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1
Klaes, K. Dieter, Marc Cohen, Yves Buhler, Peter Schlüssel, Rosemary Munro, Juha-Pekka Luntama, Axel von Engeln, et al. "An Introduction to the EUMETSAT Polar system." Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 88, no. 7 (July 1, 2007): 1085–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/bams-88-7-1085.
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The European Organisation for the Exploitation of Meteorological Satellites (EUMETSAT) Polar System is the European contribution to the European–U.S. operational polar meteorological satellite system (Initial Joint Polar System). It serves the midmorning (a.m.) orbit 0930 Local Solar Time (LST) descending node. The EUMETSAT satellites of this new polar system are the Meteorological Operational Satellite (Metop) satellites, jointly developed with ESA. Three Metop satellites are foreseen for at least 14 years of operation from 2006 onward and will support operational meteorology and climate monitoring. The Metop Programme includes the development of some instruments, such as the Global Ozone Monitoring Experiment, Advanced Scatterometer, and the Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) Receiver for Atmospheric Sounding, which are advanced instruments of recent successful research missions. Core components of the Metop payload, common with the payload on the U.S. satellites, are the Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer and the Advanced Television Infrared Observation Satellite (TIROS) Operational Vertical Sounder (ATOVS) package, composed of the High Resolution Infrared Radiation Sounder (HIRS), Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit A (AMSU-A), and Microwave Humidity Sounder (MHS). They provide continuity to the NOAA-K, -L, -M satellite series (in orbit known as NOAA-15, -16 and -17). MHS is a EUMETSAT development and replaces the AMSU-B instrument in the ATOVS suite. The Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer (IASI) instrument, developed by the Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales, provides hyperspectral resolution infrared sounding capabilities and represents new technology in operational satellite remote sensing.
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Smith Sr., W. L., H. Revercomb, G. Bingham, A. Larar, H. Huang, D. Zhou, J. Li, X. Liu, and S. Kireev. "Technical Note: Evolution, current capabilities, and future advance in satellite nadir viewing ultra-spectral IR sounding of the lower atmosphere." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 9, no. 15 (August 6, 2009): 5563–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-9-5563-2009.
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Abstract. Infrared ultra-spectral spectrometers have brought in a new era in satellite remote atmospheric sounding capability. During the 1970s, after the implementation of the first satellite sounding instruments, it became evident that much higher vertical resolution sounding information was needed to be able to forecast life and property threatening localized severe weather. The demonstration of the ultra-spectral radiance measurement technology required to achieve higher vertical resolution began in 1985, with the aircraft flights of the High resolution Interferometer Sounder (HIS) instrument. The development of satellite instruments designed to have a HIS-like measurement capability was initiated in the late 1980's. Today, after more than a decade of development time, the Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS) and the Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer (IASI) are now operating successfully from the Aqua and MetOp polar orbiting satellites. The successful development and ground demonstration of the Geostationary Imaging Fourier Transform Spectrometer (GIFTS), during this decade, is now paving the way toward the implementation of the ultra-spectral sounding capability on the international system of geostationary environmental satellites. This note reviews the evolution of the satellite ultra-spectral sounding systems, shows examples of current polar satellite sounding capability, and discusses future advances planned for geostationary orbit.
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Smith, W. L., H. Revercomb, G. Bingham, A. Larar, H. Huang, D. Zhou, J. Li, X. Liu, and S. Kireev. "Evolution, current capabilities, and future advances in satellite ultra-spectral IR sounding." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 9, no. 2 (March 10, 2009): 6541–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-9-6541-2009.
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Abstract. Infrared ultra-spectral spectrometers have brought in a new era of satellite remote atmospheric sounding capability. During the 1970's, after the implementation of the first satellite sounding instruments, it became evident that much higher vertical resolution sounding information was needed to be able to forecast life and property threatening localized severe weather. The demonstration of the ultra-spectral radiance measurement technology required to achieve higher vertical resolution began in 1985, with the aircraft flights of the High-resolution Interferometer Sounder (HIS) instrument. The development of satellite instruments designed to have a HIS-like measurement capability was initiated in the late 1980's. Today, after more than a decade of development time, the Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS) and the Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer (IASI) are now operating successfully from the Aqua and MetOp polar orbiting satellites, respectively. The successful development and ground demonstration of the Geostationary Imaging Fourier Transform Spectrometer (GIFTS), during this decade, is now paving the way toward future implementation of the ultra-spectral sounding capability on the international system of geostationary environmental satellites.
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Mears, Carl A., and Frank J. Wentz. "Sensitivity of Satellite-Derived Tropospheric Temperature Trends to the Diurnal Cycle Adjustment." Journal of Climate 29, no. 10 (May 3, 2016): 3629–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-15-0744.1.
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Abstract Temperature sounding microwave radiometers flown on polar-orbiting weather satellites provide a long-term, global-scale record of upper-atmosphere temperatures, beginning in late 1978 and continuing to the present. The focus of this paper is the midtropospheric measurements made by the Microwave Sounding Unit (MSU) channel 2 and the Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit (AMSU) channel 5. Previous versions of the Remote Sensing Systems (RSS) dataset have used a diurnal climatology derived from general circulation model output to remove the effects of drifting local measurement time. This paper presents evidence that this previous method is not sufficiently accurate and presents several alternative methods to optimize these adjustments using information from the satellite measurements themselves. These are used to construct a number of candidate climate data records using measurements from 15 MSU and AMSU satellites. The new methods result in improved agreement between measurements made by different satellites at the same time. A method is chosen based on an optimized second harmonic adjustment to produce a new version of the RSS dataset, version 4.0. The new dataset shows substantially increased global-scale warming relative to the previous version of the dataset, particularly after 1998. The new dataset shows more warming than most other midtropospheric data records constructed from the same set of satellites. It is also shown that the new dataset is consistent with long-term changes in total column water vapor over the tropical oceans, lending support to its long-term accuracy.
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Holmlund, K., J. Grandell, J. Schmetz, R. Stuhlmann, B. Bojkov, R. Munro, M. Lekouara, et al. "Meteosat Third Generation (MTG): Continuation and Innovation of Observations from Geostationary Orbit." Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 102, no. 5 (May 2021): E990—E1015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/bams-d-19-0304.1.
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AbstractWithin the next couple of years, the European Organisation for the Exploitation of Meteorological Satellites (EUMETSAT) will start the deployment of its next-generation geostationary meteorological satellites. The Meteosat Third Generation (MTG) is composed of four imaging (MTG-I) and two sounding (MTG-S) platforms. The satellites are three-axis stabilized, unlike the two previous generations of Meteosat that were spin stabilized, and carry two sets of remote sensing instruments each. Hence, in addition to providing continuity, the new system will provide an unprecedented capability from geostationary orbit. The payload on the MTG-I satellites are the 16-channel Flexible Combined Imager (FCI) and the Lightning Imager (LI). The payloads on the MTG-S satellites are the hyperspectral Infrared Sounder (IRS) and a high-resolution Ultraviolet–Visible–Near-Infrared (UVN) sounder Sentinel-4/UVN, provided by the European Commission. Today, hyperspectral sounding from geostationary orbit is provided by the Chinese Fengyun-4A (FY-4A) satellite Geostationary Interferometric Infrared Sounder (GIIRS) instrument, and lightning mappers are available on FY-4A and on the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) GOES-16 and GOES-17 satellites. Consequently, the development of science and applications for these types of instruments have a solid foundation. However, the IRS, LI, and Sentinel-4/UVN are a challenging first for Europe in a geostationary orbit. The four MTG-I and two MTG-S satellites are designed to provide 20 and 15.5 years of operational service, respectively. The launch of the first MTG-I is expected at the end of 2022 and the first MTG-S roughly a year later. This article describes the four instruments, outlines products and services, and addresses the evolution of the further applications.
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Schmetz, Johannes, and W. Paul Menzel. "A Look at the Evolution of Meteorological Satellites: Advancing Capabilities and Meeting User Requirements." Weather, Climate, and Society 7, no. 4 (October 1, 2015): 309–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/wcas-d-15-0017.1.
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Abstract In this paper, the authors offer their observations from more than 30 years of involvement in the evolution of the space-based meteorological remote sensing systems. Successes and issues from the past are recalled that established meteorological satellites into their current pivotal role. Evolution of imaging and sounding satellite systems from user requirements to affordable realizations is noted; some examples from recent U.S. and European experiences in the area of operational meteorological satellites are presented. The authors discuss the importance of the balanced roles of the three partners in satellite development (government, research, and industry), the need to develop full utilization of new satellite programs quickly during their early life, and a vision for global cooperation early in the planning stages of meteorological satellite missions. The authors offer suggestions that could foster expanded international collaboration on science and applications as well as expedite more satellite observations being pursued in a sustained manner.
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Sussmann, R., and T. Borsdorff. "Interference errors in infrared remote sounding of the atmosphere." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 6, no. 6 (December 12, 2006): 13027–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-6-13027-2006.
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Abstract. More and more profiles of atmospheric state parameters are being retrieved from remote soundings in the infrared spectral domain. Classical error analysis, which was originally applied to microwave sounding systems, distinguishes between "smoothing errors," "forward model errors," "forward model parameter errors," and "retrieval noise errors". We show that for infrared soundings "interference errors", which have not been treated up to now, can be significant. Interference errors originate from "interfering species" that introduce signatures into the spectral measurement which overlap with the spectral features used for retrieval of the target species. This is a frequent situation in infrared atmospheric spectra where the vibration-rotation bands of different species often overlap; it is not the case in the microwave region. This paper presents a full theoretical formulation of interference errors. It requires a generalized state vector including profile entries for all interfering species. This leads to a generalized averaging kernel matrix made up of classical averaging kernels plus here defined "interference kernels". The latter are used together with climatological covariances for the profiles of the interfering species in order to quantify the interference errors. To illustrate the methods we apply them to a real sounding and show that interference errors have a significant impact on standard CO profile retrievals from ground-based mid-infrared solar absorption spectra. We also demonstrate how to minimize overall error, which is a trade-off between minimizing interference errors and the smoothing error. The approach used in this paper can be applied to soundings of all infrared-active atmospheric species, which includes more than two dozen different gases relevant to climate and ozone. And this holds for all kind of infrared remote sounding systems, i.e., retrievals from ground-based, balloon-borne, airborne, or satellite spectroradiometers.
