Academic literature on the topic 'Renewable crude oil quality'
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Journal articles on the topic "Renewable crude oil quality"
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Dumitru, Mihaela Gabriela. "Degumming Role of Sunflower Oil (Helianthus annuus) on Biodiesel Quality." Revista de Chimie 70, no. 1 (February 15, 2019): 54–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.37358/rc.19.1.6850.
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Biodiesel, known as fatty acid methyl ester, has become more attractive as an alternative fuel for diesel engine because of its environmental benefits and the fact that it is made from renewable resources such as vegetable oil and animal fats by reacting them with short chain alcohols. Biodiesel has become increasingly important due to the following advantages: it is renewable, biodegradable, non-toxic, and eco-friendly. Crude sunflower oil may be a cheap source for biodiesel production. However, it contains high amount of phosphorus, which can inhibit the action of the catalyst during transesterification. Phosphorus removal from vegetable oils applied for diesel fuel is an essential process, since the presence of phosphors in direct use to the diesel engine might cause plugging in the engine filters, lines and injectors. In the biodiesel production, the use of crude vegetable oils without degumming might decrease conversion rate and hard to separate glycerol from biodiesel, during and after trans-esterification reaction respectively.Degumming role of crude sunflower oil on physicochemical properties of biodiesel was studied with determination of following parameters: phosphorus content, acidity value, peroxide value, viscosity, density, iodine value and saponification value. Degumming of sunflower oil is realysed by water degumming and by electrolyte degumming followed by a fast decrease of residual phosphorus content. The compared results showed that degumming process of sunflower oil has a role on biodiesel quality.
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Jayusman, L. Hakim, A. Dalimunthe, and V. Yuskianti. "Analysis of methyl compounds variation in the crude Pongamia pinnata oil from Banten, West Java and North Java populations." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1115, no. 1 (December 1, 2022): 012050. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1115/1/012050.
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Abstract Identification of methyl compounds from crude oil is an important baseline provenance to support the development of renewable bioenergy resources in Indonesia. Pongamia pinnata, known as Malapari, has great potential to be an alternative to renewable bioenergy resources and an environmentally friendly substitute for fossil fuels. Our analysis of four provenances of crude Pongamia oil has identified eight (8) methyl compounds with a relative value of >1%, i.e. palmitoleate, lenoleate, eicostrienoic, erucate, docosadienoic, nervonate, eicosapentaenoate and arachidate. The value of the individual methyl compounds varied in each provenance. The unsaturated fatty acid content of Pongamia crude was higher and needs to be balanced to maintain the physical properties of Pongamia biodiesel. In addition, the quality of the tested Pongamia crude oil from all provenances that show high acidity and water content in the crude oil but exceed the standard for biodiesel (SNI 04-7182-2006) shows a need for improvement advanced process. The variations of the methyl compounds found in each provenance can be used as a selection basis for the development of products in the pharmaceutical and agricultural sectors.
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McSpadden, Charles L. "U.S. Refining — Changing Supply and Slate Requirements." Energy Exploration & Exploitation 12, no. 2-3 (March 1994): 177–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/014459879401200208.
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With international refining industries facing a number of challenges in the near future, it seems clear that those who survive will be ones with the ability to turn serious problems into real opportunities. In the U.S. refining industry, challenges such as slow growth in product demand, increasing reliance on imported raw materials, and continued exposure to offshore exporting refineries will have critical effects on the ability of the industry to capitalize on available opportunities. Other challenges include the ability to tolerate continued declines in crude oil quality and the serious monetary questions related to compliance with environmental legislation, including air, soil, and water clean-up. This paper presents the challenges which the U.S. refining industry faces over the coming years, and seeks to address those issues which will impact the success or failure of the industry as a whole. The paper begins with a focus on the demand for U.S. petroleum products, encompassing brief historical data and forecasts of demand for the next few years. Closely related to demand is the subject of U.S. refinery operations, including product import and yield patterns. In this vein, the paper offers forecasts of crude runs to stills, as well as forecasts of capacity changes. Because profitability of U.S. refineries is affected by raw material costs, the paper next probes the possibilities resulting from world crude oil price fluctuations, considering the reemergence of Iraq as a market player. Forecasts of profit margins for U.S. refiners in 1998 are also offered. Turning to crude oil supplies and qualities, the paper examines the downward trend of U.S. crude oil production, providing a forecast of the decline by 1998. An associated trend, that of U.S. crude oil imports, is also evaluated, with a discussion of the origins of these imports included. The paper then presents a brief discussion of the principal recipient of Canadian crude oil exports, the U.S. Midwest (PADD II), encompassing statistics for refinery runs and deliveries of crudes. Volumes of Canadian crude exported to the region are also presented, as well as crude oil qualities in the region. Finally, heavy crude oil prices are examined because of the degradation of average crude oil qualities consumed by U.S. refiners. Spreads between light and heavy crudes are contemplated, with a forecast for the current-dollar WTI/Maya price spread provided.
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Zamanhuri, Norashikin Ahmad, Norazah Abd Rahman, and Noor Fitrah Abu Bakar. "Effect of Microwave Power and Extraction Time on Crude Palm Oil Quality Using Microwave-Assisted Extraction Process." International Journal of Renewable Energy Development 10, no. 3 (February 15, 2021): 495–505. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/ijred.2021.35402.
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The aim of this study is to evaluate microwave-assisted extraction at several microwave power and extraction time in extracting oil palm products, such as crude palm oil (CPO) and palm fatty acid (PFA) composition. The exposure time was shortened and overheating was avoided when sterilized mesocarp exposed to microwave prior to Soxhlet extraction in order to obtain good quality oil. The effects of CPO extraction and PFA composition on the distillate produced were investigated. Gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was used for the determination and quantification of PFA composition in the distilled products. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) reveals that the microwave-assisted extraction technique had efficiently assisted in the release of oil by breaking down the mesocarp cell structure. To fill the research gap of microwave-assisted sterilization in the previous research, microwave-assisted extraction was introduced, in which two processes (i.e., extraction and drying) were conducted in one equipment. Oil yield and color, free fatty acids (FFA), Deterioration of Bleachability Index (DOBI), and carotene contents of the CPO were quantified. At 100 W, the extraction of CPO demonstrated 64% yield produced, with chemical properties of 0.301% FFA, 3.53 DOBI and 1132 ppm carotene with final temperature of 76.2°C during microwave-assisted extraction. The optimum condition for extracting PFA distillate was 300 W for 30 min of exposure time. Additionally, distillate obtained at the optimum condition using microwave-assisted extraction consisted of high palmitic acid (C16:0), caramel-like aroma, and possessed a sweet fragrance.
