic aspects; however, in use of the FM, there remains a risk of intra-species recycling that might lead to transmissible spongiform encephalopathy. Furthermore, we must take into consideration the possibility of contamination of fishery products from at-risk species and illegal, unreported, and unregulated (IUU) fisheries due to the lack of regulations in Japan.
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Sane, Mathy, Miroslav Hajek, Joseph Phiri, Jamilu Said Babangida, and Chukwudi Nwaogu. "Application of Decoupling Approach to Evaluate Electricity Consumption, Agriculture, GDP, Crude Oil Production, and CO2 Emission Nexus in Support of Economic Instrument in Nigeria." Sustainability 14, no. 6 (March 9, 2022): 3226. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14063226.
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The paper appraised the nexus between electricity consumption, agriculture, GDP, oil production, and carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions in Nigeria using a decoupling approach. The result showed that agriculture, electricity, and GDP were predictive variables for CO2 emissions in the Granger causality analysis. The relationship between GDP and CO2 emissions also indicated that the amount of CO2 released tends to rise as the economy’s output and industrial sectors grow, making GDP and CO2 emissions increasingly relevant indicators as a driver of CO2 emissions. Modern agriculture is reliant on large-scale use of fossil fuels and fertilizer production, as well as GHG emissions from crop and livestock production. However, increasing per capita real production can help to enhance quality of the environment, and speed up the uptake of renewable energy which can consequently help to ameliorate global warming. As a result of this study’s policy implications, policies in the agricultural sector that could combat CO2 emissions, including deforestation, land clearing, fertilization with highly environmentally destructive chemicals, neglected integration of agroforestry, and social forestry practices, can help reduce CO2 emissions in the agricultural sector. In addition, the study recommends that the financial markets’ monetary policy should regulate the GDP to charges to compensate for their various sectors’ contributions to CO2 emissions. This investigation might help policymakers in Nigeria to define the CO2 emission monetary and fiscal strategies. In addition, more alternative energy sources such as biofuels, hydropower, solar energy, and other renewable resources should be embraced in Nigeria as sustainable substitutes for fossil fuels.
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Azman, Norazwan, Bukhari Manshoor, Dahrum Samsudin, and Amir Khalid. "Experimental Investigation of Standard Handling and Storage Duration on Fuel Properties, Appearance, Burning Process and Emissions of Biodegradable Alternative Fuel." Applied Mechanics and Materials 773-774 (July 2015): 525–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.773-774.525.
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Concern shortage and limited of petroleum, bio-fuels or also known as alternative fuel offer an advantage in order to sustain in long terms and economical. This renewable source is a good offer as an improvement attempt of automobile fuel and burner combustion. The main issue in using biodegradable alternative fuel such as vegetable oil-based fuels is oxidation stability, stoichiometric point, bio-fuel composition, antioxidants on the degradation and much oxygen with comparing to diesel gas oil. Thus, this study investigated the effects of different kind of biodegradable alternative fuel tested at variant in storage ambient condition under different storage duration. These tests were performed on the biodegradable alternative fuel such crude palm oil (CPO), and waste cooking oil (WCO) with different of ambient temperature and variant of blending ratio. The biodegradable fuel samples were stored in clinical compartment, at different temperatures and were monitored at regular interval over a period of 60 days. Blending of biodiesel was varied from 5vol% ~ 15vol% and storage temperature from 5°C~33°C. The effects of ambient temperature and storage duration on properties of biodegradable fuel such as density, kinematics viscosity, acid value, water content and flash point of biodiesel were discussed in detail. Analysis of this study showed that the different storage duration gave a significant effect toward the changes of water content; acid value and viscosity. As a conclusion, a long period of storage would decrease the quality of biodiesel no matter what kind of condition and environment is exposed to.
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Rajan, V. S. V., and R. Tipman. "A Method for Improving the Quality of Bituminous Froth From Water Extraction of Oil Sands." Journal of Energy Resources Technology 114, no. 4 (December 1, 1992): 261–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2905951.
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Bituminous froths produced from the water extraction of oil sands contain significant quantities of sand and water which must be removed prior to upgrading the bitumen to synthetic crude oil. This paper presents a summary of the study of a simple twostep process for removing most of the solid and water contaminants from the bituminous froth. Low-quality froths containing 10–30 percent bitumen at temperatures of 40–70°C were improved in quality to 50–60 percent bitumen by heating the raw froth to ~ 90°C and settling the product in a gravity settler. The gravity settling vessel incorporated unique features for the introduction of the hot froth into the vessel. Two types of froth heaters were tested: a column heater containing a structured grid packing which used live steam injection, and a shell and tube heat exchanger. Heat transfer data were obtained for both types of heaters in the range of froth flow conditions available in the pilot plant. There was no apparent difference between the two heating modes in terms of the froth quality improvement, but the direct contact heater had the benefit of deaerating the froth. Evaluation of the separation efficiency showed that the gravity separation vessel design performed very well, and hence was incorporated into a commercial froth cleaning plant design. The bitumen separation efficiency was the best for froths containing about 20 percent bitumen. There was no apparent improvement in the froth quality for froths containing over 65 percent bitumen.
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Xu, Yunlong, Xiaoping Luo, Ajuan Wei, Mingcai Hou, Haoming Wu, and Yong Li. "Hydrocarbon accumulation and formation of composite reservoirs in KL16-1 of Laizhou Bay Sag, Bohai Sea, China." Energy Exploration & Exploitation 36, no. 6 (February 27, 2018): 1395–423. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0144598718760899.
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The Laizhou Bay Sag, one of the oil-bearing sags with large exploration potential in the South Bohai Sea of China, contains two sets of high-quality hydrocarbon source rocks, i.e. Member 3 and Member 4 of Shahejie Fm (E2s3 and E2s4). As an important hydrocarbon accumulation zone in the sag, the KL16-1 low bulge is found to have oil reservoirs in the Neogene Guantao Fm (N1g), the Paleogene Dongying Fm (E3d), the Paleogene Shahejie Fm (E2s), and the Mesozoic buried hill formation. It is characterized by distinct features of composite reservoirs. Nonetheless, its hydrocarbon accumulation process and mechanism are unknown yet. In this paper, the hydrocarbon generation modelling of source rocks, combined with the characteristics of oil-source rock biomarker compounds and fluid inclusions, is used to restore the hydrocarbon accumulation process in the KL16-1 low bulge. Crude oil in all three KL16-1 plays is characterized by low Pr/Ph, low gammacerane, high 4-methyl sterane and high dinosterane. In other words, it is oil of low maturity to maturity. As the biomarker index of the oil is very similar to that of the E2s3 source rocks, it is thought that E2s3 is the primary source rock layer, while E2s4 is the secondary source rock layer. In addition, episodic oil and gas charging happened in two phases under high pressure in the late period (from 5.0 Ma till now).
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Gupta, Murlidhar, Jacques Monnier, Eric Turriff, and Mark Boyd. "Partial deoxygenation of biomass derived pyrolysis liquids." E3S Web of Conferences 61 (2018): 00018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20186100018.