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Bai, Weihua, Guojun Wang, Yueqiang Sun, Jiankui Shi, Guanglin Yang, Xiangguang Meng, Dongwei Wang, et al. "Application of the Fengyun 3 C GNSS occultation sounder for assessing the global ionospheric response to a magnetic storm event." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 12, no. 3 (March 7, 2019): 1483–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-12-1483-2019.
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Abstract. The rapid advancement of global navigation satellite system (GNSS) occultation technology in recent years has made it one of the most advanced space-based remote sensing technologies of the 21st century. GNSS radio occultation has many advantages, including all-weather operation, global coverage, high vertical resolution, high precision, long-term stability, and self-calibration. Data products from GNSS occultation sounding can greatly enhance ionospheric observations and contribute to space weather monitoring, forecasting, modeling, and research. In this study, GNSS occultation sounder (GNOS) results from a radio occultation sounding payload aboard the Fengyun 3 C (FY3-C) satellite were compared with ground-based ionosonde observations. Correlation coefficients for peak electron density (NmF2) derived from GNOS Global Position System (GPS) and Beidou navigation system (BDS) products with ionosonde data were higher than 0.9, and standard deviations were less than 20 %. Global ionospheric effects of the strong magnetic storm event in March 2015 were analyzed using GNOS results supported by ionosonde observations. The magnetic storm caused a significant disturbance in NmF2 level. Suppressed daytime and nighttime NmF2 levels indicated mainly negative storm conditions. In two longitude section zones of geomagnetic inclination between 40 and 80∘, the results of average NmF2 observed by GNOS and ground-based ionosondes showed the same basic trends during the geomagnetic storm and confirmed the negative effect of this storm event on the ionosphere. The analysis demonstrates the reliability of the GNSS radio occultation sounding instrument GNOS aboard the FY3-C satellite and confirms the utility of ionosphere products from GNOS for statistical and event-specific ionospheric physical analyses. Future FY3 series satellites and increasing numbers of Beidou navigation satellites will provide increasing GNOS occultation data on the ionosphere, which will contribute to ionosphere research and forecasting applications.
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Klüser, L., T. Erbertseder, and J. Meyer-Arnek. "Observation of volcanic ash from Puyehue–Cordón Caulle with IASI." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 6, no. 1 (January 4, 2013): 35–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-6-35-2013.
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Abstract. On 4 June 2011 an eruption of the Chilean volcano complex Puyehue–Cordón Caulle injected large amounts of volcanic ash into the atmosphere and affected local life as well as hemisphere-wide air traffic. Observations of the Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer (IASI) flown on board of the MetOp satellite have been exploited to analyze the evolution of the ash plume around the Southern Hemisphere. A novel singular vector-based retrieval methodology, originally developed for observation of desert dust over land and ocean, has been adapted to enable remote sensing of volcanic ash. Since IASI observations in the 8–12 μm window are applied in the retrieval, the method is insensitive to solar illumination and therefore yields twice the observation rate of the ash plume evolution compared to solar backscatter methods from polar orbiting satellites. The retrieval scheme, the emission characteristics and the circumpolar transport of the ash are examined by means of a source–receptor analysis.
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Klüser, L., T. Erbertseder, and J. Meyer-Arnek. "Observation of volcanic ash from Puyehue-Cordón Caulle with IASI." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques Discussions 5, no. 3 (June 13, 2012): 4249–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amtd-5-4249-2012.
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Abstract. On 4 June 2011 an eruption of the Chilean volcano complex Puyehue-Cordón Caulle injected large amounts of volcanic ash into the atmosphere and affected local life as well as hemisphere-wide air traffic. Observations of the Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer IASI flown on board of the MetOp satellite have been exploited to analyze the evolution of the ash plume around the Southern Hemisphere. A novel Singular Vector based retrieval methodology, originally developed for observation of desert dust over land and ocean, has been adapted to enable remote sensing of volcanic ash. Since IASI observations in the 8–12 μm window are applied in the retrieval, the method is insensitive to solar illumination and therefore yields twice the observation rate of the ash plume evolution compared to solar backscatter methods from polar orbiting satellites. The retrieval scheme, the emission characteristics and the circumpolar transport of the ash are examined by means of a source-receptor analysis.
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Cao, Changyong, Wenhui Wang, Erin Lynch, Yan Bai, Shu-peng Ho, and Bin Zhang. "Simultaneous Radio Occultation for Intersatellite Comparison of Bending Angles toward More Accurate Atmospheric Sounding." Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 37, no. 12 (December 2020): 2307–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jtech-d-20-0036.1.
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AbstractGlobal Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) radio occultation (RO) is a remote sensing technique that uses International System of Units (SI) traceable GNSS signals for atmospheric limb soundings. The retrieved atmospheric temperature profile is believed to be more accurate and stable than those from other remote sensing techniques, although rigorous comparison between independent measurements is difficult because of time and space differences between individual RO events. Typical RO comparisons are based on global statistics with relaxed matchup criteria (within 3 h and 250 km) that are less than optimal given the dynamic nature and spatial nonuniformity of the atmosphere. This study presents a novel method that allows for direct comparison of bending angles when simultaneous RO measurements occur near the simultaneous nadir overpasses (SNO) of two low-Earth-orbit satellites receiving the same GNSS signal passing through approximately the same atmosphere, within minutes in time and less than 125 km in distance. Using this method, we found very good agreement between Formosa Satellite 7 (FORMOSAT-7)/second Constellation Observing System for Meteorology, Ionosphere and Climate (COSMIC-2) satellite measurements and those from MetOp-A/B/C, COSMIC-1, Korea Multi-Purpose Satellite 5 (KOMPSAT-5), and Paz, although systematic biases are also found in some of the intercomparisons. Instrument and processing algorithm performances at different altitudes are also characterized. It is expected that this method can be used for the validation of GNSS RO measurements for most missions and would be a new addition to the tools for intersatellite calibration. This is especially important given the large number of RO measurements made available both publicly and commercially, and the expansion of receiver capabilities to all GNSS systems.
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Chen, Yong, Xi Shao, Changyong Cao, and Shu-peng Ho. "Simultaneous Radio Occultation Predictions for Inter-Satellite Comparison of Bending Angle Profiles from COSMIC-2 and GeoOptics." Remote Sensing 13, no. 18 (September 12, 2021): 3644. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13183644.
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The Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) radio occultation (RO) is a remote sensing technique that uses International System of Units (SI) traceable GNSS signals for atmospheric limb soundings. The RO bending angle/sounding profiles are needed for assimilation in Numerical Weather Prediction (NWP) models, weather, climate, and space weather applications. Evaluating these RO data to ensure the high data quality for these applications is becoming more and more critical. This study presents a method for predicting radio occultation events, from which simultaneous radio occultation (SRO) for a pair of low-Earth-orbit (LEO) satellites on the limb to the same GNSS satellite can be obtained. The SRO method complements the Simultaneous Nadir Overpass (SNO) method (for nadir viewing satellite instruments), which has been widely used to inter-calibrate LEO to LEO and LEO to geosynchronous-equatorial-orbit (GEO) satellites. Unlike the SNO method, the SRO method involves three satellites: a GNSS and two LEO satellites with RO receivers. The SRO method allows for the direct comparison of bending angles when the simultaneous RO measurements for two LEO satellites receiving the same GNSS signal pass through approximately the same atmosphere within minutes in time and within less than 200 km of distance from each other. The prediction method can also be applied to radiosonde overpass prediction, and coordinate radiosonde launches for inter-comparisons between RO and radiosonde profiles. The main advantage of the SRO comparisons of bending angles is the significantly reduced uncertainties due to the much shorter time and smaller atmospheric path differences than traditional RO comparisons. To demonstrate the usefulness of this method, we present a comparison of the Constellation Observing System for Meteorology, Ionosphere, and Climate-2 (COSMIC-2) and GeoOpitcs RO profiles using SRO data for two time periods: Commercial Weather Data (CWD) data delivery order-1 (DO-1): 15 December 2020–15 January 2021 and CWD DO-2: 17 March 2021–31 August 2021. The results show good agreement in the bending angles between the COSMIC-2 RO measurements and those from GeoOptics, although systematic biases are also found in the inter-comparisons. Instrument and processing algorithm performances for the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), penetration height, and bending angle retrieval uncertainty are also characterized. Given the efficiency of this method and the many RO measurements that are publicly and commercially available as well as the expansion of receiver capabilities to all GNSS systems, it is expected that this method can be used to validate/inter-calibrate GNSS RO measurements from different missions.
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Barsukov, I. A., V. V. Boldyrev, M. I. Gavrilov, G. E. Evseev, A. N. Egorov, P. A. Il’gasov, V. Yu Pantsov, et al. "Satellite Microwave Radiometry for Earth Remote Sensing." Rocket-space device engineering and information systems 8, no. 1 (2021): 11–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.30894/issn2409-0239.2021.8.1.11.23.
