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1
W. Arnold, G., and J. R. Weeldenburg. "The effects of isolation, habitat fragmentation and degradation by livestock grazing on the use by birds of patches of Gimlet Eucalyptus salubris woodland in the wheatbelt of Western Australia." Pacific Conservation Biology 4, no. 2 (1998): 155. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pc980155.
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The numbers of species, and the frequency of occurrence of individual species, in patches of Gimlet Eucalyptus salubris woodland in remnants of native vegetation in the central wheatbelt of Western Australia were recorded over a year. These values were examined in relation to the structural characteristics of the patches and the biogeographic attributes of the remnants (i.e., size and various indices of isolation from other native vegetation). There were five patches in large remnants (>100 ha) and 24 patches in small remnants (0.5?27.0 ha). Most of the small remnants were grazed by livestock and had lost much or all of the shrub understorey. The Galah Cacatua roseicapilla and Port Lincoln Ringnecked Parrot Platycercus zonarius were found in all patches, but the remaining large species of birds (Australian Raven Corvus coronoides,Pied Butcherbird Cracticus nigroregularis, Crested Pigeon Ocyphaps lophotes, and Yellow-throated Miner Manorina flavigula) were found more frequently in patches in small remnants. Conversely, with the exception of the Striated Pardalote Pardalotus striatus, small passerine species were found less frequently in patches in small remnants. Remnant size was significantly negatively correlated with frequency of occurrence of six of the eight common large species, indicating that these species concentrated in patches in small remnants, and significantly positively correlated with frequency of occurrence of two of four small passerine species. Having taken out the effect of remnant area, a stepwise regression procedure was used to see whether other biogeographic attributes of the remnants or habitat structure in the patches influenced the frequency of occurrence of individual species and species richness. As area of native vegetation within a 5 km radius increased so did the frequency of occurrence of the Galah and Port Lincoln Parrot, indicating that local numbers of the species affects their presence. Of the large birds only the Yellowthroated Miner was influenced by patch structural attributes whereas all species of small passerines showed responses to various structural attributes of the patches. Frequency of occurrence of the Striated Pardalote and the number of species of small passerines in a patch decreased with increasing distance to the nearest native vegatation. Overall frequency of occurence of small passerines increased with the number of linear strips of native vegetation linked to a remnant. In this study a majority of the small remnants were too small to support resident birds. The Gimlet patches, if used, would be part of a home range. Loss of the shrub understorey through grazing and loss of canopy cover through tree deaths had a significant impact on numbers of species of small passerines using the Gimlet patches. The conservation value of the patches in small remnants would be enhanced by increasing remnant size and by the linking of remnants to nearby native vegetation.
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Leach, GJ, and HF Recher. "Use of roadside remnants of softwood scrub vegetation by birds in south-eastern Queensland." Wildlife Research 20, no. 2 (1993): 233. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr9930233.
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Birds in roadside and remnant patches of vegetation in the Marburg district of south-eastern Queensland were studied from November 1989 to February 1990. Effects of the length, width and height of the tree, shrub and herb layers, and their major components, on the bird community were determined. In all, 43 species of birds were observed in roadside vegetation; 16 of these were abundant and widely distributed. Silvereyes were most frequently observed (240 observations), followed by superb fairy-wrens (59), yellow thornbills (53), double-barred finches (26), red-backed fairy-wrens (25) and Lewin's honeyeaters (20). Apart from silvereyes (20-654 of observations), and superb fairy-wrens on two roads (12 and 13%) and yellow thornbills on one (15%), no other species constituted more than 10% of observations on any road. In all, 48 species of birds were observed in remnant patches of vegetation, 14 in all of them. Rates of detection in remnant patches ranged from 2.7 to 5.3 birds per 5 min compared with a mean maximum rate for roadside vegetation of 1.3. The richness of the roadside avifauna increased significantly (P=0.001) as the volume (length x width x height) of the tree component, especially the softwood species, increased. The diversity of tree species in softwood remnants and the greater canopy density appear to be important factors that enhance the bird community. The number of birds was also correlated (P=0.05) with the volume of brigalow, Acacia harpophylla. The correlation of the volume of woody weeddshrubs with the number of birds was low (P=0.05), and with the number of species not significant, even though woody weeds were a major component of roadside vegetation. Although supporting fewer birds than remnant patches of vegetation, roadside vegetation contributes importantly to conservation of the avifauna in the Marburg district. Some simple management practices, such as maintaining a minimum width of undisturbed vegetation and retaining vegetation diversity, would ensure or enhance the long-term conservation benefits. Opportunities to regenerate softwood remnants could also be taken, particularly to enhance the value, and possibly prolong the life, of the associated remnants of brigalow.
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Anjos, Luiz dos. "Species richness and relative abundance of birds in natural and anthropogenic fragments of Brazilian Atlantic forest." Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências 76, no. 2 (June 2004): 429–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0001-37652004000200036.
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Bird communities were studied in two types of fragmented habitat of Atlantic forest in the State of Paraná, southern Brazil; one consisted of forest fragments that were created as a result of human activities (forest remnants), the other consisted of a set of naturally occurring forest fragments (forest patches). Using quantitative data obtained by the point counts method in 3 forest patches and 3 forest remnants during one year, species richness and relative abundance were compared in those habitats, considering species groups according to their general feeding habits. Insectivores, omnivores, and frugivores presented similar general tendencies in both habitats (decrease of species number with decreasing size and increasing isolation of forest fragment). However, these tendencies were different, when considering the relative abundance data: the trunk insectivores presented the highest value in the smallest patch while the lowest relative abundance was in the smallest remnant. In the naturally fragmented landscape, time permitted that the loss of some species of trunk insectivores be compensated for the increase in abundance of other species. In contrast, the remnants essentially represented newly formed islands that are not yet at equilibrium and where future species losses would make them similar to the patches.
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VERHOEVEN, MIRELLA P. C., BRENDAN P. KELAHER, MELANIE J. BISHOP, and PETER J. RALPH. "Epiphyte grazing enhances productivity of remnant seagrass patches." Austral Ecology 37, no. 8 (January 6, 2012): 885–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1442-9993.2011.02332.x.
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Grey, Merilyn J., Michael F. Clarke, and Richard H. Loyn. "Initial Changes in the Avian Communities of Remnant Eucalypt Woodlands following a Reduction in the Abundance of Noisy Miners, Manorina melanocephala." Wildlife Research 24, no. 6 (1997): 631. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr96080.
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It has been postulated that aggressive honeyeaters like the noisy miner, Manorina melanocephala, may contribute to rural tree decline by excluding small insectivorous birds from remnant patches of woodland, thereby reducing the level of predation upon defoliating insects. Previous studies provide correlational evidence that avian diversity and abundance is lower in remnant patches of woodland occupied by noisy miners than in those without noisy miners. Noisy miners were removed from three small remnant patches of woodland in north-eastern Victoria. The removal of the majority of noisy miners from a site, or even the removal of only part of a noisy miner colony from a site, resulted in a major influx of honeyeaters and other insectivorous birds to these sites in the following three months. Such major invasions were not observed on matching control sites. At two of the three removal sites, this led to an increase in both the abundance and diversity of birds on the site. At the third site, there was an increase in the diversity, but not the abundance of birds. These experiments are the first to demonstrate that noisy miners affect avian diversity and abundance by aggressive exclusion of small birds. They also showed that if domination by noisy miners is reduced, small, degraded woodland remnants can support significant populations of some small insectivorous birds and honeyeaters. Noisy miners did not reinvade the experimental sites during the following 16 months and avian diversity and abundance remained higher at the experimental sites than at the paired control sites. Long-term monitoring is needed to determine whether the small invading bird species have a lasting effect upon insect populations and tree health.