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Biomass pyrolysis liquids (also known as bio-oil), are derived from renewable lignocellulosic biomass residues by fast pyrolysis process. These second-generation oxygenated hydrocarbon resources have the potential to partially substitute for petroleum-derived feedstocks and thus enhance the economic and environmental sustainability of our natural resources. However, in contrast to petroleum fuels, biomass-derived pyrolysis liquids contain a large amount of oxygen, usually 40-50% wt% (wet basis). This undesirable high oxygen content in pyrolysis liquids is considered as the primary reason for its high polarity, high acidity, lower stability, lower energy density and very low miscibility with conventional crude refining feedstocks. There are two major pathways for upgrading the pyrolysis liquids. While hydrodeoxygenation route is one of the most explored options, it requires production and supply of large amounts of expensive hydrogen at high pressures, mandating large and centralized upgrading plants, and thus large capital investment. In this paper, we discuss an alternative method of pyrolysis liquid upgrading, using cheap and affordable hydrogen donor additives and catalysts to promote partial deoxygenation at near atmospheric pressure. This approach is preferably to be used as a pre-treatment and stabilizing method for pyrolysis liquids in the close vicinity of remote biomass pyrolysis plants. The pre-treated oil, then can be shipped for further hydrocracking process in a centralized co-processing facility. Preliminary results from the initial proof of concept experiments involving a 200 g/h gas-phase continuous fast catalytic cracking system with continuous coke removal to enhance deoxygenation performance are presented. These results indicate positive impact of catalyst bed on quality and yield of the upgraded bio-oil product in terms of pH, viscosity, degree of deoxygenation, oil yield and concentration of hydrogen in the off gases.
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Suroso, Arif Imam, Iyung Pahan, and Hansen Tandra. "Triple Bottom Line in Indonesia Commercial Palm Oil Mill Business: Analytical Network Process Approach." International Journal of Sustainable Development and Planning 16, no. 5 (September 30, 2021): 965–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.18280/ijsdp.160517.
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The latest trend in palm oil business is the emergence of independent commercial crude palm oil (CPO) mills, which emphasize processing FFB from smallholder plantations. The involvement of smallholders without mill in CPO operations shows that there is potential from the business for sustainable development. The purpose of this study to investigate the Indonesian commercial CPO mill business with a triple bottom line perspective. Moreover, this is to gain how much benefit the Commercial CPO mill business is in terms of profit, people and planet. This study applied the Analytic Network Process (ANP) with the criteria of profitability, social justice and environmental quality. This analytical technique uses a number of experts related to the palm oil business and sustainable development. The results of this study reveal that the critical success factors of priority Indonesian commercial CPO mills are the source of raw materials from small farmers (71.90%) and operational considerations of CPO mills (28.10%). While the benefits of this business can create shared value through quadruple helix analysis of academics, entrepreneurs, communities, and government which ranks profit (53.05%), people (23.75%) and planet (23.19%). The significant results of this study revealed that the Indonesia Commercial CPO mill is sustainable from triple bottom line point of view.
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Alhajeri, Nawaf S., Fahad M. Al-Fadhli, and Ahmed Z. Aly. "Unit-Based Emissions Inventory for Electric Power Systems in Kuwait: Current Status and Future Predictions." Sustainability 11, no. 20 (October 17, 2019): 5758. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11205758.
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Obtaining accurate estimates of emissions from electric power systems is essential for predicting air quality and evaluating the effectiveness of any future control technologies. This paper aimed to develop unit-based emissions inventories for electric power systems in Kuwait using different parameters, including fuel specifications and consumption, combustion technology and its efficiency, unit capacity, and boiler type. The study also estimated the future emissions of NOx, SO2, CO, CO2, and PM10 up to the year 2030 using a multivariate regression model in addition to predicting future energy demand. The results showed that annual (2010–2015) emissions of all air pollutants, excluding SO2 and PM10, increased over the study period. CO had the greatest increase of 41.9%, whereas SO2 levels decreased the most by 13% over the 2010 levels, due to the replacement of heavy fuel oil. Energy consumption in 2015 stood at approximately 86 PJ, with natural gas, gas oil, crude oil, and heavy fuel oil making up 51.2%, 10.7%, 3.1%, and 35%, respectively. Energy demand was projected to grow at an annualized rate of 2.8% by 2030 compared to 2015 levels. The required installed capacity to meet this demand was estimated to be approximately 21.8 GW (a 34% increase in capacity compared to 2015 levels). The projected emission rates showed that, of the five air pollutants, SO2 and PM10 are expected to decrease by 2030 by 34% and 11%, respectively. However, peak monthly emissions of SO2 would still only be 14% lower compared to the 2015 monthly average. In contrast, emission levels are projected to increase by 34.3%, 54.8%, and 71.8% for CO2, NOx, and CO, respectively, by 2030 compared to 2015 levels. Accordingly, a more ambitious target of renewables penetration needs to be adopted to reduce emission levels going forward.
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Lü, Xiuxiang, Jianfa Han, Xiang Wang, Weiwei Jiao, Hongfeng Yu, Xiaoli Hua, Haizu Zhang, and Yue Zhao. "Hydrocarbon Distribution Pattern in the Upper Ordovician Carbonate Reservoirs and its Main Controlling Factors in the West Part of Northern Slope of Central Tarim Basin, NW China." Energy Exploration & Exploitation 30, no. 5 (October 2012): 775–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1260/0144-5987.30.5.775.
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The northern slope of Tazhong palaeo-uplift has become a key target field for petroleum exploration in Tarim Basin. A major breakthrough is made in the Upper Ordovician oil and gas exploration in the west part of northern slope. Oil and gas near the Tazhong I slope-break zone occurred in Liang2 section was dominated by condensate gas reservoir, while oil reservoir was mainly inward distributed in Liang3 section. The crude oils in this region in physical properties characterized by low density, low viscosity, low freezing point, low sulfur content, medium wax content. And the natural gas in chemical components was featured by low-medium nitrogen content, low-medium carbon dioxide content and medium-high hydrogen sulfide content. In the plane direction, oil and gas exhibited a “oil in the interior, gas in the exterior” distribution pattern, and mainly located in a depth range of 0∼60 m below the top of the Liang3 section in the longitudinal direction. The distribution patterns displayed in physical properties and chemical compositions of oil and gas are controlled by multiple influencing factors. The results of above comprehensive studies suggested that vertical overriding of reef-bank-type reservoirs in Liang2 section and karst reservoirs in Liang3 section provided superior reservoir conditions; faults and fractures not only formed reservoir space and improved reservoir quality, also promoted the development of karst reservoirs and provided good migration pathway for hydrocarbon accumulation; one of the nonnegligible factors leading to this kind of distribution pattern for the Upper Ordovician oil and gas reservoirs is shale content in the compact carbonate formation; multi-sources and multi-stages of hydrocarbon filling are absolutely necessary controlling factor for this kind of distribution pattern in the whole block.
