Journal articles on the topic 'Remedies for addiction'
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Yarnell, Eric, and Kathy Abascal. "Botanical Remedies for Nicotine Addiction." Alternative and Complementary Therapies 7, no. 6 (December 2001): 337–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/10762800152709679.
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Shiri-Ghaleh, Vida, Mehrdad Moradi, and Kambiz Soltaninejad. "Determination of Common Pharmaceutical Adulterants in Herbal Medicinal Products Used in the Treatment of Opioid Addiction." International Journal of Medical Toxicology and Forensic Medicine 9, no. 4 (October 1, 2019): 243–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.32598/ijmtfm.v9i4.26310.
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Background: Opioid addiction is a serious and growing global concern. Recently, herbal medicine has been popular for the treatment of opioid abusers worldwide. Unfortunately, the adulteration of herbal remedies with undeclared synthetic pharmaceuticals has been reported. In Iran, there are few reports on the adulteration of herbal remedies by synthetic pharmaceuticals sold as opioid addiction treatment. The aim of this study was to analyze herbal products used in opioid addiction treatment for the identification of synthetic pharmaceuticals as adulterants in the remedies.Methods: Forty commonly-used handmade herbal products for the treatment of opioid addiction were collected from herbal shops in Kermanshah (western area of Iran). After organoleptic examinations, the samples were prepared and analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry for detecting probable synthetic pharmaceutical adulterants.Results: The chromatographic analysis of the samples showed that 90% of the products had at least one undeclared pharmaceutical ingredient as an adulterant. The majority of the samples (n=19, 47.5%) had only one undeclared pharmaceutical. Diphenoxylate (n=24, 39.3%), tramadol (n=16, 26.2), methadone (n=8, 13.2%), and the combination of these drugs were reported as common adulterants. We detected the presence of buprenorphine and sildenafil as adulterating agents in the herbal formulations for the first time.Conclusion: According to the presence of undeclared synthetic pharmaceuticals in opioid addiction herbal products, as well as their threats to public health, awareness, in this case, is necessary.
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Gambelunghe, