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1
Bernier, P. Y. "Microwave Remote Sensing of Snowpack Properties: Potential and Limitations." Hydrology Research 18, no. 1 (February 1, 1987): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/nh.1987.0001.
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This review explores from a user's viewpoint the possibilities and limitations of microwave-based techniques for the remote sensing of snowpack properties. Mapping of dry snowpacks and detection of melt onset can be achieved with combinations of readings taken at different frequencies with passive microwave sensors. A combination of readings from both passive and active sensors coupled with ground truth data will be required to estimate snow water equivalent under most snow conditions. Snowpack structure and overlying vegetation still present major problems in the estimation of snowpack water equivalent from microwave remote sensing devices.
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Chao, Yang. "Research on the Automatic Ammeter Reading System and Its Application on the Intelligent Ecological Community Project." Advanced Materials Research 341-342 (September 2011): 825–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.341-342.825.
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The Ultimate goal of property management in intelligent community lies in how to provide efficient and swift service with high quality. With the development of Science and Technology, Automatic Ammeter Reading System (RAARS) has made great improvement on Stability, accuracy and intelligence. The system with Automatic Ammeter for remote Reading is connected to property management center through Acquisition memory attached on the Bus using advanced sensing, electronics technologies based on traditional Mechanical instruments. As a result, managers can get the meter readings of central air conditioning, water, electricity, and gas of users from computer automatically which greatly decrease the labor force of workers and improve the management of property managing department.
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de Lara, Alfonso, Louis Longchamps, and Raj Khosla. "Soil Water Content and High-Resolution Imagery for Precision Irrigation: Maize Yield." Agronomy 9, no. 4 (April 5, 2019): 174. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy9040174.
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Improvement in water use efficiency of crops is a key component in addressing the increasing global water demand. The time and depth of the soil water monitoring are essential when defining the amount of water to be applied to irrigated crops. Precision irrigation (PI) is a relatively new concept in agriculture, and it provides a vast potential for enhancing water use efficiency, while maintaining or increasing grain yield. Neutron probes (NPs) have consistently been used as a robust and accurate method to estimate soil water content (SWC). Remote sensing derived vegetation indices have been successfully used to estimate variability of Leaf Area Index and biomass, which are related to root water uptake. Crop yield has not been evaluated on a basis of SWC, as explained by NPs in time and at different depths. The objectives of this study were (1) to determine the optimal time and depth of SWC and its relationship to maize grain yield (2) to determine if satellite-derived vegetation indices coupled with SWC could further improve the relationship between maize grain yield and SWC. Soil water and remote sensing data were collected throughout the crop season and analyzed. The results from the automated model selection of SWC readings, used to assess maize yield, consistently selected three dates spread around reproductive growth stages for most depths (p value < 0.05). SWC readings at the 90 cm depth had the highest correlation with maize yield, followed closely by the 120 cm. When coupled with remote sensing data, models improved by adding vegetation indices representing the crop health status at V9, right before tasseling. Thus, SWC monitoring at reproductive stages combined with vegetation indices could be a tool for improving maize irrigation management.
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Ranjbar, MD Reza, and Aisha H. Abdalla. "Development of an Autonomous Remote Access Water Quality Monitoring System." Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 8, no. 2 (November 1, 2017): 467. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v8.i2.pp467-474.
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<p>Due to the vast increase in global industrial output, rural to urban drift and the over-utilization of land and sea resources, the quality of water available to people has deteriorated greatly. Before the sensor based approach to water quality monitoring, water quality was tested by collecting the samples of water and experimentally analyzing it in the laboratories. However, in today, with time being a scarce resource, the traditional method of water quality testing is not efficient anymore. To tackle this issue, several electronic (microcontroller and sensor based) water quality monitoring systems were developed in the past decade. However, an in depth study of this current water quality testing technology shows that there are some limitations that should be taken into consideration. Therefore, an automatic, remote, and low cost water quality monitoring system has been developed. This system consists of a core microcontroller, multiple sensors, GSM module, LCD display screen, and an alarm subsystem. The quality of water is read from the physical world through the water quality testing sensors and sent to the microcontroller. The data is then analyzed by the microcontroller and the result is displayed on the LCD screen on the device. At the same time, another copy of the sensor readings is sent remotely to the user’s mobile phone in the form of SMS. If an abnormal water quality parameter is detected by any sensor, the alarm system will turn on the respective red LED for that parameter and the buzzer will give warning sound. At the same time, the abnormality of the water parameter is reported to the user through SMS. The system is aimed to be used for wide applications and by all categories of users. It can facilitate the process of water quality monitoring autonomously and with low cost; to help people improve their quality of drinking water, household water supplies and aquaculture farms, especially in rural areas where residents do not have access to standardized water supply and suffer from different diseases caused by contaminated water.</p>
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Hassan, Moez ul, Sanjay Kumar, Hitesh Kumar, Kabir Kumar, Sarmad Hameed, and Kiran Fatima. "Real Time Water Quality Monitoring Boat." Proceedings 2, no. 20 (October 17, 2018): 1279. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2201279.
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In today’s third world countries such as Pakistan, there is an ever increasing strain regarding the provision of clean, consumable water. This problem especially arises in rural areas due to the ineffectiveness of the governments and the increasing population in the country. Therefore, this particular project aims to detect and display real-time physiochemical quality of the water in a much more cost effective manner, as opposed to the current methods which involves sampling and laboratory methods, through its wireless, multi-sensor network. It takes into consideration multiple factors and presents this real-time quality through the display of its electrical conductivity, pH, total dissolved solids TDS, turbidity, as well as temperature of water that is being tested. Additionally, this remote control system is specially designed for lakes, reservoir, rivers etc. where we cannot monitor water quality in such complicated scale water environment by just using a stationary system because water parameter vary at every single location. To avoid this, we manufactured a boat which can float and move on the water simply by user controller. This structure is designed as a hull shape which minimize the resistivity of water flow and this shape also maintained the stability of water. This water quality monitoring boat includes an embedded global positioning system GPS which gives the location of the point wherever water quality is varying and radio frequency module for wireless communication. All the results is generated and displayed with their readings and their graphical analogue meters through the graphical user interface GUI technique, along with water’s impurities limitation points and its hazardous level notification. It is proven through various tests conducted in reservoirs, lakes and personal water storage tanks that this project is successfully capable of demonstrating these physiochemical parameters as well as display these readings effectively.
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Trevathan, Jarrod, Wayne Read, and Simon Schmidtke. "Towards the Development of an Affordable and Practical Light Attenuation Turbidity Sensor for Remote Near Real-Time Aquatic Monitoring." Sensors 20, no. 7 (April 2, 2020): 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20071993.
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Turbidity is a key environmental parameter that is used in the determination of water quality. The turbidity of a water body gives an indication of how much suspended sediment is present, which directly impacts the clarity of the water (i.e., whether it is cloudy or clear). Various commercial nephelometric and optical approaches and products exist for electronically measuring turbidity. However, most of these approaches are unsuitable or not viable for collecting data remotely. This paper investigates ways for incorporating a turbidity sensor into an existing remote aquatic environmental monitoring platform that delivers data in near real-time (i.e., 15-min intervals). First, we examine whether an off-the-shelf turbidity sensor can be modified to provide remote and accurate turbidity measurements. Next, we present an inexpensive design for a practical light attenuation turbidity sensor. We outline the sensor’s design rationale and how various technical and physical constraints were overcome. The turbidity sensor is calibrated against a commercial turbidimeter using a Formazin standard. Results indicate that the sensor readings are indicative of actual changes in turbidity, and a calibration curve for the sensor could be attained. The turbidity sensor was trialled in different types of water bodies over nine months to determine the system’s robustness and responsiveness to the environment.
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Reyes-González, Arturo, Jeppe Kjaersgaard, Todd Trooien, Christopher Hay, and Laurent Ahiablame. "Comparative Analysis of METRIC Model and Atmometer Methods for Estimating Actual Evapotranspiration." International Journal of Agronomy 2017 (2017): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/3632501.
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Accurate estimation of crop evapotranspiration (ET) is a key factor in agricultural water management including irrigated agriculture. The objective of this study was to compare ET estimated from the satellite-based remote sensing METRIC model to in situ atmometer readings. Atmometer readings were recorded from three sites in eastern South Dakota every morning between 8:15 and 8:30 AM for the duration of the 2016 growing season. Seven corresponding clear sky images from Landsat 7 and Landsat 8 (Path 29, Row 29) were processed and used for comparison. Three corn fields in three sites were used to compare actual evapotranspiration (ETa). The results showed a good relationship between ETa estimated by the METRIC model (ETa-METRIC) and ETa estimated with atmometer (ETa-atm) (r2 = 0.87, index of agreement of 0.84, and RMSE = 0.65 mm day−1). However, ETa-atm values were consistently lower than ETa-METRIC values. The differences in daily ETa between the two methods increase with high wind speed values (>4 m s−1). Results from this study are useful for improving irrigation water management at local and field scales.
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Offenbaume, Kane L., Edoardo Bertone, and Rodney A. Stewart. "Monitoring Approaches for Faecal Indicator Bacteria in Water: Visioning a Remote Real-Time Sensor for E. coli and Enterococci." Water 12, no. 9 (September 16, 2020): 2591. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12092591.
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A comprehensive review was conducted to assess the current state of monitoring approaches for primary faecal indicator bacteria (FIB) E. coli and enterococci. Approaches were identified and examined in relation to their accuracy, ability to provide continuous data and instantaneous detection results, cost, environmental awareness regarding necessary reagent release or other pollution sources, in situ monitoring capability, and portability. Findings showed that several methods are precise and sophisticated but cannot be performed in real-time or remotely. This is mainly due to their laboratory testing requirements, such as lengthy sample preparations, the requirement for expensive reagents, and fluorescent tags. This study determined that portable fluorescence sensing, combined with advanced modelling methods to compensate readings for environmental interferences and false positives, can lay the foundations for a hybrid FIB sensing approach, allowing remote field deployment of a fleet of networked FIB sensors that can collect high-frequency data in near real-time. Such sensors will support proactive responses to sudden harmful faecal contamination events. A method is proposed to enable the development of the visioned FIB monitoring tool.
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Adalberto, Guerra-Cabrera, Barbano Giulia, Tardioli Giovanni, and Mallya Udupi Girish. "Computer Vision-based Reader for analogue Energy/Water Meters in low-cost embedded System: a Case Study in an Office Building in Scotland." E3S Web of Conferences 172 (2020): 25006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202017225006.
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Implementation of cost-effective energy conservation measures (ECMs) is expected to generate up to 18% of carbon emissions reductions in office buildings. In order to determine adequate ECMs for a specific building, operational data is required. However, buildings generally lack operational data in the form of time series that can limit a breath of analysis required for determining adequate ECMs. Energy time-series data is commonly lacking in the UK due to uneven availability of smart meters (heat, gas, water), security restrictions in Energy Information Systems (EIS) and building management systems (BMS), restrictions and costs associated for automated reporting from utility companies, etc. This work presents a non-intrusive computer vision-based reader to generate energy readings at 10-minute resolution using a Raspberry-Pi, a traditional webcam and an LED light. OpenCV, an open source computer vision library, is used to detect and interpret numeric values from a heat meter, which are in turn uploaded to a cloud-based energy platform to create a complete operational data set enabling detailed analytics, fault detection and diagnostics (FDD) and model calibration. A case study of an office building in Scotland is presented. The building has a heat meter with no remote access capabilities. The accuracy of the method, i.e. the ability of the script to accurately derive the rate of change between readings, resulted on a 92% percent during a test done for 100 samples. Recommendations for accuracy improvements are included in the conclusions.
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Fernández, J. E., R. Romero, J. C. Montaño, A. Diaz-Espejo, J. L. Muriel, M. V. Cuevas, F. Moreno, I. F. Girón, and M. J. Palomo. "Design and testing of an automatic irrigation controller for fruit tree orchards, based on sap flow measurements." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 59, no. 7 (2008): 589. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar07312.
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We designed and tested an automatic irrigation control system for fruit tree orchards, designated CRP. At the end of each day, the device calculates the irrigation dose (ID) from sap flow readings in the trunk of trees irrigated to replenish the crop water needs, relative to similar measurements made in over-irrigated trees. It then acts on the pump and electrovalve to supply an ID sufficient to keep the soil close to its field capacity during the irrigation period. Remote control of the system is possible from any computer or Smartphone connected to the Internet. We tested the CRP in an olive orchard in southern Spain. The device was robust and able to filter and amplify the output voltages of the heat-pulse velocity probes and to calculate reliable sap flow data. It calculated and supplied daily irrigation amounts to the orchard according to the specified irrigation protocol. The remote control facility proved to be useful for getting real-time information both on the CRP behaviour and the applied IDs, and for changing parameters of the irrigation protocol. For our conditions, olive trees with big root systems growing in a soil with a remarkable water-holding capacity, the approach mentioned above for calculating ID had not enough resolution to replace the daily crop water consumption. The device, however, was able to react when the soil water content fell below the threshold for soil water deficit. The threshold value was identified with simultaneous measurements of stem water potential in the instrumented trees. Our results suggest a change in the irrigation protocol that will allow the CRP to apply a recovery irrigation whenever that threshold is reached, making the device suitable for applying a deficit irrigation strategy in the orchard.
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Dahal, Subash, Evan Phillippi, Louis Longchamps, Raj Khosla, and Allan Andales. "Variable Rate Nitrogen and Water Management for Irrigated Maize in the Western US." Agronomy 10, no. 10 (October 9, 2020): 1533. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10101533.
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Nitrogen (N) and water continue to be the most limiting factors for profitable maize (Zea Mays L.) production in the western US Great Plains. Precision application of N and water has the potential to significantly enhance input use efficiency without impairing yields. The overall objective of this study was to determine the most productive and efficient nitrogen and water management strategy for irrigated maize by using site-specific management zones and a proximal remote sensing approach. This study was conducted over 2016, 2017, 2018 and 2019 crop growing seasons near Fort Collins, Colorado, USA. Six nitrogen rates (0, 56, 112, 168, 224, and 280 kg N ha−1) were applied along experimental strips across three delineated management zones (low, medium, and high productivity). Four rates of irrigation were applied to maize (60%, 80%, 100%, and 120% of evapotranspiration) using a center pivot precision irrigation system equipped with zone control. Optical proximal sensor readings were acquired on all experimental strips four times during the growing season to assess four nitrogen management strategies (uniform, management zone (MZ), remote sensing (RS), and management zone remote sensing (MZRS)) on grain yield and nitrogen use efficiency (NUE). Results from this three-year study showed the significant interaction (p = 0.05) of zone vs. irrigation and irrigation vs. nitrogen across all years. In two of the three years (2016 and 2018), the high productivity zone benefitted from high irrigation rates, demonstrated by 16% and 18% yield increase from the lowest irrigation rate. In 2016, yield plateau was reached at 168 kg N ha−1 with 80% and 100% irrigation rates, whereas the plateau was reached at 112 kg N ha−1 in the 120% irrigation rate. These results demonstrate the possibility of fine-tuning zones, irrigation, and nitrogen to achieve optimum yield. While uniform and MZ nitrogen management strategies produced the highest grain yield, the best NUE was achieved via the RS strategy, followed by the MZ strategy. In this study, the MZRS strategy (combined MZ and RS) did not produce superior yield and NUE as compared to uniform and other strategies. However, there is a tremendous opportunity to fine-tune these two strategies, using other algorithms that are not explored in this study to improve the sustainability of maize production under irrigated conditions.
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Cowley, R. B., D. J. Luckett, J. S. Moroni, and S. Diffey. "Use of remote sensing to determine the relationship of early vigour to grain yield in canola (Brassica napus L.) germplasm." Crop and Pasture Science 65, no. 12 (2014): 1288. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/cp14055.
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Early crop vigour in canola, as in other crops, is likely to result in greater competition with weeds, more rapid canopy closure, improved nutrient acquisition, improved water-use efficiency, and, potentially, greater final grain yield. Laborious measurements of crop biomass over time can be replaced with newer remote-sensing technology to aid data acquisition. Normalised difference vegetation index (NDVI) is a surrogate for biomass accumulation that can be recorded rapidly and repeatedly with inexpensive equipment. In seven small-plot field experiments conducted over a 4-year period with diverse canola germplasm (n = 105), we have shown that NDVI measures are well correlated with final grain yield. We found NDVI values were most correlated with yield (r >0.7) if readings were taken when the crop had received 210–320 growing degree-days (usually the mid-vegetative phase of growth). It is suggested that canola breeders may use NDVI to objectively select for vigorous genotypes that are more likely to have higher grain yields.