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Andreou, Varvara, Sofia Chanioti, Panagiota Stergiou, and George Katsaros. "Valorization of the Olive Oil Production Residue: Healthy Ingredient for Developing High Value-Added Spread." Sustainability 13, no. 24 (December 17, 2021): 13984. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su132413984.
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This study focused on the development of a new olive-based product enriched with proteins, antioxidant compounds and functional properties, aiming at valorization of the olive residue from the typical olive oil extraction process. Olive oil was extracted using a patented cold pressing machine, resulting in a valuable source of bioactive compounds in the form of olive residue (pulp ~70%, pit- and skin-free). Conventional (solid: water ratio 1:4, 25 °C, 2 h) and HP-assisted (200 MPa, solid:water ratio 1/4, 10 min) de-bittering processes were carried out in order to remove oleuropein content (up to 50%) from olive residue, thus decreasing its bitter taste. The olive spread was prepared with olive residue (50%) and honey (25%), enriched with proteins (24.5%) from nuts. Quality parameters, nutritional attributes, microbiological analysis, phenolic compounds and oxidative stability as well as sensory evaluation of the olive spread were conducted during storage. Its shelf-life was estimated (prediction through accelerated tests) as 9.5 months when stored at 4 °C. The organoleptic evaluation showed that the proposed olive spread had a texture similar to peanut butter and could potentially be consumed as a health-promoting spread due to its high content of proteins (~10 g/100 g), crude fibers (>6 g/100 g) and essential fatty acids.
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Watanabe, Makoto M., and Andreas Isdepsky. "Biocrude Oil Production by Integrating Microalgae Polyculture and Wastewater Treatment: Novel Proposal on the Use of Deep Water-Depth Polyculture of Mixotrophic Microalgae." Energies 14, no. 21 (October 25, 2021): 6992. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14216992.
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Microalgae have attracted significant attention worldwide as one of the most promising feedstock fossil fuel alternatives. However, there are a few challenges for algal fuels to compete with fossil fuels that need to be addressed. Therefore, this study reviews the R&D status of microalgae-based polyculture and biocrude oil production, along with wastewater treatment. Mixotrophic algae are free to some extent from light restrictions using organic matter and have the ability to grow well even in deep water-depth cultivation. It is proposed that integrating the mixotrophic microalgae polyculture and wastewater treatment process is the most promising and harmonizing means to simultaneously increase capacities of microalgae biomass production and wastewater treatment with a low land footprint and high robustness to perturbations. A large amount of mixotrophic algae biomass is harvested, concentrated, and dewatered by combining highly efficient sedimentation through flocculation and energy efficient filtration, which reduce the carbon footprint for algae fuel production and coincide with the subsequent hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) conversion. HTL products are obtained with a relatively low carbon footprint and separated into biocrude oil, solid, aqueous, and gas fractions. Algae biomass feedstock-based HTL conversion has a high biocrude oil yield and quality available for existing oil refineries; it also has a bioavailability of the recycled nitrogen and phosphorus from the aqueous phase of algae community HTL. The HTL biocrude oil represents higher sustainability than conventional liquid fuels and other biofuels for the combination of greenhouse gas (GHG) and energy return on investment (EROI). Deep water-depth polyculture of mixotrophic microalgae using sewage has a high potential to produce sustainable biocrude oil within the land area of existing sewage treatment plants in Japan to fulfill imported crude oil.
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Moraes, Paola S., Andrei V. Igansi, Tito R. S. Cadaval, and Luiz A. A. Pinto. "Biodiesel produced from crude, degummed, neutralized and bleached oils of Nile tilapia waste: Production efficiency, physical-chemical quality and economic viability." Renewable Energy 161 (December 2020): 110–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2020.07.092.
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Saleh, Ahmed A., Ahmed El-Awady, Khairy Amber, Yahya Z. Eid, Mohammed H. Alzawqari, Shaimaa Selim, Mohamed Mohamed Soliman, and Mustafa Shukry. "Effects of Sunflower Meal Supplementation as a Complementary Protein Source in the Laying Hen’s Diet on Productive Performance, Egg Quality, and Nutrient Digestibility." Sustainability 13, no. 6 (March 23, 2021): 3557. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13063557.
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The practical usage of untraditional feedstuffs such as sunflower meal (SFM) in laying hens nutrition in developing countries has received considerable attention. SFM is a by-product of the sunflower oil industry and has been progressively added to bird’s diets. Sunflower meal (SFM) is gaining great interest as a feed ingredient due to its eminent crude protein content, low anti-nutritional compounds, and low price. The current experiment was aimed to assess the production efficiency, egg quality, yolk fatty acids composition, and nutrient digestibility of laying hens fed SFM. A total of 162 Bovans Brown laying hens aged 60 weeks old were randomly allocated using a completely randomized design into three experimental groups of nine replicates each (n = six/replicate) for eight weeks. The dietary treatments involved a control (basal diet) and two levels of SFM, 50 and 100 g/kg feed. The dietary treatments did not influence live weight gain, feed intake, and egg mass. On one hand, the laying rate was increased; on the other hand, the feed conversion ratio and broken eggs rate of laying hens were decreased (p < 0.05) by the dietary inclusion of SFM. Dietary treatments had no effect on the egg’s quality characteristics except the yolk color and yolk height were larger (p = 0.01) for laying hens fed SFM compared with those fed the control. Dietary inclusion of SFM decreased (p < 0.05) the content of cholesterol in the egg yolk. Still, it increased the yolk contents of vitamin E, calcium, linoleic acid, linolenic acid, and oleic acid (p < 0.05). Furthermore, the dietary inclusion of SFM increased crude protein and calcium digestibility, but decreased the ether extract digestibility. In conclusion, our results suggested that the dietary inclusion of SFM, up to 100 g/kg at a late phase of laying, could improve the production performance, some of the egg quality traits, and nutrient digestibility while decreasing egg yolk cholesterol.
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Huang, Wenyang, Huiwen Wang, and Yigang Wei. "Endogenous or Exogenous? Examining Trans-Boundary Air Pollution by Using the Air Quality Index (AQI): A Case Study of 30 Provinces and Autonomous Regions in China." Sustainability 10, no. 11 (November 15, 2018): 4220. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su10114220.