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Andikos, Adi Fitra, and Helly Andri. "Pengujian Association Clasification Dalam Meningkatkan Kualitas Minyak Sawit Sebagai Bahan Dasar Biodisel." JURNAL MEDIA INFORMATIKA BUDIDARMA 3, no. 4 (October 17, 2019): 340. http://dx.doi.org/10.30865/mib.v3i4.1383.
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The role of oil and gas business in Indonesia has always influenced the source of revenue from the country and energy sources for the national economy. In the 1970 's to the 1990 's and mid-1990 's, it was characterized by the high dependence of the national economy on oil and gas revenues, triggering massive oil and gas-producing. Currently, Indonesia is the largest palm oil producer and exporter in the world. Palm oil is one of the roads to overcome the problem of petroleum in Indonesia. To commercialize plants is still constrained because the availability of low raw material costs very hard to get. The amalgamation of crude palm oil and crude palm sludge is one of the problems of raw materials for renewable energy production. This low-level oil has great potential as a raw material for biodiesel production. To get the maximum quality mixing required a computer method. The method used in this study is analysis study with the Association classification approach by testing Improved Apriori algorithm in mining palm oil dataset. In this research using Data Mining application so that can be used to display the information of quality improvement of palm oil acid with high quality as a biodiesel base where the information is seen from the value of support and Confidence between items. M-Apriori algorithm can not read the continous data, so it must be done transformation first, one of them using the help of discreetization technique. Crude palm oil acid type esteridication which is fatty acid levels > 60 and Abu bunches 51-100 g/mol then the quality of biodiesel with the result of rising methyl Ester increases by as much as 100% (confidence: 1). From data that is calculated manually, no relationship is found Association.
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Tang, Frank C. "China's Petroleum Market in the 1990s: Review and Challenges to its Refining Industry." Energy Exploration & Exploitation 13, no. 6 (December 1995): 617–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/014459879501300607.
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On the basis of reviewing China's petroleum market in the early 1990s, this paper examines some critical issues facing the country's refining industry. China's crude oil production has stagnated in recent years, whereas oil demand and oil imports have increased rapidly since the early 1990s. For the first time since 1960s, China became a net oil importer in 1993. Although the total capacity of China's refining industry is impressive, the overall refinery utilization rate has been considerably low owing to the inherited dispersed and poorly coordinated refining system, and inadequate domestic crude oil supply. In addition, the industry is confronting several major critical challenges, mainly, changing demand pattern, worsening crude quality, and tightening product specifications.
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Abatyough, Michael Terungwa, Victor Olatunji Ajibola, Edith Bolanle Agbaji, and Zakka Israila Yashim. "Properties of Upgraded Bio-oil from Pyrolysis of Waste Corn Cobs." Journal of Sustainability and Environmental Management 1, no. 2 (May 26, 2022): 120–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/josem.v1i2.45348.
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Technologies for conversion of waste solid materials to liquid fuel and bio-crude oil have been researched widely for the production of renewable energy as substitute to fossil fuel oil. However, ash composition of biomass affects the pyrolysis process and the bio-crude oil product has unsatisfactory properties compared to conventional petroleum oil, such as, low heating value, high viscosity, corrosiveness, and the presence of oxygenated compound which causes bio oil ageing. This paper investigated the total waste materials; corn cobs and paper sludge obtained in municipal areas of Abuja, Nigeria, employed in pyrolysis of demineralized corn cobs and the upgrade of crude bio oil via thermal cracking using zeolite prepared from waste paper sludge, with expectation to improve bio oil properties. Demineralization of corn cob removed most of the ash content of biomass allowing for pyrolysis process. The prepared zeolite with mesoporous cage-like crystals analyzed using SEM was able to effectively catalyze thermal cracking of the crude bio oil and reduce the quantity of less desired high molecular weight oxygenated compounds. The bio oil chemical composition obtained from GC-MS analysis indicated the bio oil consisted of oxygenated compounds and hydrocarbons such as aliphatic hydrocarbons (28.768%), alcohols (-0.001%), amines (10.472%), carboxylic acids (0.144), phenols (0.047%), and esters (60.57 %), which significantly influenced the bio oil properties. The physical and chemical properties of the corn cob bio oil was determined for density (0.852 ± 0.03), viscosity (1.66 ± 0.01), cloud point (-34.0 ± 0.02) and calorific value (30.9 ± 0.01). With the exception of Flash point (58 ± 0.01) and acid value (13.1 ± 0.03). In comparison, the produced bio oil had properties likened to petroleum fraction of conventional gasoline than diesel. In conclusion, pyrolysis of corn cob and upgrade of the crude bio oil using prepared zeolite was found as a promising process in improving bio oil quality. The pyrolysis study has potential in the management of environmental wastes to help resolve the challenge of solid waste disposal.
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Al-Muslim, Husain, Ibrahim Dincer, and Syed M. Zubair. "Exergy Analysis of Single- and Two-Stage Crude Oil Distillation Units." Journal of Energy Resources Technology 125, no. 3 (August 29, 2003): 199–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1595670.
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In a refinery distillation plant, there are many components of interest to be analyzed thermodynamically, e.g., the crude oil heating furnace, the distillation column and a network of heat exchangers. Previous studies showed that the highest exergy losses occur when there is a heat transfer process especially in the crude oil heating furnace where high quality fuel is used to heat the crude oil, which is a low quality duty, beside the high temperature difference. Therefore, it is proposed in this work to perform distillation in two stages rather than one to reduce heat duty of the heating furnace and thus reducing irreversible losses. In this paper, energy and exergy analyses of a traditional one-stage crude oil distillation unit and a newly proposed two-stage crude oil distillation unit are conducted to study energy and exergy efficiencies of these units and determine the exergy losses. The results are compared for both one- and two-stage distillation units. In this regard, a commercial software package, SimSci/PRO II program is used to carry out both energy and exergy calculations. It is found that the overall exergy efficiencies for single- and two-stage distillation units are 14.0% and 31.5%, respectively. The proposed two-stage distillation unit shows 43.8% decrease in the overall exergy losses and 125% increase in the overall exergy efficiency.
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Barros, António André Chivanga, Paulo Francisco, Arleth Prata Serafim Francisco, and Adriano da Silva Mateus. "Plug flow reactor (PFR) to palm oil (Elaeis Guineensis Jacq.) thermal cracking." STUDIES IN ENGINEERING AND EXACT SCIENCES 3, no. 4 (November 29, 2022): 719–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.54021/seesv3n4-011.
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Given the need to develop and implement alternative renewable energy sources, this research was focused on using palm oil (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) as a raw material for biofuel production. A bench-scale plug flow reactor was designed and built and it was then used to carry out the thermal cracking experiments aimed at bio-oil production. For each experiment, the bio-oil products were characterized according to the acid value, refraction index, viscosity, and density and distillation curve. The results obtained from each experiment were compared with those for crude oil in order to identify the operation conditions that provide the best quality bio-oil. The bio-oil from each experiment was then fractionated using a distillation column, to produce bio-gasoline, bio-kerosene and green diesel. The distillation products were also characterized, based on the same properties evaluated for the bio-oil, and the results were compared with those for gasoline and diesel fuels. The results of this study show that it is possible to produce a bio-fuel based on bio-oil obtained from the thermal cracking of palm oil using a plug flow reactor, and the product is similar to crude oil, with the exception of the acid index value. With regard to the distillation curve, when compared with those for crude oil (Hungo and Cabinda blends) and its derivatives, good approximations are observed. The thermal cracking of palm oil can therefore be used as a technological strategy to obtain bio-oil and its derivatives and thereby reduce the greenhouse gas emissions from fossil fuels.
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Pani, R. Soelarso, Heribertus Sukarjo, and Yustinus Sigit Purwono. "Pembuatan Biofuel dengan Proses Pirolisis Berbahan Baku Plastik Low Density Polyethylene (LDPE) pada Suhu 250 °C dan 300 °C." Jurnal Engine: Energi, Manufaktur, dan Material 1, no. 1 (May 31, 2017): 32. http://dx.doi.org/10.30588/jeemm.v1i1.226.
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<em>The level of fuels’ consumption as an energy source in the world is currently experiencing huge increase. When the use of the oil as fuels is not managed properly, it can be sure that the oil will run out and triggered the world’s energy crisis. Currently, plastik waste become a serious problem that can lead into the environment contamination if not properly managed. One of the solution to overcome the energy crisis and environmental polution is to find and create a renewable energy such as biofuel. The research was conducted in order to know the effect of combustion temperature on pyrolisis process based on the Low Density Polythylene (LPDE) plastic material to produce biofuel. The eraly stages of the research was start with pyrolisis process of the LDPE plastic which comes from the bottle and glass logo waste with the reactor temperature of 250 ºC and 300 ºC. The weight of each material was 2 kg. After getting the crude oil, the researcher examined the crude oil characteristic from pyrolisis process using viscosity test, density test, caloric value test, and flash point test. From the test results, the test results that the gigher the temperature in the pyrolisis reactor, the production of the biofuel oil from pyrolisis were more and have a better quality. The result of the experiment pointed out that the higher the pirolysis reactor temperature , the greater the yield and the better quality. The pyrolisis result was crude oil with each of the weight was 240 ml on the 250 ºC reactor temperature and 260 ml on the 300 ºC reactor temperature. The viscosity test showed the results 3.128 mm²/s on the 250 ºC reactor temperature and 2.698 mm²/s on the 300 ºC reactor temperature. The density on the 250 ºC reactor temperature was 0.9984 and 0.9085 on the 300 ºC reactor temperature. The caloric value test on the 250 ºC reactor temperature showed the results 9084.101 kal/g on the first test and 8765.253 kal/g on the second test. Whereas the caloric value test on the 300 ºC reactor temperature were 9588.312 kal/g on the first test and 9507.779 on the second test. The results of the crude oil flash point test on 250 ºC and 300 ºC showed the same temperature result at 28.5 ºC. From the characteristic test results it can be concluded that the crude oil from the pyrolisis process has approaching the kerosene characteristic and entered into the fuel category.</em>
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Renewable crude oil quality"
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Timmerman, Mitchell D. "The effects of a crude oil spill on the crop productivity and biological quality of an agricultural soil, and the potential for phytoremediation of crude oil-contaminated land." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape8/PQDD_0006/MQ45127.pdf.
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Odukoya, Johnson Oluwaseun. "Influence of bioremediation on the chemical and nutritional composition of produce from crude oil-polluted sites." Thesis, Cranfield University, 2015. http://dspace.lib.cranfield.ac.uk/handle/1826/10040.
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The influence of crude oil-contaminated and remediated sites on agrifood production is not clearly understood. To address this knowledge gap, the research was divided into two stages involving: (1) assessment of the efficiency of two bioremediation strategies to support hydrocarbons degradation as well as agrifood production with the initial analysis of the experimental materials, and (2) evaluation of the effect of different crude oil remediation intervention values (CRIV) on selected vegetables (Brassica juncea, Brassica oleracea, Lactuca sativa and two different cultivars of Solanum lycopersicum). Results from the first stage showed that the crude oil used had a pristane/phytane ratio of 0.98 (within the 0.8 – 3.0 range of most crude oils), higher concentrations of C10 – C14, C15 – C20 and C21 – C27 alkanes than the C28 – C36 alkanes including higher concentrations of two of the US EPA priority pollutant polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) - phenanthrene and anthracene. Four treatments were prepared in which weekly tillage enhanced the degradation of C15 – C20 and C21 - C27 alkanes in the Remediation by Enhanced Natural Attenuation (RENA) treatment. The two bioremediation strategies (RENA and bioaugmentation) enhanced PAHs degradation compared with the remediation-study control treatment while only RENA application among the two approaches supported the growth of B. juncea. Although there was no statistical significant difference (p > 0.05) between the major dietary mineral contents of samples from the various treatments compared with the control treatment samples, RENA application affected the Cr, Zn and Pb contents. Meanwhile, the Ca/P (> 1.0) and Na/K (< 0.60) ratios of all the harvested samples imply that they provide a good source of these minerals for bone formation and would not contribute to high blood pressure. The crude oil used also deterred the attack of juvenile caterpillars of cabbage white butterfly. Findings from the second stage revealed that the yield of the green leafy vegetables including one of the selected tomato cultivars (Micro-Tom), was in most cases impaired at CRIV ≥ 3,000 mg/kg total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH). Compared with the control treatment samples’ composition, crude oil stress at 10,000 mg/kg TPH enhanced the concentration of K, Mn and crude protein of B. oleracea and L. sativa as well as the sucrose, total sugars, total phenolics and total flavonoids contents of the latter vegetable. Sucrose was also only detected in M82 tomato cultivar samples from the crude oil-containing treatments. The Cd content of B. oleracea, Pb contents of: L. sativa and M82 tomato harvested samples were all below the FAO/WHO Codex Alimentarius Commission 2015 recommended maximum levels. However, tartaric acid was only detected in B. oleracea and L. sativa samples from the 10,000 mg/kg TPH treatment as well as in M82 tomato cultivar samples from the treatment involving CRIV of 5,000 mg/kg TPH. Generally, the yield of these crops in response to crude oil contamination varied in which B. juncea had the least tolerance to crude oil stress among the green leafy vegetables tested. Most of the quality parameters in the two tomato cultivars were not affected by CRIV between 750 - 5,000 mg/kg TPH with p-xylene having the greatest toxic potential among the VOCs emitted from the 5,000 mg/kg TPH treatment. The research findings, under the experimental conditions, indicated the effectiveness of RENA for the degradation of low molecular weight PAHs and its agricultural benefits. They also suggest that crude oil-contaminated sites at ≤ 3,000 mg/kg TPH present a similar growing environment to a clean site for agrifood production and the possibility that crude oil stress at 10,000 mg/kg TPH could enhance crop quality. Nonetheless, the contribution of bio- accumulated PAHs in these crops to the food chain demands further investigation.
