Journal articles: 'Renal stone composition'

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Naznin, Lubna, Debashish Saha, Md Jahangir Chowdhury, Yasmin Akter, Most Sarmin Sultana, and Ashif Chowdhury. "Composition of Renal Stone– An experience at Armed Forces Institute of Pathology." Journal of Armed Forces Medical College, Bangladesh 12, no. 2 (December 1, 2016): 21–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jafmc.v12i2.41080.

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Introduction: In Asia the stone belt has been reported to stretch across our neighbouring countries Pakistan, India, Myanmar etc signifies a higher incidence of renal stone disease in Bangladesh. Objective: To determine the pattern of chemical composition of renal stones by semi-quantitative technique in patients presented to Armed Forces Institute of Pathology (AFIP) and to evaluate the predominant constituent present in them. Materials and Methods: This descriptive study was conducted at Armed Forces Institute of Pathology (AFIP), Chemical pathology department from October 2013 to October 2014. Renal stones of 37 Urolithiasis patients were analyzed chemically, using DiaSys analysis kit, employing titrimetric method for estimation of calcium and colorimetric method for Oxalate, Ammonium, Phosphate, Magnesium, Uric Acid and Cystine. Concentration of each individual component then was expressed in percentage and used to interpret renal stone composition using the calculation scale. Results: Males were more prone to renal stone disease, having male to female ratio 5.2:1. Urinary stones occur in all age groups, in this study age ranged from 4 to 72 years with mean age 38.8±16.0 years and mostly affected was the working age group 21 to 50 years (70.2%). Mixed components (i.e. mixed stone) rather than a single component was the commonest type constituting 83.8% of all renal stones. The commonest mixed stone found was Calcium Oxalate with Apatite (41.9 %). Pure Calcium Oxalate was the 2nd most common (10.8%) variant followed by Struvite stones (5.4%). Cystine and Brushite were the least common renal stones in this study. Conclusion: Calcium Oxalate was the most predominant chemical component in renal stones (94.6%). More research is needed to assess the frequency, types, and correlation of renal stones with environmental, dietary and genetic factors in Bangladesh. Journal of Armed Forces Medical College Bangladesh Vol.12(2) 2016: 21-25

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Koirala, S. "Significance of analysing chemical composition of renal stones." Journal of Pathology of Nepal 4, no. 7 (April 30, 2014): 560–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jpn.v4i7.10314.

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Background: This article aims to decipher chemical composition of renal stones and briefly outline laboratory tests and dietary habitual changes aimed at preventing stone recurrence. It is based on analysis of 95 renal stones received in a private lab in Kathmandu over a period of 1 year. Materials and Methods: Renal stones were analysed using simple qualitative biochemical tests.The stones were checked for presence of calcium, magnesium, ammonium, oxalate, phosphate, uric acid, cystine and carbonate. Results: Calcium was present in 97.8%, ammonium was present in 98.9%, phosphate was present in 25.2%, uric acid was present in 17.8%, magnesium was present in 10.5%, carbonate was present in 2.1% and cystine was not present in any of the stones. Most of the stones were composed of mixture of two or more than two of the above mentioned elements. Conclusion: Most stones are mixture of more than two cations and anions. Studies on larger test samples and if possible in correlation with routine examination of urine and urinary electrolyte excretion in a 24 hr urine sample would further aid in efforts aimed at preventing stone recurrence. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jpn.v4i7.10314 Journal of Pathology of Nepal (2014) Vol. 4, 560-564

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Merchant, Michael L., Timothy D. Cummins, Daniel W. Wilkey, Sarah A. Salyer, David W. Powell, Jon B. Klein, and Eleanor D. Lederer. "Proteomic analysis of renal calculi indicates an important role for inflammatory processes in calcium stone formation." American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology 295, no. 4 (October 2008): F1254—F1258. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajprenal.00134.2008.

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Even though renal stones/calculi occur in ∼10% of individuals, they are an enormous economic burden to the entire US health system. While the relative metabolic composition of renal calculi is generally known, there is no clear understanding of the genetics of renal stone formation, nor are there clear prognostic indicators of renal stone formation. The application of proteomics to the analysis of renal calculi axiomatically holds that insight into renal stone pathobiology can be gained by a more comprehensive understanding of renal calculus protein composition. We analyzed isolated renal stone matrix proteins with mass spectrometric and immunohistochemical methods identifying 158 proteins with high confidence, including 28 common proteins. The abundant proteins included those identified previously in stones and proteins identified here for the first time, such as myeloid lineage-specific, integral membrane and lipid regulatory proteins. Pathway analyses of all proteins identified suggested that a significant fraction of the most abundant matrix proteins participate in inflammatory processes. These proteomic results support the hypothesis that stone formation induces a cellular inflammatory response and the protein components of this response contribute to the abundant stone matrix proteome.

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Öhman, Sten, Lasse Larsson, and Hans-Göran Tiselius. "Clinical Significance of Phosphate in Calcium Oxalate Renal Stones." Annals of Clinical Biochemistry: International Journal of Laboratory Medicine 29, no. 1 (January 1992): 59–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000456329202900108.

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We analysed calcium, magnesium, oxalate, citrate, urate and creatinine in urine and calculated risk factors in patients who had formed stones composed of calcium oxalate, and calcium phosphate, alone or as a mixture. Patients producing pure calcium oxalate stones (< 0·1% phosphate) had a higher oxalate, and lower calcium excretion than stone-free subjects and patients forming other stone types. In contrast, patients producing calcium oxalate stones containing phosphate, even in trace amounts (> 0·1%) had no increase in oxalate excretion, but a higher calcium excretion than stone-free subjects. We could not correlate any computed variable (e.g. AP(CaOx) index) to stone composition. We conclude that pure CaOx stones may be the result of a high oxalate excretion, and that other calcium containing stones may have another and probably more complex aetiology, including primary precipitation of calcium phosphates.

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Ahmed, Maha Esmeal, and Mwahib Sid Ahmed Aldosh. "STUDY OF URINARY SYSTEM CALCULI IN SUDANESE USING COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY 2018-2019." International Journal of Research -GRANTHAALAYAH 7, no. 10 (June 14, 2020): 233–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.29121/granthaalayah.v7.i10.2019.391.

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Objective: The aim of study was to study the chemical composition of renal stone in Sudanese population using computed tomography scan. Method: This is analytic study conducted in Khartoum state hospitals in the period from November 2018 to October 2019.The problem of the study was no similar study done in Sudanese populations. The study was done in 100 patients. The data was collected from computed tomography scan to the kidneys, ureters and urinary bladder. Classified and analyzed by statistical package for the social sciences application (SPSS). Results: The study found that most chemical composition of renal stone among Sudanese population was uric acid (0%), Cystine (26%) then Struvite (14%) and calcium (60%). The most effective age group with renal stone was (61-70) years old (36.7%) and same age group have a Struvite stone (28.3%). Furthermore, the most common age group with a cyctine renal stone were the cystine affect in the age between 50 years to 60 years old. The uric acid, Cystine, and calcium stone composition may be reliably predicted in vivo on the basis of dual-energy Computed tomography findings. In the future, a single dual-energy computed tomography examination may contribute to not only the identification but also the chemical characterization of stones in the urinary tract and it may add to the information available from non-enhanced conventional CT performed for evaluation of nephrolithiasis.

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Swathi, D., Priyanka Singh, R. Rekha Madhuri Bai, Gundepudi Subashini, Rajni Kumari, Narayanasamy Arunai Nambi Raj, and R. Vidya. "Qualitative Analysis of Human Kidney Stone Samples Using Biochemical Tests and by X-Ray Diffraction Technique." Advanced Materials Research 584 (October 2012): 489–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.584.489.

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Kidney stone disease is a common health problem in industrialized nations. A better understanding of the physio-chemical principles underlying the formation of kidney stone has led to a need for more precise information on the chemical composition of stones. A combined qualitative procedure for the chemical analysis of renal stone which is suitable for routine use is presented. The procedure involves two qualitative tests i.e. biochemical tests and X-ray diffraction. Through these tests we are determining the elements present in the renal stone and we can suggests people to avoid those food stuffs in which the elements present similar to kidney stone so that recurrence in future will be avoided.

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Rode, Julie, Dominique Bazin, Arnaud Dessombz, Yahia Benzerara, Emmanuel Letavernier, Nahid Tabibzadeh, Andras Hoznek, et al. "Daily Green Tea Infusions in Hypercalciuric Renal Stone Patients: No Evidence for Increased Stone Risk Factors or Oxalate-Dependent Stones." Nutrients 11, no. 2 (January 24, 2019): 256. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu11020256.

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Green tea is widely used as a ‘’healthy’’ beverage due to its high level of antioxidant polyphenol compounds. However tea is also known to contain significant amount of oxalate. The objective was to determine, in a cross-sectional observational study among a population of 273 hypercalciuric stone-formers referred to our center for metabolic evaluation, whether daily green tea drinkers (n = 41) experienced increased stone risk factors (especially for oxalate) compared to non-drinkers. Stone risk factors and stone composition were analyzed according to green tea status and sex. In 24-h urine collection, the comparison between green tea drinkers and non-drinkers showed no difference for stone risk factors such as urine oxalate, calcium, urate, citrate, and pH. In females, the prevalence of calcium oxalate dihydrate (COD) and calcium phosphate stones, assessed by infrared analysis (IRS) was similar between green tea drinkers and non-drinkers, whereas prevalence of calcium oxalate monohydrate (COM) stones was strikingly decreased in green tea drinkers (0% vs. 42%, p = 0.04), with data in accordance with a decreased oxalate supersaturation index. In males, stone composition and supersaturation indexes were similar between the two groups. Our data show no evidence for increased stone risk factors or oxalate-dependent stones in daily green tea drinkers.

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Nassir, Anmar, Hesham Saada, Taghreed Alnajjar, Jomanah Nasser, Waed Jameel, Soha Elmorsy, and Hattan Badr. "The impact of stone composition on renal function." Urology Annals 10, no. 2 (2018): 215. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/ua.ua_85_17.

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Acosta-Miranda, Alex M., Thomas A. Will, Kyoko Sakamoto, and Thomas Turk. "STONE COMPOSITION DIFFERENCES IN SYNCHRONOUS BILATERAL RENAL CALCULI." Journal of Urology 179, no. 4S (April 2008): 561–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0022-5347(08)61651-1.

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Rathee, Vazir Singh, Vivek HC, Sartaj Wali Khan, AK Singh, Pushpendra Kumar Shukla, Ashish Verma, Sameer Trivedi, and Udai Shankar Dwivedi. "Role of computed tomography morphodensitometry in predicting the outcome of shock wave lithotripsy." Journal of Clinical Urology 11, no. 5 (March 15, 2018): 325–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2051415818764539.

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Objectives: The objective of this study was to predict the outcome of shock wave lithotripsy (SWL) on the basis of computed tomography (CT) morphodensitometry for ureteral and renal stones. We also assessed the possibility that Hounsfield unit (HU) values and the location of the stones could be used to predict the outcome of SWL. Material and methods: A prospective study was performed to measure stone size, location, composition, surface area, surface volume, stone burden, the skin-to-stone distance and the HU for solitary renal and ureteral stones by non-contrast CT studies (NCCT) from August 2013 to September 2015. Success of SWL was defined as: (1) being stone-free or (2) residual stone fragments < 4 mm by radiography/NCCT. Results: Of the 100 assessed patients, 68 patients (68%) were stone-free, 12 (12%) had residual stone fragments < 4 mm (clinically insignificant residual fragments) and 20 (20%) had residual stone fragments ≥ 4 mm/ancillary procedures. Multivariate analysis revealed that stone location and mean HU were significant predictors of SWL success. Receiver operating characteristic curves defined cut-off values for predicting treatment outcome. Treatment success rates were significantly higher for stones < 800 HU than with stones > 800 HU ( p = 0.160). Conclusion: Evaluation of stone HU values and stone location prior to SWL can predict treatment outcome and aid in the development of treatment strategies. Level of evidence 2 & 4

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Todea-Moga, Ciprian, Orsolya Martha, Ioan Scarneciu, Camelia Cornelia Scarneciu, Laurian Maxim, Costin Vlad Anastasiu, Alexandru Banuta, Veronica Ghirca, Dan Liviu Dorel Mischianu, and Daniel Porav-Hodade. "Does the Composition of the Stones Counts in Patients Who Underwent Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy?" Revista de Chimie 70, no. 3 (April 15, 2019): 1023–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.37358/rc.19.3.7054.

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The aim of this study is to highlight the importance of percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) in the treatment of kidney stones with different chemical composition. We included in this study 200 patients with kidney stones who underwent PCNL. In most of the cases the stones were composed by calcium, usually calcium oxalate followed by struvite and uric acid component. The stones were mostly localized in the renal pelvis (142), inferior calyx (46) and ureteropelvic junction (4) and 28 cases with staghorn stones. Intraoperative complications were: migrating fragments (22%), hemorrhage (12%), lesions of the renal pelvis and difficulties of percutaneous access or dilatation (6%). The postoperative complications were: bleeding (20%), obstruction caused by stone fragments (22.5%), hydronephrosis (18%), fistula (13%). The average length of hospitalization after PCNL was 5.58 +/- 2.69 days SD. Stone-free rate was: 77.5%. PCNL is a safe and effective method of treatment for large and complex stones. Intra and postoperative complications after PCNL are not influenced directly by the chemical composition of the stones. It is important to evaluate the chemical composition of the stones in order to establish the treatment management and to recommend a proper conservative treatment in order to prevent the recurrence of the disease.

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Bhattacharyya, Shalmoli, Arup Kumar Mandal, and Shrawan Kumar Singh. "Analysis of the Chemical Composition of Urinary Calculi using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy: A Preliminary Study." Journal of Postgraduate Medicine, Education and Research 48, no. 3 (2014): 128–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.5005/jp-journals-10028-1117.

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ABSTRACT Background The etiology of primary and recurrent stone formation in the urinary tract remains obscure in spite of intensive research. The formation of renal calculi is a multifactorial disorder resulting from the combined influence of epidemiological, biochemical and genetic risk factors which disturb the lithogenous salt profile in the body. Materials and methods In the present study, 52 stone samples have been analyzed for their stone composition by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The samples were made in a potassium bromide pellet and analyzed to identify the stone components. Results Stone formation was more prevalent in males and the incidence increased with age. Majority of stones were oxalate and mixed stones. The components of mixed stones were identified by spectrum analysis. Conclusion Specific dietary factors can affect the urinary composition and supersaturation, which in turn, can affect the process of crystallization and stone formation. The same chemical components may crystallize in different forms during stone formation. Hence, proper analysis has to identify not only the molecular species present in the calculus, but also the crystalline form. So, quantitative evaluation of all components of the calculi is necessary for effective prevention or reduction of stone recurrences. How to cite this article Bhattacharyya S, Sharma G, Mandal AK, Singh SK. Analysis of the Chemical Composition of Urinary Calculi using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy: A Preliminary Study. J Postgrad Med Edu Res 2014;48(3):128-131.

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Mohamed Ali, Abdul Rasheed, and Narayanasamy Arunai Nambi Raj. "Dielectric Behavior of Calcium Oxalate Monohydrate Urinary Stone." Advanced Materials Research 584 (October 2012): 499–503. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.584.499.

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Calcium oxalate is the most significant component of urinary stones, usually in its monohydrate form. The mechanisms for the formation of calcium oxalate urinary stones are still not understood, though it is thought that organic macromolecules play a significant role. Calcium oxalate monohydrate (COM) urinary stone was subjected to dielectric studies in order to understand the formation and growth of the renal stones in vivo and use them to help in the treatment procedures for more effective stone fragmentation. The chemical composition and the crystalline nature were verified using Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction and thermal analysis. The dielectric parameters for the COM renal stone namely, capacitance, dielectric loss coefficient, impedance, and resistance were measured at room temperature and hence the dielectric constant and the alternating current conductivity were calculated in the frequency range 200 Hz to 5 MHz. The measured values and the dielectric constant showed systematic variations up to 10 kHz. The alternating current conductivity was almost constant up to 2.0 kHz and then showed systematic increase at around 100 kHz and reaches a maximum value at around 5 MHz. The results may be used in further studies of renal stones about their formation and growth.

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Singh, Gyan Prakash, Sabyasachi Panda, and Pradeepta Kumar Panda. "Role of tamsulosin in patients undergoing ESWL for renal and ureteric stones." International Surgery Journal 8, no. 1 (December 28, 2020): 201. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2349-2902.isj20205881.

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Background: To determine the effect of tamsulosin, as adjunctive medical therapy on the outcome of extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL) for solitary renal and ureteric calculi.Methods: From January 2017 onwards, a prospective, randomized controlled study was conducted in patients with solitary renal or ureteral calculus measuring less than 20 mm undergoing ESWL. The study group (n=62) received 0.4 mg of tamsulosin daily till stone clearance or a maximum period of 12 weeks and control group (n=58) received ESWL only. Parameters assessed were stone size, composition, location, stone clearance, mean time to clearance, analgesic requirement, steinstrasse, need for hospitalization and/or auxiliary procedures.Results: There was no difference between the 2 groups with regards to age, stone size, location or composition. The complete clearance rate for renal stones was 62.7% and 36.5% (p=0.004) and for ureteric stone was 89.4% and 58.8% (p=0.03) in study and control groups, respectively. The control group had a higher rate of clinically insignificant residual fragments (CISF i.e. <3 mm), 12.9% versus 35.4% (p=0.002). There was no significant difference in the mean time to stone clearance (p=0.07) or in the incidence of steinstrasse formation (p=0.12). The mean analgesic requirement (p=0.01), need for auxiliary procedures and hospitalization (p=0.03) was significantly was higher in the control group.Conclusions: Tamsulosin increase the complete clearance rate and decrease the incidence of CISF. It also reduces analgesic requirement, need of additional procedures and hospitalization rate and might be useful as a routine adjunctive therapy following ESWL.

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Holmgren, Klas, Bo G. Danielson, Bengt Fellström, Sverker Ljunghall, Frans Niklasson, and Björn Wikström. "The Relation Between Urinary Tract Infections and Stone Composition in Renal Stone Formers." Scandinavian Journal of Urology and Nephrology 23, no. 2 (January 1989): 131–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/00365598909180827.

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Deshmukh, Sameer, Avinash Kambadakone, Dushyant V. Sahani, and Brian H. Eisner. "Hounsfield Density of Renal Papillae in Stone Formers: Analysis Based on Stone Composition." Journal of Urology 193, no. 5 (May 2015): 1560–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.juro.2014.10.089.

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D’Alessandro, Claudia, Pietro Manuel Ferraro, Caterina Cianchi, Massimiliano Barsotti, Giovanni Gambaro, and Adamasco Cupisti. "Which Diet for Calcium Stone Patients: A Real-World Approach to Preventive Care." Nutrients 11, no. 5 (May 27, 2019): 1182. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu11051182.

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Kidney stone disease should be viewed as a systemic disorder, associated with or predictive of hypertension, insulin resistance, chronic kidney disease and cardiovascular damage. Dietary and lifestyle changes represent an important strategy for the prevention of kidney stone recurrences and cardiovascular damage. A full screening of risk factors for kidney stones and for cardiovascular damage should be recommended in all cases of calcium kidney stone disease, yet it is rarely performed outside of stone specialist clinics. Many patients have a history of kidney stone disease while lacking a satisfactory metabolic profile. Nonetheless, in a real-world clinical practice a rational management of kidney stone patients is still possible. Different scenarios, with different types of dietary approaches based on diagnosis accuracy level can be envisaged. The aim of this review is to give patient-tailored dietary suggestions whatever the level of clinical and biochemistry evaluation. This can help to deliver a useful recommendation, while avoiding excessive dietary restrictions especially when they are not based on a specific diagnosis, and therefore potentially useless or even harmful. We focused our attention on calcium stones and the different scenarios we may find in the daily clinical practice, including the case of patients who reported renal colic episodes and/or passed stones with no information on stone composition, urinary risk factors or metabolic cardiovascular risk factors; or the case of patients with partial and incomplete information; or the case of patients with full information on stone composition, urinary risk factors and metabolic cardiovascular profile.

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Umer, Sadaf Aba, Sajid Sultan, Mirza Naqi Zafar, Ijaz Hussain, Bashir Ahmed, Sherjeel Saulat, Raees Taqvi, Aamir Mehmood, Anwar Naqvi, and Syed Adeeb-Ul-Hasan Rizvi. "Composition of Renal and Bladder Calculi in Pediatric Stone Formers." Journal of Pediatric Urology 5 (April 2009): S32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpurol.2009.02.035.

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Elawdy, Mohamed M., Samer El-Halwagy, Yasser A. Razek, Abeer R. Alsenani, and Sultan Almazroui. "A Case of Pure Matrix Ureteral Stone: A rare type of urinary calculi that may be overlooked." Sultan Qaboos University Medical Journal [SQUMJ] 18, no. 4 (March 28, 2019): 557. http://dx.doi.org/10.18295/squmj.2018.18.04.024.

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Matrix stones are a rare form of urinary calculi with a low mineral content. We report a 63-year-old female patient who presented to the Sohar Hospital, Sohar, Oman, in 2018 with unexplained left flank pain and constipation. She had a history of chronic renal failure (CRF) and had previously undergone haemodialysis (HD). Non-contrast computed tomography (CT) did not show any renal or urinary stones. However, a left-sided ureteroscopy revealed a yellow-coloured stone that was soft in consistency occupying the proximal 5 cm section of the ureter. Many attempts at forceps extraction were required for complete clearance. A global quantitative composition analysis revealed the extracted stone to be composed entirely of protein-matrix material. Matrix stones require a high index of suspicion as they are sometimes radiolucent and cannot be visualised on CT scans. Risk factors include being female and a history of urinary tract infections, CRF and HD.Keywords: Urolithiasis; Ureteral Calculi; Diagnostic Imaging; Ureteroscopy; Case Report; Oman.

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Jain, Manavi, Paramveer Yadav, and Priyadarshini. "Proteomics Study in Urolithiasis." Current Proteomics 17, no. 2 (January 30, 2020): 88–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1570164616666190722161823.

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Urolithiasis, which is the presence of stones in the urinary tract, has long been linked with a higher risk of causing chronic kidney diseases and associated illnesses, such as diabetes-affecting 12% of the world population. This clinical condition arises due to the supersaturation of urine and alterations in the expression of cellular and urinary proteins. The renal stone mineral composition has been well understood and incorporated as a routine part of stone removal, however, the protein composition, an essential fraction of the stone matrix has been inadequately understood and not adeptly established. Stone proteomics consists of a number of techniques including crystal analysis using X-ray diffractometry and IR spectroscopy, sample purification, identification and characterization of proteins using high throughput mass spectrometric methods. However, not many studies have utilized the data obtained from these experiments to assign functional significance to associated identified proteins. Protein network analysis using bioinformatic tools such as STRING to study protein-protein interactions will enable researchers to get better insight into stone formation mechanics. Hence, a comprehensive proteomic study of kidney stone matrix will help in deciphering protein-crystal pathways generating novel information useful for clinical application.

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Joshi, H. N., A. K. Singh, and R. M. Karmacharya. "Types of Renal Stones and its Variation with Age and Gender in a University Hospital of Nepal." Kathmandu University Medical Journal 18, no. 2 (December 6, 2020): 90–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/kumj.v18i2.33266.