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The issues of development of the direction of satellite microwave radiometry in Russia in the interests of operational meteorology and oceanography are considered. The analysis of the current state of Russian and foreign radiometric ERS equipment in the microwave range is carried out. The technical characteristics of onboard multichannel microwave radiometers, combining the functions of a scanner and a sounder, are analyzed. The issues of metrological support of microwave measurements of equipment installed on Russian satellites of the Meteor-M series are considered. The original method of internal calibration of the MTVZA-GYA microwave scanner/sounding device is analyzed in detail in order to form the antenna temperature scale. The MTVZA-GYA calibration unit measures the radiation intensity of two matched loads with known brightness temperatures (“hot” and “cold”). An on-board calibrator is used as a “hot” load, it serves as an imitator of an absolutely black body, its brightness temperature of which is in the range of 240–300 K. Absolute (external) calibration is a transition from antenna to brightness temperatures and is performed using high-precision radiation calculations for specially selected natural testing sites. The issues of preliminary processing of MTVZA-GYA data are considered and examples of microwave images of the Earth in the scale of brightness temperatures are given.
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Lui, A. T. Y. "Cross-tail current evolution during substorm dipolarization." Annales Geophysicae 31, no. 6 (June 27, 2013): 1131–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/angeo-31-1131-2013.
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Abstract. We examine evolution of the cross-tail current during substorm current disruption/dipolarization using observations from two satellites in the near-Earth magnetotail at the downtail distances of 8–9 RE. By choosing times when these two satellites are separated, mainly in the north–south distance in the tail current sheet, precise determination of current density in the layer embedded between these satellites can be obtained with Ampère's law. Two such events are examined and several common features are found. The current densities in the layer embedded by the two satellites were reduced by ~ 40–70% during substorm dipolarization. The changes in current densities have the fast kinetic timescale, i.e., in seconds, implying a kinetic process for current disruption/dipolarization. The estimated power within the current layer was mainly dissipative in the dawn–dusk direction and mainly dynamo in the Sun–tail direction that is needed to drive the north–south substorm current system in the ionosphere. Remote sensing of the energization site with the ion sounding technique shows that the energization site was initially earthward of the satellite and moved down the tail at later times. Breakdown of the frozen-in condition occurred intermittently during the disturbance interval. These features provide important clues to the substorm onset process.
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Sussmann, R., and T. Borsdorff. "Technical Note: Interference errors in infrared remote sounding of the atmosphere." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 7, no. 13 (July 6, 2007): 3537–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-7-3537-2007.
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Abstract. Classical error analysis in remote sounding distinguishes between four classes: "smoothing errors," "model parameter errors," "forward model errors," and "retrieval noise errors". For infrared sounding "interference errors", which, in general, cannot be described by these four terms, can be significant. Interference errors originate from spectral residuals due to "interfering species" whose spectral features overlap with the signatures of the target species. A general method for quantification of interference errors is presented, which covers all possible algorithmic implementations, i.e., fine-grid retrievals of the interfering species or coarse-grid retrievals, and cases where the interfering species are not retrieved. In classical retrieval setups interference errors can exceed smoothing errors and can vary by orders of magnitude due to state dependency. An optimum strategy is suggested which practically eliminates interference errors by systematically minimizing the regularization strength applied to joint profile retrieval of the interfering species. This leads to an interfering-species selective deweighting of the retrieval. Details of microwindow selection are no longer critical for this optimum retrieval and widened microwindows even lead to reduced overall (smoothing and interference) errors. Since computational power will increase, more and more operational algorithms will be able to utilize this optimum strategy in the future. The findings of this paper can be applied to soundings of all infrared-active atmospheric species, which include more than two dozen different gases relevant to climate and ozone. This holds for all kinds of infrared remote sounding systems, i.e., retrievals from ground-based, balloon-borne, airborne, or satellite spectroradiometers.
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Dugin, N., A. Antipenko, V. Bezrukovs, V. Gavrilenko, A. Dementjev, A. Lesins, M. Nechaeva, et al. "Radio Interferometric Research of Ionosphere by Signals of Space Satellites." Open Astronomy 22, no. 1 (March 1, 2013): 25–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/astro-2017-0144.
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AbstractSince 2012, the Radiophysical Research Institute and the Lobachevsky State University at Nizhny Novgorod, Russia and the Ventspils International Radio Astronomy Centre at Irbene, Latvia are making radio interferometric experiments on study of ionosphere parameters in a quiet (natural) state of medium and research of artificial turbulence of the ionosphere, heated by the emission from the SURA facility. Remote diagnostics of the ionosphere is implemented using a method of radio sounding by signals of navigation satellites in combination with the Very Long Baseline Interferometry (VLBI) method. As a result of spectral and correlation analysis, interferometric responses of the two-element (RRI–UNN) and three-element (RRI–UNN–Irbene) interferometers were received by observations of 12 satellites of the navigation systems GLONASS and GPS. Here the first results are reported.
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Zou, Cheng-Zhi, Mei Gao, and Mitchell D. Goldberg. "Error Structure and Atmospheric Temperature Trends in Observations from the Microwave Sounding Unit." Journal of Climate 22, no. 7 (April 1, 2009): 1661–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2008jcli2233.1.
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Abstract The Microwave Sounding Unit (MSU) onboard the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration polar-orbiting satellites measures the atmospheric temperature from the surface to the lower stratosphere under all weather conditions, excluding precipitation. Although designed primarily for monitoring weather processes, the MSU observations have been extensively used for detecting climate trends, and calibration errors are a major source of uncertainty. To reduce this uncertainty, an intercalibration method based on the simultaneous nadir overpass (SNO) matchups for the MSU instruments on satellites NOAA-10, -11, -12, and -14 was developed. Due to orbital geometry, the SNO matchups are confined to the polar regions, where the brightness temperature range is slightly smaller than the global range. Nevertheless, the resulting calibration coefficients are applied globally to the entire life cycle of an MSU satellite. Such intercalibration reduces intersatellite biases by an order of magnitude compared to prelaunch calibration and, thus, results in well-merged time series for the MSU channels 2, 3, and 4, which respectively represent the deep layer temperature of the midtroposphere (T2), tropopause (T3), and lower stratosphere (T4). Focusing on the global atmosphere over ocean surfaces, trends for the SNO-calibrated T2, T3, and T4 are, respectively, 0.21 ± 0.07, 0.08 ± 0.08, and −0.38 ± 0.27 K decade−1 from 1987 to 2006. These trends are independent of the number of limb-corrected footprints used in the dataset, and trend differences are marginal for varying bias correction techniques for merging the overlapping satellites on top of the SNO calibration. The spatial pattern of the trends reveals the tropical midtroposphere to have warmed at a rate of 0.28 ± 0.19 K decade−1, while the Arctic atmosphere warmed 2 to 3 times faster than the global average. The troposphere and lower stratosphere, however, cooled across the southern Indian and Atlantic Oceans adjacent to the Antarctic continent. To remove the stratospheric cooling effect in T2, channel trends from T2 and T3 (T23) and T2 and T4 (T24) were combined. The trend patterns for T23 and T24 are in close agreement, suggesting internal consistencies for the trend patterns of the three channels.
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Mears, Carl A., and Frank J. Wentz. "A Satellite-Derived Lower-Tropospheric Atmospheric Temperature Dataset Using an Optimized Adjustment for Diurnal Effects." Journal of Climate 30, no. 19 (August 30, 2017): 7695–718. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-16-0768.1.
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Abstract Temperature sounding microwave radiometers flown on polar-orbiting weather satellites provide a long-term, global-scale record of upper-atmosphere temperatures, beginning in late 1978 and continuing to the present. The focus of this paper is a lower-tropospheric temperature product constructed using measurements made by the Microwave Sounding Unit channel 2 and the Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit channel 5. The temperature weighting functions for these channels peak in the middle to upper troposphere. By using a weighted average of measurements made at different Earth incidence angles, the effective weighting function can be lowered so that it peaks in the lower troposphere. Previous versions of this dataset used general circulation model output to remove the effects of drifting local measurement time on the measured temperatures. This paper presents a method to optimize these adjustments using information from the satellite measurements themselves. The new method finds a global-mean land diurnal cycle that peaks later in the afternoon, leading to improved agreement between measurements made by co-orbiting satellites. The changes result in global-scale warming [global trend (70°S–80°N, 1979–2016) = 0.174°C decade−1], ~30% larger than our previous version of the dataset [global trend (70°S–80°N, 1979–2016) = 0.134°C decade−1]. This change is primarily due to the changes in the adjustment for drifting local measurement time. The new dataset shows more warming than most similar datasets constructed from satellites or radiosonde data. However, comparisons with total column water vapor over the oceans suggest that the new dataset may not show enough warming in the tropics.
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Westwater, Edgeworth R. "Remote Sensing of Tropospheric Temperature and Water Vapor by Integrated Observing Systems." Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 78, no. 9 (September 1, 1997): 1991–2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/1520-0477-78.9.1991.
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In the last decade, substantial advances have been made in the remote sensing of tropospheric temperature and water vapor. Techniques include measurement of virtual temperature by Radio Acoustic Sounding Systems (RASS), the combination of RASS with satellite soundings, the measurement of precipitable water vapor by Global Positioning Systems, the measurement of water vapor profiles by Raman and differential absorption lidar, and the measurement of both temperature and water vapor profiles by Fourier Transform Infrared Radiometers. However, none of the techniques, by itself, is capable of satisfying most meteorological and climate needs. Thus, determination of profiles from combinations of data and sensors is the only practical way of satisfying these needs. In this paper, some of the techniques used for combining remote sensor data are outlined, some of the current sensors are described, and then examples of data derived from these combinations are presented. The role of the radiosonde in remote sensor evaluation, retrievals, and calibration is discussed. Finally, some of the new possibilities for combined remote sensors are presented.
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Yang, Wenze, Huan Meng, Ralph R. Ferraro, and Yong Chen. "Inter-Calibration of AMSU-A Window Channels." Remote Sensing 12, no. 18 (September 14, 2020): 2988. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs12182988.