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AL NAQEEB, Neran A., Fouad K. MASHEE, and Jinan S. AL HASSANY. "ESTIMATION THE FACTORS AFFECTING ON GROWTH OF ALGAE IN UM EL-NAAJ LAKE BY USING REMOTE SENSING TECHNIQUES." Periódico Tchê Química 17, no. 35 (July 20, 2020): 227–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.52571/ptq.v17.n35.2020.21_alnaqeeb_pgs_227_238.pdf.
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Epiphytic algae adherent to aquatic plants are an essential link in the composition of the food chain of any ecosystem. Epiphytic algae act as primary producers of the food chain in the aquatic ecosystem and as natural food for herbivorous zooplankton and fish. This study aimed to detect the presence of algae colonies through remote sensing and to analyze factors that affect the growth of algae through field survey and visual interpretation of satellite images in Lake Um El-Naaj. Samples were collected from six locations on Lake Um El-Naaj from November 2018 to June 2019. The algae samples were collected from submerged parts of emerging aquatic plants (aquatic macrophytes Phragmites australis) and stored in plastic bags with little ambient water and solutions for preservation in the field and the laboratory. Water samples were collected to study the nutritional factors that influence the growth of algae, including the concentration of Phosphate, Nitrate, and Silica (silicon dioxide). The results showed that the values of total phosphorus increased by 1.0, 0.9, and 0.8 mg/L, in January, in places 2, 5, and 6, respectively. The highest nitrate value was 11.2 mg/L in December at site 5, while the lowest concentration values were in November (2.2 mg/L at site 6 and 3.7 mg/L at site 4). Besides, the lowest silicate concentration was 0.4 mg/L in November at site 2, while the highest was 2.4 mg/L in June 2019 at site 6. Based on the findings, it is possible to conclude that, during the winter, the water level increased due to the rain. For this reason, nutrient concentrations were low during the last period. Also, with the use of maps and remote sensing techniques, it is possible to determine the expected values around the station's location as future predictive readings that compensate for the difficulty of reaching these areas.
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Kumar Verma, Ankit, Bhagavan K, Vamaraju Akhil, and Amrita Singh. "Wireless network based smart irrigation system using IOT." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 1.1 (December 21, 2017): 342. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i1.1.9849.
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The Internet of things generally as IoT is a concept of sharing the network between different network objects through internet connectivity. The main objective of this project is to help the agriculturists during the irrigation process. IoT plays a major role in the grazing fields. The Smart irrigation system minimizes the wastage of water and helps farmers for successful usage of the water and besides the crop development. In the proposed paper we are describing an efficient system of irrigation to minimize the consumption of water in the. This in turn grants a remote control mechanism to monitor the process of irrigation. This irrigation process is automated only if the moisture, Temperature levels of the field falls below the reference value. The notifications that are retrieved by the sensor are sent to farmers mobile at a given period of time. The farmers can get SMS about the condition of the soil (whether soil is dry or wet) based the dryness of the soil. The farmers can easily operate the motor and can easily monitor all the operation in the fields. This intelligent Irrigation system’s efficiency is greater than 90% when compared with traditional method. Hence the designed system will provide the complete readings of the content of humidity in the soil and the timely records the temperature as well. This recorded data helps the farmers to inspect the proper functioning of the system and to supply the water into the field in the proper proportions.
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Wang, Yun-wen, Bruce L. Dunn, and Daryl B. Arnall. "Assessing Nitrogen Status in Potted Geranium through Discriminant Analysis of Ground-based Spectral Reflectance Data." HortScience 47, no. 3 (March 2012): 343–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.47.3.343.
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Nitrogen (N) deficiencies can significantly reduce plant growth as well as flower quantity and quality. However, excessive N application leads to increased production costs and may cause water contamination as a result of runoff. Ground-based remote sensing of plant chlorophyll content offers the possibility to rapidly and inexpensively estimate crop N status. The objective of this study was to test the reliability of three different Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) measuring methods and Soil-Plant Analyses Development (SPAD) chlorophyll meter values as indicators of geranium (Pelargonium ×hortorum L.H. Bailey) N status. Two potted geranium cultivars, Rocky Mountain White and Rocky Mountain Dark Red, were supplied with N at 0, 50, 100, and 200 mg·L−1 levels, respectively. NDVI readings were measured at 45 cm above the canopy or media of individual plants or 45 cm above the canopy of a group of plants (four plants treated with the same N rate were placed together). Significant correlations existed between indirect chlorophyll content measurements of SPAD values and NDVI readings regardless of four-pot group or single-pot measurements with N application rates and leaf N concentration. Using a cross-validation technique in discriminant analysis, 70.8% to 79.2% of sample cases were correctly categorized to the corresponding N statuses including very deficient, deficient, and sufficient. Therefore, ground-based, non-destructive measurements of a chlorophyll meter and pocket NDVI unit were able to indicate N status. Considering that flower color can interfere with NDVI measurements, the chlorophyll meter may better determine N content when flowers are present.
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de Bruyn, Daniel N., Ben Kotze, and William Hurst. "A Hidden Markov Model and Fuzzy Logic Forecasting Approach for Solar Geyser Water Heating." Infrastructures 6, no. 5 (April 30, 2021): 67. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/infrastructures6050067.
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Time-based smart home controllers govern their environment with a predefined routine, without knowing if this is the most efficient way. Finding a suitable model to predict energy consumption could prove to be an optimal method to manage the electricity usage. The work presented in this paper outlines the development of a prediction model that controls electricity consumption in a home, adapting to external environmental conditions and occupation. A backup geyser element in a solar geyser solution is identified as a metric for more efficient control than a time-based controller. The system is able to record multiple remote sensor readings from Internet of Things devices, built and based on an ESP8266 microcontroller, to a central SQL database that includes the hot water usage and heating patterns. Official weather predictions replace physical sensors, to provide the data for the environmental conditions. Fuzzification categorises the warm water usage from the multiple sensor recordings into four linguistic terms (None, Low, Medium and High). Partitioning clustering determines the relationship patterns between weather predictions and solar heating efficiency. Next, a hidden Markov model predicts solar heating efficiency, with the Viterbi algorithm calculating the geyser heating predictions, and the Baum–Welch algorithm for training the system. Warm water usage and solar heating efficiency predictions are used to calculate the optimal time periods to heat the water through electrical energy. Simulations with historical data are used for the evaluation and validation of the approach, by comparing the algorithm efficiency against time-based heating. In a simulation, the intelligent controller is 19.9% more efficient than a time-based controller, with higher warm water temperatures during the day. Furthermore, it is demonstrated that a controller, with knowledge of external conditions, can be switched on 728 times less than a time-based controller.
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Fitriawan, Helmy, Kholid Ali Dwi Cahyo, Sri Purwiyanti, and Syaiful Alam. "Pengendalian Suhu dan Kelembaban pada Budidaya Jamur Tiram Berbasis IoT." Jurnal Teknik Pertanian Lampung (Journal of Agricultural Engineering) 9, no. 1 (March 31, 2020): 28. http://dx.doi.org/10.23960/jtep-l.v9i1.28-37.
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Oyster mushrooms (Pleurotus Ostreatus), such as white mushroom, chinese mushroom, and warm mushroom, is one type of edible mushrooms. Oyster mushroom cultivation is usually done at the mushroom house (kumbung) which is mostly made of bamboo. Oyster mushrooms can grow optimally by controlling the temperature and humidity in the kumbung. Kumbung environment conditioning is usually done manually by spraying water on the planting medium every 8 hours. But this is perceived as ineffective and requires high effort. For this reason, we need a technology that can monitor as well as control the environmental conditions inside the kumbung automatically and remotely. This paper describes the design of a system to monitor and control the temperature and humidity in the kumbung for oyster mushroom cultivation based on IoT (Internet of Things). This system is developed consisting of five parts, i.e sensor modules, microcontrollers, data loggers, actuators, and monitoring and control interfaces. The main result of this study is a remote monitoring and control of environmental conditions for oyster mushroom cultivation. The data of monitoring, in the form of temperature and humidity, are saved to the data logger and can be downloaded in the format (.csv). The system works functionally in accordance with the expected specifications, both in terms of sensor readings and actuator controlling.
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John, C. M., and N. Kavya. "Integration of multispectral satellite and hyperspectral field data for aquatic macrophyte studies." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XL-8 (November 28, 2014): 581–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprsarchives-xl-8-581-2014.
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Aquatic macrophytes (AM) can serve as useful indicators of water pollution along the littoral zones. The spectral signatures of various AM were investigated to determine whether species could be discriminated by remote sensing. In this study the spectral readings of different AM communities identified were done using the ASD Fieldspec® Hand Held spectro-radiometer in the wavelength range of 325–1075 nm. The collected specific reflectance spectra were applied to space borne multi-spectral remote sensing data from Worldview-2, acquired on 26th March 2011. The dimensionality reduction of the spectro-radiometric data was done using the technique principal components analysis (PCA). Out of the different PCA axes generated, 93.472 % variance of the spectra was explained by the first axis. The spectral derivative analysis was done to identify the wavelength where the greatest difference in reflectance is shown. The identified wavelengths are 510, 690, 720, 756, 806, 885, 907 and 923 nm. The output of PCA and derivative analysis were applied to Worldview-2 satellite data for spectral subsetting. The unsupervised classification was used to effectively classify the AM species using the different spectral subsets. The accuracy assessment of the results of the unsupervised classification and their comparison were done. The overall accuracy of the result of unsupervised classification using the band combinations Red-Edge, Green, Coastal blue & Red-edge, Yellow, Blue is 100%. The band combinations NIR-1, Green, Coastal blue & NIR-1, Yellow, Blue yielded an accuracy of 82.35 %. The existing vegetation indices and new hyper-spectral indices for the different type of AM communities were computed. Overall, results of this study suggest that high spectral and spatial resolution images provide useful information for natural resource managers especially with regard to the location identification and distribution mapping of macrophyte species and their communities.
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Watts, John B., and Andrew R. Cavenor-Shaw. "Process audit and asset assessment using on-line instrumentation." Water Science and Technology 37, no. 12 (June 1, 1998): 55–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1998.0499.
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The traditional approach to assessing the performance of an Activated Sludge Plant (ASP) is to conduct an expensive and often labour intensive through-plant sampling survey. The results from this kind of survey do not give an accurate picture of the plant performance in real time, and often can be ruined by inaccurate or spoilt analytical results. A new approach to Process Audits has been developed based on on-line instrumentation and remote monitoring. The key equipment required to dynamically monitor the ASP performance is the MSL Respirometer which is used to measure organic loading, required retention time and aeration system requirements. Auto-cleaning, auto-calibrating Dissolved Oxygen sensors are used in conjunction with a Respirometer to assess the aeration system efficiency (actual Kla value) and the maximum oxygen demand (OUR) which can be sustained by the plant. Ultrasonic flow meters are used to determine flow splits and actual plant retention time which is compared to the required retention time measured by the Respirometer. Mixed Liquor Suspended Solids (MLSS) profiles are monitored continuously using a self-cleaning optical sensor, which is used along with Respirometric readings to measure the effect of poor wastage regimes and ingress of inert solids. On-line ammonia, phosphate and nitrate monitors can be used to give information on the diurnal variation of nutrients, related to the loading on the plant. As well as the normal plant operation, the effect of shock loads, storm conditions and sludge liquor returns can all be assessed. All instruments are linked via a serial communications loop to a modern and telephone line. The plant is monitored remotely, making it an unobtrusive survey allowing operations to continue as normal and giving a true picture of the plant performance. This approach has been used on several UK sewage treatment works and has proven to be a cost-effective method. In one case a proposed capital spend on final settlement tanks was shown to be unnecessary; in another case the plant was shown to be unable to support a nitrifying biomass.
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Tholen, Christoph, Iain Parnum, Robin Rofallski, Lars Nolle, and Oliver Zielinski. "Investigation of the Spatio-Temporal Behaviour of Submarine Groundwater Discharge Using a Low-Cost Multi-Sensor-Platform." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 9, no. 8 (July 26, 2021): 802. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse9080802.
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Submarine groundwater discharge (SGD) is an important pathway of nutrients into coastal areas. During the last decades, interest of researchers in SGDs has grown continuously. However, methods applied for SGD research usually focus on the aquifer or on the mixing processes on larger scales. The distribution of discharged water within the water column is not well investigated. Small remotely operated vehicles (ROV) equipped with environmental sensors can be used to investigate the spatial distribution of environmental parameters in the water column. Herein, a low-cost multi-sensor platform designed to investigate the spatial distribution of water quality properties is presented. The platform is based on an off-the-shelf underwater vehicle carrying various environmental sensors and a short-baseline localisation system. This contribution presents the results of SGD investigations in the area of Woodman Point (Western Australia). Various potential SGD plumes were detected using a skiff equipped with a recreational echo sounder. It was demonstrated that this inexpensive equipment could be used to detect and investigate SGDs in coastal areas. In addition, the low-cost multi-sensor platform was deployed to investigate the spatial distribution of environmental parameters including temperature (T), electric conductivity (EC), dissolved oxygen (DO), oxidation-reduction potential (ORP), pH, and dissolved organic matter fluorescence (FDOM). Three ROV surveys were conducted from different skiff locations. Analyses of the spatial distribution of the environmental parameters allowed the identification of nine potential SGD plumes. At the same locations, plumes were identified during the sonar surveys. In addition, fuzzy logic was used for the fusion of salinity, DO, and FDOM readings in order to enhance SGD detection capability of the designed multi-sensor system. The fuzzy logic approach identified 293 data points as potential within a SGD plume. Average minimum-distance between these points and the identified SGD plumes was 0.5 m and 0.42 m smaller than the minimum-distance average of the remaining data points of survey one and three respectively. It was shown that low-cost ROVs, equipped with environmental sensors, could be an important tool for the investigation of the spatio-temporal behaviour of SGD sites. This method allows continuous mapping of environmental parameters with a high spatial and temporal resolution. However, to obtain deeper insights into the influence of SGDs on the nearshore areas, this method should be combined with other well-established methods for SGD investigation, such as pore water sampling, remote sensing, or groundwater monitoring.
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Zheng, Wenbin, Zhe Yang, Lei Feng, and Ping Fu. "Remote Automatic Meter Reading System." International Journal of Online Engineering (iJOE) 13, no. 10 (November 7, 2017): 48. http://dx.doi.org/10.3991/ijoe.v13i10.6751.
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In order to satisfy the development of the cities and the requirements of modern factories, the network of water has been changing the pattern of the city quickly. It is possible to use automatic meter reading technology to read the data of the meters which were only read by human manual to solve the resource supply pipe network monitoring problem as the 2G/3G technology development. We designed a remote wireless automatic meter reading device to achieve the actual needs of users. STM32 works well as the core control devices to satisfy the requirements, combined with surveillance cameras and 3G wireless module to complete the hardware circuit design, which includes STM32 control circuit, sensor data acquisition part, 3G wireless module interface section, the analog video signal processing section and so on. The software was designed according to the users needs, the test results show that the device satisfies the requirements and could be used in the resource monitoring directly.
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Tian, Yu. "Design of Remote Intelligent Meter Reading System." Advanced Materials Research 971-973 (June 2014): 1183–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.971-973.1183.
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This paper discusses the design of a remote intelligent meter reading system, remote intelligent meter reading system by automatic meter data and remote transmission of the way, can solve the problem of the household metering, with automatic meter reading, automatic charging, prepaid management, arrears cut function. The design solves the inaccurate measurement and data change two technical problems of smart meter reading system, remote meter reading system is mainly composed of the meter measuring sensor, meter reading collector, bus adapter, water and gas meter measuring signal is converted to electrical signals by meter measurement sensor, carries on two times of measurement through meter reading collector, bus adapter connected all the meter reading acquisition, and then is connected with the computer management, so as to realize the reading meter data "remote" function.