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Andison, David W., and Kris McCleary. "Detecting regional differences in within-wildfire burn patterns in western boreal Canada." Forestry Chronicle 90, no. 01 (January 2014): 59–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.5558/tfc2014-011.
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Under the auspices of ecosystem-based management (EBM), using historical range of variation (HRV) knowledge to help guide forest management decision-making is becoming commonplace. In support of this evolution, we hypothesized that historical fire-scale wildfire burn patterns in western boreal Canada could be differentiated by major ecological zones. We tested 10 fine-scale burn pattern metrics for 129 natural wildfires across more than 100 million ha of western boreal Canada against existing Canadian and provincial ecological classification schemes. The results showed some evidence of two historic disturbance regimes. Fires in the Foothills and Rocky Mountain ecoregions tended to have more disturbed patches, a smaller dominant disturbed patch, and less area in partially disturbed island remnants relative to fires in the Boreal Forest and Boreal Shield. However, several key metrics such as event shape and total remnant area were zone-invariant. Fire regime parameters such as fire size and frequency may not be linked to more detailed fire behaviour parameters such as remnant patterns. The moderate, yet highly variable levels of remnant pattern variation we found across the study area represents a natural, and potentially universal source of structural and compositional diversity for the boreal that may be critical to its sustainability.
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Smith-Ramirez, Cecilia, Juan L. Celis-Diez, Erik von Jenstchyk, Jaime E. Jimenez, and Juan J. Armesto. "Habitat use of remnant forest habitats by the threatened arboreal marsupial Dromiciops gliroides (Microbiotheria) in a rural landscape of southern Chile." Wildlife Research 37, no. 3 (2010): 249. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr09050.
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Context. Remnant forest patches in rural landscapes may be important sites for maintaining viable populations of restricted forest species, especially when these remnant habitats maintain some connectivity, for instance through riparian vegetation strips and other forest patches. Aims. We assessed the use of remnant forest habitats in a rural landscape of southern Chile (40°S) by the ‘near threatened’ arboreal marsupial Dromiciops gliroides (Microbiotheria), in relation to habitat type (riparian strips, forest fragments and continuous forests), width of the riparian forests, and the presence and abundance of the hemiparasite Tristerix corymbosus, whose fruits are readily eaten by D. gliroides. Methods. In two summers, 2004 and 2008, we set up grids of 96 live traps for three consecutive nights at each of 16 sites along two riparian forest strips, four additional sites in remnant, non-riparian forest patches, and four more within continuous pre-Andean forest. We counted hemiparasites on trees in the trapping grid area, and estimated their individual volumes. Key results . In total, 48 individuals of D. gliroides were captured at all sites during the 2 years. We documented a significant positive relationship between the width of riparian vegetation and the number of individuals captured (r s = 0.78, P = 0.02, n = 8) for one riparian strip, but not for the second one. Neither habitat type nor the frequency of hemiparasites related statistically to D. gliroides abundance. Key conclusions. We conclude that in the rural landscape of the Chilean Lake District, narrow riparian forest strips, in a highly inter-connected mosaic of remnant forest patches may be as important as large patches and continuous Andean forests to sustain viable populations of this threatened, strictly arboreal, marsupial. Implications. The present study reports, for the first time, the presence in narrow riparian forests immersed in a pasture-dominated agricultural matrix of this forest-specialist marsupial, which was previously known only from continuous pre-Andean forests.
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Q. Radford, James, and Andrew F. Bennett. "Factors affecting patch occupancy by the White-browed Treecreeper Climacteris affinis in an agricultural landscape in north-west Victoria, Australia." Pacific Conservation Biology 12, no. 3 (2006): 195. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pc060195.
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The survival of habitat-dependent fauna within agricultural mosaics depends on their ability to occupy remnant habitat patches and move through the modified landscape. In north-west Victoria, Australia, less than 10% of the pre-European extent of Belah Casuarina pauper woodland remains intact due to agricultural development. The White-browed Treecreeper Climacteris affinis, is a small, insectivorous passerine that, in this region, preferentially inhabits Belah woodland. To assess the ability of C. affinis to persist in an agricultural landscape, 30 woodland sites in the Millewa landscape (34�30'S, 141�30'E) were surveyed, and patterns of patch occupancy used to examine the influence of spatial characteristics, landscape context and grazing by stock on the suitability of remnants as C. affinis habitat. Sites occupied by C. affinis were larger and less likely to be grazed by stock than vacant patches. The area-dependency of patch occupancy represents a step-threshold: C. affinis were not detected in remnants with less than 18.5 ha of Belah woodland but above this threshold, density was not correlated with patch area. Measures of patch isolation, the existence of linking linear "corridors" and tree density were not reliable indicators of patch occupancy. The presence of the species in remnants entirely surrounded by agricultural land suggests they are capable of crossing up to 450 m of cultivated land to prospect for habitat. The extensive network of linear vegetation and the numerous small remnants and scattered trees appear to facilitate movements of C. affinis in this landscape. Increasing the size of existing remnants, creating new habitat to expand the area of occupancy and maintaining landscape connectivity are priorities for the long-term management of this threatened species.
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Mason, Leanda Denise, Grant Wardell-Johnson, and Barbara York Main. "Quality not quantity: conserving species of low mobility and dispersal capacity in south-western Australian urban remnants." Pacific Conservation Biology 22, no. 1 (2016): 37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pc15044.
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Urban remnant vegetation is subject to varying degrees of disturbance that may or may not be proportional to the size of the patch. The impact of disturbance within patches on species with low mobility and dispersal capabilities was investigated in a survey targeting nemesiid species of the mygalomorph spider clade in the Perth metropolitan area, south-western Australia. Nemesiid presence was not influenced by patch size, but presence did negatively correlate with higher degrees of invasive grass and rabbit disturbance. Further, patch size was significantly positively correlated with degree of disturbance caused by rabbits. Compared with quadrats, patches were not as effective as sample units in determining the impact of disturbance on nemesiid presence.
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Teste, François P. "Restoring grasslands with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi around remnant patches." Applied Vegetation Science 19, no. 1 (December 19, 2015): 3–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/avsc.12211.
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Keir, Anita F., Richard G. Pearson, and Robert A. Congdon. "Determinants of bird assemblage composition in riparian vegetation on sugarcane farms in the Queensland Wet Tropics." Pacific Conservation Biology 21, no. 1 (2015): 60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pc14904.
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Remnant habitat patches in agricultural landscapes can contribute substantially to wildlife conservation. Understanding the main habitat variables that influence wildlife is important if these remnants are to be appropriately managed. We investigated relationships between the bird assemblages and characteristics of remnant riparian forest at 27 sites among sugarcane fields in the Queensland Wet Tropics bioregion. Sites within the remnant riparian zone had distinctly different bird assemblages from those of the forest, but provided habitat for many forest and generalist species. Width of the riparian vegetation and distance from source forest were the most important factors in explaining the bird assemblages in these remnant ribbons of vegetation. Gradual changes in assemblage composition occurred with increasing distance from source forest, with species of rainforest and dense vegetation being replaced by species of more open habitats, although increasing distance was confounded by decreasing riparian width. Species richness increased with width of the riparian zone, with high richness at the wide sites due to a mixture of open-habitat species typical of narrower sites and rainforest species typical of sites within intact forest, as a result of the greater similarity in vegetation characteristics between wide sites and the forest proper. The results demonstrate the habitat value for birds of remnant riparian vegetation in an agricultural landscape, supporting edge and open vegetation species with even narrow widths, but requiring substantial width (>90 m) to support specialists of the closed forest, the dominant original vegetation of the area.
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SARDANYÉS, JOSEP, and ERNEST FONTICH. "ON THE METAPOPULATION DYNAMICS OF AUTOCATALYSIS: EXTINCTION TRANSIENTS RELATED TO GHOSTS." International Journal of Bifurcation and Chaos 20, no. 04 (April 2010): 1261–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218127410026460.
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One of the theoretical approaches to study spatially-extended ecosystems is given by metapopulation models, which consider fragmented populations inhabiting discrete patches linked by migration. Most of the metapopulation models assume exponential growth of the local populations and few works have explored the role of cooperation in fragmented ecosystems. In this letter, we study the dynamics and the bifurcation scenarios of a minimal, two-patch metapopulation Turing-like model given by nonlinear differential equations with an autocatalytic reaction term together with diffusion. We also analyze the extinction transients of the metapopulations focusing on the effect of coupling two local populations undergoing delayed transition phenomena due to ghost saddle remnants. We find that increasing diffusion rates enhance the delaying capacity of the ghosts. We finally propose the saddle remnant as a new class of transient generator mechanism for ecological systems.
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Michalski, Fernanda, and Carlos A. Peres. "Gamebird responses to anthropogenic forest fragmentation and degradation in a southern Amazonian landscape." PeerJ 5 (June 7, 2017): e3442. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.3442.
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Although large-bodied tropical forest birds are impacted by both habitat loss and fragmentation, their patterns of habitat occupancy will also depend on the degree of forest habitat disturbance, which may interact synergistically or additively with fragmentation effects. Here, we examine the effects of forest patch and landscape metrics, and levels of forest disturbance on the patterns of persistence of six gamebird taxa in the southern Brazilian Amazon. We use both interview data conducted with long-term residents and/or landowners from 129 remnant forest patches and 15 continuous forest sites and line-transect census data from a subset of 21 forest patches and two continuous forests. Forest patch area was the strongest predictor of species persistence, explaining as much as 46% of the overall variation in gamebird species richness. Logistic regression models showed that anthropogenic disturbance—including surface wildfires, selective logging and hunting pressure—had a variety of effects on species persistence. Most large-bodied gamebird species were sensitive to forest fragmentation, occupying primarily large, high-quality forest patches in higher abundances, and were typically absent from patches <100 ha. Our findings highlight the importance of large (>10,000 ha), relatively undisturbed forest patches to both maximize persistence and maintain baseline abundances of large neotropical forest birds.
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Graham, Cameron A., Martine Maron, and Clive A. McAlpine. "Influence of landscape structure on invasive predators: feral cats and red foxes in the brigalow landscapes, Queensland, Australia." Wildlife Research 39, no. 8 (2012): 661. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr12008.
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Context Invasive mammalian predators are often associated with fragmented landscapes, and can compound the impacts of habitat loss and fragmentation on native fauna. Knowledge of how invasive predators are influenced by different landscape structures can assist in the mitigation of their impacts. Aims The aim of the present study was to investigate the influence of landscape structure and site-scale habitat attributes on the frequency of feral-cat and red-fox detections in fragmented agricultural landscapes. Methods Field surveys of the frequency of red-fox and feral-cat visitation at a site scale were stratified for six different habitat types in six study subregions. The habitat types were large remnant patch interior, large remnant patch edge, small remnant patch, roadside verge, regrowth patch and open agricultural land adjacent to a remnant patch. Sites were centred in a 1-km buffer area from which landscape composition and configuration were calculated. We applied a generalised linear model and an information-theoretic approach to determine the effect size and importance and rank of the explanatory variables on red-fox, feral-cat and pooled cat and fox detection rates. Key results The most important factors influencing detection rates had a positive effect and included: the dominance of cropping in the landscape (cat, fox, pooled cat and fox); and the density of vegetation at a site scale (fox, pooled cat and fox). The number of native habitat patches was also an important factor in the models of red foxes and pooled invasive predators. Conclusion Spatially heterogeneous cropping landscapes incur higher rates of invasive-predator detections than do intact native-woodland and pasture landscapes at the 1-km scale. At a site scale, elevated invasive-predator detections occurred at sites with dense vegetation, characteristic of narrow woodland and the edges of large woodland patches. Implications The research findings highlight that vertebrate pest management needs to target highly fragmented agricultural landscapes that are more likely to have elevated levels of invasive-predator activity. Landscape restoration efforts need to consider the redesign of landscapes to make them less suitable for predators and more hospitable for native wildlife.
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Szlavecz, Katalin, Sarah A. Placella, Richard V. Pouyat, Peter M. Groffman, Csaba Csuzdi, and Ian Yesilonis. "Invasive earthworm species and nitrogen cycling in remnant forest patches." Applied Soil Ecology 32, no. 1 (May 2006): 54–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apsoil.2005.01.006.
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Cortés-Arzola, Silvia Ventura, and Jorge L. León-Cortés. "Response of Beetle Assemblages (Insecta: Coleoptera) to Patch Characteristics and Habitat Complexity in an Ever-Expanding Urban Landscape in the Yucatán Peninsula, Mexico." Annals of the Entomological Society of America 114, no. 4 (May 7, 2021): 511–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/aesa/saab017.
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Abstract Insect diversity levels and change in remnant urban habitats have been poorly examined in Neotropical regions. The aim of this study was to evaluate the diversity and composition of foliage/shrub dwelling beetles (Insecta: Coleoptera) regarding the influence of patch attributes (i.e., patch size, connectivity, and surrounding matrix) and within-patch habitat complexity, in an urban landscape at Chetumal, Yucatán peninsula, Mexico. Despite the potential species-specific responses to urban landscape pattern, our study reveals that there are effects of patch spatial features and habitat complexity on overall beetle diversity. These effects are as follows: 1) relatively larger urban patches contained higher overall beetle richness, 2) beetle species composition varied significantly regarding understory vegetation structure and tree richness, and 3) patches of intermediate vegetation age had highest beetle richness. This research provides a case study of patch and habitat features related to Neotropical insect assemblages in urban settlements, underlying the importance of using ecological information to offer management recommendations in ever-expanding urban tropical settlements.
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Villafuerte, R., J. A. Litvaitis, and D. F. Smith. "Physiological responses by lagomorphs to resource limitations imposed by habitat fragmentation: implications for condition-sensitive predation." Canadian Journal of Zoology 75, no. 1 (January 1, 1997): 148–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z97-019.