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Background Types of renal stones have profoundly changed in the last half-century, parallel to the change in lifestyle and dietary habit, with an increase of calcium stones. Among many lithogenic factors age and gender are considered to be associated with the types of renal stones. Studies evaluating the influence of age and gender on the distribution of the types of urinary calculi are scarce in Nepal. Objective To explore the influence of age and gender on different types of urolithiasis. Method This is a single center prospective study encompassing urolithiasis during a study period of 18 months. All the stone retrieved from the patients after surgery were sent for biochemical analysis of the stone. The result was then compared with the age and gender of the study population. Result Calculi from a total of 107 patients were analyzed (62 from males and 45 from females). Mixed stones consisting of calcium oxalate and calcium phosphate were the predominant constituent in 74.16% of stones, followed by uric acid, struvite and cystine stones. We found predominance of Calcium stones in males (47.66%) vs 36.44% in females and predominance of struvite stones in females (7.47%) vs 3.73% in males. Age group of 21-40 years has the main burden of stone. Conclusion Being aware and having better knowledge of risk factors, composition and correlation with age and gender can provide personalized guidance to prevention and avoid recurrence of urolithiasis.

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Welk, Blayne K., and Joel M. H. Teichman. "Uric acid nephrolithias in the era of noncontrast computed tomography." Canadian Urological Association Journal 2, no. 4 (April 16, 2013): 420. http://dx.doi.org/10.5489/cuaj.844.

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We report 2 patients who presented with uric acid renal calculi. Both patients had previously been treated unsuccessfully for their stones with shock wave lithotripsy and were referred to our centre for percutaneous nephrolithomy. We were able to avoid surgery in both cases owing to the recognition of uric acid stone composition despite the calculi being visible on CT scout films.

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Petca, Razvan Cosmin, Yousouf Salaheddin, Aida Petca, Razvan Ionut Popescu, Claudia Mehedintu, Nicoleta Maru, and Viorel Jinga. "Could Chemical Composition of Stone Influence Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy in the Management of Staghorn Calculi?" Revista de Chimie 70, no. 11 (December 15, 2019): 3872–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.37358/rc.19.11.7662.

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The management of large renal stones is a challenging situation for the urologists. PCNL (percutaneous nephrolithotomy) represents the elective procedure and can be performed as monotherapy or combined with other techniques. This is a retrospective study on 75 patients diagnosed with staghorn calculi at Prof. Dr. Th. Burghele Clinical Hospital who underwent PCNL between 01.01.2018 to 31.06.2018. The aim of this study is to evaluate the correlations between the staghorn chemical composition, the stone free rate and the complication rate after surgery according to modified Clavien Dindo system of evaluation for urological procedures.

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Petca, Razvan Cosmin, Yousouf Salaheddin, Aida Petca, Razvan Ionut Popescu, Claudia Mehedintu, Nicoleta Maru, and Viorel Jinga. "Could Chemical Composition of Stone Influence Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy in the Management of Staghorn Calculi?" Revista de Chimie 70, no. 11 (December 15, 2019): 3872–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.37358/rc.70.19.11.7662.

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The management of large renal stones is a challenging situation for the urologists. PCNL (percutaneous nephrolithotomy) represents the elective procedure and can be performed as monotherapy or combined with other techniques. This is a retrospective study on 75 patients diagnosed with staghorn calculi at Prof. Dr. Th. Burghele Clinical Hospital who underwent PCNL between 01.01.2018 to 31.06.2018. The aim of this study is to evaluate the correlations between the staghorn chemical composition, the stone free rate and the complication rate after surgery according to modified Clavien Dindo system of evaluation for urological procedures.

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Boll, Daniel T., Neil A. Patil, Erik K. Paulson, Elmar M. Merkle, W. Neal Simmons, Sean A. Pierre, and Glenn M. Preminger. "Renal Stone Assessment with Dual-Energy Multidetector CT and Advanced Postprocessing Techniques: Improved Characterization of Renal Stone Composition—Pilot Study." Radiology 250, no. 3 (March 2009): 813–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1148/radiol.2503080545.

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Mohamed Ali, Abdul Rasheed, and Narayanasamy Arunai Nambi Raj. "Tensile, Flexural and Compressive Strength Studies on Calcium Oxalate Monohydrate Urinary Stone." Advanced Materials Research 584 (October 2012): 494–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.584.494.

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Calcium oxalate monohydrate (COM) is the primary constituent of the majority of stones formed in the urinary tract. Mechanical properties of renal calculi dictate how a stone interact and disintegrate with mechanical forces produced by shock wave and laser lithotripsy techniques. Tensile stresses may be more effective in some instances in disrupting material because most materials are weaker in tension than compression. Urinary stone containing COM as a major component was subjected to tensile, flexural and compressive strength studies in order to understand its mechanical properties in vitro. The calculated tensile breaking strength for the urinary stone from three tests varies from 0.57 MNm-2 to 1.52 MNm-2. The flexural strength and the flexural modulus of the urinary stone were calculated as 5.17 MNm-2 and 2.22 GNm-2 respectively while the observed compressive strength was 6.11 MNm-2. The chemical composition and the crystalline nature of the stone were verified using Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction.

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Kadlec, Adam O., Kristin A. Greco, Zachary C. Fridirici, Daniel Gerber, and Thomas M. T. Turk. "Effect of Renal Function on Urinary Mineral Excretion and Stone Composition." Urology 78, no. 4 (October 2011): 744–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.urology.2011.04.007.

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Iordanidis, A., and J. Garcia-Guinea. "Analytical geochemistry in the service of medicine: An experimental study of urinary stones from Northern Greece." Bulletin of the Geological Society of Greece 47, no. 2 (January 24, 2017): 818. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/bgsg.11118.

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Knowledge of the precise human biomineral composition may allow physicians to recommend an appropriate prophylactic therapy for the patient and thus prevent or delay the stone recurrence. The present study focuses on the application of complementary analytical techniques to the characterization of human urinary stones. Several gallbladder and renal stone samples were obtained from patients dwelling in areas of northern Greece. A comprehensive analytical study took place, employing the following, common in analytical geochemistry, techniques: Environmental Scanning Electron Microscopy (ESEM) coupled to Energy Dispersive System (EDS), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetry (TG), μRaman spectroscopy and Cathodoluminescence (CL). A detailed determination of morphological, micro-structural, molecular, chemical and mineralogical characteristics of the urinary stone samples was achieved. It was evident by our study the application of powerful analytical techniques could substantially help the medical advisors to ascribe a medical treatment of diseases related to stone formation.

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Crivelli, Joseph J., Tanecia Mitchell, John Knight, Kyle D. Wood, Dean G. Assimos, Ross P. Holmes, and Sonia Fargue. "Contribution of Dietary Oxalate and Oxalate Precursors to Urinary Oxalate Excretion." Nutrients 13, no. 1 (December 28, 2020): 62. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu13010062.

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Kidney stone disease is increasing in prevalence, and the most common stone composition is calcium oxalate. Dietary oxalate intake and endogenous production of oxalate are important in the pathophysiology of calcium oxalate stone disease. The impact of dietary oxalate intake on urinary oxalate excretion and kidney stone disease risk has been assessed through large cohort studies as well as smaller studies with dietary control. Net gastrointestinal oxalate absorption influences urinary oxalate excretion. Oxalate-degrading bacteria in the gut microbiome, especially Oxalobacter formigenes, may mitigate stone risk through reducing net oxalate absorption. Ascorbic acid (vitamin C) is the main dietary precursor for endogenous production of oxalate with several other compounds playing a lesser role. Renal handling of oxalate and, potentially, renal synthesis of oxalate may contribute to stone formation. In this review, we discuss dietary oxalate and precursors of oxalate, their pertinent physiology in humans, and what is known about their role in kidney stone disease.

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Rehman, Ijazur, Humayun Khan, Ahmad Farooq, Arshid Mahmood, Qazi Ali Mohayud Din, and Bilal Habib. "Study on Uroliths Composition in Tertiary Care Hospital of Pakistan." Pakistan Journal of Medical and Health Sciences 15, no. 7 (July 26, 2021): 1818–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.53350/pjmhs211571818.