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Feng, Lei, Chuang Yang, Wenbin Zheng, and Ping Fu. "Android APP Development of Remote Wireless Automatic Meter Reading System based on 3G." International Journal of Online Engineering (iJOE) 13, no. 02 (February 27, 2017): 18. http://dx.doi.org/10.3991/ijoe.v13i02.6439.
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Urban water supply pipe network is critical infrastructure for the survival of people. Efficient operation of equipment, water supply and water safety are always received great attention from the government and operators. The existing way of manual meter reading and manual inspection has the drawbacks of waste time and labor. To solve this problem, we developed databases, software platforms and mobile terminal APP (Application) based on Android operating system to integrate a remote wireless automatic meter reading system based on the existing remote wireless automatic reading meter devices which are our previous research work. The system realizes the remote monitoring of the pipe network, and it also realizes the remote control of the monitoring nodes, such as the camera shooting, selection of monitoring node's working mode and so on, which data feedback is accurate and timely, monitoring methods is simple, fast and efficient. In addition, compared to traditional methods, the system greatly reduced the manpower and resources, reduce monitoring costs. And the tests and experiments show this remote wireless automatic meter reading and control system is useful and effective.
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Senay, Gabriel B. "Satellite Psychrometric Formulation of the Operational Simplified Surface Energy Balance (SSEBop) Model for Quantifying and Mapping Evapotranspiration." Applied Engineering in Agriculture 34, no. 3 (2018): 555–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/aea.12614.
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Abstract.Remote sensing-based evapotranspiration (ET) can be derived using various methods, from soil moisture accounting to vegetation-index based approaches to simple and complex surface energy balance techniques. Due to the complexity of fully representing and parameterizing ET sub-processes, different models tend to diverge in their estimations. However, most models appear to provide reasonable estimations that can meet user requirements for seasonal water use estimation and drought monitoring. One such model is the Operational Simplified Surface Energy Balance (SSEBop). This study presents a formulation of the SSEBop model using the psychrometric principle for vapor pressure/relative humidity measurements where the “dry-bulb” and “wet-bulb” equivalent readings can be obtained from satellite-based land surface temperature estimates. The difference in temperature between the dry (desired location) and wet limit (reference value) is directly correlated to the soil-vegetation composite moisture status (surface humidity) and thus producing a fractional value (0-1) to scale the reference ET. The reference ET is independently calculated using available weather data through the standardized Penman-Monteith equation. Satellite Psychrometric Approach (SPA) explains the SSEBop model more effectively than the energy balance principle because SSEBop does not solve all terms of the surface energy balance such as sensible and ground-heat fluxes. The SPA explanation demonstrates the psychrometric constant for the air can be readily adapted to a comparable constant for the surface, thus allowing the creation of a “surface” psychrometric constant that is unique to a location and day-of-year. This new surface psychrometric constant simplifies the calculation and explanation of satellite-based ET for several applications in agriculture and hydrology. The SPA formulation of SSEBop was found to be an enhancement of the ET equation formulated in 1977 by pioneering researchers. With only two key parameters, improved model results can be obtained using a one-time calibration for any bias correction. The model can be set up quickly for routine monitoring and assessment of ET at landscape scales and beyond. Keywords: Dry-bulb, ET fraction, ET modeling, Remote sensing, Satellite psychrometry, Wet-bulb.
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Jun, Z. hu Heng, and Zhu Yi Sheng. "Wireless Remote Water Meter Design of Automatic Meter Reading System." International Journal of Smart Home 9, no. 12 (December 31, 2015): 289–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.14257/ijsh.2015.9.12.29.
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Cao, Xunjie. "Design of Remote Water Meter Reading System Based on GPRS Technology." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1601 (July 2020): 042040. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1601/4/042040.
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Wang, Huan Jin, Hong Yi Li, Kui Ming Sun, and Ling Song Yi. "Three-Meter AMR System with Grid Demand-Side Energy Management in Smart Home System." Applied Mechanics and Materials 473 (December 2013): 153–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.473.153.
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A remote AMR system based on a STC90C52AD microcontroller and wireless network technology is presented in this paper to solve the problems in existing AMR system. Based on Smart Home system with grid demand side energy management, the automatic meter reading system centralizes electric power, water, gas meters, provides remote real-time automatic meter reading services and give instruction suggestions which contribute to energy management. Through the Web application platform, the users can use the Internet, mobile phones and other means to achieve the remote monitoring of the household appliances, energy-saving and saving house electricity costs. This AMR system has been implemented successfully by the State Grid Corporation Shandong Electric Power Group Corporation and the department of Automation of Wuhan University in collaboration.
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Li, Dong Jiang, Zhi Hong Li, Jun Hao Yu, and Xiao Yan Lou. "Design and Application of IC Card Paid Water Wells Remote Monitoring System." Applied Mechanics and Materials 541-542 (March 2014): 1276–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.541-542.1276.
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Nowadays, the short of water resource has been a problem. To make the use of water resource more effectively, especially the underground water, we designed the IC card paid water wells Remote Monitoring System. The system consists of 3 parts--water wells terminal control unit, the data transmission network and supervisory and trade center. The process includes hardware design and software design. The core point consists of the IC card reading and writing processes and RS485 multi-device communication using MODBUS protocol. After testing, the basic function is completed, and it will be in the future having broad prospects for development in many fields.
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Park, Hyoung-Keun. "Study on Remote Communication System for Automatic Water Meter Reading using Embedded Processor." Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society 12, no. 6 (June 30, 2011): 2718–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.5762/kais.2011.12.6.2718.
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Dai, Su Mei. "Fixed Viewpoint Imaging and Correction Model of Liquid Column Manometer." Advanced Materials Research 317-319 (August 2011): 905–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.317-319.905.
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Liquid column manometers are widely used in fluid mechanics experiments, so the design and implementation of a remote experimental setup for performing experiments on fluid mechanics, the on-line reading of liquid column manometer is necessary. Firstly, through comparing computer vision reading with manual reading, the former accuracy is much higher in the ideal case. Secondly, computer vision based reading scheme is confirmed according to the experimental progress. Then, the imaging geometric model of manometer is approximated by pin-hole imaging model. While the vertical relationship between camera viewpoint and liquid level is changed, for reducing the imaging error, view fixed reading with software algorithm is discussed to correct the identified water head. Lastly, according to the proportional relations between invariable inside diameter of manometer and water head image, the upper boundary line coordinate value is determined. The experimental results show that the method is effective and feasible.
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Wagner, Wolfgang, Günter Blöschl, Paolo Pampaloni, Jean-Christophe Calvet, Bizzarro Bizzarri, Jean-Pierre Wigneron, and Yann Kerr. "Operational readiness of microwave remote sensing of soil moisture for hydrologic applications." Hydrology Research 38, no. 1 (February 1, 2007): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/nh.2007.029.
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Microwave remote sensing of soil moisture has been an active area of research since the 1970s but has yet found little use in operational applications. Given recent advances in retrieval algorithms and the approval of a dedicated soil moisture satellite, it is time to re-assess the potential of various satellite systems to provide soil moisture information for hydrologic applications in an operational fashion. This paper reviews recent progress made with retrieving surface soil moisture from three types of microwave sensors – radiometers, Synthetic Aperture Radars (SARs), and scatterometers. The discussion focuses on the operational readiness of the different techniques, considering requirements that are typical for hydrological applications. It is concluded that operational coarse-resolution (25–50 km) soil moisture products can be expected within the next few years from radiometer and scatterometer systems, while scientific and technological breakthroughs are still needed for operational soil moisture retrieval at finer scales (<1 km) from SAR. Also, further research on data assimilation methods is needed to make best use of the coarse-resolution surface soil moisture data provided by radiometer and scatterometer systems in a hydrologic context and to fully assess the value of these data for hydrological predictions.
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Tuan Vo, Anh, Quang Tien Bui, Van An Do, Hong Quang Le, Quoc Bao Nguyen, Thai Ngoc Huynh, and Le Nhat Vu Nguyen. "Remote data collecting for water meter (automatic meter reading) in high-rise building construction." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 869 (July 10, 2020): 022002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/869/2/022002.