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Human land uses have resulted in landscape mosaics with habitat patches that vary in quality. Patch quality (including the abundance of food and the risk of predation) can affect the survival of animals that are sequestered in remnant patches of habitat. Recent investigations of the demography of New England cottontails (Sylvilagus transitionalis) have shown that cottontails on small (resource poor) patches were in poor physical condition (based on body mass) and often foraged at sites with limited cover. This resulted in a higher mortality rate than among rabbits occupying large (resource rich) patches. To gain additional insight into the consequences of habitat fragmentation, we tracked the physiological condition of rabbits occupying small and large patches during winter. The physiological condition of rabbits was determined using the urinary urea nitrogen:creatinine ratio, and the results were compared with similar indices obtained from captive rabbits. Consistent with our expectations, the nitrogen:creatinine ratios indicated that rabbits on small patches were nutrient limited for a longer period than rabbits on large patches. Transmitter-equipped rabbits on small patches had a lower survival rate and died earlier than rabbits on large patches. All mortalities were predator related. Using these data, we developed a simple model that supports the role of "condition-sensitive predation" as a major factor limiting populations of New England cottontails. Our results also demonstrate the utility of sampling physiological condition to provide an index of quality of lagomorph habitat in human-dominated landscapes.
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Bhattacharya, S., S. K. Sen, and A. Acharyya. "Structural evidence supporting a remnant origin of patchy charnockites in the Chilka Lake area, India." Geological Magazine 130, no. 3 (May 1993): 363–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0016756800020045.
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AbstractDark patches of charnockitic rocks characterized by orthopyroxene occur within garnetiferous granite gneisses (leptynites) in a granulite-migmatite suite around the Chilka Lake, Orissa, within the Eastern Ghats belt in the Indian Precambrian. Analysis of structures of different scales observed in this terrain establishes the presence of three phases of deformation. S1 is pervasive in the metapelitic granulites (mainlykhondalite), while in the migmatite complex composed of leptynites, charnockites and quartzofeldspathic veins, S1 is present exclusively within the charnockite lenses and bands, and shows different stages of obliteration in the associated leptynites. Thus, the charnockite patches must be earlier than the surrounding migmatitic rocks. The charnockite patches and the surrounding leptynitic gneisses are chemically quite different and the two rock types are not related by any prograde or retrograde transformation. The shapes and disposition of charnockite patches in the mixed exposures are found to be largely controlled by the third phase of folding and locally associated shearing. The kinematics of this late deformation are not favourable for fluid ingress from deeper levels.
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Crome, Francis, Jodi Isaacs, and Les Moore. "The utility to birds and mammals of remnant riparian vegetation and associated windbreaks in the tropical Queensland uplands." Pacific Conservation Biology 1, no. 4 (1994): 328. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pc940328.
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Birds and mammals were censused in a ribbon of remnant vegetation along a stream connecting two rainforest fragments on a farm on the Atherton Tablelands of North Queensland. The vegetation consisted of two larger (6.5 and 19.6 ha) and one smaller forest remnant (1.1 ha) and numerous tiny disconnected patches scattered across the property and along the creek. These were classified into five types ? "Forest", "Regeneration", "Copse", "Lantana" and "Tobacco Bush". Censuses were also done in four windbreak plantings. Sixty-four species of birds were recorded in systematic censuses in the patches along the creek and in the windbreaks. Along the creek, "Forest" patches had the most species and the most rainforest species followed by "Copse" and "Regeneration" sites. "Lantana" patches were surprisingly rich in species; a total of 32 were recorded including nine rainforest species. The fewest bird species were recorded in the windbreaks which were particularly poor in rainforest species. Small mammals were live trapped in the three larger patches, in the ribbon and in one windbreak. Eleven species were captured ? six rainforest, three grassland and two introduced. The grassland species were not caught in the larger forest patches and two rainforest rodents were not caught along the creek. Nothing was caught in the windbreak but grassland species were caught in an adjoining abandoned orchard. Three species of arboreal mammals were recorded by spotlighting ? Lumholtz' Tree-kangaroo Dendrolagus lumholtzi, Coppery Brushtail Possum Trichosurus vulpecula johnstonii and Green Ringtail Possum Pseudocheirus archeri. All occurred in the stream vegetation as well as the larger forest patches. None were seen in any of the four windbreaks. It is concluded that the creek vegetation is valuable wildlife habitat. The windbreaks were less so but were still useful to the fauna on the study area.
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Brown, Peter J., Kevin R. Wormington, and Philip Brown. "Identifying essential ecological factors underpinning the development of a conservation plan for the Endangered Australian tree Alectryon ramiflorus." Oryx 49, no. 3 (February 25, 2015): 453–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0030605314001124.
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AbstractReintroduction of rare and threatened species often fails to yield quantifiable conservation benefits because insufficient attention is focused on the species’ habitat requirements and biology. We demonstrate the value of such data in informing a recovery plan for Alectryon ramiflorus S.Reyn. (Sapindaceae), a tree species endemic to a region on the southern coast of Queensland, Australia. When the species was categorized as Endangered on the IUCN Red List in 1997 the total known population consisted of only 26 adult plants, in five disjunct populations in remnant patches of native vegetation. Analysis of vegetation type, soil chemistry and composition data comparing remnant patches with and without A. ramiflorus revealed that the species is not restricted to a specific soil type but prefers sites with relatively fertile soil and a more complex vegetation structure. The species is cryptically dioecious, displays asynchronous flowering between individuals, and requires insect-vectored pollination. The low rate of seedling production recorded within individual patches was attributed to the scarcity of trees of both genders, asynchronous flowering of individual trees and, in smaller patches, a sparse population of pollinating insect species. Successful reintroduction of A. ramiflorus will require consideration of these aspects of demographic success. The findings highlight the importance to species recovery plans of the knowledge of habitat requirements, interspecific relationships and critical dependencies, as well as species reproductive biology.
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Pryke, James S., Francois Roets, and Michael J. Samways. "Importance of habitat heterogeneity in remnant patches for conserving dung beetles." Biodiversity and Conservation 22, no. 12 (September 11, 2013): 2857–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10531-013-0559-4.
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Cuéllar-Rodríguez, G., E. Jurado, and J. Flores. "Beetle diversity in fragmented thornscrub and isolated trees." Brazilian Journal of Biology 77, no. 1 (March 2017): 92–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1519-6984.10615.
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Abstract Due to land use change mainly for induced agriculture, Tamaulipan thornscrubin northeast Mexico has been cleared and transformed into small patches of vegetation as small as isolated trees surrounded by agricultural fields. In this study, we explored how tree isolation or growing inside a fragment of remnant vegetation influence diversity of coleopterans in two plant species (Prosopis laevigata (Humb. &Bonpl.exWilld.) M.C. Johnst. (mesquite) and Ebenopsis ebano (Berl.) Barneby (Texas ebony). We found 72 coleopteran morphospecies; fifteen occurred mainly in remnant fragments and ten mainly in isolated trees. There were more insects under isolated mesquites than under those immersed in remnant fragments, while in Texas ebony the highest beetle density for isolated trees coincided with periods of bean and maize in surrounding agriculture.
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Cunningham, R. B., M. L. Pope, and D. B. Lindenmayer. "Patch use by the greater glider (Petauroides volans) in a fragmented forest ecosystem. III. Night-time use of trees." Wildlife Research 31, no. 6 (2004): 579. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr02112.