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Junior, Antonio Fernandez Prada. "Avaliação da qualidade de ignição para utilização de petróleos pesados e asfálticos como combustíveis marítimos." Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, 2007. http://www.bdtd.uerj.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=7383.
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As correntes pesadas do refino de petróleo podem ser utilizadas para a produção de óleos combustíveis para uso industrial ou marítimo, sendo esse último conhecido como óleo bunker. Para tal, é necessária a diluição dessas correntes pesadas com frações de refino mais leves para ajuste da viscosidade. Enquanto o uso industrial do óleo combustível vem sendo significativamente reduzido em função de restrições ambientais, o mercado de óleo bunker apresenta crescimento importante face a expansão do comércio marítimo mundial. No Brasil, há um aumento da produção de petróleos pesados, extrapesados e asfálticos, que exigem complexos esquemas de refino para a sua conversão em frações mais leves. Dessa forma, ocorre uma redução da quantidade de correntes disponíveis para a produção de bunker, além da variação da qualidade das correntes usadas na sua formulação. Esta dissertação avalia a utilização de petróleos pesados e asfálticos na produção de bunker, sem a necessidade do processamento tradicional em refinarias de petróleo. A comparação da qualidade de ignição e de combustão da nova formulação deste produto com o combustível marítimo preparado a partir de correntes residuais é realizada por duas metodologias diferentes. Após a realização de um pré-tratamento, a mistura formulada a partir dos cortes dos petróleos apresenta melhor desempenho que os combustíveis formulados com as correntes residuais. Além disso, este trabalho compara o efeito de diferentes diluentes e a contribuição da corrente pesada utilizada na qualidade de ignição e de combustão do produtoHeavy streams from crude oil refining can be used to prepare fuel oils for industrial or maritime purposes, the latter known as bunker fuel. In order to prepare them, it is necessary to set viscosity to its appropriate value by dilution with lighter fractions from petroleum refining. While industrial usage of fuel oils is decreasing significantly due to environmental restrictions, the bunker fuel market shows an important increasing face to the growing in world maritime trading. Production of heavy, extra heavy and asphaltic crude oils in Brazil is rising and more complex refining process are required to convert them into lighter petroleum products. Because of that, the amount and the quality of available streams to prepare bunker fuel are decreasing. The present dissertation evaluates the feasibility of using heavy and asphaltic crude oils to prepare bunker fuel without traditional processing into petroleum refineries. The comparison of ignition and combustion quality considering the bunker fuel prepared from residual streams are made considering two different methodologies. After pre-treating the crude oils to prepare bunker fuels, that mixture shows a better ignition and combustion performance than those prepared with residual streams. Finally, this study compares the effect of different diluent streams and the heavy fraction contribution to products ignition and combustion quality
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Al-juboori, Jasim Mohammed Jasim. "Hydrothermal liquefaction of biosolids." Thesis, 2021. https://hdl.handle.net/2440/134158.
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Hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) is a promising thermochemical conversion process to convert biosolids into renewable crude oil. HTL process can be achieved at temperatures between 200 to 350°C, pressures between 50 to 250 bar, and residence time between 1 and 60 minutes. The HTL produces four phases: renewable crude oil, aqueous, gaseous and solid phases. For the process to be upgraded to an industrial scale, it is needed to gain a better understanding of the HTL of biosolids. However, there is limited information to validate the effects of the interactions between the biosolid content under HTL reaction conditions on the yield and the composition of the produced renewable crude oil. The primary objective of this research is to provide a better understanding of the HTL of biosolids, which was achieved through the following detailed objectives. The first objective is to quantify the variability in the biosolids composition to determine the chemical compositions of biosolids. The second objective is to understand how this variable biosolids feedstock behaves through HTL, especially to measure the effects of organic compounds of biosolids: lipids, proteins, carbohydrates, and lignins on the HTL yields. The third objective is to provide a new understating of the characterisation of HTL products from biosolids by identifying the effects of biosolid components and the HTL conditions on both the distributions of the HTL products’ yields and on the qualities of renewable crude oil. The fourth objective is to assess the use of biosolids with dominant organic fraction via different reaction temperatures and residence times on the composition and fractions of the produced renewable crude oil. From the results of the experiments, biosolids have different characters that affect the yield and quality of renewable crude oil. Applying a Van Krevelen diagram to compare biosolids with other biomass indicated that only some biosolids samples have similar characteristics to that of biomass. The difference in the characteristic of the organic content of biosolid samples could depend on several reasons, such as the sources of the biosolids and the treatment process. The effects of the biosolids’ composition on the HTL yield show that lipids and proteins have positive impacts on the renewable crude oil yield, while carbohydrates and insoluble lignin led to an increase in the solid residue. The renewable crude oil contained a high amount of high-boiling point materials in comparison with low-boiling point materials for all biosolids samples used in this study. The effect of the operating conditions, such as temperature was significant. The renewable crude yield usually increases with an increase in temperature until a specific temperature is reached, at which point the renewable crude yield starts to decrease. Various residence times also affected renewable crude oil yields significantly. The optimal residence times depended on the biosolids content and temperature. The HTL of biosolids with different organic fractions resulted in different renewable crude oil compositions, which contained a complex mixture of >300 major compounds that were identified using Gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy analyser. The predominant components identified from the lipid, protein, carbohydrate and lignin constituents were cyclic terpanes and terpenes, along with nitrogenous, oxygenated, and phenolic components. Based on the boiling point of the produced compounds, high gasoline and naphtha-like and high diesel-like yields were produced from biosolid samples with high lipid and protein content, while the kerosene-like best yield was generated from a high lipid sample. A significant gas oil-like yield was produced from the high lipid and carbohydrate biosolid samples, while a high yield of wax, lubricating oil and vacuum gas oil-like contents were generated from the high lignin sample. In summary, the results of the outcomes of this work and the methods used to analyse the chemical compositions of biosolids can form a significant facet of future industrial development of HTL of biosolids, particularly in commercial plants design and management. Finally, it is hoped that the methods presented here, especially the methods used to analyse the chemical compositions of biosolids and the outcomes of this work, especially regarding the composition of the produced renewable crude oil, can form a significant facet of future industrial development of the HTL of biosolids.Thesis (Ph.D.) -- University of Adelaide, School of Chemical Engineering and Advanced Materials, 2021
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Chen, Pao-Yeh, and 陳保燁. "Influences of increased crude oil price on Taiwan''s energy policy and the study of the renewable energy." Thesis, 2007. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/26910947867909979983.