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More than one decade of observations from the Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit-A (AMSU-A) onboard the polar-orbiting satellites NOAA-15 to NOAA-19 and European Meteorological Operational satellite program-A (MetOp-A) provided global information on atmospheric temperature profiles, water vapor, cloud, precipitation, etc. These observations were primarily intended for weather related prediction and applications, however, in order to meet the requirements for climate application, further reprocessing must be conducted to first eliminate any potential satellites biases. After the geolocation and cross-scan bias corrections were applied to the dataset, follow-on research focused on the comparison amongst AMSU-A window channels (e.g., 23.8, 31.4, 50.3 and 89.0 GHz) from the six different satellites to remove any inter-satellite inconsistency. Inter-satellite differences can arise from many error sources, such as bias drift, sun-heating-induced instrument variability in brightness temperatures, radiance dependent biases due to inaccurate calibration nonlinearity, etc. The Integrated microwave inter-calibration approach (IMICA) approach was adopted in this study for inter-satellite calibration of AMSU-A window channels after the appropriate standard deviation (STD) thresholds were identified to restrict Simultaneous Nadir Overpass (SNO) data for window channels. This was a critical step towards the development of a set of fundamental and thematic climate data records (CDRs) for hydrological and climatological applications. NOAA-15 served as the main reference satellite for this study. For ensuing studies that expand to beyond 2015, however, it is recommended that a different satellite be adopted as the reference due to concerns over potential degradation of NOAA-15 AMSU-A.
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Zhang, Zhaoxian. "Remote sounding of the mixing ratio of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere from a satellite." Optical Engineering 32, no. 3 (1993): 602. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.60846.
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Clerbaux, C., A. Boynard, L. Clarisse, M. George, J. Hadji-Lazaro, H. Herbin, D. Hurtmans, et al. "Monitoring of atmospheric composition using the thermal infrared IASI/MetOp sounder." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 9, no. 16 (August 20, 2009): 6041–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-9-6041-2009.
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Abstract. Atmospheric remote sounding from satellites is an essential component of the observational strategy deployed to monitor atmospheric pollution and changing composition. The IASI nadir looking thermal infrared sounder onboard MetOp will provide 15 years of global scale observations for a series of key atmospheric species, with unprecedented spatial sampling and coverage. This paper gives an overview of the instrument's capability for measuring atmospheric composition in the perspective of chemistry and air quality. The assessment is made in terms of species, accuracy and vertical information. Global distributions are presented for CO, CH4, O3 (total and tropospheric), HNO3, NH3, and volcanic SO2. Local distributions of organic species measured during fire events, such as C2H4, CH3OH, HCOOH, and PAN are also shown. For each species or process, the link is made to specialized papers in this issue.
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Goerss, James S. "Impact of Satellite Observations on the Tropical Cyclone Track Forecasts of the Navy Operational Global Atmospheric Prediction System." Monthly Weather Review 137, no. 1 (January 1, 2009): 41–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2008mwr2601.1.
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Abstract The tropical cyclone (TC) track forecasts of the Navy Operational Global Atmospheric Prediction System (NOGAPS) were evaluated for a number of data assimilation experiments conducted using observational data from two periods: 4 July–31 October 2005 and 1 August–30 September 2006. The experiments were designed to illustrate the impact of different types of satellite observations on the NOGAPS TC track forecasts. The satellite observations assimilated in these experiments consisted of feature-track winds from geostationary and polar-orbiting satellites, Special Sensor Microwave Imager (SSM/I) total column precipitable water and wind speeds, Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit-A (AMSU-A) radiances, and Quick Scatterometer (QuikSCAT) and European Remote Sensing Satellite-2 (ERS-2) scatterometer winds. There were some differences between the results from basin to basin and from year to year, but the combined results for the 2005 and 2006 test periods for the North Pacific and Atlantic Ocean basins indicated that the assimilation of the feature-track winds from the geostationary satellites had the most impact, ranging from 7% to 24% improvement in NOGAPS TC track forecasts. This impact was statistically significant at all forecast lengths. The impact of the assimilation of SSM/I precipitable water was consistently positive and statistically significant at all forecast lengths. The improvements resulting from the assimilation of AMSU-A radiances were also consistently positive and significant at most forecast lengths. There were no significant improvements/degradations from the assimilation of the other satellite observation types [e.g., Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) winds, SSM/I wind speeds, and scatterometer winds]. The assimilation of all satellite observations resulted in a gain in skill of roughly 12 h for the NOGAPS 48- and 72-h TC track forecasts and a gain in skill of roughly 24 h for the 96- and 120-h forecasts. The percent improvement in these forecasts ranged from almost 20% at 24 h to over 40% at 120 h.
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Marzano, Frank S., Domenico Cimini, Tommaso Rossi, Daniele Mortari, Sabatino Di Michele, and Peter Bauer. "High-Repetition Millimeter-Wave Passive Remote Sensing of Humidity and Hydrometeor Profiles from Elliptical Orbit Constellations." Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology 49, no. 7 (July 1, 2010): 1454–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2010jamc2329.1.
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Abstract The potential of an elliptical-orbit Flower Constellation of Millimeter-Wave Radiometers (FLORAD) for humidity profile and precipitating cloud observations is analyzed and discussed. The FLORAD mission scientific requirements are aimed at the retrieval of hydrological properties of the troposphere, specifically water vapor, cloud liquid content, rainfall, and snowfall profiles. This analysis is built on the results already obtained in previous works and is specifically devoted to evaluate the possibility of (i) deploying an incremental configuration of a Flower constellation of six minisatellites, optimized to provide the maximum revisit time over the Mediterranean area or, more generally, midlatitudes (between ±35° and ±65°); and (ii) evaluating in a quantitative way the accuracy of a one-dimensional variational data assimilation (1D-Var) Bayesian retrieval scheme to derive hydrometeor profiles at quasi-global scale using an optimized set of millimeter-wave frequencies. The obtained results show that a revisit time over the Mediterranean area (latitude 25° 45′, longitude −10° 35′°) of less than about 1 and 0.5 h can be obtained with four satellites and six satellites in Flower elliptical orbits, respectively. The accuracy of the retrieved hydrometeor profiles over land and sea for a winter and summer season at several latitudes shows the beneficial performance from using a combination of channels at 89, 118, 183, and 229 GHz. A lack of lower frequencies, such as those below 50 GHz, reduces the sounding capability for cloud lower layers, but the temperature and humidity retrievals provide a useful hydrometeor profile constraint. The FLORAD mission is fully consistent with the Global Precipitation Mission (GPM) scope and may significantly increase its space–time coverage. The concept of an incremental Flower constellation can ensure the flexibility to deploy a spaceborne system that achieves increasing coverage through separate launches of member spacecrafts. The choice of millimeter-wave frequencies provides the advantage of designing compact radiometers that comply well with the current technology of minisatellites (overall weight less than 500 kg). The overall budget of the FLORAD small mission might become appealing as an optimal compromise between retrieval performances and system complexity.
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Yang, Hu, and Martin Burgdorf. "A Study of Lunar Microwave Radiation Based on Satellite Observations." Remote Sensing 12, no. 7 (April 2, 2020): 1129. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs12071129.
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In recent years, the study of microwave radiation from the Moon’s surface has been of interest to the astronomy and remote sensing communities. Due to the stable geophysical properties of the Moon’s surface, microwave lunar radiation is highly predictable and can be accurately modeled, given sufficient observations from reliable instruments. Specifically, for microwave remote sensing study, if International System of Unit (SI) traceable observations of the Moon are available, the Moon can thus be used as an SI traceable calibration reference for microwave instruments to evaluate their calibration accuracies and assess their long-term calibration stabilities. Major challenges of using the Moon as a radiometric source standard for microwave sensors include the uncertainties in antenna pattern measurements, the reliability of measurements of brightness temperature (Tb) in the microwave spectrum of the lunar surface, and knowledge of the lunar phase lag because of penetration depths at different detection frequencies. Most microwave-sounding instruments can collect lunar radiation data from space-view observations during so-called lunar intrusion events that usually occur several days each month. Addressed in this work based on Moon observations from the Advanced Technology Microwave Sounder and the Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit/Microwave Humidity Sounder are two major issues in lunar calibration: the lunar surface microwave Tb spectrum and phase lag. The scientific objective of this study is to present our most recent progress on the study of lunar microwave radiation based on satellite observations. Reported here are the lunar microwave Tb spectrum and phase lag from 23 to 183 GHz based on observations of microwave-sounding instruments onboard different satellite platforms. For current Moon microwave radiation research, this study can help toward better understanding lunar microwave radiation features over a wide spectrum range, laying a solid foundation for future lunar microwave calibration efforts.
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Schneider, Matthias, Andreas Wiegele, Sabine Barthlott, Yenny González, Emanuel Christner, Christoph Dyroff, Omaira E. García, et al. "Accomplishments of the MUSICA project to provide accurate, long-term, global and high-resolution observations of tropospheric {H<sub>2</sub>O,<i>δ</i>D} pairs – a review." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 9, no. 7 (July 7, 2016): 2845–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-9-2845-2016.