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China is experiencing severe environmental degradation, particularly air pollution. To explore whether air pollutants are spatially correlated (i.e., trans-boundary effects) and to analyse the main contributing factors, this research investigates the annual concentration of the Air Quality Index (AQI) and 13 polluting sectors in 30 provinces and autonomous regions across China. Factor analysis, the linear regression model and the spatial auto-regression (SAR) model are employed to analyse the latest data in 2014. Several important findings are derived. Firstly, the global Moran’s I test reveals that the AQI of China shows a distinct positive spatial correlation. The local Moran’s I test shows that significant high–high AQI agglomeration regions are found around the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei area and the regions of low–low AQI agglomeration all locate in south China, including Yunnan, Guangxi and Fujian. Secondly, the effectiveness of the SAR model is much better than that of the linear regression model, with a significantly improved R-squared value from 0.287 to 0.705. A given region’s AQI will rise by 0.793% if the AQI of its ambient region increases by 1%. Thirdly, car ownership, steel output, coke output, coal consumption, built-up area, diesel consumption and electric power output contribute most to air pollution according to AQI, whereas fuel oil consumption, caustic soda output and crude oil consumption are inconsiderably accountable in raising AQI. Fourthly, the air quality in Beijing and Tianjin is under great exogenous influence from nearby regions, such as Hebei’s air pollution, and cross-boundary and joint efforts must be committed by the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei region in order to control air pollution.
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Yuvenda, Dori, Bambang Sudarmanta, Arif Wahjudi, and Rozy Aini Hirowati. "Effect of Adding Combustion Air on Emission in a Diesel Dual-Fuel Engine with Crude Palm Oil Biodiesel Compressed Natural Gas Fuels." International Journal of Renewable Energy Development 11, no. 3 (June 6, 2022): 871–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/ijred.2022.41275.
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A diesel dual-fuel engine uses two fuels designed to reduce the consumption of fossil fuels. Generally, the specific fuel consumption of diesel dual-fuel engines has increased. However, in combination with alternative fuels, namely compressed natural gas injected through air intake, the use of diesel fuel can be reduced. However, using two fuels in a diesel dual-fuel engine increases the equivalent ratio; therefore, the air and fuel mixture becomes richer because the air entering the cylinder during the intake stroke is partially replaced by compressed natural gas. This results in incomplete combustion and increases exhaust emissions, particularly hydrocarbon (HC) and carbon monoxide (CO) emissions. This study aims to improve the combustion process in dual-fuel diesel engines by improving the air-fuel ratio; thus, it can approach the stoichiometric mixture by adding combustion air forcibly to produce complete combustion to reduce CO and HC emissions. An experimental approach using a single-cylinder diesel engine modified into a diesel dual-fuel engine powered by crude palm oil biodiesel and compressed natural gas was adopted. The combustion air was forcibly added to the cylinder using an electric supercharger at different air mass flow rates ranging from 0.007074 to 0.007836 kg/s and different engine loads (1000 to 4000 watts). The results indicated that adding more air to the cylinder could produce complete combustion, reducing the emission levels produced by a diesel dual-fuel engine. An air mass flow rate of 0.007836 kg/s can reduce CO, HC, and particulate matter emissions by averages of 60.55%, 49.63%, and 86.87%, respectively, from the standard diesel dual-fuel engine. Increasing in the amount of oxygen concentration improves the quality of the air-fuel ratio, which results in improved combustion and thereby reducing emissions.
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Alminderej, Fahad M., Zeineb Hamden, Yassine El-Ghoul, Bechir Hammami, Sayed M. Saleh, and Hatem Majdoub. "Impact of Calcium and Nitrogen Addition on Bioethanol Production by S. cerevisiae Fermentation from Date By-Products: Physicochemical Characterization and Technical Design." Fermentation 8, no. 11 (October 28, 2022): 583. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fermentation8110583.
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Given crude oil prices and their environmental impacts, the use of sustainable renewable alternative energies such as biofuels is rapidly progressing in numerous countries. Among biofuels, bioethanol is a renewable and clean fuel that can be obtained from the fermentation of several raw agricultural materials, including date fruit. However, the low product yield, mainly due to the low-grade nutrient content, limits its use as a promising alternative biofuel. This current study investigated bioethanol production from date by-products in Saudi Arabia and examined the impact of calcium and nitrogen sources added at different concentrations (0 to 1 g/L) on the productivity and ethanol concentration using Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Yeast extracts and ammonium chloride (NH4Cl) were tested as nitrogen sources for bioethanol fermentation from date juice. Calcium chloride (CaCl2) and calcium carbonate (CaCO3) were evaluated as calcium sources for the same purpose mentioned above. The results showed that both calcium and nitrogen sources improved ethanol production efficiencies. The addition of calcium sources such as CaCl2 at 0.4 g/L resulted in maximum ethanol concentration (41.5 ± 0.85 g/L) and the highest productivity of 0.511 g/L/h. Thus, an increase of 31.3% compared to the control sample was acquired. Ammonium chloride was found to be the best nitrogen supplement among them. Indeed, supplementing the fermentation medium with 1 g/L NH4Cl gave an optimal ethanol concentration and productivity, reaching more than 65 g/L and 0.83 g/L/h, respectively. This is an increase of 106.6%. The functional group of ethanol (C2H5OH) for all the elaborated samples was confirmed by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and NMR analyses. Moreover, the results confirmed the high quality and purity of the bioethanol products. Thus, the “Khodhari” date variety of low market value is a privileged substrate for industrial bioethanol production. For this reason, a proposed flow diagram of a designed plant for bioethanol industrialization is provided and detailed.
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Baloyi, Hope, and Gary Dugmore. "Pyrolytic topping of coal-algae composite under mild inert conditions." Journal of Energy in Southern Africa 30, no. 3 (September 19, 2019): 44–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2413-3051/2019/v30i3a5763.
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Co-processing of coal and biomass has been a focus of several research studies aimed at addressing the negative environmental attributes associated with thermal processing of coal alone, as well as improving the thermal behaviour of coal. Biomass materials are regarded as a clean, renewable source, so thermal co-processing of biomass with coal is considered an effective way to utilise coal in a sustainable manner. In this study, coal fines were blended with Scenedesmus microalgae slurry to form a coal-algae composite. Pyrolytic topping of coal-algae composite was performed at 450 ºC on a batch reactor. Parent fuels and resultant chars were analysed for their proximate properties using an Eltra thermostep TGA; a Vario EL cube Elementar was used to determine the elemental composition of the chars and oils. A simulated distillation (SimDis) method was used to determine the boiling point distribution of the produced oils. The objective of the study was to examine the effects of microalgae slurry on the pyrolytic behaviour of waste coal fines with respect to product yields, composition and quality. Results showed that the yields of volatile components from pyrolysis of coal-algae composite were high compared with those from pyrolysis of coal alone. A significant degree of deoxygenation, dehydrogenation and denitrification was observed in coal-algae char than coal char. SimDis results showed that the fossil bio-crude oil has different boiling point characteristics from coal tar. The study has shown that microalgae slurry has potential to influence the pyrolytic behaviour of waste coal under mild inert conditions.
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Neha, Gajender Yadav, Rajender Kumar Yadav, Ashwani Kumar, Aravind Kumar Rai, Junya Onishi, Keisuke Omori, and Parbodh Chander Sharma. "Salt Removal through Residue-Filled Cut-Soiler Simulated Preferential Shallow Subsurface Drainage Improves Yield, Quality and Plant Water Relations of Mustard (Brassica juncea L.)." Sustainability 14, no. 7 (March 31, 2022): 4146. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14074146.