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碩士淡江大學
水資源及環境工程學系碩士班
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Taiwan''s energy 98% must depend on the import, therefore the long-term stable energy supply, is our country develops the strategy which the economy should have. Whole world in accordance to climate vicissitude and in protection environment call, regeneration energy because has pure, the low greenhouse gas discharges as well as from produces the energy the characteristic, will have the more and more countries to regenerate the energy to list as key future energy policy consideration one, therefore our country energy policy also gradually pondered how will develop the regeneration energy. Taiwan according to the advanced countries energy supply tendency, has established the water power, wind power, solar energy and so on regeneration energy as well as the coal, the petroleum, the natural gas and the nuclear power respectively has the suitable allocated proportion the energy multiplication policy. The present paper research goal in view of the regeneration energy wind power generation, take three wind power generation demonstration systems as examples, figures out the capacity factor, the electricity generation cost as well as the carbon dioxide withdrawal by way of the year electricity generation gauge carries on the analysis discussion. The capacity factor may understand various wind power generation system the wind to be able the potential as well as the stability. By the year power rate, the equipment cost, the revolution maintenance cost, the revolution fixed number of years, the annual interest rate, the year booth the fixed cost may extract the electricity generation cost. It can establish the wind power generation according to the economy department energy the long distance promoted goal for always to develop the capacity in 2020 to reach 1,500MW to calculate, takes each KW installment capacity according to our country overall wind power resources situation equally to be possible to deliver 2,500 electricity every year to estimate, the CO2 withdrawal which extracts which the annual mean to be possible to have the power rate as well as may reduce to occupy in 2020 the CO2 estimate the proportion. The wind power generation by the result in although has reduces the pollution to discharge the benefit, but if it is unable stably to supply will create the overall electrical power system transport business cost rise, these costs inevitably will have to pass the burden to the nation use electricity the household electrovalence thus will rise, it also will bring regarding the national overall economy development quite affects. At the present Taiwan wind power generation present stage only can do will be the assistance electric power, but also will not have the means to carry the power source as the base, but will be allowed to determine is the wind power renewable future has the opportunity to become the mainstream energy.
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Timmerman, Mitchell D. "The effects of a crude oil spill on the crop pr ductivity and biological quality of an agricultural soil, and the potential for phytoremediation of crude oil-contaminated land." 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/1993/1875.
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The release of crude oil onto agricultural land has the potential of taking that land out of production. Its return to production is often the principal goal of site remediation. A two-year study was conducted to examine the effects of a crude oil pipeline spill on the productivity of agricultural land. Experimental plots of wheat ('Triticum aestivum' c.v. Pasqua), canola ('Brassica rapa' c.v. Argentine), bromegrass ('Bromus biebersteinii' Rohman and Schult, c.v. meadow) and alfalfa ('Medicago sativa L. c.v. algonquin') were established in 1996 within the area of a spill which occurred in October, 1994, as well as on adjacent uncontaminated land. The study soil was a clay loam Gleyed Rego Black Chernozem developed from predominantly moderately fine lacustrine materials. Surface expression at the site was gently undulating. The annual crop plots were sampled for total oil and grease analysis in the spring of each year while sampling in the forage plots occurred only in the first spring. (Abstract shortened by UMI.)
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Jarullah, Aysar Talib, Iqbal M. Mujtaba, and Alastair S. Wood. "Improving fuel quality by whole crude oil hydrotreating: A kinetic model for hydrodeasphaltenization in a trickle bed reactor." 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/6034.
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Fossil fuel is still a predominant source of the global energy requirement. Hydrotreating of whole crude oil has the ability to increase the productivity of middle distillate fractions and improve the fuel quality by simultaneously reducing contaminants such as sulfur, nitrogen, vanadium, nickel and asphaltene to the levels required by the regulatory bodies. Hydrotreating is usually carried out in a trickle bed reactor (TBR) where hydrodesulfurization (HDS), hydrodenitrogenation (HDN), hydrodemetallization (HDM) and hydrodeasphaltenization (HDAs) reactions take place simultaneously. To develop a detailed and a validated TBR process model which can be used for design and optimization of the hydrotreating process, it is essential to develop kinetic models for each of these reactions. Most recently, the authors have developed kinetic models for all of these chemical reactions except that of HDAs. In this work, a kinetic model (in terms of kinetic parameters) for the HDAs reaction in the TBR is developed.
A three phase TBR process model incorporating the HDAs reactions with unknown kinetic parameters is developed. Also, a series of experiments has been conducted in an isothermal TBR under different operating conditions affecting the removal of asphaltene. The unknown kinetic parameters are then obtained by applying a parameter estimation technique based on minimization of the sum of square errors (SSEs) between the experimental and predicted concentrations of asphaltene compound in the crude oil.
The full model with the estimated kinetic parameters is then applied to evaluate the removal of asphaltene (thus affecting fuel quality) under different operating conditions (than those used in experiments).
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Krishnamoorthy, Barthram. "A feasibility study on utility-scale solar integration in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia." Thesis, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2152/ETD-UT-2010-05-1164.