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Background: Identification of risk factors for urolith stones formed in the urinary tract could help in preventing the recurrence. Urolith stones analysis utilized modern technology which is unfortunately not done in Pakistan on a routine basis. Development of renal failure may occur due to complications and urinary tract affected by uroliths. Objective: The current study aims to determine the composition of urolith stones seen in patients admitted in single Centre in Pakistan. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was carried out on urolithstones composition surgically removed through minimum access procedure at Urology department of Ayub Teaching Hospital, Abbottabad for period of six months from October 2020 to March 2021. Urinary stones composition was measured through qualitative tests such as infrared and crystallography spectroscopy. Statistical analysis was performed in SPSS version 20. Results: A total of 82 patients with mean age ± SD 45.3±11.7 years having urinary stones were investigated in this cross-sectional study. Male to female ratio was 1.9:1. Male patients (54) (65.85%) were dominant over females (28) (34.15%) in term of stones removal. A high occurrence for urinary stones was bladder or upper urinary tract (81.6%) irrespective of their gender. Calcium containing stones were predominant in ureter, urethra and renal followed by struvite stones (56.8%). Two-third stones in struvite stones were in lower tract while uric acid, calcium phosphates and calcium oxalate were found in upper tract. Calcium oxalate account for 92.60% with mixed composition stones. Conclusion: Our study concluded that the majority of uroliths constitute calcium oxalate or phosphates and struvite stones in our setting. Uroliths formation is caused by urinary tract infection as indicated in our study. Calcium oxalate was the most common among these stones. Struvite stones were the least common one. The prevalence of stones was dominant in male patients compared to female patients. The anatomical location for calcium oxalate and struvite stones was lower tract and bladder respectively. Keywords: Uroliths, Composition, Calcium oxalate, Struvite stone

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Assimos, Dean. "Re: Effect of Renal Function on Urinary Mineral Excretion and Stone Composition." Journal of Urology 186, no. 5 (November 2011): 1917. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.juro.2011.07.162.

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Vozianov, Serhii, Vasyl Chernenko, Volodymyr Savchuk, Dmytro Chernenko, Serhii Sokolenko, and Yurii Bondarenko. "Contact Pneumatic Ureterolithotripsy Using LMA StoneBreaker Lithotriptor and Search for Opportunities to Increase Effectiveness." Health of Man, no. 2 (June 30, 2021): 26–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.30841/2307-5090.2.2021.237528.

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The objective: to evaluate the effectiveness of portable pneumatic contact lithotripter LMA StoneBreaker in endoscopic contact ureterolithotripsy of ureteral stones of different localization depending on their density and search for opportunities to increase it. Materials and methods. Contact pneumatic ureterolithotripsy was performed in 89 patients (49 men, 40 women), 39 (43.8%) patients (I group) underwent standard contact pneumoureterolithotripsy, and 50 (56.2%) patients (11 group) – modified (with prior fixation of the stone in the ureter loop Dormia), which allowed urethrolithotripsy in situ and prevented the migration of stones and their fragments proximally. The number of strokes required to initiate fragmentation, complete fragmentation, and total ureterolithotripcy time for stones of different localization and density were determined. The integrity of the stones was determined by computed tomography in units of Haunsfield (HU). The mineral composition of stone fragments after their removal was diagnosed by X-ray diffraction analysis. The effectiveness of the applied methods was evaluated in groups of patients by complete (100%) removal of stone fragments from the ureter and by the number of cases of retrograde migration of stones into the renal cavity. Results. No intraoperative complications were observed. The number of strokes for the initial and complete disintegration of the stone, regardless of the method of ureterolithotripsy and their localization, depended on their density, ie its mineral composition. The minimum number of strokes for start and complete fragmentation of the stone was recorded in patients with a stone density of 480+54 HU and diagnosed as phosphates. Oxalate and uric acid stones, as well as their combinations (density 1310–1580 HU) required the maximum number of blows. Stone migration was noted in 8 (8.99%) patients. Thanks to intraoperative stone fixation was able to reduce the average time of lithotripsy (from 15,65±6.9 min to 12.3±6,15 min) and reduce the frequency of retrograde stone migration from 15.4% (in 6 patients of group 1) to 4% (2 patients of ІI group). The dependence of lithotripsy efficiency on stone localization is established. It was highest in patients with stones of the lower third of the ureter (95% in patients of group 1 and 100% of patients in group II) and with low density (480–840 HU). The lowest efficacy was observed in patients whose stones were localized in the upper third of the ureter (66.3% in group I and 90% in group II) and had a high density (more than 1200 HU). Due to the fixation of the stone with modified pneumoureterolithotripsy, the overall effectiveness of the method increased from 84.6% to 96%. Conclusions. Traneurethral contact pneumoureterolithotrysis using a portable pneumatic lithotripter LMA Stonebreaker – is effective, safe, minimally costly and easy to use. The effectiveness of contact pneumatic ureterolithotripsy depends on the location and density of the stone. The number of strokes required for the initial and complete fragmentation of the stone directly depends on the density of the stone and does not depend on its location and method of performing pneumoureterolithotripsy. The use of a modified technique with fixation of the stone in the ureter during the process of lithotripsy reduces the time of the operation and increases its effectiveness.

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Thongboonkerd. "Proteomics of Crystal–Cell Interactions: A Model for Kidney Stone Research." Cells 8, no. 9 (September 12, 2019): 1076. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells8091076.

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Nephrolithiasis/urolithiasis (i.e., kidney stone disease) remains a global public health problem with increasing incidence/prevalence. The most common chemical composition of kidney stones is calcium oxalate that initiates stone formation by crystallization, crystal growth, crystal aggregation, crystal–cell adhesion, and crystal invasion through extracellular matrix in renal interstitium. Among these processes, crystal–cell interactions (defined as “the phenomena in which the cell is altered by any means of effects from the crystal that adheres onto cellular surface or is internalized into the cell, accompanying with changes of the crystal, e.g., growth, adhesive capability, degradation, etc., induced by the cell”) are very important for crystal retention in the kidney. During the past 12 years, proteomics has been extensively applied to kidney stone research aiming for better understanding of the pathogenic mechanisms of kidney stone formation. This article provides an overview of the current knowledge in this field and summarizes the data obtained from all the studies that applied proteomics to the investigations of crystal–cell interactions that subsequently led to functional studies to address the significant impact or functional roles of the expression proteomics data in the pathogenesis of kidney stone disease.

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Strohmaier, Walter L. "Recent advances in understanding and managing urolithiasis." F1000Research 5 (November 8, 2016): 2651. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.9570.1.

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During the last few years, there has been relevant progress in both understanding and managing urolithiasis. Our knowledge of stone formation has changed; although the importance of urine biochemistry was questioned by several investigators years ago, the decisive role of cellular processes (induced by oxidative stress) and the renal papilla has only recently been generally accepted as the most important step in stone formation. For calcium oxalate urolithiasis, the formation of papillary calcifications plays a key role and is of prognostic relevance. Further research has to concentrate on these aspects of preventing urolithiasis. Stone prevention (metaphylaxis) is a major issue when considering the burden it places on healthcare systems. An effective metaphylaxis could lower the cost of stone therapy significantly. For uric acid urolithiasis, so far there is only preliminary information available showing that papillary plaques are not as important as they are in calcium oxalate urolithiasis. Concerning stone management, endourology has improved stone therapy significantly during the last few years. Morbidity decreased and success (stone-free) rates increased. Therefore, the indications for extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy (ESWL) narrowed. ESWL, however, still has its place in stone therapy. There is not one single treatment modality that is equally effective for all situations. It is important to observe the differential indications for different stones depending on size, localization, and composition.

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Deka, Phanindra Mohan, Manharsinh Rajput, and Priyanku Sarma. "The effect of percutaneous nephrolithotomy in patients with chronic kidney disease in northeast India population." International Surgery Journal 8, no. 5 (April 28, 2021): 1458. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2349-2902.isj20211807.