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Soil salinity and the use of saline groundwater are two major constraints in crop production, which covers a ~1.0 billion ha area of arid and semi-arid regions. The improved drainage function of soil can modify the salty growing environment for higher agricultural production. The present study evaluated the effectiveness of cut-soiler-constructed rice residue-filled preferential shallow subsurface drainage (PSSD) to improve the drainage function and its effect on the yield, quality and plant–water relations of mustard over 2019–2021. Cut-soiler-simulated drains were made in a semi-controlled lysimeter (2 × 2 × 3; L*W*H m) as the main plot treatment in a double replicated split–split experiment with two soil types (subplot) and three irrigation water salinities (4, 8 and 12 dS m−1) as the sub-sub-plot treatment. The drainage volume of variable salinity (EC), dependent on the total water input, was substantially higher in the rainy season (April to October), i.e., 16.6, 7.76 and 12.0% during 2018, 2019 and 2020, with 1.7, 0.32 and 0.77 kg salt removal per lysimeter, compared to the post-rainy season. The mustard seed, straw and biological yields were improved by 31.4, 14.41 and 18.08%, respectively, due to a positive effect on plant–water relations. The mustard seeds produced in the cut-soiler-treated plots recorded higher oil, crude fiber and protein contents and a lower erucic acid content. The increase in salt load, by higher-salinity irrigation water, was also efficiently managed by using cut-soiler PSSD. It was found that the saline irrigation water up to 12.0 dS m−1 can be used under such PSSD without any extra salt loading. The present study showed the potential of cut-soiler PSSD in root zone salinity management by improving drainage in salt-affected arid regions.
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Fatmawati, Akbarningrum, Ari Anggoro, Kamila Adila Muslim, Arief Widjaja, Tantular Nurtono, and Hanny Frans Sangian. "Mathematical Modelling of Alkaline and Ionic Liquid Pretreated Coconut Husk Enzymatic Hydrolysis." Bulletin of Chemical Reaction Engineering & Catalysis 16, no. 2 (April 28, 2021): 331–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.9767/bcrec.16.2.10306.331-341.
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The problem of crude oil reserve shortage and air quality decline currently have led researches on renewable fuel such as bioethanol and biohydrogen. The attempt to provide such biofuel involves the utilization of enormously available wasted materials, lignocellulose. Coconut husk is one of such materials available in Indonesia. The previous work had reported the quantity of total reducing sugar produced after the enzymatic hydrolysis of pretreated coconut husk. The pretreatment methods used were dilute sodium hydroxide solution (1 and 4% w/v), 1,3-methylmethylimidazolium dimethyl phosphate ionic liquid and the combination of both methods. This work focused on constructing the mathematical model which describes the kinetic of those enzymatic hydrolysis reactions. Mathematical model expressions help describing as well as predicting the process behavior, which is commonly needed in the process design and control. The development of mathematical model in this work was done based on the total reducing sugar concentration resulted in batch hydrolysis reaction. The kinetic parameters including initial available substrate (S0), maximum reaction rate (rmax), and half-maximum rate constant (KM). According to the values of half-maximum rate constant (KM), the enzymatic hydrolysis performance of coconut husk treated using ionic liquid is better than that treated using dilute alkaline solution as the former had shown lower KM value and hence higher enzyme affinity to the substrate. The best hydrolysis result was performed using combination of 1% dilute sodium hydroxide solution and ionic liquid with kinetic model parameter of 0.5524 g/L.h of rmax, 0.0409 g/L of KM, and 4.1919 g/L of S0. Copyright © 2021 by Authors, Published by BCREC Group. This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0).
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Ademola, J. A., and E. E. Atare. "Radiological assessment of natural radionuclides in soil within and around crude oil flow and gas compression stations in the Niger Delta, Nigeria." Radioprotection 45, no. 2 (April 2010): 219–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/radiopro/2010005.
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Rodríguez, Edwin, Wilson Barrios, Roy Sandoval, Nicolás Santos, and Ingrid Cortes. "NUMERICAL SIMULATION FOR CYCLIC STEAM INJECTION AT SANTA CLARA FIELD." CT&F - Ciencia, Tecnología y Futuro 3, no. 4 (December 31, 2008): 107–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.29047/01225383.466.
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This article presents the methodology used and the results obtained in the construction, match and prediction of the first thermal composition simulation model done in Colombia by employing advanced thermal process commercial software, globally recognized because of its effectiveness in modeling these types of processes (CMG-STARS, 2005). The Santa Clara and Palermo fields were modeled and an excellent history match was achieved. All in all 28 wells and 17 years of production were matched. Two production scenes were proposed. The first involved primary production from existing wells, in other words: primary production; and a second escen where all the wells in the field are converted into injectors and producers, to simulate cyclic steam injection. This injection process included a series of sensitivity studies for several of the parameters involved in this technology, such as: pressure and temperature injection, time and rate of injection, heat injected, soaking period, steam quality, and injection cycles. This sensitivity study was focused on optimizing the processes to obtain the maximum end recovery possible. The information entered into the simulator was validated by laboratory tests developed at the Instituto Colombiano del Petróleo (ICP). Among the tests performed the following were assessed: rock compressibility, relative permeability curve behavior at different temperatures, formation sensitivity to injection fluids, DRX analysis and residual saturation of crude oil for steam injection. The aforementioned results are documented in this paper.
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Martínez-Espinosa, Rosa María. "Controversy over the Use of “Shade Covers” to Avoid Water Evaporation in Water Reservoirs." Sustainability 13, no. 20 (October 12, 2021): 11234. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su132011234.
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Water scarcity and sustainability are main current concerns affecting billions of people worldwide. Apart from policies designed to guarantee water supply, technologies and procedures have been developed to optimize the uses of water and water recycling as well as to minimize water scarcity. Among these technologies, those based on the use of bioinspired fibres, membranes, nanomaterials, liquid-liquid extraction methods using ionic liquids or approaches involving plants or microbes have been successfully carried out. One of the main problems associated with most of these technologies is the high cost of their implementation and maintenance. Consequently, other cheaper strategies have been explored, such as the use of shade covers. The objective of this work is to summarize the most recent findings on the use of shade covers (suspended shade cloth covers and shade objects) on water reservoirs, mainly agricultural water reservoirs (AWRs). Reflections on the investment-benefit relationship of this technological proposal are also herein discussed. Apart from traditional shade cloth clover, more recently, other covers like shade balls/squares/hexagons (shady objects) have also been proposed as promising approaches to save water and keep its quality. However, the manufacturing of shady objects, mainly made of polyethylene plastic, results in: (i) high cost (high energy cost and use of raw materials like crude oil and natural gas); (ii) significant production of residues, and (iii) visual environmental pollution. The main conclusion reached from this review is that the controversy over the use of shade covers continues in the spotlight of scientists, water managers, and related companies; although this approach saves water and prevents water quality deterioration, a large number of recalcitrant residues are produced, not only during their production, but also when they must be replaced due to deterioration.