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Яковлев, И. Е., Ю. А. Егорова, and Т. В. Бирюков. "Experience in introducing and operating a system of automatic water meter reading." Vodosnabzhenie i sanitarnaia tehnika, no. 9 (September 13, 2021): 56–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.35776/vst.2021.09.09.
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Рассматриваются вопросы внедрения в ООО «Самарские коммунальные системы» программного комплекса автоматического дистанционного сбора показаний с приборов учета воды и последовательность выполнения работ в этом направлении. Описаны особенности существующих в настоящее время информационных технологий передачи данных, используемых в так называемых «умных» приборах учета. Отмечены проблемные моменты внедрения подобных систем в ресурсоснабжающих компаниях и преимущества, которые могут быть получены в результате использования программного комплекса. The issues of introducing a software package for automatic remote water meter reading and the workflow process in this respect are considered. The specific features of the currently existing information technologies for data transmission used in the so-called «smart» metering devices are described. The problem points of the implementation of such systems in resource supplying companies and the advantages that can be gained as a result of using the software package are noted.
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Yapsaklı, K., and Ferhan Çeçen. "Use of an enriched inoculum for determination of biodegradable dissolved organic carbon (BDOC) in drinking water." Water Supply 9, no. 2 (June 1, 2009): 149–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2009.158.
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The original BDOC procedure requires the use of indigenous bacteria as a seed. Most of the time in original water samples either bacteria are insufficient in numbers or the diversity is not enough to reflect the biodegradable part of DOC. In this study, instead of using the water sample itself as an inoculum as in the original BDOC test, the bacteria originating from the Ömerli reservoir in İstanbul were acclimated in a suspended growth system to remove readily and slowly biodegradable DOC fractions from the reservoir water. This modified BDOC procedure was first tested on standard acetate solutions and later on raw and ozonated waters of the Ömerli reservoir. Additionally, the results of the modified procedure were compared with the original one by also testing the effectiveness of the indigenous seed from the reservoir. In order to determine the most suitable inoculum amount in the modified BDOC procedure, different seeding ratios like 1:100, 1:250 and 1:500 (v/v) were tested. In both raw water and ozonated waters, higher BDOC readings were achieved at a seeding ratio of 1:100 than the original procedure. The results showed that the modified procedure resulted in more accurate results compared to the original one and that using an acclimated culture can bring an improvement in BDOC measurement.
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Lee, Jaeseung, Woojin Choi, and Jibum Kim. "A Cost-Effective CNN-LSTM-Based Solution for Predicting Faulty Remote Water Meter Reading Devices in AMI Systems." Sensors 21, no. 18 (September 17, 2021): 6229. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21186229.
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Automatic meter infrastructure (AMI) systems using remote metering are being widely used to utilize water resources efficiently and minimize non-revenue water. We propose a convolutional neural network-long short-term memory network (CNN-LSTM)-based solution that can predict faulty remote water meter reading (RWMR) devices by analyzing approximately 2,850,000 AMI data collected from 2762 customers over 360 days in a small-sized city in South Korea. The AMI data used in this study is a challenging, highly unbalanced real-world dataset with limited features. First, we perform extensive preprocessing steps and extract meaningful features for handling this challenging dataset with limited features. Next, we select important features that have a higher influence on the classifier using a recursive feature elimination method. Finally, we apply the CNN-LSTM model for predicting faulty RWMR devices. We also propose an efficient training method for ML models to learn the unbalanced real-world AMI dataset. A cost-effective threshold for evaluating the performance of ML models is proposed by considering the mispredictions of ML models as well as the cost. Our experimental results show that an F-measure of 0.82 and MCC of 0.83 are obtained when the CNN-LSTM model is used for prediction.
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Garmendia, M., J. Almandoz, A. Arrizabalaga, and F. Arregui. "Pressure management and residential consumption reduction." Water Supply 19, no. 1 (April 4, 2018): 236–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2018.071.
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Abstract The benefits of applying pressure management in urban water supply networks have been well known for more than 10 years. Apart from reducing leakage, it also reduces burst frequency and consumption. However, the reduction of consumption with pressure is an objective that has only been considered a priority in water scarcity scenarios and suffers from a lack of systematic or conclusive studies. This paper analyses the relationship between pressure and consumption in a water distribution network equipped with remote water meter reading. Based on end use breakdowns, the paper estimates the percentage of pressure-dependent consumption. It establishes three different scenarios and assesses the relationship between pressure and consumption by means of the N3 coefficient.
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Ciuc, Petre-Ovidiu, Remus Alexandru Mădulărea, Andrei-Mugur Georgescu, Mihaela Amalia Diminescu, and Sanda-Carmen Georgescu. "Experimental test rig designed to analyse pumping station operation controlled by pressure at different key points." E3S Web of Conferences 85 (2019): 06001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20198506001.
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The operation of pumps within a pumping station can be controlled by the Pressure Set Point (PSP) value compared to the reading of a pressure sensor placed either at the exit of the pumping station, on the main discharge pipe (classical PSP method), or at a critical/monitoring point within the water distribution network (termed further as remote-control PSP method). We designed and built an experimental test rig, allowing to study both control methods, in the attempt to check the advantage of the remote-control PSP method, with respect to the classical PSP method, since governing equations show that they are equivalent. The design relies on the theoretical approach and numerical results presented within this paper.
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March, Hug, Álvaro-Francisco Morote, Antonio-Manuel Rico, and David Saurí. "Household Smart Water Metering in Spain: Insights from the Experience of Remote Meter Reading in Alicante." Sustainability 9, no. 4 (April 11, 2017): 582. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su9040582.
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Sigouin, Mark J. P., and Bing C. Si. "Calibration of a non-invasive cosmic-ray probe for wide area snow water equivalent measurement." Cryosphere 10, no. 3 (June 1, 2016): 1181–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/tc-10-1181-2016.
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Abstract. Measuring snow water equivalent (SWE) is important for many hydrological purposes such as modelling and flood forecasting. Measurements of SWE are also crucial for agricultural production in areas where snowmelt runoff dominates spring soil water recharge. Typical methods for measuring SWE include point measurements (snow tubes) and large-scale measurements (remote sensing). We explored the potential of using the cosmic-ray soil moisture probe (CRP) to measure average SWE at a spatial scale between those provided by snow tubes and remote sensing. The CRP measures above-ground moderated neutron intensity within a radius of approximately 300 m. Using snow tubes, surveys were performed over two winters (2013/2014 and 2014/2015) in an area surrounding a CRP in an agricultural field in Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada. The raw moderated neutron intensity counts were corrected for atmospheric pressure, water vapour, and temporal variability of incoming cosmic-ray flux. The mean SWE from manually measured snow surveys was adjusted for differences in soil water storage before snowfall between both winters because the CRP reading appeared to be affected by soil water below the snowpack. The SWE from the snow surveys was negatively correlated with the CRP-measured moderated neutron intensity, giving Pearson correlation coefficients of −0.90 (2013/2014) and −0.87 (2014/2015). A linear regression performed on the manually measured SWE and moderated neutron intensity counts for 2013/2014 yielded an r2 of 0.81. Linear regression lines from the 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 manually measured SWE and moderated neutron counts were similar; thus differences in antecedent soil water storage did not appear to affect the slope of the SWE vs. neutron relationship. The regression equation obtained from 2013/2014 was used to model SWE using the moderated neutron intensity data for 2014/2015. The CRP-estimated SWE for 2014/2015 was similar to that of the snow survey, with an root-mean-square error of 8.8 mm. The CRP-estimated SWE also compared well to estimates made using snow depths at meteorological sites near (< 10 km) the CRP. Overall, the empirical equation presented provides acceptable estimates of average SWE using moderated neutron intensity measurements. Using a CRP to monitor SWE is attractive because it delivers a continuous reading, can be installed in remote locations, requires minimal labour, and provides a landscape-scale measurement footprint.
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Buckridge, Patrick. "‘Something that makes us ponder’: A virtual book club in Central Queensland, 1928–38." Queensland Review 22, no. 1 (May 7, 2015): 15–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/qre.2015.3.