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Due to the vast fossil fuel wealth, the country of Saudi Arabia is experiencing a dramatic growth in both population and GDP. Therefore there is a growing demand for water and energy to meet these needs. All of the electricity that is generated is sourced from crude oil and natural gas. All natural gas production is used domestically and there are no net imports or exports. Due to many constrains on the natural gas supply, there is a slow shift in the generation mix going towards crude oil based power generation. This study assessed the viability of utility scale solar integration into the Saudi Arabian electric mix to potentially relieve some demand pressure for natural gas consumption as well as reduce green house gas emissions. Parabolic trough concentrated solar power technology was chosen as the primary technology for utility scale integration. A total of five scenarios were calculated. The scenarios include the following, base case, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20% solar integration in terms of installed capacity. Two sets of net present values were calculated. The net present values of each scenario were calculated. A second set of net present values was calculated with a projected increase in electricity prices. The natural gas and crude oil offset from the four solar integration scenarios were calculated using the base case forecasted natural gas and crude oil consumption from power generation. As expected, natural gas and crude oil consumption decreased when there was an increase in solar integration. The expected carbon dioxide offsets were calculated for each scenario. There was a decrease in carbon dioxide emission as solar integration was increased. Finally, all of these analyses were used as criteria for a decision analysis using the analytical hierarchy process. Depending on the decision maker’s importance on the determined criteria, solar integration in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia is achievable.text
Books on the topic "Renewable crude oil quality"
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Quality, United States Congress House Committee on Energy and Commerce Subcommittee on Energy and Air. National energy policy: Crude oil and refined petroleum products : hearing before the Subcommittee on Energy and Air Quality of the Committee on Energy and Commerce, House of Representatives, One Hundred Seventh Congress, first session, March 30, 2001. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 2001.
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Oil and Security: A World beyond Petroleum (Topics in Safety, Risk, Reliability and Quality). Springer, 2007.
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US GOVERNMENT. National energy policy: Crude oil and refined petroleum products : Hearing before the Subcommittee on Energy and Air Quality of the Committee on Energy ... Congress, first session, March 30, 2001. For sale by the Supt. of Docs., U.S. G.P.O. [Congressional Sales Office], 2001.
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Kere, Éric Nazindigouba. Do Political Economy Factors Matter in Explaining the Increase in the Production of Bioenergy? Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198802242.003.0009.
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This chapter analyses the impact of political economy factors on the production of bioenergy. The authors theoretically and empirically show that the quality of governance and environmental policy stringency instruments promote the development of bioenergy production. The authors also find that the factors that favour oil production and renewable energy negatively influence the development of bioenergy, whereas the conditions of production (cereal yield) and demand factors (gross domestic product, population density, and urbanization) tend to favour the production of bioenergy. Bioenergies are not a magic solution but can contribute to the fight against global warming and poverty in developing countries. Therefore national efforts should be made to attract more investors in this area, including: (i) energy policies, research and innovation to reduce production costs, (iv) promoting the development of the application, and (v) providing a basis for learning more about the development of viable and sustainable bioenergy models.
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Wilshire, Howard G., Richard W. Hazlett, and Jane E. Nielson. The American West at Risk. Oxford University Press, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195142051.001.0001.
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The American West at Risk summarizes the dominant human-generated environmental challenges in the 11 contiguous arid western United States - America's legendary, even mythical, frontier. When discovered by European explorers and later settlers, the west boasted rich soils, bountiful fisheries, immense, dense forests, sparkling streams, untapped ore deposits, and oil bonanzas. It now faces depletion of many of these resources, and potentially serious threats to its few "renewable" resources. The importance of this story is that preserving lands has a central role for protecting air and water quality, and water supplies--and all support a healthy living environment. The idea that all life on earth is connected in a great chain of being, and that all life is connected to the physical earth in many obvious and subtle ways, is not some new-age fad, it is scientifically demonstrable. An understanding of earth processes, and the significance of their biological connections, is critical in shaping societal values so that national land use policies will conserve the earth and avoid the worst impacts of natural processes. These connections inevitably lead science into the murkier realms of political controversy and bureaucratic stasis. Most of the chapters in The American West at Risk focus on a human land use or activity that depletes resources and degrades environmental integrity of this resource-rich, but tender and slow-to-heal, western U.S. The activities include forest clearing for many purposes; farming and grazing; mining for aggregate, metals, and other materials; energy extraction and use; military training and weapons manufacturing and testing; road and utility transmission corridors; recreation; urbanization; and disposing of the wastes generated by everything that we do. We focus on how our land-degrading activities are connected to natural earth processes, which act to accelerate and spread the damages we inflict on the land. Visit www.theamericanwestatrisk.com to learn more about the book and its authors.
Book chapters on the topic "Renewable crude oil quality"
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Favennec, Jean-Pierre. "Economics of Oil Refining." In The Palgrave Handbook of International Energy Economics, 59–74. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-86884-0_3.
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AbstractRefining is a key element of the energy industry. We use gasoline and diesel for transport, not crude oil. The evolution of the refining industry from a simple process to manufacture kerosene the key product at the end of the nineteenth century to a very sophisticated process to deliver high-quality products for sophisticated engines now is impressive. Less demand in Europe, more demand in Asia has deeply changed the structure of the industry with closures of facilities in Europe and development of large, sophisticated plants in the Middle East and Asia. The economics of refining for long very poor are improving with the adaptation of the industry.
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Jones, Erick C., and Sunny Paraskumar Jain. "Evaluating the Impact of Sustainability and Pipeline Quality on the Global Crude Oil Supply Chain." In Supply Chain Engineering and Logistics Handbook, 49–91. Boca Raton : CRC Press, an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, 2019.: CRC Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781315159096-3.
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Mukhtarov, Shahriyar, Javid Aliyev, and Shahin Maharramli. "Does Institutional Quality Affect Renewable Energy in Oil-Rich Developing Countries? Evidence from Azerbaijan." In Circular Economy and the Energy Market, 173–84. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-13146-2_14.
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Ikhsan, Muhammad, Yuwaldi Away, and Irwansyah Irwansyah. "The Integration of Six Sigma and FMEA Methods in Determining Crude Palm Oil (CPO) Quality Improvement Factors at the Cot Girek Palm Oil Mill Unit of Pt. Perkebunan Nusantara-1." In Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering, 1–13. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-3629-6_1.
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Andrew Gauci, David, and Panagiotis Arkoudeas. "Quality and Trends of Automotive Fuels." In Automotive System Engineering - New Methods and Optimal Solutions [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.94167.
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Automotive engines are designed to convert chemical energy to mechanical energy. The efficiency of this conversion is governed by thermodynamics. The two most common engines utilize gas oil and gasoline fuels for this purpose. However, the combustion processes are radically different. The combustion sequence and relative characteristics for both engine types will be discussed. Due to different combustion requirements, the fundamental properties of both fuels will also be examined as these are significantly different for the two fuel types. The main fuel properties discussed are energy density, stability, fluidity, corrosion, contaminants, safety, wear and environmental aspects. Also, with the advent of various renewable components in both fuels, new trends are emerging for both fuel quality assessments as these are molecularly distinct from their crude oil counterparts.