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Abstract. In the lower/middle troposphere, {H2O,δD} pairs are good proxies for moisture pathways; however, their observation, in particular when using remote sensing techniques, is challenging. The project MUSICA (MUlti-platform remote Sensing of Isotopologues for investigating the Cycle of Atmospheric water) addresses this challenge by integrating the remote sensing with in situ measurement techniques. The aim is to retrieve calibrated tropospheric {H2O,δD} pairs from the middle infrared spectra measured from ground by FTIR (Fourier transform infrared) spectrometers of the NDACC (Network for the Detection of Atmospheric Composition Change) and the thermal nadir spectra measured by IASI (Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer) aboard the MetOp satellites. In this paper, we present the final MUSICA products, and discuss the characteristics and potential of the NDACC/FTIR and MetOp/IASI {H2O,δD} data pairs. First, we briefly resume the particularities of an {H2O,δD} pair retrieval. Second, we show that the remote sensing data of the final product version are absolutely calibrated with respect to H2O and δD in situ profile references measured in the subtropics, between 0 and 7 km. Third, we reveal that the {H2O,δD} pair distributions obtained from the different remote sensors are consistent and allow distinct lower/middle tropospheric moisture pathways to be identified in agreement with multi-year in situ references. Fourth, we document the possibilities of the NDACC/FTIR instruments for climatological studies (due to long-term monitoring) and of the MetOp/IASI sensors for observing diurnal signals on a quasi-global scale and with high horizontal resolution. Fifth, we discuss the risk of misinterpreting {H2O,δD} pair distributions due to incomplete processing of the remote sensing products.
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Isa, Muhammad, Dwiky Pobri Cesarian, Ismail Ahmad Abir, Elin Yusibani, Muhammad Syukri Surbakti, and Muksin Umar. "Remote Sensing Satellite Imagery and In-Situ Data for Identifying Geothermal Potential Sites: Jaboi, Indonesia." International Journal of Renewable Energy Development 9, no. 2 (February 19, 2020): 237–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/ijred.9.2.237-245.
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Remote sensing makes it possible to map potential geothermal site for a large area effectively using thermal infrared. The purpose of the present research is to overlay ground temperature, resistivity and satellite retrieved temperature in identifying geothermal potential site in Jaboi, Sabang-Indonesia. The data of acquisition of the DEM imagery was January 3rd, 2009 and the Landsat 8 imagery is July 18th, 2017. The satellite data were applied to extract the land surface temperature and land classification across. Two supporting data in situ were used to validate the results from remote sensing. First dataset was ground temperature measurements with total 114 points and second dataset was vertical electrical sounding (VES) with total of 51 points. Satellite, VES and ground temperature data were processed and analysed using the Envi 5.3, PCI Geomatica 2016 and ArcMap 10.4. The results from each data were integrated to produce a map shows geothermal potential. Its integration produced four areas which were considered to have high geothermal potential. However, these areas vary in term of the clustering of the features of interest, for example lineament and drainage density of the area, high temperature in the surface area, fault existence and low resistivity subsurface. All the features must take into consideration to rank potential area which has higher potential. Finally, a map of geothermal potential across were successfully created as an insight for future reference. ©2020. CBIORE-IJRED. All rights reserved
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Po-Chedley, Stephen, and Qiang Fu. "Reply to “Comments on ‘A Bias in the Midtropospheric Channel Warm Target Factor on the NOAA-9 Microwave Sounding Unit’”." Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 30, no. 5 (May 1, 2013): 1014–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jtech-d-12-00131.1.
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Abstract The main finding by Po-Chedley and Fu was that the University of Alabama in Huntsville (UAH) microwave sounding unit (MSU) product has a bias in its NOAA-9 midtropospheric channel (TMT) warm target factor, which leads to a cold bias in the TMT trend. This reply demonstrates that the central arguments by Christy and Spencer to challenge Po-Chedley and Fu do not stand. This reply establishes that 1) Christy and Spencer found a similar, but insignificant, bias in the UAH target factor because their radiosonde data lack adequate sampling and measurement errors were considered twice; 2) the UAH individual satellite TMT difference between NOAA-9 and NOAA-6 reveals a bias of 0.082 ± 0.011 in the UAH NOAA-9 target factor; 3) comparing the periods before and after NOAA-9 is not an adequate method to draw conclusions about NOAA-9 because of the influence of other satellites; 4) using the Christy and Spencer trend sensitivity value, UAH TMT has a cold bias of 0.035 K decade−1 given a target factor bias of 0.082; 5) similar trends from UAH and Remote Sensing Systems (RSS) for the lower tropospheric temperature product (TLT) do not indicate that the UAH TMT and TLT NOAA-9 target factor is unbiased; and 6) the NOAA-9 warm target temperature signal in UAH TMT indicates a problem with the UAH empirical algorithm to derive the target factor.
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Song, Rui, Martin Kaufmann, Jörn Ungermann, Manfred Ern, Guang Liu, and Martin Riese. "Tomographic reconstruction of atmospheric gravity wave parameters from airglow observations." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 10, no. 12 (November 30, 2017): 4601–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-10-4601-2017.
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Abstract. Gravity waves (GWs) play an important role in the dynamics of the mesosphere and lower thermosphere (MLT). Therefore, global observations of GWs in the MLT region are of particular interest. The small scales of GWs, however, pose a major problem for the observation of GWs from space. We propose a new observation strategy for GWs in the mesopause region by combining limb and sub-limb satellite-borne remote sensing measurements for improving the spatial resolution of temperatures that are retrieved from atmospheric soundings. In our study, we simulate satellite observations of the rotational structure of the O2 A-band nightglow. A key element of the new method is the ability of the instrument or the satellite to operate in so-called target mode, i.e. to point at a particular point in the atmosphere and collect radiances at different viewing angles. These multi-angle measurements of a selected region allow for tomographic 2-D reconstruction of the atmospheric state, in particular of GW structures. The feasibility of this tomographic retrieval approach is assessed using simulated measurements. It shows that one major advantage of this observation strategy is that GWs can be observed on a much smaller scale than conventional observations. We derive a GW sensitivity function, and it is shown that target mode observations are able to capture GWs with horizontal wavelengths as short as ∼ 50 km for a large range of vertical wavelengths. This is far better than the horizontal wavelength limit of 100–200 km obtained from conventional limb sounding.
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Scannell, C., D. Hurtmans, A. Boynard, J. Hadji-Lazaro, M. George, A. Delcloo, O. Tuinder, P. F. Coheur, and C. Clerbaux. "A review of the ozone hole from 2008 to 2010 as observed by IASI." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques Discussions 4, no. 4 (July 22, 2011): 4717–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amtd-4-4717-2011.
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Abstract. Atmospheric remote sensing from satellites is essential for the long-term, continuous monitoring of the ozone hole and is critical in order to evaluate stratospheric ozone recovery. During the last decade, thermal infra-red (TIR) sensors have demonstrated their enhanced capability in capturing both the spatial and temporal variability of the ozone hole during the polar night, in contrast to instruments measuring in the ultraviolet-visible (UV-vis) range of the spectrum which need sunlight to operate. In this paper we present a study of the ozone hole as observed by the Infra-red Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer (IASI) on-board the MetOp-A European satellite platform from the beginning of data dissemination, August 2008, to the end of December 2010. Here we demonstrate IASI's ability to capture the seasonal characteristics of the ozone hole. We compare IASI ozone total columns and vertical profiles with those of the Global Ozone Monitoring Experiment 2 (GOME-2) (also on-board MetOp-A) and electrochemical concentration cell (ECC) ozone sonde measurements for the ozone hole region and period. The IASI and GOME-2 ozone total columns were found to be in excellent agreement for this region with a correlation coefficient of 0.97, for September, October and November 2009. IASI on average, exhibits a positive bias of approximately 7 % compared to the GOME-2 measurements over the entire ozone hole period. Comparisons between IASI and ozone sonde measurements were also found to be in good agreement with the percentage difference between both ozone profile measurements being less than ±30 % over the altitude range of 0–40 km. The vertical structure of the ozone hole is in particular captured remarkably good by IASI.
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Rignot, Eric, Robert H. Thomas, Pannir Kanagaratnam, Gino Casassa, Earl Frederick, Sivaprasad Gogineni, William Krabill, et al. "Improved estimation of the mass balance of glaciers draining into the Amundsen Sea sector of West Antarctica from the CECS/NASA 2002 campaign." Annals of Glaciology 39 (2004): 231–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/172756404781813916.
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AbstractIn November–December 2002, a joint airborne experiment by Centro de Estudios Cientifícos and NASA flew over the Antarctic ice sheet to collect laser altimetry and radio-echo sounding data over glaciers flowing into the Amundsen Sea. A P-3 aircraft on loan from the Chilean Navy made four flights over Pine Island, Thwaites, Pope, Smith and Kohler glaciers, with each flight yielding 1.5–2 hours of data. The thickness measurements reveal that these glaciers flow into deep troughs, which extend far inland, implying a high potential for rapid retreat. Interferometric synthetic aperture radar data (InSAR) and satellite altimetry data from the European Remote-sensing Satellites (ERS-1/-2) show rapid grounding-line retreat and ice thinning of these glaciers. Using the new thickness data, we have reevaluated glacier fluxes and the present state of mass balance, which was previously estimated using ice thicknesses deduced largely from inversion of elevation data assuming hydrostatic equilibrium. The revised total ice discharge of 241 ± 5km3 a–1 exceeds snow accumulation by 81 ± 17 km3 a–1 of ice, equivalent to a sea-level rise of 0.21 ± 0.04 mma–1. This magnitude of ice loss is too large to be caused by atmospheric forcing and implies dynamic thinning of the glaciers. This is confirmed by ice-flow acceleration observed with InSAR. We attribute the flow acceleration and ice thinning to enhanced bottom melting of the ice shelves by a warmer ocean, which reduces buttressing of the glaciers, and in turn accelerates them out of balance.
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Chung, Eui-Seok, Brian J. Soden, and Viju O. John. "Intercalibrating Microwave Satellite Observations for Monitoring Long-Term Variations in Upper- and Midtropospheric Water Vapor*." Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 30, no. 10 (October 1, 2013): 2303–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jtech-d-13-00001.1.