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Night-time use of feed trees by 40 radio-collared individuals of the greater glider (Petauroides volans) was recorded within five remnant patches of eucalypt forest near Tumut in south-eastern Australia. Radio-collared animals were observed making 663 night-time visits to 433 trees. For these observations, we recorded the number of visits by an animal to each tree, the number of different animals using each tree, the characteristics of trees that animals used, and the category of activity or behaviour displayed by animals (classified as feeding, perching, and moving). We found no evidence of a significant difference in patterns of behaviour between male and female P. volans in their night-time use of trees within remnant patches, regardless of patch size or population density. There were few records of animals (4%) from the radiata pine (Pinus radiata) plantation that surrounded the eucalypt remnants, although 20 observations were made of P. volans feeding on the young male cones and buds of this introduced tree species. There was evidence of preference for feeding in ribbon gum (Eucalyptus viminalis), mountain gum (E. dalrympleana) and narrow-leaved peppermint (E. radiata), with 72% of feeding observations of P. volans coming from these three tree species. Animals were generally solitary and spent most of the night feeding and perching in the upper canopy. Most trees were used by a single individual, with 96% of observations being of a single animal in a tree. The limited number of cases of sharing and co-use of trees were generally between an adult male and adult female (assumed mates), and females and their young. The probability that a tree was used increased with the average size of a tree (a composite measure of diameter, height and crown features) until approaching an asymptote of 1.0, i.e. all large trees were used. The number of visits a tree received from P. volans also was positively related to the measure of its size.
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Litvaitis, J. A., B. Johnson, W. Jakubas, and K. Morris. "Distribution and habitat features associated with remnant populations of New England cottontails in Maine." Canadian Journal of Zoology 81, no. 5 (May 1, 2003): 877–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z03-068.
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We investigated the distribution and habitat associations of New England cottontails (Sylvilagus transitionalis; NEC) at the northern edge of their historic range (state of Maine) during the winters of 19992000 and 20002001. We compared features of regions ([Formula: see text]100 km2), landscapes (multiple home ranges of NEC within 1 km of suitable habitat), and patches (usually <0.1 km2) among sites that were occupied by NEC, occupied by a potential competitor (snowshoe hares, Lepus americanus), or vacant. The current range of NEC in Maine is approximately 1600 km2 versus a recent historic range of 9400 km2 (83% decline). Loss of early-successional forests may explain the decline in abundance but does not explain the pattern of range contraction. Patches occupied by NEC were larger, had a greater density of understory vegetation, and were more frequently associated with idle agricultural lands than vacant patches. Habitats occupied by snowshoe hares were characterized by a greater proportion of forest and a lower density of roads in the surrounding landscape, were more often associated with recent clearcuts, and had a lower density of understory vegetation than sites occupied by NEC. Based on current land-use patterns, remaining populations of NEC in Maine are vulnerable to extirpation.
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L. Oliver, D., and G. W. Lollback. "Breeding habitat selection by the endangered Regent Honeyeater Anthochaera phrygia (Meliphagidae) at the local and landscape scale." Pacific Conservation Biology 16, no. 1 (2010): 27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pc100027.
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This is the first Australian study to apply logistical modelling techniques to describe the breeding habitat selection of a widely dispersed, highly mobile, threatened bird species. Landscape and microhabitat structural attributes of breeding habitat occupied by the endangered Regent Honeyeater Anthochaera phrygia in the Bundarra-Barraba region of northern NSW were compared to those of unoccupied habitat using logistic regression modelling. Models containing landscape scale variables were best at explaining Regent Honeyeater presence. Regent Honeyeater occupation was negatively associated with the amount of woodland cover surrounding a site (1 km and 2 km radius) and distance to patch edge, and was positively associated with site connectivity and linear remnants. Linear, well-connected woodland patches surrounded by cleared grazing land are typical of the remnant native vegetation occupied by Regent Honeyeaters in the Bundarra-Barraba region. The landscape models developed here can be used to identify potential new sites for protection and rehabilitation, and to assess the suitability of unsurveyed or unoccupied sites for the release of captively bred Regent Honeyeaters, which is identified as one of the priority recovery action for the species.
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Jingu, Shoma. "Temporal Continuities of Grasslands and Forests as Patches of Natural Land in Urban Landscapes: A Case Study of the Tsukuba Science City." Land 9, no. 11 (October 31, 2020): 425. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land9110425.
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Development has fragmented urban nature, and target sites for conservation strategies need to be those that have long maintained their original land cover in a clustered area. Additionally, continuously grasping changes from rural to urban as well as changes over decades after urbanization is essential. Therefore, this study identified and investigated natural patches in urban landscapes, clarified actual management practices in the identified patches, and traced changes in land ownership and land cover during the past 130 years in the Tsukuba Science City, Japan. We first identified areas containing clusters of urban grasslands and forest patches that have existed since the 2010s. We then identified urban green space patches that since the 1880s have remained undeveloped after being agricultural landscapes, despite the rapid urbanization of the Tsukuba Science City since the 1970s. These patches of urban green space were mainly identified near rural communities, research institutions, planned development sites, and golf courses. The findings of this study highlighted the need for new policy implications through systematic arrangement of diverse conservation strategies to maintain urban green space patches. Further investigation is required to elucidate the ecosystem services provided by these remnant green patches.
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Lloyd, Huw. "Foraging ecology of High Andean insectivorous birds in remnant Polylepis forest patches." Wilson Journal of Ornithology 120, no. 3 (September 2008): 531–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1676/07-059.1.
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Larsen, Terrence A., Scott E. Nielsen, Jerome Cranston, and Gordon B. Stenhouse. "Do remnant retention patches and forest edges increase grizzly bear food supply?" Forest Ecology and Management 433 (February 2019): 741–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2018.11.031.
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Coombes, Brad L. "Ecospatial Outcomes of Neoliberal Planning: Habitat Management in Auckland Region, New Zealand." Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design 30, no. 2 (April 2003): 201–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/b12946.
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In line with the paradigmatic shift towards spatial ecology, it is generally accepted that the conservation value of a habitat remnant cannot be determined in isolation from its wider landscape. Sensitivity to the spatial context of forest patches should, therefore, characterise habitat management. Conversely, neoliberal planning disregards ecospatial configuration because it abandons resource decisionmaking to the spatially ad hoc outcomes of market processes. Analysis of bush-lot subdivision—the foremost protection mechanism for indigenous habitat on private land in the Auckland Region—demonstrates that the neoliberal agenda for planning contradicts fundamental tenets of conservation ecology. With its foundations in voluntarism and market mechanisms, bush-lot subdivision induces selection bias in the location of protected remnants. Strategic and interventionist approaches will be required to moderate the impact of habitat loss, fragmentation, and perforation.
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Blodgett, Nell, Douglas A. Stow, Janet Franklin, and Allen S. Hope. "Effect of fire weather, fuel age and topography on patterns of remnant vegetation following a large fire event in southern California, USA." International Journal of Wildland Fire 19, no. 4 (2010): 415. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wf08162.