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Ren, Songyan, Peng Wang, Hancheng Dai, Daiqing Zhao, and Toshihiko Masui. "Health and Economic Impact Assessment of Transport and Industry PM2.5 Control Policy in Guangdong Province." Sustainability 13, no. 23 (November 25, 2021): 13049. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su132313049.
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PM2.5 pollution-related diseases lead to additional medical expenses and the loss of working hours, thus affecting the macro-economy. To evaluate the health-related economic impacts of PM2.5, the Integrated Assessment Model of Climate, Economic, and Environment (ICEEH), combined with the Computable General Equilibrium (CGE) model, the Greenhouse Gas and Air Pollution Interactions and Synergies (GAINS) model, and a health impact assessment module was constructed. The impact of different air pollution control strategies was analyzed in Guangdong Province by establishing a Without Control (WOC) scenario, an Air Control (AIC) scenario, and a Blue Sky (BLK) scenario. The results show that in the WOC scenario for 2035, the death rate for Guangdong Province is 71,690 persons/year and the loss of working hours is 0.67 h/person/year. In the AIC and BLK scenarios compared with WOC for 2035, the loss of working hours is reduced by 29.8% and 34.3%, and premature deaths are reduced by 33.0% and 37.5%, respectively; GDP would increase by 0.05% and 0.11%, respectively, through strict pollution control policies. Furthermore, improved labor force quality induced by better air conditions would promote the added value in labor-intensive industries, such as agriculture (0.233%), other manufacturing (0.172%), textiles (0.181%), food (0.176%), railways transport (0.137%), and services (0.129%). The added value in the waste (−0.073%), nature gas (−0.076%), and crude oil sectors (−0.072%) would decrease because of the increased investment installment in PM2.5 treatment equipment.
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Irawan, Anton, Hafid Alwan, and Faroukiyah Mustika. "Pengaruh tinggi dan kerapatan unggun pada kualitas pembakaran gas produser dari gasifikasi skala rumah tangga." Jurnal Teknik Kimia Indonesia 11, no. 3 (October 2, 2018): 166. http://dx.doi.org/10.5614/jtki.2012.11.3.6.
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The effect of bed height and density on producer gas combustion quality from house hold scale gasification.Increased energy demand caused the crude oil to be expensive and limited so that renewable energy could be a solution of the crisis energy in the future. Rice husk that produced from rice mill had potential as energy in the rural area due to had energy content around 3000-3500 kcal/kg. Rice husk had proximate analysis for fixed carbon 15%, volatile matter 50%, ash 20%, and moisture 15% so that rice husk could be converted to the gas by gasification. Gas producer that was produced by gasification can be used for household fuel. The aim of this research was to observe influence of density and height of rice husk bed to the flame of the gas producer combustion in the small scale gasification. Small scale gasification was done in gasification stove that had capacity 1000 g rice husk. Variations in this research were density of rice husk bed (85, 95, and 105 kg/m3) and height of rice husk bed (25, 40, and 55 cm). Parameter of quality of gas producer combustion was holding time of the flame temperature above 500 oC. The results showed the combustion quality of the gas producer was influenced by density and height of rice husk bed.Keywords: rice husk, gasification, gas producer, bed height, bed density AbstrakPeningkatan kebutuhan energi menyebabkan minyak bumi menjadi mahal dan terbatas sehingga energi terbarukan dapat menjadi solusi untuk menggantikan minyak bumi pada masa mendatang. Salah satu sumber energi terbarukan adalah sekam padi yang dihasilkan dari pengolahan padi dengan kandungan energi 3000-3500 kcal/kg sekam padi kering. Sekam padi memiliki komposisi karbon sekitar 15%, volatile matter 50%, abu 20%, dan kandungan air 25% sehingga sekam padi dapat dikonversi melalui proses gasifikasi. Dengan metode gasifikasi skala rumah tangga, gas produser yang dihasilkan dapat dipergunakan sebagai bahan bakar rumah tangga. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mengamati pengaruh tinggi dan kerapatan unggun terhadap kualitas pembakaran gas produser hasil gasifikasi sekam padi. Parameter kualitas pembakaran adalah pengukuran temperatur lidah api dengan posisi tetap. Waktu tahan temperatur di atas 500 oC menjadi standar kualitas proses gasifikasi sekam padi yang dipengaruhi oleh kerapatan dan tinggi unggun sekam padi. Gasifikasi dilakukan pada kompor gasifikasi skala rumah tangga yang mampu memuat sekam padi 1000 g. Variasi tinggi unggun adalah 25, 40, dan 55 cm serta kerapatan unggun 85, 95, dan 105 kg/m3. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kualitas pembakaran gas produser dipengaruhi oleh tinggi dan kerapatan unggun.Kata kunci: sekam padi, gasifikasi, gas produser, tinggi unggun, kerapatan unggun
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JPT staff, _. "E&P Notes (April 2022)." Journal of Petroleum Technology 74, no. 04 (April 1, 2022): 19–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/0422-0019-jpt.