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When considering the question of reading provision in remote regions, Australian historians have tended to focus on the challenge of distributing books and other reading matter affordably across vast and sparsely populated areas. In the back-blocks of Western Queensland between the wars, however, the problem of distribution had been addressed with some success: by mail orders to metropolitan book retailers, subsidised postal rates, local Schools of Arts libraries, the Workers’ Educational Association and, above all, the efficient operations of the Queensland Bush Book Club, which performed extraordinary feats of remote distribution throughout the interwar period. Isolated booklovers could almost take for granted a steady — if somewhat limited and belated — supply of books to read. Two things they could not take for granted, however, were reliable, disinterested and informed advice about what books to choose (where choice was available) and — even more important — the opportunity to share their reading experiences with others. Walter Murdoch once said, ‘It is a basic fact that when you have read a book you want to talk about it.’ That may overstate the case a little, but there is no doubt that the desire to communicate the pleasures, occasional disappointments and sense of discovery in reading books — no matter how solitary the reading experience itself may have been — was and is very strong and widespread, and that single families or households did not then (and do not now) necessarily provide congenial environments for such ‘book talk’.
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Dickason, David G. "The Nineteenth-Century Indo-American Ice Trade: An Hyperborean Epic." Modern Asian Studies 25, no. 1 (February 1991): 53–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026749x00015845.
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Thus it appears that the sweltering inhabitants of Charleston and New Orleans, of Madras and Bombay and Calcutta, drink at my well. In the morning I bathe my intellect in the stupendous and cosmogonal philosophy of the Bhagvat Geeta [sic], since whose composition years of the gods have elapsed, and in comparison with which our modern world and its literature seem puny and trivial; and I doubt if that philosophy is not to be referred to a previous state of existence, so remote is its sublimity from our conceptions. I lay down the book and go to my well for water, and lo! there I meet the servant of the Bramin [sic], priest of Brahma and Vishnu, and Indra, who sits in his temple on the Ganges reading the Vedas, or dwells at the root of a tree with his crust and water jug. I meet his servant come to draw water for his master, and our buckets as it were grate together in the same well. The purc Walden water is mingled with the sacred waters of the Ganges. With favouring winds it is wafted past the site of the fabulous islands of Atlantis and the Hesperides, makes the Periplus of Hanno, and floating by Ternate and Tidore and the mouth of the Persian Gulf, melts in the tropic gales of the Indian seas, and is landed in ports of which Alexander only heard the names.
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Kawai, T., H. Shiraishi, Y. Nojiri, A. Tanaka, N. Furuta, S. Horiuchi, Y. Ambe, M. Soma, and A. Otsuki. "Studies on Methods for Long-Term Monitoring of Environmental Pollutants in a Remote Region - Lake Mashu, Japan." Water Science and Technology 25, no. 11 (June 1, 1992): 213–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1992.0294.
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Following the recommendations of SCOPE in 1978, a ten year study of the methodology for background level monitoring has been conducted using a lake remote from human activities as a sampling “vessel”. The whole study has consisted of: 1. Selection of suitable lakes, 2. Selection of indicator pollutants, 3. Methods for ultra-trace analysis, 4. Examination of the representativeness of lake water samples, 5. Reading the history of pollution contained in the sediments, and 6. Elucidation of changes in loading sources of pollutants. The last subject is not yet completed. This paper focuses mainly on results for subjects 4 and 5. The characteristics of the remote Lake Mashu are discussed from the viewpoint of the effective background monitoring systems with high reliability. The representativeness of the water samples is assured by the hydrological characteristics of the lake and the homogeneity of lake water (caused by mixing). The mechanisms and critical conditions for thorough mixing are estimated. Records of pollution contained in the bottom sediments have been analyzed in conjunction with age data for the sediment layers. Sufficient fundamental information has been accumulated with the results of this study to propose an effective monitoring program for Lake Mashu to be continued for more than 100 years. It was concluded that an international network for monitoring of lakes is advisable.
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Stuart, Ivor G., Brenton P. Zampatti, and Lee J. Baumgartner. "Can a low-gradient vertical-slot fishway provide passage for a lowland river fish community?" Marine and Freshwater Research 59, no. 4 (2008): 332. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf07141.
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Fishways are commonly used to restore native fish movements in regulated rivers. In the Murray-Darling Basin, Australia, 14 fishways are to be built by 2011 to improve passage along 2225 km of the river. The first of these fishways, constructed in 2003, is a vertical-slot design with low water velocities (0.98–1.4 m s–1) and turbulence (average 42 W m–3). This design was selected to provide passage for individuals between 20 and 1000 mm long. To determine passage success, trapping and a remote automated passive integrated transponder (PIT) tag reading system was used from October 2003 to February 2006. In 57 24-h samples at the exit (upstream end) and entrance (downstream end), 13 species and 30 409 fish were collected at a maximum rate of 4415 fish per day. Fish between 31 and 1030 mm successfully ascended the fishway. However, significantly smaller (<31 mm) fish and small-bodied (<50 mm) carp gudgeons (Hypseleotris spp.), a species previously considered non-migratory, were sampled downstream from the entrance of the fishway. The remote PIT tag reading system revealed that 81% of native golden perch (Macquaria ambigua) and 87% of non-native common carp (Cyprinus carpio) successfully ascended the fishway. These data will help maximise the efficiency of future fishways against a series of pre-determined performance criteria.
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Heylmann, Kelly Kathleen Almeida, Bruno Vasconcellos Lopes, Carolina Faccio Demarco, Thays França Afonso, Tito Roberto Sant'Anna Cadaval Júnior, Andrei Vallerão Igansi, Maurizio Silveira Quadro, and Robson Andreazza. "Scientometric analysis applied to the water treatment with activated carbon." Ciência e Natura 42 (January 15, 2020): e27. http://dx.doi.org/10.5902/2179460x41226.
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The current moment requires the development of new technologies that can provide alternatives to conventional treatment and that efficiently remove pollutants that are difficult to treat. Activated carbon has been highlighted as low cost material that can be used as adsorbents for the removal of contaminants. Thus, the aim of the present study was to analyse the relevant literature related to the production of activated carbon for the treatment of water. For the study, there were found 4,182 relevant studies in the database of the Web of Science and from these restrictions and readings were obtained 27 articles. The information obtained was: i - temporal evolution of publications, ii - distribution of articles by periodicals, iii - spatial distribution, iv - precursor material, v - activation technology, vi - pollutants and vii - treatment efficiency. Results show that the activated carbon produced from corn and industrial ash residues are good adsorbents. Dyes, heavy metals and phenols were the most studied pollutants, and had the higher treatment efficiency values. The approach of the present study allows to identify the main points of this new technology and it helps to support new researches and applications
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Saeed, Ali, Alessandro Comegna, Giovanna Dragonetti, Nicola Lamaddalena, Angelo Sommella, and Antonio Coppola. "Soil electrical conductivity estimated by time domain reflectometry and electromagnetic induction sensors: Accounting for the different sensor observation volumes." Journal of Agricultural Engineering 48, no. 4 (December 4, 2017): 223–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.4081/jae.2017.716.
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This paper dealt with the calibration of an EMI sensor for monitoring the time dynamics of root zone salinity under irrigation with saline water. Calibration was based on an empirical multiple regression approach largely adopted in the past and still applied in practice for its relative simplicity. Compared to the more complex inversion approaches, it requires an independent dataset of local σb measured within discrete depth intervals, to be compared to horizontal and vertical electrical conductivity (ECaH and ECaV) readings for estimating the parameters of the empirical regression equations. In this paper, we used time domain reflectometry (TDR) readings to replace direct sampling for these local σb measurements. When using this approach, there is the important issue of taking into account the effect of the different sensor observation volumes, making the readings not immediately comparable for empirical calibration. Accordingly, a classical Fourier’s filtering technique was applied to remove the high frequency part (at small spatial scale) of the original data variability, which, due to the different observation volume, was the main source of dissimilarity between the two datasets. Thus, calibration focused only on the lower frequency information, that is, the information at a spatial scale larger than the observation volume of the sensors. By this analysis, we showed and quantified the degree to which the information of the set of TDR readings came from a combination of local and larger scale heterogeneities and how they have to be manipulated for use in EMI electromagnetic induction sensor calibration.
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Dexheimer, Darielle, Martin Airey, Erika Roesler, Casey Longbottom, Keri Nicoll, Stefan Kneifel, Fan Mei, R. Giles Harrison, Graeme Marlton, and Paul D. Williams. "Evaluation of ARM tethered-balloon system instrumentation for supercooled liquid water and distributed temperature sensing in mixed-phase Arctic clouds." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 12, no. 12 (December 20, 2019): 6845–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-12-6845-2019.