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Large fire events in southern California have burned thousands of hectares over the past decade. Landscape pattern and natural system processes are shaped by these large conflagrations, thereby influencing the ecological structure and functioning of the region. Unburned vegetation remnants can be used to assess general fuel consumption and to provide valuable information regarding fire behaviour, weather effects and post-fire regeneration. For this study, post-fire unburned vegetation was mapped at a very fine spatial resolution based on semi-automatic classification of airborne large-format multispectral image data and compared across different fire environment zones within the 2003 Cedar Fire burn perimeter. Landscape metrics were used to characterise unburned vegetation patches for a section of the Cedar Fire affected by Santa Ana weather conditions and for a section of the fire that burned under non-Santa Ana weather conditions. Maps of remnant vegetation and associated landscape metrics were compared across these two sections and within shrubland community type, topography and age-class strata using inferential statistics. Key findings reveal more unburned vegetation in larger, rounder patches in the non-Santa Ana section. Pre-fire stand age greater than 6 years showed little effect on the amount or pattern of unburned vegetation within the Santa Ana section.
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MacHunter, Josephine, Wendy Wright, Richard Loyn, and Phil Rayment. "Bird declines over 22 years in forest remnants in southeastern Australia: Evidence of faunal relaxation?" Canadian Journal of Forest Research 36, no. 11 (November 1, 2006): 2756–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x06-159.
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Declines in Australia's forest avifauna are largely attributed to loss of native vegetation. Many studies have examined patches of remnant vegetation, but few have considered changes over many years. In our study, bird data were collected 22 years apart (survey period A (SPA), 1980–1983; survey period B (SPB), 2002–2005) in 20 forest remnants in a rural landscape in southeastern Australia. Initial modelling (SPA) predicted a decline of nine species per patch in the 100 years following fragmentation. Our data showed that average species richness declined by nine species per patch in just 22 years between SPA and SPB, perhaps representing an example of faunal relaxation. Observer variation, changes in climate, changes in land use, and interspecific competition from an aggressive edge-adapted native bird (the noisy miner, Manorina melanocephala (Latham, 1802)) did not appear to be the main drivers of this decline. However, noisy miners were strongly associated with high turnover of forest species where they occurred above a threshold of six birds per count. Revisiting sites after an interval of many years has shed new light on the dynamics of a fragmented ecosystem, and indicates that further bird declines are likely as a result of past habitat loss.
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Webster, Sarah C., Zachary H. Olson, and James C. Beasley. "Occupancy and abundance of free-roaming cats in a fragmented agricultural ecosystem." Wildlife Research 46, no. 4 (2019): 277. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr18029.
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Context Free-roaming domestic cats are a widespread invasive species, occurring throughout the globe in urban and rural environments alike. However, robust estimates of cat occupancy and abundance, especially in rural, agricultural landscapes, are largely unknown. Aims To estimate cat occupancy and abundance within forested habitat in a fragmented agricultural region of Indiana, USA. Methods Free-roaming cats in 55 forest patches were captured from 2004 to 2010 to assess the effects of landscape attributes on cat occupancy probabilities. During 2009–10 abundance of cats in each habitat patch was estimated based on natural markings of captured individuals. Key results Across the entire study (2004–10) cats in 50 of the 55 patches were detected, but detections varied temporally and spatially. Average occupancy probability was estimated at Ψ = 0.773 (s.e. = 0.109), and detection probability was estimated as P = 0.204 (s.e. = 0.012). Distance to human structures and forest patch isolation both were found to negatively influence cat occupancy. In total, 57 individual cats were captured in 2009 and 55 in 2010, when unique individuals were distinguished. Across all forest patches, average cat abundance was n = 1.08 in 2009 and n = 0.91 in 2010, ranging from 0 to 7 among sampled patches. Conclusions Overall, the distribution of free-roaming cats across a rural agricultural landscape varied temporally and was associated with proximity to human structures and the proximity of other forest habitat. Similarly, abundance was found to vary spatially and temporally. Implications The findings suggest free-roaming cats are widespread throughout agricultural ecosystems, but their distribution is dynamic and non-random. Additionally, the potential for cats to impact native fauna inhabiting remnant forest patches is high in fragmented agricultural ecosystems due to the concentration of native species utilising these patches. Further research is needed to determine the effects free-roaming cats are having on native species in human-dominated, rural ecosystems, and what conservation measures might be implemented to best mitigate any impacts.
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Weiskopf, Sarah R., Jennifer L. McCarthy, Kyle P. McCarthy, Alexey N. Shiklomanov, Hariyo T. Wibisono, and Wulan Pusparini. "The conservation value of forest fragments in the increasingly agrarian landscape of Sumatra." Environmental Conservation 46, no. 4 (July 22, 2019): 340–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0376892919000195.
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SummaryDestruction of tropical rainforests reduces many unprotected habitats to small fragments of remnant forests within agricultural matrices. To date, these remnant forest fragments have been largely disregarded as wildlife habitat, and little is known about mammalian use of these areas in Sumatra. Here, we conducted camera trap surveys (2285 trap-nights) within Bukit Barisan Selatan National Park and five surrounding remnant forest fragments during 2010–2013 and used species composition metrics to compare use. We found 28 mammal species in the protected forest and 21 in the fragments. The fragments harboured a subset of species found in the protected forest and several species not observed in the protected forest. Critically endangered species such as Sunda pangolin (Manis javanica) and Sumatran tiger (Panthera tigris sumatrae) were found in the forest fragments, along with species of conservation concern such as marbled cat (Pardofelis marmorata) and Asiatic golden cat (Pardofelis temminckii). The biodiversity found within the fragments suggests that these small patches of remnant forest may have conservation value to certain mammal species and indicates the importance of further research into the role these habitats may play in landscape-level, multispecies conservation planning.
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Theron, K. Jurie, René Gaigher, James S. Pryke, and Michael J. Samways. "High quality remnant patches in a complex agricultural landscape sustain high spider diversity." Biological Conservation 243 (March 2020): 108480. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2020.108480.
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Shahan, Jessica L., Brett J. Goodwin, and Bradley C. Rundquist. "Grassland songbird occurrence on remnant prairie patches is primarily determined by landscape characteristics." Landscape Ecology 32, no. 5 (March 9, 2017): 971–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10980-017-0500-4.
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Watson, James, Alexander Watson, David Paull, and David Freudenberger. "Woodland fragmentation is causing the decline of species and functional groups of birds in southeastern Australia." Pacific Conservation Biology 8, no. 4 (2002): 261. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pc030261.
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The clearance of woodlands and the simultaneous creation of alien environments have been identified as the primary reasons for the decline of many woodland birds in southeastern Australia. This study measured how the size of woodland remnants and habitat structural complexity affected bird composition and distribution in the northern Australian Capital Territory and bordering areas of New South Wales. Within this region only 8% of the original woodlands remain, embedded as patches in a matrix of pasture and suburbia. Woodland birds were surveyed in 72 woodland remnants of different size and vegetation structural complexity. Avifaunal species richness was found to increase with remnant area and habitat complexity (p < 0.01). Of the 31 resident woodland bird species detected, 22 were significantly affected by woodland patch size reduction and 20 species were significantly affected by habitat complexity loss (p < 0.05). Of the species affected, 19 were affected by both reductions in patch size and vegetation complexity. Seven species (Weebill, Brown Thornbill, Buff-rumped Thornbill, Spotted Pardalote, Grey Shrike-thrush, Scarlet Robin and White-winged Chough) not previously identified as threatened by habitat fragmentation occurred significantly less often in small remnants with low habitat complexity. Assessment of avifaunal guilds based on body size and foraging behaviour showed that all large species (n = 4) and 85% (n = 17) of insectivorous species that foraged above the ground were statistically affected by patch size and/or loss of habitat complexity. The occurrence of three species (50%) of granivores was also significantly affected (p < 0.05) by patch size and/or habitat complexity reduction. These results show that the distribution of many bird species, including some considered "common" and "widespread", is affected by patch size and habitat complexity. There are few, large complex woodland remnants within the study area, which continue to reduce in size and complexity. It is therefore predicted that the decline of woodland bird species will continue unless appropriate habitat conservation strategies are applied.
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Ausband, David E., and G. Ross Baty. "Effects of precommercial thinning on snowshoe hare habitat use during winter in low-elevation montane forests." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 35, no. 1 (January 1, 2005): 206–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x04-152.
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We assessed snowshoe hare (Lepus americanus L.) habitat use during winter on two precommercial thinning treatments in sapling stands in northwestern Montana, USA. One treatment type retained 0.2-ha patches of unthinned saplings, representing 8% of the total stand area, and the second retained 0.8-ha patches of unthinned saplings, representing 35% of the stand area. Snowshoe hare habitat use was also estimated within a nearby control sapling stand and mature conifer stands. We used snow tracking and fecal pellet counts to estimate use before and after thinning treatments were applied. Although we did not find a conclusive trend in hare use of sapling stands after thinning, use within the control stand and adjacent mature stands suggested there was considerable movement of hares to nearby untreated stands after thinning. Hares used retention patches regardless of size, even though large retention patches were four times larger than small retention patches. Because hares demonstrated an affinity for dense patches of residual forest, any retention of untreated saplings may be beneficial for hares during winter when applying precommercial thinning treatments in areas where stand sizes are relatively small (1014 ha), and the resulting thinned matrix is less harsh than in larger thinned stands. Use within thinned portions of the stand and unthinned remnant blocks suggests that over the winter hares may also benefit from a connectivity of dense cover.
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Mogoutnov, Alena, and Jackie Venning. "Remnant tree decline in agricultural regions of South Australia." Pacific Conservation Biology 20, no. 4 (2014): 366. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pc140366.
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Agricultural landscapes in southern Australia were once dominated by temperate eucalypt woodlands of which only fragmented patches and scattered trees in paddocks remain. This study focuses on the decline of scattered trees in the Mount Lofty Ranges and South East agricultural regions of South Australia. A combination of digitized aerial photography and satellite imagery was used to extend a previous assessment of decline undertaken in the early 1980s and increase the period over which decline was assessed to 58–72 years. A total of 17 049 scattered trees were counted from the earliest time period assessed over 11 sites of which 6 185 trees were lost by 2008 — a 36 % decline. Recruitment of 2 179 trees during this period was evident. Imagery indicates that clearing for agricultural intensification is the primary cause of the decline. A range of management options and policy settings are required to reverse the decline notwithstanding the challenges of implementation at a landscape scale across privately owned land.
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Rees, Michael, and David Paull. "Distribution of the southern brown bandicoot (Isoodon obesulus) in the Portland region of south-western Victoria." Wildlife Research 27, no. 5 (2000): 539. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr99045.
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The southern brown bandicoot (Isoodon obesulus) occurs across the periphery of southern and eastern Australia as a series of isolated regional populations. Historical records and recent surveys conducted for I. obesulus indicate that it has disappeared or decreased significantly from many parts of its former range. Vegetation clearance, habitat fragmentation, feral predators and fire have all been implicated in the decline of the species. This paper examines the distribution of I. obesulus in the Portland region of south-western Victoria. Historical records of I. obesulus were compiled from the specimen collection of Museum Victoria, the Atlas of Victorian Wildlife, Portland Field Naturalists’ Club records and anecdotal sources. Field surveys were conducted to determine the current distribution of I. obesulus in the study area based on evidence of its foraging activity. The historical records reveal limited information: most are clustered around centres of human activity, indicating observational bias. The field surveys demonstrate that I. obesulus occurs in the Portland region as a series of local populations. Each local population is associated with a patch of remnant native vegetation separated from neighbouring patches by dispersal barriers. Within these habitat remnants the occurrence of the species is sporadic. Approximately 69% of the potential habitat is managed by the Forests Service, 31% is managed by Parks Victoria, and less than 0.5% is held under other tenures. Spatial isolation of habitat remnants, fires and feral predators are the main threats to I. obesulus in the Portland region.
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Pope, M. L., D. B. Lindenmayer, and R. B. Cunningham. "Patch use by the greater glider (Petauroides volans) in a fragmented forest ecosystem. I. Home range size and movements." Wildlife Research 31, no. 6 (2004): 559. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr02110.
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This paper examines home-range attributes of 40 greater gliders (Petauroides volans) in five patches of remnant eucalypt forest surrounded by stands of radiata pine (Pinus radiata) near Tumut in south-eastern Australia. Fixed-kernel smoothing methods were used to estimate home-range size for P. volans. For males, home-range size varied from 1.38–4.10 ha (mean = 2.6 ± 0.8 ha, n = 12) and was significantly larger (P < 0.05) than for females (1.26–2.97 ha, mean = 2.0 ± 0.6 ha, n = 11). Home-range size increased significantly with increasing patch size and reduced patch population density. Thus, small patches had more animals per unit area with smaller home ranges and greater home-range overlap. Our findings illustrate flexibility in the use of space by P. volans. Such results have not previously been reported for P. volans or any other species of arboreal marsupial. Considerable home-range overlap (at 95th percentile isopleth level) was observed between male and female P. volans. Pairs of females also exhibited home-range overlap. Males tended to maintain home ranges exclusive of other males, although some shared common areas. Contrary to the large variations observed in home-range area, core areas (50th isopleth) remained relatively constant, regardless of patch size, population density or sex. This may indicate that core areas are an essential requirement for individuals and resources they contain cannot be shared with congeners.
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Farmer, Elizabeth, Karin J. Reinke, and Simon D. Jones. "A current perspective on Australian woody vegetation maps and implications for small remnant patches." Journal of Spatial Science 56, no. 2 (December 2011): 223–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14498596.2011.623344.
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Zipperer, Wayne C. "Species composition and structure of regenerated and remnant forest patches within an urban landscape." Urban Ecosystems 6, no. 4 (December 2002): 271–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/b:ueco.0000004827.12561.d4.
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Dendy, Julian, Susan Cordell, Christian P. Giardina, Bernice Hwang, Edwin Polloi, and Kashgar Rengulbai. "The role of remnant forest patches for habitat restoration in degraded areas of Palau." Restoration Ecology 23, no. 6 (September 11, 2015): 872–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/rec.12268.
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Hou, Enqing, Dazhi Wen, Jianli Li, Weidong Zuo, Lingling Zhang, Yuanwen Kuang, and Jiong Li. "Soil acidity and exchangeable cations in remnant natural and plantation forests in the urbanised Pearl River Delta, China." Soil Research 50, no. 3 (2012): 207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr11344.