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Abstract This paper analyzes the growing archive of 183-GHz water vapor absorption band measurements from the Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit B (AMSU-B) and Microwave Humidity Sounder (MHS) on board polar-orbiting satellites and document adjustments necessary to use the data for long-term climate monitoring. The water vapor channels located at 183.31 ± 1 GHz and 183.31 ± 3 GHz are sensitive to upper- and midtropospheric relative humidity and less prone to the clear-sky sampling bias than infrared measurements, making them a valuable but underutilized source of information on free-tropospheric water vapor. A method for the limb correction of the satellite viewing angle based upon a simplified model of radiative transfer is introduced to remove the scan angle dependence of the radiances. Biases due to the difference in local observation time between satellites and spurious trends associated with satellite orbital drift are then diagnosed and adjusted for using synthetic radiative simulations based on the Interim European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts Re-Analysis (ERA-Interim). The adjusted, cloud-filtered, and limb-corrected brightness temperatures are then intercalibrated using zonal-mean brightness temperature differences. It is found that these correction procedures significantly improve consistency and quantitative agreement between microwave radiometric satellite observations that can be used to monitor upper- and midtropospheric water vapor. The resulting radiances are converted to estimates of the deep-layer-mean upper- and midtropospheric relative humidity, and can be used to evaluate trends in upper-tropospheric relative humidity from reanalysis datasets and coupled ocean–atmosphere models.
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Hu, Hao, Fuzhong Weng, Yang Han, and Yihong Duan. "Remote Sensing of Tropical Cyclone Thermal Structure from Satellite Microwave Sounding Instruments: Impacts of Background Profiles on Retrievals." Journal of Meteorological Research 33, no. 1 (February 2019): 89–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13351-019-8094-1.
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Simakova, M. S. "From visual aerial photo interpretation and field soil survey to automated decoding and soil mapping by satellite imagery." Dokuchaev Soil Bulletin, no. 74 (December 30, 2014): 3–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.19047/0136-1694-2014-74-3-19.
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Under consideration are the ways for the development and improvement of methods to compile soil maps in Russia as based upon the information on landforms and the earth surface obtained by different aerial and outer space devices. The ever increasing development of aviation, cosmonautics and modification of electronic engineering resulted in great changes taken place in the soil studies, thus affecting the quality and readability of soil maps. The ways for obtaining and decoding of the satellite imagery are described. The methods to study different characteristics of soil properties are considered as well. The automated methods of soil identification and mapping are realized now through the materials of remote sounding of the Earth’s surface.
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Ningsih, Nunung Isnaini Dwi. "The Technique Analysis of CO2 in Troposphere using AIRS." Proceeding International Conference on Science and Engineering 1 (October 31, 2017): 131–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.14421/icse.v1.282.
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Currently global warming has become an international issue. One of the biggest contributors to global warming is carbon dioxide (CO2). CO2 gas is one of the most prominent gases of greenhouse gases or greenhouse gases in the atmosphere and has an important role in the Earth's climate. Increased CO2 contributes more than 50% to the effects of global warming. Various methods and measuring instruments of CO2 concentration developed from optical sensors to measuring CO2 directly from space using satellites. Atmosphere Infrared Sounder (AIRS) is one of NASA's six (6) instances launched on May 4, 2002 installed on the AQUA satellite. This instrument uses sounding technology that determines the vertical profile of CO2 from space. This instrument supports climate-related research and also in improving weather forecasts. AIRS data can be obtained online from the Giovanni Website at http://giovanni.gsfc.nasa.gov. Giovani is an application provided by NASA to make it easier to acquire, visualize, and analyze remote sensing data with ASCII data facilities that can be downloaded directly. The purpose of this research is to conduct CO2 analysis in Indonesia online using Giovanni Website year 2013-2016. Rendering data online shows the CO2 fluctuated every month, but yearly data shows the CO2 increased signifantly and the higest value in 2016, its reach 4.039 ppm. The results of CO2 analysis is expected to assist in the process of prevention or reduction of CO2 emissions in the air as one of the activities of environmental conservation.
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Safieddine, Sarah, Ana Claudia Parracho, Maya George, Filipe Aires, Victor Pellet, Lieven Clarisse, Simon Whitburn, et al. "Artificial Neural Networks to Retrieve Land and Sea Skin Temperature from IASI." Remote Sensing 12, no. 17 (August 26, 2020): 2777. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs12172777.
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Surface skin temperature (Tskin) derived from infrared remote sensors mounted on board satellites provides a continuous observation of Earth’s surface and allows the monitoring of global temperature change relevant to climate trends. In this study, we present a fast retrieval method for retrieving Tskin based on an artificial neural network (ANN) from a set of spectral channels selected from the Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer (IASI) using the information theory/entropy reduction technique. Our IASI Tskin product (i.e., TANN) is evaluated against Tskin from EUMETSAT Level 2 product, ECMWF Reanalysis (ERA5), SEVIRI observations, and ground in situ measurements. Good correlations between IASI TANN and the Tskin from other datasets are shown by their statistic data, such as a mean bias and standard deviation (i.e., [bias, STDE]) of [0.55, 1.86 °C], [0.19, 2.10 °C], [−1.5, 3.56 °C], from EUMETSAT IASI L-2 product, ERA5, and SEVIRI. When compared to ground station data, we found that all datasets did not achieve the needed accuracy at several months of the year, and better results were achieved at nighttime. Therefore, comparison with ground-based measurements should be done with care to achieve the ±2 °C accuracy needed, by choosing, for example, a validation site near the station location. On average, this accuracy is achieved, in particular at night, leading to the ability to construct a robust Tskin dataset suitable for Tskin long-term spatio-temporal variability and trend analysis.
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Han, Yang, and Fuzhong Weng. "Remote Sensing of Tropical Cyclone Thermal Structure from Satellite Microwave Sounding Instruments: Impacts of Optimal Channel Selection on Retrievals." Journal of Meteorological Research 32, no. 5 (October 2018): 804–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13351-018-8005-x.
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Yan, Banghua, and Fuzhong Weng. "Assessments of F16 Special Sensor Microwave Imager and Sounder Antenna Temperatures at Lower Atmospheric Sounding Channels." Advances in Meteorology 2009 (2009): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2009/420985.
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The main reflector of the Special Sensor Microwave Imager/Sounder (SSMIS) aboard the Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP) F-16 satellite emits variable radiation, and the SSMIS warm calibration load is intruded by direct and indirect solar radiation. These contamination sources produce antenna brightness temperature anomalies of around 2 K at SSMIS sounding channels which are obviously inappropriate for assimilation into numerical weather prediction models and remote sensing retrievals of atmospheric and surface parameters. In this study, antenna brightness temperature anomalies at several lower atmospheric sounding (LAS) channels are assessed, and the algorithm is developed for corrections of these antenna temperature anomalies. When compared against radiative transfer model simulations and simultaneous observations from AMSU-A aboard NOAA-16, the SSMIS antenna temperatures at 52.8, 53.6, 54.4, 55.5, 57.3, and 59.4 GHz after the anomaly correction exhibit small residual errors (<0.5 K). After such SSMIS antenna temperatures are applied to the National Center for Environmental Prediction Numerical Weather Prediction (NWP) model, more satellite data is used and the analysis field of the geopotential height is significantly improved throughout troposphere and lower stratosphere. Therefore, the SSMIS antenna temperatures after the anomaly correction have demonstrated their potentials in NWP models.
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Po-Chedley, Stephen, and Qiang Fu. "A Bias in the Midtropospheric Channel Warm Target Factor on the NOAA-9 Microwave Sounding Unit." Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 29, no. 5 (May 1, 2012): 646–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jtech-d-11-00147.1.
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Abstract The University of Alabama at Huntsville (UAH), Remote Sensing Systems (RSS), and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) have constructed long-term temperature records for deep atmospheric layers using satellite Microwave Sounding Unit (MSU) and Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit (AMSU) observations. However, these groups disagree on the magnitude of global temperature trends since 1979, including the trend for the midtropospheric layer (TMT). This study evaluates the selection of the MSU TMT warm target factor for the NOAA-9 satellite using five homogenized radiosonde products as references. The analysis reveals that the UAH TMT product has a positive bias of 0.051 ± 0.031 in the warm target factor that artificially reduces the global TMT trend by 0.042 K decade−1 for 1979–2009. Accounting for this bias increases the global UAH TMT trend from 0.038 to 0.080 K decade−1, effectively eliminating the trend difference between UAH and RSS and decreasing the trend difference between UAH and NOAA by 47%. This warm target factor bias directly affects the UAH lower tropospheric (TLT) product and tropospheric temperature trends derived from a combination of TMT and lower stratospheric (TLS) channels.
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Westwater, Ed R., Wang Zhenhui, Norman C. Grody, and Larry M. McMillin. "Remote Sensing of Temperature Profiles from a Combination of Observations from the Satellite-Based Microwave Sounding Unit and the Ground-Based Profiler." Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 2, no. 2 (June 1985): 97–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/1520-0426(1985)002<0097:rsotpf>2.0.co;2.
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Heygster, G., V. Alexandrov, G. Dybkjær, W. von Hoyningen-Huene, F. Girard-Ardhuin, I. L. Katsev, A. Kokhanovsky, et al. "Remote sensing of sea ice: advances during the DAMOCLES project." Cryosphere 6, no. 6 (December 3, 2012): 1411–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/tc-6-1411-2012.