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Background: Renal stone disease is a recognized precursor for renal deterioration, if untreated, it can lead to renal failure. With advances in the PCNL, the effect on patients with established renal insufficiency remains under reported. So, we aimed to evaluate the efficacy as well as safety of PCNL in chronic kidney disease patients.Methods: This retrospective cohort study included patients admitted in our hospital from January 2016 to December 2018, which were diagnosed with urolithiasis and chronic kidney disease and treated by PCNL. Patients with GFR <60 ml/min/1.73 m2 in non-obstructed renal stone disease who underwent PCNL were included. We studied the change in renal function, complete stone free rate (SFR) complications stone composition, operative time and hospital stay.Results: The study comprised 50 patients (M/F-32/18) of CKD who underwent PCNL. Mean operative time was 90.50±12.57minutes in group 1 and 98.00±12.35 minutes in group 2. One or more complications were noted in 12 patients (24%) after PCNL. At a mean follow-up of 18 months, renal function stage had improved in 24 patients (48%) and it was maintained in 13 (26%). Worse CKD with an increase in disease stage was noted in 13 patients (26%). Association between hypertension, diabetes and postoperative deterioration in kidney function wasn’t significant statistically (p=0.9). The stone-free rate at postoperative month 3 was 76%.Conclusions: PCNL has a favourable outcome in patients with chronic kidney disease stage III/IV, with a good calculus clearance rate and improved kidney function.

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Milenkovic, Dragica, Aleksandar Vuksanovic, Natasa Lalic, Sanja Simic-Ogrizovic, and Violeta Dopsaj. "Update analytic program for laboratory investigation in urinary tract calculosis." Jugoslovenska medicinska biohemija 23, no. 4 (2004): 387–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/jmh0404387m.

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Urinary tract calculosis due to it's high recurrence rate (50-100% in untreated patients) and possibility to cause chronic renal failure in 20% still represents a great social and medical problem. From that aspect, an adequate clinical evaluation in stone forming patients is of paramount importance. An effective and rational attitude in detecting possible causes of stone formation demands the adequate analytic program in biochemical investigations. Presented program is adjusted to the guidelines on urolithiasis, recommended by Board EAU (European Association of Urologists) Healthcare Office, for year 2003. Regarding to known chemical stone composition, category of stone former and presence of an specific risk factor, analytic program could be minimal (fasting morning spot urine sample analysis, urineculture and blood analysis (calcium, albumine, creatinine and urate and stone analysis) and extended (quantification of all parameters in serum and in two consequtive 24h urine collections, relevant for stone formation and evaluation of renal function). In order to identify metabolic disorders, an quantification of parathormone in serum, cAMP in urine and absorption/loading tests with calcium, NH4Cl and [12C2] oxalate are recommended.

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Pillay, Sokalingum N., John R. Asplin, and Fredric L. Coe. "Evidence that calgranulin is produced by kidney cells and is an inhibitor of calcium oxalate crystallization." American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology 275, no. 2 (August 1, 1998): F255—F261. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajprenal.1998.275.2.f255.

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Urine produced by normal human kidneys is almost always supersaturated with respect to calcium oxalate (CaOx), the most common constituent of human kidney stones. Crystallization, with risk of renal damage and kidney stones, appears to be affected by molecules in urine that retard nucleation, growth, aggregation, and renal cell adherence of CaOx. The repertoire of such molecules is incompletely known. We have purified a 28-kDa protein from urine using salt precipitation, preparative isoelectric focusing, and sizing chromatography. Amino acid composition and NH2-terminal amino sequence analysis showed complete homology to calgranulin. Calgranulin was found to be a potent inhibitor of CaOx crystal growth (44% of control) and aggregation (50% of control) in the nanomolar range. Calgranulin cDNA was cloned from a human kidney expression library. Western analysis of human and rat kidney homogenates and mRNA temporal expression from two independent renal epithelial cell lines showed that calgranulin is produced in the kidney. Given its urinary abundance and potency, calgranulin may contribute importantly to the normal urinary inhibition of crystal growth and aggregation and therefore to the renal defense against clinical stone disease.

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Kakkar, Monica, and Rakesh Kakkar. "A 13 year hospital based study on the Trend of Urinary Stone Disease in Uttarakhand, India." Nepal Journal of Epidemiology 11, no. 1 (March 31, 2021): 949–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/nje.v11i1.35896.

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Background: The present retrospective study on urinary stone disease in the Uttarakhand state was necessitated as no study has been done yet. Methods: A retrospective study covering a period of about 13 years (2005-18) was conducted on the urinary stones removed from the patients, admitted at Himalayan Institute of Medical Sciences, Dehradun. The incidence of the disease, site of stones in urinary tract upon diagnosis, composition of removed stones and occurrence of a possible co-relationship between the incidence of the urinary stone disease at different times, age, sex, religion of the patients was investigated. Results: The frequency of occurrence of urinary stones in males was found to be almost three times more as compared to their female counterparts. The above trend was consistent over the entire period of the study. Interestingly, in the Muslim and Sikh population of the area, females were found to be less prone to the problem as compared to their Hindu counterparts. However, in all religious groups, 21-40 years old subjects were found to be most susceptible to the problem and approximately 90% of the urinary stones were recovered from the kidneys and primarily composed of calcium oxalate. Conclusion: The co-relationship between the occurrence of urinary stones with age, sex of the patients, their religion & site of stones on diagnosis was found to be statistically significant. Keywords: Urolithiasis, Urinary Stone disease, Urinary calculus, Renal stones.

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Orlando, M. T. D., L. Kuplich, D. O. de Souza, H. Belich, J. B. Depianti, C. G. P. Orlando, E. F. Medeiros, et al. "Study of calcium oxalate monohydrate of kidney stones by X-ray diffraction." Powder Diffraction 23, S1 (March 2008): S59—S64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1154/1.2903738.

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X-ray powder diffraction was used to study the phase composition of human renal calculi. The stones were collected from 56 donors in Vitória, Espírito Santo state, southeastern Brazil. An XRD phase quantification revealed that 61% of the studied renal stones were composed exclusively of calcium oxalate [34% formed only by calcium oxalate monohydrate (COM) and 27% presents both monohydrate and dihydratate calcium oxalate]. The 39% multi-composed calculi have various other phases such as uric acid and calcium phosphate. Rietveld refinement of XRD data of one apparent monophasic (COM) renal calculus revealed the presence of a small amount of hydroxyapatite. The presence of this second phase and the morphology of the stone (ellipsoidal) indicated that this calculus can be classified as non-papillary type and its nucleation process developed in closed kidney cavities. In order to show some advantages of the X-ray powder diffraction technique, a study of the phase transformation of monohydrate calcium oxalate into calcium carbonate (CaCO3) was carried out by annealing of a monophasic COM calculi at 200, 300, and 400 °C for 48 h in a N2 gas atmosphere. The results of the XRD for the heat treated samples is in good agreement with the thermogravimetric analysis found in the literature and shows that X-ray powder diffraction can be used as a suitable technique to study the composition and phase diagram of renal calculi.

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Eliahou, Ruth, Guy Hidas, Mordechai Duvdevani, and Jacob Sosna. "Determination of Renal Stone Composition with Dual-Energy Computed Tomography: An Emerging Application." Seminars in Ultrasound, CT and MRI 31, no. 4 (August 2010): 315–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/j.sult.2010.05.002.

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Kaygısız, Onur, Fethi Ahmet Türegün, Nihat Satar, Ender Özen, Serdar Toksöz, Hasan Serkan Doğan, Mehmet Mesut Pişkin, et al. "Renal stone composition does not affect the outcome of percutaneous nephrolithotomy in children." World Journal of Urology 36, no. 11 (May 14, 2018): 1863–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00345-018-2325-4.

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Raymond, Samuel J., Janille Maragh, Admir Masic, and John R. Williams. "Towards an understanding of the chemo-mechanical influences on kidney stone failure via the material point method." PLOS ONE 15, no. 12 (December 11, 2020): e0240133. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0240133.