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Increasing urbanisation and industrialisation have led to a dramatic reduction in forest area, and now only culturally protected remnants of natural forests and some new plantations remain in most areas of the Pearl River Delta (PRD), China. To investigate the status of soil acidity and exchangeable cations under these remnant forests and assess the possible impacts of reforestation on soil nutrients in the plantation forests, soils at 0–0.03, 0.03–0.13, and 0.13–0.23 m depths were sampled from 16 forest patches (eight natural and eight plantations), and soil pH in water, organic matter content, and exchangeable cation (H, Al, Ca, Mg, K, and Na) contents were determined. Results showed that 90% of the soils were strongly acid (pH <4.5) and 70% of the soils had a base saturation <15%. About 50% of the soils had <0.5 mmol(+)/kg of exchangeable Mg. Soil exchangeable K and Mg contents were significantly lower under plantation forests than under native forests in all layers, whereas exchangeable Ca and Na contents showed little difference between two types of forests. Moreover, contents of all exchangeable cations except Al showed a significant decrease with depth. These results suggest that remnant forests in the PRD generally experience a high risk of Al and acidity stresses and non-acidic cation deficiencies for plant growth. Reforestation may cause further decline in soil exchangeable K and Mg contents, but is unlikely to affect soil exchangeable Ca and Na contents.
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Taylor, Brendan D., and Ross L. Goldingay. "Facilitated movement over major roads is required to minimise extinction risk in an urban metapopulation of a gliding mammal." Wildlife Research 39, no. 8 (2012): 685. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr12142.
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Context Urbanisation is recognised as a primary cause of biodiversity loss. Roads are an inherent element of this, creating partial or complete barriers to animal movement. Urban landscapes of eastern Australia are typified by a dense road network interspersed with remnant patches of bushland. Inter-patch movement by tree-dependent gliding mammals may be halted and, consequently, population viability threatened, when canopy gaps over roads exceed gliding ability. Aims We test the notion that a metapopulation of the squirrel glider (Petaurus norfolcensis) in southern Brisbane can persist within a highly fragmented urban landscape with large road canopy gaps. Methods We used the population modelling software VORTEX to investigate the influence of inter-patch movement (dispersal) and wildfire on the probability of extinction. Wildfire is an inherent characteristic of this landscape. Key results Our modelling suggests that a lack of inter-patch movement as a result of road barriers, in tandem with wildfire, is associated with a high probability of local extinction. However, a small rate of inter-patch movement can substantially reduce the likelihood of extinction. Conclusions Road-crossing structures are the most plausible means available to link remnants to enable inter-patch movement for squirrel gliders in this landscape because of inadequate road-side tree height. Simulation studies such as the present study that test population viability are critical to convince land managers that action must be taken. Implications The need to conserve urban biodiversity will increase over time, so land managers must consider the likely benefits to population persistence conferred by installing wildlife crossing structures into existing roads.
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PATTANAVIBOOL, ANAK, PHILIP DEARDEN, and UTIS KUTINTARA. "Habitat fragmentation in north Thailand: a case study." Bird Conservation International 14, S1 (December 2004): S13—S22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0959270905000195.
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We surveyed birds in two remnant patches of montane evergreen forest landscapes differing in intensity of habitat fragmentation, land use patterns and development. Present landscape configurations in Mae Tuen and Om Koi show that both became heavily fragmented (Table 1, see also Figure 1) between 1954 and 1996. The low abundance at Om Koi of large frugivores, such as Brown Hornbills Ptilolaemus tickelli and Great Hornbills Buceros bicornis, and their lack at Mae Tuen, are probably effects of prolonged fragmentation.
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CHAMI-KRANON, THANAPHUM, NATDANAI LIKHITRAKARN, and PAKAWIN DANKITTIPAKUL. "Allagelena monticola sp. n. (Araneae: Agelenidae), a new species of funnel-web spiders from northern Thailand." Zootaxa 1397, no. 1 (January 25, 2007): 47–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.1397.1.6.
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A new species of the funnel-web spiders from Thailand, Allagelena monticola sp. n., is described and illustrated. The types of this species were collected from remnant patches of pristine evergreen hill forest in the Doi Inthanon National Park, Chiang Mai Province, northern Thailand. The new species resembles the widely distributed species A. opulenta (L. Koch), which is known from China, Korea and Japan. This discovery expands the known zoogeographical distribution of the genus Allagelena southwards into tropical Southeast Asia.
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CHAMI-KRANON, THANAPHUM, NATDANAI LIKHITRAKARN, and PAKAWIN DANKITTIPAKUL. "Allagelena monticola sp. n. (Araneae: Agelenidae), a new species of funnel-web spiders from northern Thailand." Zootaxa 1397, no. 1 (January 25, 2007): 47. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.1397.6.
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A new species of the funnel-web spiders from Thailand, Allagelena monticola sp. n., is described and illustrated. The types of this species were collected from remnant patches of pristine evergreen hill forest in the Doi Inthanon National Park, Chiang Mai Province, northern Thailand. The new species resembles the widely distributed species A. opulenta (L. Koch), which is known from China, Korea and Japan. This discovery expands the known zoogeographical distribution of the genus Allagelena southwards into tropical Southeast Asia.
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Nijman, Vincent, and Resit Sözer. "New information on the distribution of Chestnut-bellied Partridge Arborophila javanica in the central parts of Java." Bird Conservation International 7, no. 1 (March 1997): 27–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0959270900001386.
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SummaryThe Chestnut-bellied Partridge Arborophila javanica is confined to the hill and mountain forests of Java. Until recently, its range was thought to be restricted to the western and eastern part of the island. Surveys performed in March-September 1994 in the central part of the island showed it to be present there as well. The species was found in six remnant forest patches where it was not known to occur. Data on habitat preferences and altitudinal distribution are given.
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Hodgson, P., K. French, and R. E. Major. "Comparison of foraging behaviour of small, urban-sensitive insectivores in continuous woodland and woodland remnants in a suburban landscape." Wildlife Research 33, no. 7 (2006): 591. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr05017.
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Small patches of remnant vegetation are often considered to have low conservation value. In urban landscapes their value may potentially be higher than in other landscapes because they can be the only representatives of original native vegetation. Despite this potential, many small insectivorous birds that rely on native vegetation demonstrate sensitivities within urban landscapes through reduced numbers or total absence. One reason for this sensitivity may be that remnants are of suboptimal quality, which may be reflected in behavioural changes. Using five insectivorous species that were present (in low numbers) in remnants surrounded by high-density housing, foraging behaviour was examined in relation to vegetation. The proportion of time birds spent on different foraging substrates and plant species was compared with that of conspecifics in continuous vegetation. Canopy and shrub foragers showed minimal behavioural changes. Ground foragers in remnants tended to forage at lower heights than those in continuous vegetation; however, these changes did not appear to reflect a negative effect. These changes were partially explained by structural differences between vegetation in remnants and continuous sites. The number of times a bird attacked prey items was significantly higher in continuous habitat for only two species. Overall, the foraging behaviour of small insectivorous birds in remnants surrounded by high-density housing was not adversely affected by urbanisation and it appears that remnants have potential value as habitat and foraging sources in an urban landscape. Despite this, small insectivores are still sensitive to urbanisation, suggesting that other factors, probably in the matrix, are important.