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Abstract. In the Arctic, global warming is particularly pronounced so that we need to monitor its development continuously. On the other hand, the vast and hostile conditions make in situ observation difficult, so that available satellite observations should be exploited in the best possible way to extract geophysical information. Here, we give a résumé of the sea ice remote sensing efforts of the European Union's (EU) project DAMOCLES (Developing Arctic Modeling and Observing Capabilities for Long-term Environmental Studies). In order to better understand the seasonal variation of the microwave emission of sea ice observed from space, the monthly variations of the microwave emissivity of first-year and multi-year sea ice have been derived for the frequencies of the microwave imagers like AMSR-E (Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer on EOS) and sounding frequencies of AMSU (Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit), and have been used to develop an optimal estimation method to retrieve sea ice and atmospheric parameters simultaneously. In addition, a sea ice microwave emissivity model has been used together with a thermodynamic model to establish relations between the emissivities from 6 GHz to 50 GHz. At the latter frequency, the emissivity is needed for assimilation into atmospheric circulation models, but is more difficult to observe directly. The size of the snow grains on top of the sea ice influences both its albedo and the microwave emission. A method to determine the effective size of the snow grains from observations in the visible range (MODIS) is developed and demonstrated in an application on the Ross ice shelf. The bidirectional reflectivity distribution function (BRDF) of snow, which is an essential input parameter to the retrieval, has been measured in situ on Svalbard during the DAMOCLES campaign, and a BRDF model assuming aspherical particles is developed. Sea ice drift and deformation is derived from satellite observations with the scatterometer ASCAT (62.5 km grid spacing), with visible AVHRR observations (20 km), with the synthetic aperture radar sensor ASAR (10 km), and a multi-sensor product (62.5 km) with improved angular resolution (Continuous Maximum Cross Correlation, CMCC method) is presented. CMCC is also used to derive the sea ice deformation, important for formation of sea ice leads (diverging deformation) and pressure ridges (converging). The indirect determination of sea ice thickness from altimeter freeboard data requires knowledge of the ice density and snow load on sea ice. The relation between freeboard and ice thickness is investigated based on the airborne Sever expeditions conducted between 1928 and 1993.
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Neckel, Niklas, Reinhard Drews, Wolfgang Rack, and Daniel Steinhage. "Basal melting at the Ekström Ice Shelf, Antarctica, estimated from mass flux divergence." Annals of Glaciology 53, no. 60 (2012): 294–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/2012aog60a167.
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AbstractWe characterize the basal mass balance of the Ekström Ice Shelf, Dronning Maud Land, Antarctica, using interferometrically derived surface velocities and ice thickness measurements from radio-echo sounding (RES). The surface velocities are based on data from European Remote-sensing Satellites-1 and -2 (ERS-1/2) during 1994–97. The ice thickness grid consists of 136 RES profiles acquired between 1996 and 2006. Mass fluxes are calculated along selected RES profiles where possible, to reduce uncertainties from ice thickness interpolation. Elsewhere large-scale mass fluxes are calculated using interpolated ice thickness data. Themass flux into the Ekström Ice Shelf from the main grounded drainage basins is estimated to be 3.19±0.4Gt a–1. The mass flux near the ice shelf front is 2.67±0.3Gt a–1. Assuming steady state, and based on the equation of continuity, we interpret the residual mass flux as a combined effect of snow accumulation and subglacial melting/refreezing. Using net snow accumulation rates from previous studies, we link the mass flux divergence in irregular-shaped polygons to processes beneath the ice shelf. The highest subglacial melt rates of ~1.1ma–1 are found near the grounding zone of two main inflow glaciers, and around the German station Neumayer III. The detection of unlikely refreezing in a small area ~15 km west of Neumayer III is attributed to both dataset inaccuracies and a (possibly past) violation of the steady-state assumption. In general, the method and input data allow mapping of the spatial distribution of basal melting and the results are in good agreement with several previous studies.
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Triana-Gómez, Arantxa M., Georg Heygster, Christian Melsheimer, Gunnar Spreen, Monia Negusini, and Boyan H. Petkov. "Improved water vapour retrieval from AMSU-B and MHS in the Arctic." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 13, no. 7 (July 9, 2020): 3697–715. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-13-3697-2020.
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Abstract. Monitoring of water vapour in the Arctic on long timescales is essential for predicting Arctic weather and understanding climate trends, as well as addressing its influence on the positive feedback loop contributing to Arctic amplification. However, this is challenged by the sparseness of in situ measurements and the problems that standard remote sensing retrieval methods for water vapour have in Arctic conditions. Here, we present advances in a retrieval algorithm for vertically integrated water vapour (total water vapour, TWV) in polar regions from data of satellite-based microwave humidity sounders: (1) in addition to AMSU-B (Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit-B), we can now also use data from the successor instrument MHS (Microwave Humidity Sounder), and (2) artefacts caused by high cloud ice content in convective clouds are filtered out. Comparison to in situ measurements using GPS and radiosondes during 2008 and 2009, as well as to radiosondes during the N-ICE2015 campaign and to ERA5 reanalysis, show the overall good performance of the updated algorithm.
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Wijesundara, Anusha, and R. M. D. I. Rathnayake. "Automated Estimation of Coastal Bathymetry from High Resolution Multi-Spectral Satellite Images." European Journal of Engineering Research and Science 4, no. 11 (November 29, 2019): 74–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejers.2019.4.11.1600.
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Coastal bathymetry is the most essential tool for marine planning, monitoring and management, modelling, nautical navigation and scientific studies of marine environments. The techniques have been developed over the last decade to derive bathymetry using remote sensing technology with efficiently and low costly. Log linear bathymetric inversion model and non-linear bathymetric inversion model provides two empirical approaches for deriving bathymetry from multispectral satellite imagery, which have been refined and widely applied. This paper compares these two approaches by means of a geographical error analysis for the site Kankesanturai using WorldView-2 satellite imagery. In order to calibrate both models; Single Beam Echo Sounding (SBES) data in this study area were used as reference points. Corrections for atmospheric and sun-glint effects are applied prior to the water depth algorithm. The algorithm was tuned and both models were calibrated by performing the necessary algorithm with available single beam echo sounding data in the study area. The coefficients of standard R2 is estimated as 0.846 for log-linear and 0.692 for non-linear model. Log linear model performs better than the non-linear model. The model residuals were mapped and the spatial auto-correlation was calculated based on the bathymetric estimation model. A spatial error model was constructed to generate more reliable estimates of bathymetry by calculating the spatial autocorrelation of model error and integrating this into an improved regression model. Finally, the spatial error model improved the bathymetric estimates of R2 up to 0.854 for log-linear and 0.704 non-linear model respectively. The Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) was calculated for the different depth ranges and also for all reference points. The overall accuracy for the log linear and the non-linear inversion model after the geographical error analysis is estimated as ±1.532 m and ±2.089 m for this study. The spatial error model improved bathymetric estimates than those derived from a conventional log-linear and non-linear technique although these methods perform very similar estimates overall.
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George, M., C. Clerbaux, D. Hurtmans, S. Turquety, P. F. Coheur, M. Pommier, J. Hadji-Lazaro, et al. "Carbon monoxide distributions from the IASI/METOP mission: evaluation with other space-borne remote sensors." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 9, no. 2 (April 17, 2009): 9793–822. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-9-9793-2009.
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Abstract. The Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer (IASI) onboard the MetOp satellite measures carbon monoxide (CO) on a global scale, twice a day. CO total columns and vertical profiles are retrieved in near real time from the nadir radiance spectra measured by the instrument in the thermal infrared (TIR) spectral range. This paper describes the measurement vertical sensitivity of IASI. On the global scale, 0.8 to 2.4 independent pieces of information are available for the retrieval. At mid latitudes, the information ranges between 1.5 and 2, which enables the lower and upper troposphere to be distinguished, especially when thermal contrast is important. Global distributions of column CO are evaluated with correlative observations available from other nadir looking TIR missions currently in operation: the Measurements of Pollution in the Troposphere (MOPITT) onboard TERRA, the Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS) onboard AQUA and the Tropospheric Emission Spectrometer (TES) onboard AURA. On the global scale and on average, total column discrepancies ranging from 10 to 15% are found for latitudes above 45° N and lower than 15° S, but can reach 30% in cases of strong CO concentrations, e.g. when fires events occur. The choice of the a priori assumptions influences the retrievals and can explain some of the observed differences. Instrument specifications of IASI versus other missions are also discussed.
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Frezzotti, Massimo. "Glaciological study in Terra Nova Bay, Antarctica, inferred from remote sensing analysis." Annals of Glaciology 17 (1993): 63–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0260305500012623.
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Analysis of satellite images (Landsat 1 MSS, 4 TM and SPOT 1 XS), of U.S. Navy aerial photographs (TMA) and of U.S.G.S. maps has made it possible to assess a number of parameters relating to the surface dynamics (between 1956 and 1990) of eight ice tongues and of two ice shelves in the Terra Nova Bay area. The study shows that between 1960–63 and 1972–73 there was a decided decrease in the areas of some of the tongues and shelves: −53 km2 for the Aviator Glacier Tongue and −124 km2 for the Nansen Ice Sheet. On the other hand, the areas generally increased in the period 1972–73 to 1988. An exception to this situation is the small Hells Gate ice shelf whose area diminished by 1.15 km2 between 1956–57 and 1988. The calculated surface velocity of the ice tongues shows that they increase from the grounding line to their outer limit. Values of longitudinal strain rate generally increase from the grounding line to just after the start of the ice tongue, after which they diminsh proceeding towards its outer limit. Integration of the areal values with radio-echo sounding data has enabled the ice discharges of the southern flow of the David Glacier (12km3a−1) and of the Aviator Glacier Tongue (0.62 km3 a−1) to be calculated. Furthermore, on the basis of the data available, basal melting values of between 25 cm a−1 and 100 cm a−1 are deduced for these two ice tongues, and bottom freezing values of 20 cm a−1 for the Drygalski Ice Tongue. Different spectral responses of the glacial areas have made it possible to discriminate ablation areas from those of accumulation and to differentiate various typologies of ice (glacier ice, melt lake ice, and sea ice formed at the ice shelf-ocean interface).