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"Conventional Crude Oil and Tight Oil–Water Nexus." In Water Quality Impacts of the Energy-Water Nexus, 81–135. Cambridge University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/9781107448063.004.
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Parab, Varsha, Ramesh Mahadik, and Diksha Tripathi. "Global Economies and Crude Oil Prices." In Indian Business Case Studies Volume VII, 75–82. Oxford University PressOxford, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192869432.003.0010.
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Abstract Oil and gas prices are as always volatile and unpredictable. In 2008, for instance, oil hit a high of $145 a barrel. But that didn’t last long. And in 2015, despite all sorts of turmoil in the Middle East and in other oil—producing countries like Nigeria, the price of crude fell between 30% and 40% to its lowest levels in 11 years. The case discusses about the oil price volatility and its impact on economic, Geopolitical scenarios, and shift towards renewable energies across the world.
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HUGHES, WILLIAM B., and ALBERT G. HoLBA. "Relationship between crude oil quality and biomarker patterns." In Organic Geochemistry In Petroleum Exploration, 15–30. Elsevier, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-08-037236-5.50008-7.
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de Oliveira Magalhães, M. V., and Darci Odloak. "MULTIVARIABLE QUALITY CONTROL OF A CRUDE OIL FRACTIONATOR." In Dynamics and Control of Chemical Reactors, Distillation Columns and Batch Processes (Dycord'95), 469–74. Elsevier, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-08-042368-5.50077-0.
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Hassan, Siti Hafizan, and Azhar Abdul Halim. "Water Quality Legislation and Regulation." In Advances in Environmental Engineering and Green Technologies, 30–45. IGI Global, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-5766-1.ch002.
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The legal and institutional framework, as well as the challenges and issues in water resources management, serves as the basis for the formulation of a policy framework that seeks to improve water resources management practices in the future. Recently, water resources has become a global concern, especially for urban environments such as Malaysia, whose economy could potentially be adversely affected. To address these issues, the authors have reviewed several laws, including the Environmental Quality (Prescribed Premises) (Crude Palm Oil) Regulations 1977, Environmental Quality (Prescribed Premises) (Raw Natural Rubber) Regulations 1978, and Environment Quality (Sewage and Industrial Effluent) Regulation 1979. Legal issues under the constitutional framework water management have also been reviewed. Exploring this topic generates an overview water management implementation in the context of Malaysia.
Conference papers on the topic "Renewable crude oil quality"
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Zhang, Yi, Dezhen Chen, Longsheng Zou, Yanbin Bi, and Jiacai Xie. "Influence of non-thermal plasma pretreatment on viscous crude oil wastewater evaporation process and on quality of the distilled water." In 2013 International Conference on Materials for Renewable Energy and Environment (ICMREE). IEEE, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icmree.2013.6893758.
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Win, Shwe Sin, Swati Hegde, and Thomas A. Trabold. "Techno-Economic Assessment of Different Pathways for Utilizing Glycerol Derived From Waste Cooking Oil-Based Biodiesel." In ASME 2015 9th International Conference on Energy Sustainability collocated with the ASME 2015 Power Conference, the ASME 2015 13th International Conference on Fuel Cell Science, Engineering and Technology, and the ASME 2015 Nuclear Forum. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2015-49563.
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Crude (i.e., unrefined) glycerol is the major by-product of biodiesel production, based on the homogeneous alkaline catalytic transesterification reaction. Currently, global biodiesel production capacity has been rising rapidly due to the overall growth of renewable energy demand. The amount of glycerol is increasing in parallel, and there is presently little market value for crude glycerol. In addition, disposing of this material via conventional methods becomes one of the major environmental issues and a burden for biodiesel manufacturers. Thus, utilization of purified glycerol in value-added applications such as food processing, cosmetics, soap and pharmaceuticals is critical to achieve economic scale of biodiesel production. In this paper, various pathways available to community-based biodiesel producers have been modeled to inform the decision-making process. A case study at Rochester Institute of Technology (RIT) was selected to evaluate the proposed system. Different pathways of utilizing crude glycerol were investigated, and economic feasibility of each pathway was analyzed. Purification of crude glycerol from waste cooking oil-based-biodiesel production was performed at small bench scale. Various recipes with different raw materials and purified glycerol as an ingredient were created for different kinds of saponification processes and applications. The resulting data from this preliminary assessment showed that producing biodiesel and high-quality soap is the most profitable option for RIT.
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Briou, Benoit, Adélaïde de Gartili, Audrey Roy, and Lucas Jego. "Cashew NutSell Liquid (CNSL), a promising source of biobased additives and building blocks for the industry." In 2022 AOCS Annual Meeting & Expo. American Oil Chemists' Society (AOCS), 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21748/wtub1155.
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CNSL is a crude oil extracted from cashew nutshells. Among the renewable resource materials available, CNSL is considered as an important starting material due to its abundant availability and low cost. Depending on the extraction method, it is possible to obtain an oil with different grades of quality. Once purified, bio-based phenolic compounds of great interest are isolated: cardanol, cardol, and anacardic acid. Many and diverse reactive sites are present on these molecules such as aromatic ring, phenolic hydroxyl, carboxylic acid, and an unsaturated long alkenyl side chain. Their peculiar structures induce some pertinent properties, allowing a good compromise between flexibility and thermal stability. Several platform molecules for the synthesis of additives or monomers have been made by chemical transformation respecting the principles of green chemistry as far as possible. surfactants, plasticizers, paint binder, hardening agents and polymers have been developed from this multi-skilled natural resource.
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Kelechi, Faith Mmesomachukwu, and Chukwuebuka Samuel Nwafor. "Application of Hydrothermal Liquefaction Procedure for Microalgae-To-Biofuel Conversion." In SPE Nigeria Annual International Conference and Exhibition. SPE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/212014-ms.
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Abstract The thermal depolymerization process is also known as Hydrothermal liquefaction(HTL) Is used in converting macro/micro molecules, under temperatures of about 280°C and 370°C and pressures that are in the range from 10 to 25 MPa and into crude such as oil. The oil is composed of high energy density and low heating values of 33.8-36.9 MJ/Kg and 5-20 wt% renewables and oxygen. Presently microalgae are used industrially in producing high-quality products for food additives. Also, the microalgae are environmentally friendly, as it is used in the treatment of wastewater, control in the mitigation of industrial CO2 emission and atmospheric CO2 capturing. Due to environmental issues, microalgal are converted from biomass to biofuel. Recently HTL has drawn more attention, as it can be used in the refinery industry. This paper is also concerned with solving environmental issues using microalgae as an effective method for biomass to biofuel conversion. One significant advantage of HTL is the possibility of using fresh microalgae after harvesting, the processing of biomass and increased thermodynamic efficiency. The latter is achieved due to high HTL temperature and pressure which creates an avenue for more heat recovery.