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Eni Starts Area 1 Production off Mexico via MODEC FPSO MODEC said first oil has flowed through FPSO MIAMTE MV34 operating in the Offshore Area 1 block in the Bay of Campeche off Mexico. The contractor was appointed by Eni Mexico for the supply, charter, and operation of the FPSO in the Eni-operated Offshore Area 1 block in 2018. The charter contract will run for an initial 15 years, with options for extension every year thereafter up to 5 additional years. Moored in a water depth of approximately 32 m some 10 km off Mexico’s coast, the FPSO is capable of handling 90,000 B/D of oil, 75 MMcf/D of gas, and 120,000 B/D of water injection with a storage capacity of 700,000 bbl of oil. The FPSO boasts a disconnectable tower yoke mooring system, a first-of-its-kind design in the industry. The system was developed to moor the FPSO in shallow water, while also allowing the unit to disconnect its mooring and depart the area to avoid winter storms and hurricanes in the Gulf of Mexico. The mooring system was developed by MODEC subsidiary SOFEC Inc. The mooring jacket was fabricated in Altamira, Mexico. Eni Starts Production from Ndungu EP Development Italy’s Eni has started production from the Ndungu Early Production (EP) development in Block 15/06 of the Angolan deep offshore, via the Ngoma FPSO. With an expected production rate in the range of 20,000 B/D, the project will sustain the plateau of the Ngoma, a 100,000-B/D, zero-discharge, and zero-process-flaring FPSO, upgraded in 2021 to minimize emissions. A further exploration and delineation campaign will be performed in Q2 2022 to assess the full potential of the overall assets of Ndungu. Ndungu EP is the third startup achieved by Eni Angola in Block 15/06 in the past 7 months, after Cuica Early Production and the Cabaca North Development Project. Block 15/06 is operated by Eni Angola with a 36.84% share. Sonangol Pesquisa e Produção (36.84%) and SSI Fifteen Ltd. (26.32%) comprise the rest of the joint venture. Aramco Discovers Natural Gas in Four Regions Saudi Aramco has discovered natural gas fields in four regions of the kingdom, the Saudi Press Agency (SPA) reported, citing Energy Minister Prince Abdulaziz bin Salman. The fields were found in the Empty Quarter desert located in the central area of the kingdom, near its northern border and in the eastern region, he said, according to SPA. Saudi Arabia wants to increase gas production and boost the share of natural gas in its energy mix to meet growing electricity consumption and to make more crude available for export. The minister said an unspecified number of fields were discovered and he mentioned five by name: Shadoon, in the central region; Shehab and Shurfa, in the Empty Quarter in the southeastern region; Umm Khansar, near the northern border with Iraq; and Samna in the eastern region. Two of the gas fields, Samna and Umm Khansar, were said to be “nonconventional” and possibly shale finds. Lukoil Completes Area 4 Deal in Mexico Russian producer Lukoil has completed a deal to become a lead stakeholder in an Area 4 shallow-water asset adjacent to Tabasco and Campeche in Mexico. Under the deal, Lukoil has acquired a 50% stake in the asset from US independent Fieldwood Energy, which filed for US bankruptcy protection in August 2020, for $685 million. The original deal was priced at $435 million; the additional $250 million is related to expenditures Fieldwood incurred since 1 January 2021. Fieldwood committed to invest $477 million to increase oil production from the Ichalkil and Pokoch fields from the current level of 25,000 B/D to a plateau level of 115,000 B/D. Situated in water depths between 35 and 45 m, the fields’ recoverable hydrocarbon reserves amount to 564 million BOE, more than 80% of which is crude oil. Production started in Q4 2021; current average oil production has exceeded 25,000 B/D. The approved work program includes drilling three development wells (two on Ichalkil and one on Pokoch), upgrading three production platforms, and performing seismic reprocessing and petrophysical studies. The remaining 50% stake in Area 4 is held by operator PetroBal, a subsidiary of Mexico’s GrupoBal. Petrobras Sells Polo Norte Capixaba Field Cluster In line with its strategy to concentrate resources on deepwater and ultradeepwater assets, Brazil’s Petrobras has sold 100% of its interest in Norte Capixaba cluster to Seacrest Exploração e Produção de Petróleo Ltda for $544 million, including a $66-million contingent payment. The cluster comprises four producing fields—Cancã, Fazenda Alegre, Fazenda São Rafael, and Fazenda Santa Luzia—and produced 6,470 BOE/D in 2021. The deal also includes the Norte Capixaba Terminal (TNC) and all production facilities. NewMed Targets Morocco Market Entry Israel-based NewMed Energy, formerly Delek Drilling, has identified Morocco as “a country with enormous geological and commercial potential,” in particular the Moroccan coastal areas in the Mediterranean and North Atlantic. The announcement comes a day after the Moroccan Minister of Industry and Trade, Ryad Mezzour, and his Israeli counterpart, Orna Barbivai, signed an MOU aimed at promoting investments and exchanges between the two countries in the digital design, food, automotive, aviation, textile, water technologies and renewable energies, medical equipment, and the pharmaceutical industries. In September 2021, the Israeli oil and gas exploration company obtained from the Moroccan ministry the exploration and study rights of the Dakhla Atlantic Block, which has an area of about 109000 km2. ExxonMobil Sells Nigerian Assets to Seplat ExxonMobil has agreed to sell its shallow-water assets in Nigeria to Seplat Energy for $1.28 billion plus a contingent consideration of $300 million. Seplat said it is acquiring a 40% operating stake in four oil leases to nearly triple its annual net production to 146,000 BOE/D. The deal also includes the Qua Iboe export terminal and a 51% interest in the Bonny River Terminal and natural gas liquids recovery plants at EAP and Oso. It does not include any of ExxonMobil’s deepwater fields in Nigeria. TotalEnergies Discovers Large Oil Field off Namibia TotalEnergies has made a significant discovery of light oil with associated gas on the Venus prospect, located in block 2913B in the Orange Basin, offshore southern Namibia. The Venus 1-X well encountered approximately 84 m of net oil pay in a good-quality Lower Cretaceous reservoir. The find’s potential reserves are estimated at 2 billion bbl of oil. “This discovery offshore Namibia and the very promising initial results prove the potential of this play in the Orange Basin, on which TotalEnergies owns an important position both in Namibia and South Africa,” said Kevin McLachlan, senior vice president exploration at TotalEnergies. “A comprehensive coring and logging program has been completed. This will enable the preparation of appraisal operations designed to assess the commerciality of this discovery.” Block 2913B covers approximately 8215 km2 in deep offshore Namibia. TotalEnergies is the operator with a 40% working interest, alongside QatarEnergy (30%), Impact Oil and Gas (20%), and NAMCOR (10%). CNPC Scoops Ishpingo Drilling Contract The first drilling contract at the Ishpingo oil field near Ecuador’s Yasuni National Park has been awarded to China National Petroleum Corp. (CNPC), Energy Minister Juan Carlos Bermeo told Reuters. Following the approval of a new hydrocarbon law and legislation, Ecuador plans to move forward with auctions and competitive processes for securing foreign and domestic capital for oil and gas exploration, production, transportation, and refining projects. The first drilling campaign to start after an environmental license was granted for the sensitive area will involve 40 wells over the next 18 months. It will focus on the field’s allowed zone without touching an area protected by a court ruling that has prevented extending drilling. Ishpingo is the latest part of the ITT-43 oil field in Ecuador’s Amazonia region to start drilling after Tambococha and Tiputini. It is expected to produce heavy oil to be added to the nation’s output of flagship Napo crude, Bermeo said. BP Brings Hershel Expansion Project On Line in US GOM BP has successfully started production from the Herschel Expansion project in the Gulf of Mexico—the first of four major projects scheduled to be delivered globally in 2022. Phase 1 comprises development of a new subsea production system and the first of up to three wells tied to the Na Kika platform in the Mississippi Canyon area. At its peak, this first well is expected to increase platform annual gross production by an estimated 10,600 BOE/D. The BP-operated well was drilled to a depth of approximately 19,000 ft and is located southeast of the Na Kika platform, approximately 140 miles off the coast of New Orleans. The project provides infrastructure for future well tie-in opportunities. BP and Shell each hold a 50% working interest in the development. Petrobras Kicks off Gulf of Mexico Asset Sales Petrobras has begun an asset sale program in the Gulf of Mexico, in line with the company’s strategy of debt reduction and pivot toward Brazilian deepwater production. The package for sale includes the company’s 20% stake in MP Gulf of Mexico (MPGoM) which holds ownership stakes in 15 fields in partnership with Murphy Oil. In addition to partnership-operated fields, MPGoM owns nonoperated interests in Occidental’s Lucius, Kosmos’ Kodiak, Shell’s Habanero, and Chevron’s St. Malo fields. During the first half of 2021, Petrobras’ share of production was 11,300 BOE/D. ExxonMobil Liza Phase 2 Underway off Guyana ExxonMobil started production of Liza Phase 2, Guyana’s second offshore oil development on the Stabroek Block; total production capacity is now more than 340,000 B/D in the 7 years since the country’s first discovery. Production at the Liza Unity FPSO is expected to reach its target of 220,000 bbl of oil later this year. The Stabroek Block’s recoverable resource base is estimated at more than 10 billion BOE. The current resource has the potential to support up to 10 projects. ExxonMobil anticipates that four FPSOs with a capacity of more than 800,000 B/D will be in operation on the block by year-end 2025. Payara, the third project in the block, is expected to produce approximately 220,000 BOPD using the Prosperity FPSO vessel, currently under construction. The field development plan and application for environmental authorization for the Yellowtail project, the fourth project in the block, have been submitted for government and regulatory approvals. The Liza Unity arrived in Guyana in October 2021. It is moored in water depth of about 1650 m and will store around 2 million bbl of crude. ExxonMobil affiliate Esso Exploration and Production Guyana Ltd. is the operator and holds 45% interest. Hess Guyana Exploration Ltd. holds 30% interest and CNOOC Petroleum Guyana Ltd. holds 25%. Dragon Finds Oil in Gulf of Suez UAE’s Dragon Oil has discovered oil in the Gulf of Suez, according to a statement from the Egyptian Minister of Petroleum and Mineral Resources. The field contains potential reserves of around 100 million bbl inside the northeastern region of Ramadan. That estimate makes it one of the largest oil finds in the region over the past 2 decades. Development plans were not reported but reserve numbers could expand, the ministry said. The oil field is the first discovery by Dragon Oil since it acquired 100% of BP’s Gulf of Suez Petroleum assets in 2019. Dragon Oil, wholly owned by Emirates National Oil Co., holds 100% interest in East Zeit Bay off the southern Gulf of Suez region. The 93-km2 block lies in shallow waters of 10 to 40 m.