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This paper explores the use of the meshfree computational mechanics method, the Material Point Method (MPM), to model the composition and damage of typical renal calculi, or kidney stones. Kidney stones are difficult entities to model due to their complex structure and failure behavior. Better understanding of how these stones behave when they are broken apart is a vital piece of knowledge to medical professionals whose aim is to remove these stone by breaking them within a patient’s body. While the properties of individual stones are varied, the common elements and proportions are used to generate synthetic stones that are then placed in a digital experiment to observe their failure patterns. First a more traditional engineering model of a Brazil test is used to create a tensile fracture within the center of these stones to observe the effect of stone consistency on failure behavior. Next a novel application of MPM is applied which relies on an ultrasonic wave being carried by surrounding fluid to model the ultrasonic treatment of stones commonly used by medical practitioners. This numerical modeling of Extracorporeal Shock Wave Lithotripsy (ESWL) reveals how these different stones failure in a more real-world situation and could be used to guide further research in this field for safer and more effective treatments.

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Zhou, Chenhao, Kai Li, Lun Zhao, Wei Li, Zongbao Guo, Jingyao Xu, Xiaofei Qi, and Hexing Yuan. "The Relationship between Urinary Stones and Gut Microbiomeby 16S Sequencing." BioMed Research International 2020 (October 5, 2020): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/1582187.

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Objective. To understand the relationship between urinary stones and the gut microbiome and to screen for microbial species that may be involved in stone formation. Methods. Stool samples were collected from patients with urolithiasis and healthy patients between March and December 2017. The samples were analyzed by 16S sequencing to determine differences in the microbiome profiles between the two groups. The mouse model was established and was divided into two groups. Fecal samples were collected from the mice before gavage and three weeks postgavage for microbiome analysis. The microbial population of each group was analyzed to screen for microbial species that may affect the formation of urinary stones. Differences in the number of crystals in the renal tubules of the mice were examined by necropsy. Results. The microbial composition was different between urolithiasis patients and healthy controls. The urolithiasis patients had significantly reduced microbial abundance; however, increased proportions of Bacteroidetes and Actinobacteria were detected compared to healthy controls. Furthermore, the abundance of Alistipesindistinctus and Odoribactersplanchnicus was significantly increased in the urolithiasis patients compared to the healthy controls. In addition, the incidence of urolithiasis was much higher in the experimental mouse group (stone solution + urolithiasis patient stool) than in the control mouse group. However, the microbial abundance before gavage was not significantly different from that seen three weeks postgavage. Conclusion. Theurolithiasis patients in this study had a different gut microbiome when compared with that of healthy individuals. The altered microbiome increased the rate of crystal formation in renal tubules and accelerated urinary stone formation in the mouse model of urolithiasis.

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Bhawani, Shafqat Shabir, Majid Jehangir, Mohammad Masood, Sajjad Ahmad Dar, and Sajad Nazir Syed. "Dual-Energy Multidetector Computed Tomography: A Highly Accurate Non-Invasive Tool for in Vivo Determination of Chemical Composition of Renal Calculi." Galician Medical Journal 28, no. 3 (September 1, 2021): E202134. http://dx.doi.org/10.21802/gmj.2021.3.4.

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Introduction. Computed tomography is more accurate than excretory urography in evaluation of renal stones due to its high sensitivity and temporal resolution; it permits sub-millimetric evaluation of the size and site of calculi but cannot evaluate their chemical composition. Dual-energy computed tomography allows evaluating the chemical composition of urinary calculi using simultaneous image acquisition at two different energy levels. The objective of the research was to determine renal stone composition using dual-energy multidetector computed tomography, and its correlation with post-extraction chemical analysis of stones. Materials and Methods. This prospective study was conducted in the Department of Radiodiagnosis and Imaging from September 2017 to March 2019. A total of 50 patients with urolithiasis at the age of 18-70 years were included in the study. Dual-energy computed tomography ratios of various stones were noted, and preoperative composition of calculi was given based on their colour and dual-energy computed tomography ratio. These results were compared with the post-extraction chemical analysis of stones (using Fourier infrared transform spectroscopy as the standard comparative method.) Results. The most common type of calculi in our study population was calcium oxalate stones (78%) followed by uric acid stones (12%), cystine stones (6%) and hydroxyapatite stones (4%). The dual-energy ratio of calcium oxalate, uric acid, cystine and hydroxyapatite stones ranged from 1.38-1.59, 0.94-1.08, and 1.20-1.28 and 1.52-1.57, respectively, with the mean dual-energy ratio of 1.43, 1.01, 1.25 and 1.55, respectively. Dual-energy computed tomography was found to be 100% sensitive and specific for differentiating uric acid stones from non‑uric acid stones. The sensitivity and specificity in differentiating calcium oxalate calculus from non‑calcium oxalate calculus was 97.5% and 90.9%, respectively, with 96% accuracy and kappa value of 0.883 suggesting strong agreement. Conclusions. Dual-energy computed tomography is highly sensitive and accurate in distinguishing between various types of renal calculi. It has vital role in management as uric acid calculi are amenable to drug treatment, while most of non-uric acid calculi require surgical intervention.

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Patel, Parth M., Alexander M. Kandabarow, Aleksander Druck, Spencer Hart, Robert H. Blackwell, Adam Kadlec, Ahmer Farooq, Thomas M. T. Turk, and Kristin G. Baldea. "Association of Impaired Renal Function With Changes in Urinary Mineral Excretion and Stone Composition." Urology 141 (July 2020): 45–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.urology.2020.03.023.

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Prezioso, Domenico, Pasquale Strazzullo, Tullio Lotti, Giampaolo Bianchi, Loris Borghi, Paolo Caione, Marco Carini, et al. "Dietary treatment of urinary risk factors for renal stone formation. A review of CLU Working Group." Archivio Italiano di Urologia e Andrologia 87, no. 2 (July 7, 2015): 105. http://dx.doi.org/10.4081/aiua.2015.2.105.