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Abstract. A tethered-balloon system (TBS) has been developed and is being operated by Sandia National Laboratories (SNL) on behalf of the U.S. Department of Energy's (DOE) Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) User Facility in order to collect in situ atmospheric measurements within mixed-phase Arctic clouds. Periodic tethered-balloon flights have been conducted since 2015 within restricted airspace at ARM's Advanced Mobile Facility 3 (AMF3) in Oliktok Point, Alaska, as part of the AALCO (Aerial Assessment of Liquid in Clouds at Oliktok), ERASMUS (Evaluation of Routine Atmospheric Sounding Measurements using Unmanned Systems), and POPEYE (Profiling at Oliktok Point to Enhance YOPP Experiments) field campaigns. The tethered-balloon system uses helium-filled 34 m3 helikites and 79 and 104 m3 aerostats to suspend instrumentation that is used to measure aerosol particle size distributions, temperature, horizontal wind, pressure, relative humidity, turbulence, and cloud particle properties and to calibrate ground-based remote sensing instruments. Supercooled liquid water content (SLWC) sondes using the vibrating-wire principle, developed by Anasphere Inc., were operated at Oliktok Point at multiple altitudes on the TBS within mixed-phase clouds for over 200 h. Sonde-collected SLWC data were compared with liquid water content derived from a microwave radiometer, Ka-band ARM zenith radar, and ceilometer at the AMF3, as well as liquid water content derived from AMF3 radiosonde flights. The in situ data collected by the Anasphere sensors were also compared with data collected simultaneously by an alternative SLWC sensor developed at the University of Reading, UK; both vibrating-wire instruments were typically observed to shed their ice quickly upon exiting the cloud or reaching maximum ice loading. Temperature sensing measurements distributed with fiber optic tethered balloons were also compared with AMF3 radiosonde temperature measurements. Combined, the results indicate that TBS-distributed temperature sensing and supercooled liquid water measurements are in reasonably good agreement with remote sensing and radiosonde-based measurements of both properties. From these measurements and sensor evaluations, tethered-balloon flights are shown to offer an effective method of collecting data to inform and constrain numerical models, calibrate and validate remote sensing instruments, and characterize the flight environment of unmanned aircraft, circumventing the difficulties of in-cloud unmanned aircraft flights such as limited flight time and in-flight icing.
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Gautam, Ganesh, Gajendra Sharma, Bipin Thapa Magar, Bhanu Shrestha, Seongsoo Cho, and Changho Seo. "Usage of IoT Framework in Water Supply Management for Smart City in Nepal." Applied Sciences 11, no. 12 (June 18, 2021): 5662. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11125662.
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An efficient water supply management system can be one of the applications of the Internet of Things (IoT). Water is a basic physiological need, and smart management of water plays a significant role in a smart city. This paper focuses on a mathematical model and IoT framework that aid in developing a smart city. A framework is developed for water supply management. The efficiency of the water supply can be measured by monitoring leakage conditions, overflow of water, automatic meter reading and online bill payments, and water consumption status of households, community, state, and eventually the whole country as well as the automatic water supply line cut-off. The system where the IoT is being deployed consists of embedded hardware in which sensors and microcontrollers provide messages and gain feedback from each other with the help of the internet, and this process can not only be monitored but also can be controlled from a remote location. The developed framework addresses all these aspects and mathematical equations are used and formulated while developing the IoT application. The mathematical equations are concentrated on consumption level (CL), leakage reporting (LR), and bill amount (BA) based on consumption. These become the point of contact for deploying IoT and eventually a framework is developed. This framework can be useful not only in water supply management but also in the management of road traffic, pollution, garbage, home automation and so on. In a nutshell, this paper illustrates the usage of the IoT framework in water supply management which contributes to developing the smart city.
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Muller, Chris, and See Tan. "Evaluation of a Wafer Fab AMC Monitoring and Control Program." Journal of the IEST 51, no. 1 (April 1, 2008): 79–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.17764/jiet.51.1.t8897030t7l1g85n.
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An air monitoring program is in place at a wafer fab to characterize outdoor air quality and its potential impact on manufacturing processes. Airborne molecular contamination (AMC), and specifically acid contamination, was of particular concern as the facility incorporated 90-nanometer (nm) manufacturing technology. Impinger ionic analysis, passive and real-time reactivity monitoring, and litmus paper hue readings were among the techniques used to assess air quality. Historical data for each monitoring technique was evaluated and compared to determine the applicability of each monitoring technique for these purposes. Data from this monitoring program also offered an opportunity to evaluate the performance of chemical filters installed in makeup air handling units for their ability to remove AMC. This study presents the results of air monitoring, detailing outdoor air quality and how that air quality compares to established specifications; comparison of different monitoring techniques used in the study; performance of installed chemical filter systems; recommendations for improving acid contamination control and evaluation of selected options; and recommendations for overall AMC monitoring and control programs.
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Taylor, Elliott, Lee Egland, and Stephen Wilson. "SPILL RESPONSE CAPABILITIES IN REMOTE WESTERN ALASKA." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 2001, no. 2 (March 1, 2001): 1411–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-2001-2-1411.
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ABSTRACT The Alaska Petroleum Distributors and Transporters (APD&T) group formulated a proposal to the U.S. Coast Guard (USCG) and the Alaska Department of Environmental Conservation (ADEC) for a realistic and reasonable marine response capability throughout Alaska's waters. USCG requested the proposal in an effort to reach a mutually satisfactory alternate compliance solution to the planning standards enacted as part of the Oil Pollution Act of 1990 (OPA 90). A final agreement for oil spill prevention and discharge planning compliance was reached in June 1999, initiating a 5-year preparedness development implementation program. Economically and operationally realistic planning standards are at issue in coastal Alaska, where more than 30,000 miles of coastline have practically no road access. The APD&T proposal first assessed the exposure or perceived risk of oil transport operations in each of the nine coastal ADEC planning regions (subareas) in Alaska by studying the oil volumes transported along specific routes, frequency and locations of oil transfers, and environmental conditions. The assessed risk and level of response capability were then used as a basis by oversight agencies to identify the areas in which additional resources and logistical infrastructure were required. The key components of the Agreement for Final Compliance in Alaska, are as follows: oil barge operators will maintain a strict tow-wire maintenance program and utilize only twin-screw tugs; spill response equipment for response to average and maximum most probable discharges will be maintained onboard each barge; emergency lightering pumps, independent of oil offloading pumps, will pre-located to ensure their availability within 24 hours; a minimum shoreside response capacity, including boom, sweeps, vessels, personnel, and wildlife and beach kits, will be emplaced in each subarea to supplement the onboard equipment; a logistical infrastructure will be developed at a hub within each of seven subareas to support the planned response capabilities; and a training and exercise program, following National Preparedness for Response Exercise Program (NPREP guidelines, will be conducted in each subarea to ensure in-region readiness by personnel and equipment. This poster presentation discusses the risk study, strategies, and committed approach to implement a response capability throughout Western Alaska.
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B V, Ashwini. "A Study on Smart Irrigation System Using IoT for Surveillance of Crop-Field." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 4.5 (September 22, 2018): 370. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i4.5.20109.
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In India, agriculture plays an important role for development in food production. In our country, agriculture depends on the monsoons which are not sufficient source of water. So the irrigation is used in agriculture field. Internet of Things (IoT) is a milestone in the evolution of technology. IOT plays an important role in many fields, one of that is Agriculture by which it can feed billions of people on Earth in future. The objective of this paper is aiming to overcome this challenge, the whole system is micro control based and can be operated from remote location through wireless transmission so there is no need to concern about irrigation timing as per crop or soil condition. Sensor is used to take sensor reading of soil like soil moisture, temperature, air moisture and decision making is controlled by user (farmer) by using microcontroller. The data received from sensors are sent to server database using wireless transmission. The irrigation will be automated when the moisture and temperature of the field is reduced. The farmer is notified with the information regarding field condition through mobile periodically. This system will be more useful in areas where there is scarcity of water and will be worth efficient with satisfying its requirements.