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Hussain, Fatima A., Julio Zamora, Ivonne M. Ferrer, Maureen Kinyua, and Jesús M. Velázquez. "Adsorption of crude oil from crude oil–water emulsion by mesoporous hafnium oxide ceramics." Environmental Science: Water Research & Technology 6, no. 8 (2020): 2035–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0ew00451k.
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An environmentally benign, mechanically stable, and renewable mesoporous hafnium oxide ceramic synthesized via a sol–gel process has exhibited 99.9% removal capacity of crude oil from an oil-in-water emulsion.
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Shanmugam, Kavitha, Anju Baroth, Sachin Nande, Dalia M. M. Yacout, Mats Tysklind, and Venkata K. K. Upadhyayula. "Social Cost Benefit Analysis of Operating Compressed Biomethane (CBM) Transit Buses in Cities of Developing Nations: A Case Study." Sustainability 11, no. 15 (August 2, 2019): 4190. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11154190.
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Cities in developing nations have to deal with two significant sustainability challenges amidst rampant urbanization. First, consumer-generated food waste is increasing monumentally since open dumping is still followed as a predominant practice, the negative environmental externalities associated with food waste disposal are growing beyond manageable proportions. Second, the dependency on conventional fuels like diesel to operate transit buses, which is one of the major causes for deteriorating urban air quality. A nexus established between food waste management and operation of transit buses can improve the sustainable performance of cities in developing nations. In this study, a Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) supported Social Cost-Benefit Analysis (SCBA) is performed by considering a hypothetical scenario of establishing a large food waste treating biomethanation plant in Mumbai, India. The food waste from the city is transported to a biomethanation plant where it is subjected to an anaerobic digestion (AD) process. The biogas produced as a byproduct is upgraded to compressed biomethane (CBM) and used as a vehicle fuel to operate transit buses within the city. The LCA results suggest that CBM buses can reduce greenhouse gas and particulate matter emissions by 60% compared to diesel or compressed natural gas (CNG) buses. Fossil depletion potential of CBM buses is 98% lower than diesel, suggesting CBM’s importance in decoupling developing nations dependency on imported crude oil. The SCBA considers: (a) costs to stakeholders, i.e., fees for open dumping of food waste and cost of fuel for operating transit buses; and (b) social costs incurred by negative environmental externalities (obtained by monetizing LCA results) resulting from both, open dumping as well as fuel combustion. SCBA results indicate that the food waste-based CBM model can save 6.86 billion Indian rupees (USD 99.4 million) annually for Mumbai. The savings are made due to a reduction in stakeholder’s costs (fuel) coupled with societal, i.e., environmental externality costs if entire transit bus fleet operates on CBM fuel instead of conventional fuel mix (33:67 diesel to CNG) currently used. Although the study is performed for Mumbai, the results will be replicable to any city of developing nations facing similar issues.
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Yui, Sok. "Producing Quality Synthetic Crude Oil from Canadian Oil Sands Bitumen." Journal of the Japan Petroleum Institute 51, no. 1 (2008): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1627/jpi.51.1.
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Alkhalili, Bushra Esmail, Adibah Yahya, Norhaim Abrahim, and Birintha Ganapathy. "Biodesulfurization of Sour Crude Oil." Modern Applied Science 11, no. 9 (August 26, 2017): 104. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/mas.v11n9p104.
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Crude oil is one of the most important types of fossil fuel in the world. It is an economically important commodity that is massively used in many industrial activities. The poor quality of crude oil is related to high sulfur content, which translates to lower profit margins and negatively impacts air quality standards. Polyaromatic sulfur heterocycles (PASHs) that exist in crude oil requires an efficient reduction method to achieve significant desulfurization levels. Recently, biodesulfurization (BDS) is gaining greater attention attributed to its environmentally benign bioprocess; possible benefits of BDS include lower capital and processing costs. Studies have reported that BDS is urgently needed for desulfurization of recalcitrant organic sulfur relative to traditional approach, hydrodesulfurization (HDS). The establishment of commercial scale biorefining technology relies on major advancement with respect to less expensive and sufficient production of highly active and stable biocatalysts that can be adapted to intense conditions encountered in petroleum refineries. In this paper, a review on BDS processes for removing recalcitrant thoiphenic components from sour crude oil is conducted, covering the aim of most studies concerning desulfurizing bacteria, which enables a deep desulfurization of organosulfur compounds by 4S pathway, maintaining the caloric value of fuel.
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Hughes, William B., and Albert G. Holba. "Relationship between crude oil quality and biomarker patterns." Organic Geochemistry 13, no. 1-3 (January 1988): 15–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0146-6380(88)90022-8.
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de Oliveira Magalhães, M. V., and Darci Odloak. "Multivariable Quality Control of a Crude Oil Fractionator." IFAC Proceedings Volumes 28, no. 9 (June 1995): 469–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1474-6670(17)47079-0.
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Chu, Yan-Hwa. "Effects of soybean pretreatments on crude oil quality." Journal of the American Oil Chemists’ Society 72, no. 2 (February 1995): 177–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02638896.
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