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Objective: Diet interventions may reduce the risk of urinary stone formation and its recurrence, but there is no conclusive consensus in the literature regarding the effectiveness of dietary interventions and recommendations about specific diets for patients with urinary calculi. The aim of this study was to review the studies reporting the effects of different dietary interventions for the modification of urinary risk factors in patients with urinary stone disease. Materials and Methods: A systematic search of the Pubmed database literature up to July 1, 2014 for studies on dietary treatment of urinary risk factors for urinary stone formation was conducted according to a methodology developed a priori. Studies were screened by titles and abstracts for eligibility. Data were extracted using a standardized form and the quality of evidence was assessed. Results: Evidence from the selected studies were used to form evidencebased guideline statements. In the absence of sufficient evidence, additional statements were developed as expert opinions. Conclusions: General measures: Each patient with nephrolithiasis should undertake appropriate evaluation according to the knowledge of the calculus composition. Regardless of the underlying cause of the stone disease, a mainstay of conservative management is the forced increase in fluid intake to achieve a daily urine output of 2 liters. Hypercalciuria: Dietary calcium restriction is not recommended for stone formers with nephrolithiasis. Diets with a calcium content ≥ 1 g/day (and low protein-low sodium) could be protective against the risk of stone formation in hypercalciuric stone forming adults. Moderate dietary salt restriction is useful in limiting urinary calcium excretion and thus may be helpful for primary and secondary prevention of nephrolithiasis. A low-normal protein intake decrease calciuria and could be useful in stone prevention and preservation of bone mass. Omega-3 fatty acids and bran of different origin decreases calciuria, but their impact on the urinary stone risk profile is uncertain. Sports beverage do not affect the urinary stone risk profile. Hyperoxaluria: A diet low in oxalate and/or a calcium intake normal to high (800-1200 mg/day for adults) reduce the urinary excretion of oxalate, conversely a diet rich in oxalates and/or a diet low in calcium increase urinary oxalate. A restriction in protein intake may reduce the urinary excretion of oxalate although a vegetarian diet may lead to an increase in urinary oxalate. Adding bran to a diet low in oxalate cancels its effect of reducing urinary oxalate. Conversely, the addition of supplements of fruit and vegetables to a mixed diet does not involve an increased excretion of oxalate in the urine. The intake of pyridoxine reduces the excretion of oxalate. Hyperuricosuria: In patients with renal calcium stones the decrease of the urinary excretion of uric acid after restriction of dietary protein and purine is suggested although not clearly demonstrated. Hypocitraturia: The administration of alkaline-citrates salts is recommended for the medical treatment of renal stone-formers with hypocitraturia, although compliance to this treatment is limited by gastrointestinal side effects and costs. Increased intake of fruit and vegetables (excluding those with high oxalate content) increases citrate excretion and involves a significant protection against the risk of stone formation. Citrus (lemons, oranges, grapefruit, and lime) and non citrus fruits (melon) are natural sources of dietary citrate, and several studies have shown the potential of these fruits and/or their juices in raising urine citrate levels. Children: There are enought basis to advice an adequate fluid intake also in children. Moderate dietary salt restriction and implementation of potassium intake are useful in limiting urinary calcium excretion whereas dietary calcium restriction is not recommended for children with nephrolithiasis. It seems reasonable to advice a balanced consumption of fruit and vegetables and a low consumption of chocolate and cola according to general nutritional guidelines, although no studies have assessed in pediatric stone formers the effect of fruit and vegetables supplementation on urinary citrate and the effects of chocolate and cola restriction on urinary oxalate in pediatric stone formers. Despite the low level of scientific evidence, a low-protein (< 20 g/day) low-salt (< 2 g/day) diet with high hydration (> 3 liters/day) is strongly advised in children with cystinuria. Elderly: In older patients dietary counseling for renal stone prevention has to consider some particular aspects of aging. A restriction of sodium intake in association with a higher intake of potassium, magnesium and citrate is advisable in order to reduce urinary risk factors for stone formation but also to prevent the loss of bone mass and the incidence of hypertension, although more hemodynamic sensitivity to sodium intake and decreased renal function of the elderly have to be considered. A diet rich in calcium (1200 mg/day) is useful to maintain skeletal wellness and to prevent kidney stones although an higher supplementation could involve an increase of risk for both the formation of kidney stones and cardiovascular diseases. A lower content of animal protein in association to an higher intake of plant products decrease the acid load and the excretion of uric acid has no particular contraindications in the elderly patients, although overall nutritional status has to be preserved.

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Alyami, Fahad A., Thomas A. A. Skinner, and Richard W. Norman. "Impact of body mass index on clinical outcomes associated with percutaneous nephrolithotomy." Canadian Urological Association Journal 7, no. 3-4 (April 16, 2013): e197-201. http://dx.doi.org/10.5489/cuaj.822.

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Introduction: Percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) is the preferred treatment for patients with large renal calculi or stones that have not responded to extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL). The objective of this study was to compare outcomes and complications of PCNL in patients of various body mass indices (BMI) to determine the safety of this procedure in patients with elevated BMI.Methods: A retrospective chart review of 114 patients who underwent PCNL between 2006 and 2009 was performed. Patients were separated into 4 groups with respect to their BMI: (1) ideal bodyweight (BMI <25 kg/m2), (2) overweight (BMI 25-29 kg/m2), (3) obese (BMI 30-39 kg/m2) and (4) morbidly obese (BMI ≥40 kg/m2). One-way ANOVA and univariate logistic regression analysis were used to assess the association between BMI (classified into 4 levels) and variables including age, sex, stone size, length of stay, incidence of complications and stone-free rates.Results: The distribution of the 114 patients in each BMI category was: ideal body weight 39 (34%), overweight 24 (21%), obese 41 (36%), morbidly obese 10 (9%). There was no difference in the composition of groups with respect to age, sex, pharmacologically treated comorbidities or stone size. Mean length of stay in days, intra- and postoperative complication rates were not statistically different. Stone-free rates showed no significant difference between groups: 90% ideal body weight; 87% overweight; 90% obese; 80% morbidly obese (p = 0.83).Interpretation: Outcomes of PCNL were statistically independent of BMI. PCNL is a safe and efficacious treatment of stone disease in patients of all sizes.

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Baggio, B., G. Gambaro, S. Zambon, F. Marchini, A. Bassi, L. Bordin, G. Clari, and E. Manzato. "Anomalous phospholipid n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid composition in idiopathic calcium nephrolithiasis." Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 7, no. 4 (April 1996): 613–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1681/asn.v74613.

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Anomalies in the erythrocyte transport of anions and cations have been described in idiopathic calcium oxalate nephrolithiasis and seem to play a pathogenetic role in this disease. In consideration of the hypothesis that the complex array of ion flux cell abnormalities is an epiphenomenon of an anomaly in the composition of cell membranes, this study investigated cell-membrane lipid composition. In idiopathic calcium oxalate renal stone formers, in which ion transport abnormalities were present, and in healthy control subjects, plasma and erythrocyte membrane lipid composition, the erythrocyte oxalate exchange, and Na/K/2Cl cotransport activity were evaluated. Furthermore, in stone formers, the effect of a 30-day fish-oil diet supplementation on plasma lipids, erythrocyte oxalate exchange, oxaluria, and calciuria was investigated. The effect of archidonic acid released by phospholipase A2 on anion-carrier phosphorylation and activity in erythrocytes was evaluated as well. Patients had a lower content of linoleic and higher concentration of archidonic acids in both plasma and erythrocyte membrane phospholipids, and an increased archidonic/linoleic acid ratio. The archidonic acid level correlated with the erythrocyte oxalate exchange and sodium cotransport activity. Fish-oil supplementation lowered calcium and oxalate urine excretion, and normalized the erythrocyte oxalate exchange. Phospholipase A2 increased the erythrocyte anion-carrier protein phosphorylation and the oxalate exchange. This study shows that idiopathic calcium nephrolithiasis in the patient group reported here is characterized by a systemic defect in phospholipid archidonic acid levels that might provide an answer to the link between genetic background, dietary habits, and renal lithiasis.

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Rompsaithong, Ukrit, Kantima Jongjitaree, Pornpim Korpraphong, Varat Woranisarakul, Tawatchai Taweemonkongsap, Chaiyong Nualyong, and Ekkarin Chotikawanich. "Characterization of renal stone composition by using fast kilovoltage switching dual-energy computed tomography compared to laboratory stone analysis: a pilot study." Abdominal Radiology 44, no. 3 (September 26, 2018): 1027–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00261-018-1787-6.

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Tanasescu, Rodica Narcisa, Razvan Bardan, Adriana Ledeti, Ionut Ledeti, Petru Matusz, Germaine Savoiu Balint, and Sorin Lucian Bolintineanu. "Considerations on Thermal Behaviour and Porosity of Renal Calculi in Bisphosphonate -Treated Postmenopausal Women." Revista de Chimie 68, no. 6 (July 15, 2017): 1259–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.37358/rc.17.6.5653.

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A longitudinal, randomized, five year follow-up clinical and experimental study was conducted during May 1, 2011 - June 30, 2016. A number of 125 eligible postmenopausal women (BMD T-score spine (-2.8 � 0.5)); BMD at the femoral hip (-2.6 � 0.8), treated only with biphosphonates, were enrolled in the study. The patient�s age ranged between 60 and 65 years. All the women were stone formers, with more than five episodes of crystalluria in the last five years. Exclusion criteria: kidney chronic diseases, use of drugs known to affect bone metabolism and renal function, patients with multi-morbidities. The aim of our study was to assess the connection between postmenopausal osteoporosis and the risk of worsening calcium balance in urolithiasis, based on the complex thermogravimetric findings and porosity studies of renal stones eliminated by these patients. The study of renal-urinary concretions offers the possibility to amplify the specific effects of the thermal decomposition processes of substances, reflecting the sample�s global composition. The research of calculi porosity gives information about the dissolution possibilities of the renal-urinary concretions. In conclusion, in postmenopausal women, proper administration of bisphosphonate therapy must accompany the supplementary medication with calcium and vitamin D, always correlated to the metabolic status of the osteoporotic patient.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Renal stone composition'

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