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Thorvaidsen, Tor Jan. "Norne Crude Oil Quality, Transport And Marketing." In Offshore Technology Conference. Offshore Technology Conference, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.4043/7928-ms.
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Nura, Silpa Asti, Riko Putra, Reviana Revitasari, Achmad Anggawirya Alimin, Muhammad Ibadurrohman, and Bambang Heru Susanto. "The effect of blending heavy crude oil and marginal heavy crude oil in Sumatera towards pipeline transportation using flow assurance approach." In THE 5TH INTERNATIONAL TROPICAL RENEWABLE ENERGY CONFERENCE (THE 5TH iTREC). AIP Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0063436.
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Sun, Yongchao, Mei Sun, and Xuelian Tang. "Influence Analysis of Renewable Energy on Crude Oil Future Market." In 2019 IEEE 3rd International Conference on Green Energy and Applications (ICGEA). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icgea.2019.8880778.
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Laurikko, Juhani K., Nils-Olof Nylund, Paivi Aakko-Saksa, Sari Mannonen, Ville Vauhkonen, and Piritta Roslund. "Crude Tall Oil-Based Renewable Diesel in Passenger Car Field Test." In SAE 2014 International Powertrain, Fuels & Lubricants Meeting. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2014-01-2774.
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Bari, Saiful. "Durability issues of running diesel engine with crude palm oil." In 2009 International Conference on the Developments in Renewable Energy Technology (ICDRET 2009). IEEE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icdret.2009.5454181.
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Ruiquan, Zhang, Kang Wei, Hu Shujuan, Song Shouguo, Zhou Baochun, and Xia Fujun. "Study on the Quality of Polymer Flooding Produced Crude Oil." In SPE Asia Pacific Improved Oil Recovery Conference. Society of Petroleum Engineers, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/57301-ms.
Full textReports on the topic "Renewable crude oil quality"
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Kabadi, V. N. A study of the effects of enhanced oil recovery agents on the quality of Strategic Petroleum Reserves crude oil. Final technical report. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), October 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10146597.
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Kabadi, V. N. A study of the effects of enhanced oil recovery agents on the quality of Strategic Petroleum Reserves crude oil. [Physical and chemical interactions of Enhanced Oil Recovery reagents with hydrocarbons present in petroleum]. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), October 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/6643602.
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Financial Stability Report - Second Semester of 2020. Banco de la República de Colombia, March 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.32468/rept-estab-fin.sem2.eng-2020.
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The Colombian financial system has not suffered major structural disruptions during these months of deep economic contraction and has continued to carry out its basic functions as usual, thus facilitating the economy's response to extreme conditions. This is the result of the soundness of financial institutions at the beginning of the crisis, which was reflected in high liquidity and capital adequacy indicators as well as in the timely response of various authorities. Banco de la República lowered its policy interest rates 250 points to 1.75%, the lowest level since the creation of the new independent bank in 1991, and provided ample temporary and permanent liquidity in both pesos and foreign currency. The Office of the Financial Superintendent of Colombia, in turn, adopted prudential measures to facilitate changes in the conditions for loans in effect and temporary rules for rating and loan-loss provisions. Finally, the national government expanded the transfers as well as the guaranteed credit programs for the economy. The supply of real credit (i.e. discounting inflation) in the economy is 4% higher today than it was 12 months ago with especially marked growth in the housing (5.6%) and commercial (4.7%) loan portfolios (2.3% in consumer and -0.1% in microloans), but there have been significant changes over time. During the first few months of the quarantine, firms increased their demands for liquidity sharply while consumers reduced theirs. Since then, the growth of credit to firms has tended to slow down, while consumer and housing credit has grown. The financial system has responded satisfactorily to the changes in the respective demands of each group or sector and loans may grow at high rates in 2021 if GDP grows at rates close to 4.6% as the technical staff at the Bank expects; but the forecasts are highly uncertain. After the strict quarantine implemented by authorities in Colombia, the turmoil seen in March and early April, which was evident in the sudden reddening of macroeconomic variables on the risk heatmap in Graph A,[1] and the drop in crude oil and coal prices (note the high volatility registered in market risk for the region on Graph A) the local financial markets stabilized relatively quickly. Banco de la República’s credible and sustained policy response played a decisive role in this stabilization in terms of liquidity provision through a sharp expansion of repo operations (and changes in amounts, terms, counterparties, and eligible instruments), the purchases of public and private debt, and the reduction in bank reserve requirements. In this respect, there is now abundant aggregate liquidity and significant improvements in the liquidity position of investment funds. In this context, the main vulnerability factor for financial stability in the short term is still the high degree of uncertainty surrounding loan quality. First, the future trajectory of the number of people infected and deceased by the virus and the possible need for additional health measures is uncertain. For that reason, there is also uncertainty about the path for economic recovery in the short and medium term. Second, the degree to which the current shock will be reflected in loan quality once the risk materializes in banks’ financial statements is uncertain. For the time being, the credit risk heatmap (Graph B) indicates that non-performing and risky loans have not shown major deterioration, but past experience indicates that periods of sharp economic slowdown eventually tend to coincide with rises in non-performing loans: the calculations included in this report suggest that the impact of the recession on credit quality could be significant in the short term. This is particularly worrying since the profitability of credit establishments has been declining in recent months, and this could affect their ability to provide credit to the real sector of the economy. In order to adopt a forward-looking approach to this vulnerability, this Report presents several stress tests that evaluate the resilience of the liquidity and capital adequacy of credit institutions and investment funds in the event of a hypothetical scenario that seeks to simulate an extreme version of current macroeconomic conditions. The results suggest that even though there could be strong impacts on the credit institutions’ volume of credit and profitability under such scenarios, aggregate indicators of total and core capital adequacy will probably remain at levels that are above the regulatory limits over the horizon of a year. At the same time, the exercises highlight the high capacity of the system's liquidity to face adverse scenarios. In compliance with its constitutional objectives and in coordination with the financial system's security network, Banco de la República will continue to closely monitor the outlook for financial stability at this juncture and will make the decisions that are necessary to ensure the proper functioning of the economy, facilitate the flow of sufficient credit and liquidity resources, and further the smooth operation of the payment systems. Juan José Echavarría Governor