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Frezzotti, Massimo. "Glaciological study in Terra Nova Bay, Antarctica, inferred from remote sensing analysis." Annals of Glaciology 17 (1993): 63–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/s0260305500012623.
Full textAbstract:
Analysis of satellite images (Landsat 1 MSS, 4 TM and SPOT 1 XS), of U.S. Navy aerial photographs (TMA) and of U.S.G.S. maps has made it possible to assess a number of parameters relating to the surface dynamics (between 1956 and 1990) of eight ice tongues and of two ice shelves in the Terra Nova Bay area. The study shows that between 1960–63 and 1972–73 there was a decided decrease in the areas of some of the tongues and shelves: −53 km2 for the Aviator Glacier Tongue and −124 km2 for the Nansen Ice Sheet. On the other hand, the areas generally increased in the period 1972–73 to 1988. An exception to this situation is the small Hells Gate ice shelf whose area diminished by 1.15 km2 between 1956–57 and 1988. The calculated surface velocity of the ice tongues shows that they increase from the grounding line to their outer limit. Values of longitudinal strain rate generally increase from the grounding line to just after the start of the ice tongue, after which they diminsh proceeding towards its outer limit. Integration of the areal values with radio-echo sounding data has enabled the ice discharges of the southern flow of the David Glacier (12km3a−1) and of the Aviator Glacier Tongue (0.62 km3 a−1) to be calculated. Furthermore, on the basis of the data available, basal melting values of between 25 cm a−1 and 100 cm a−1 are deduced for these two ice tongues, and bottom freezing values of 20 cm a−1 for the Drygalski Ice Tongue. Different spectral responses of the glacial areas have made it possible to discriminate ablation areas from those of accumulation and to differentiate various typologies of ice (glacier ice, melt lake ice, and sea ice formed at the ice shelf-ocean interface).
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Tang, K. K. W., and M. R. Mahmud. "IMAGERY-DERIVED BATHYMETRY IN STRAIT OF JOHOR’S TURBID WATERS USING MULTISPECTRAL IMAGES." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLII-4/W9 (October 30, 2018): 139–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlii-4-w9-139-2018.
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<p><strong>Abstract.</strong> Although vessel-based acoustic sounding technique is accurate, however it is typically constrained by high operating costs, logistic difficulties and limited spatial coverage. It seems it is necessary to employ an alternative approach that can reduce the aforementioned high operation cost. The development of the imagery-derived bathymetry has brought in the new revolution in hydrography. The paper highlights the application of incorporating satellite remote sensing techniques to extract bathymetry information from the freely downloadable Landsat-8 satellite images. In this study, two different band ratio transform empirical models have been utilised to transform the reflected radiances of green and blue bands into bathymetry depths at the coastal region adjacent to Tanjung Kupang, Strait of Johor, Malaysia. The inland swampy area is vegetated by lavish mangroves while the shoreface is fronted by flat slopes with turbid suspended sediment. In the course of experiment, the results from Stumpf et al.’s model and Dierssen et al.’s model show a reasonable agreement, with similar correlation coefficient (<i>r</i>) of 0.76 between the imagery-derived depths and in-situ bathymetry depths from vessel-based sounding. The Stumpf et al.’s model has achieved root mean square error (RMSE) of 0.885 metres and mean absolute error (MAE) of 0.631 metres; while Dierssen et al.’s model delivers RMSE of 0.878 metres and MAE of 0.629 metres respectively. Although these two algorithms are slightly different, however the end results produced are quite close in this study. The results show that both empirical models represent a promising outcome and can be used to complement data from vessel-based single beam sounding, which is normally obtained at medium to course profiling resolution for the purpose of survey reconnaissance and survey planning.</p>
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Levchenko, V., I. Shulga, А. Romanyuk, and L. Bezverkha. "USE OF REMOTE GEOINFORMATION TECHNOLOGIES FOR FOREST PATHOLOGY MONITORING IN THE ZHYTOMYR POLISSYA." Innovative Solution in Modern Science 2, no. 38 (March 30, 2020): 20. http://dx.doi.org/10.26886/2414-634x.2(38)2020.3.
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Topical issues of remote assessment of the forest pathological condition of forests are substantiated, in particular, it is emphasized that today this type of decryption is the least developed link in the section of forest decoding. This is due to the unstable manifestation and diagnosis on the materials of aeronautical surveys of signs of deciphering trees and plantations of varying degrees of attenuation and drying. Forest decoding of aerospace imagery materials today is the process of recognizing aerial objects depicted on aerospace images and establishing their quantitative and qualitative characteristics. The subject of the work is the fundamental aspects of forest decoding, which in turn can be visual (eye, analytical), measuring, automatic (machine), as well as complex-analytical or automated (interactive). For all types of visual decoding of the investigated forest objects, as a rule, characterize, on the basis of decryption signs, its image on an aerial photo or space picture (on paper or computer screen) with the naked eye or by means of magnifying or stereoscopic devices. Therefore, methodological correctness and clarity in deciphering satellite images of forest arrays obtained through satellite communication channels is quite important today, using satellite and internet technologies. The purpose of the study is to study and systematize materials for deciphering geoinformation images of forests that were obtained by satellite sounding of forests in Ukraine as a whole, and in the Zhytomyr region in particular. The main methods of carrying out the works are the computational-analytical on the collection and processing of the results of space images of satellite sounding of forests located in the territory of Zhytomyr region. In addition, it should be noted that remote satellite sensing of forests enables, with the correct methodological decryption of space images, not only to monitor, but also to make a prediction of the spread of harmful organisms in the forests of Zhytomyr region. The main methods of carrying out the works are the computational-analytical on the collection and processing of the results of space images of satellite sounding of forests located in the territory of Zhytomyr region. In addition, it should be noted that remote satellite sensing of forests enables, with the correct methodological decryption of space images, not only to monitor, but also to make a prediction of the spread of harmful organisms in the forests of Zhytomyr region. According to the results of the work, it is established that the information from the aerospace image is read and analyzed by means of visual and logical devices of the decoder. Therefore, analytical decryption, and especially with the use of certified computer software, allows not only a high-quality reading of space images of forest covered areas of Zhytomyr region, but also to make a long-term forecast for the spread and spread of pests and diseases of the forest in a certain area. The scope of the research results are forestry enterprises of the Zhytomyr Regional Forestry and Hunting Directorate, Ecological and Naturalistic Centers, State environmental inspections including in the Zhytomyr region for space monitoring of the state of forest ecosystems, as well as conducting forestry and nature activities forest of Zhytomyr Polesie. The conclusions of the research are that in Zhytomyr Polissya, when measuring decryption, all or some of the parameters and characteristics of the decrypted objects are measured in pictures using mechanical, opto-mechanical, opto-electronic and other measuring instruments, devices, devices and systems. In analytical-measuring decryption, a visual-logical analysis of the image is combined with the measurement of different parameters of the decrypted objects. Automatic decryption is based on the recognition of spectral and morphometric characteristics of decrypted objects, their quantitative and qualitative indicators. In this case, the decryption process is performed using image processing equipment. The role of the individual is to create a system, define a specific task and process the captured information with the help of appropriate programs, and to maintain the normal functioning of the system. Automated (interactive) decryption combines elements of analytic-measuring, performed by the decryptor-operator on the image on the computer screen, with automatic decryption. In this case, the collected information is analyzed and processed using technical means of image processing with the active participation of the decoder. Depending on the location, the decryption can be field, camera (laboratory), aerial or combined. Field decryption is carried out directly on the ground by comparing the image on aerial or space images with nature. The field decryption method is the simplest and most accurate, but it takes a lot of time and labor. Cameral decryption is carried out in the laboratory, while reducing the cost of engineering staff and workers, there is an acceleration of work and a significant reduction in their cost. Camera decryption is always done with the help of additional cartographic, regulatory and other stock materials. Aero-visual decryption is performed by comparing images of identified objects in aerial or space imagery with terrain when flying on planes or helicopters. The analysis of the informative content of the shooting materials shows that their practical application is possible, as a rule, on the basis of a rational combination of methods of terrestrial and remote observations.Keywords: remote evaluation, forest pathological condition, aerial photos, aerial photos, remote satellite sounding of forests, signs of decryption, space monitoring of forests in Zhytomyr region.
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Berndt, Emily, Nadia Smith, Jason Burks, Kris White, Rebekah Esmaili, Arunas Kuciauskas, Erika Duran, Roger Allen, Frank LaFontaine, and Jeff Szkodzinski. "Gridded Satellite Sounding Retrievals in Operational Weather Forecasting: Product Description and Emerging Applications." Remote Sensing 12, no. 20 (October 12, 2020): 3311. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs12203311.
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The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Short-term Prediction Research and Transition Center (SPoRT) has been part of a collaborative effort within the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Joint Polar Satellite System (JPSS) Proving Ground and Risk Reduction (PGRR) Program to develop gridded satellite sounding retrievals for the operational weather forecasting community. The NOAA Unique Combined Atmospheric Processing System (NUCAPS) retrieves vertical profiles of temperature, water vapor, trace gases, and cloud properties derived from infrared and microwave sounder measurements. A new, optimized method for deriving NUCAPS level 2 horizontally and vertically gridded products is described here. This work represents the development of approaches to better synthesize remote sensing observations that ultimately increase the availability and usability of NUCAPS observations. This approach, known as “Gridded NUCAPS”, was developed to more effectively visualize NUCAPS observations to aid in the quick identification of thermodynamic spatial gradients. Gridded NUCAPS development was based on operations-to-research feedback and is now part of the operational National Weather Service display system. In this paper, we discuss how Gridded NUCAPS was designed, how relevant atmospheric fields are derived, its operational application in pre-convective weather forecasting, and several emerging applications that expand the utility of NUCAPS for monitoring phenomena such as fire weather, the Saharan Air Layer, and stratospheric air intrusions.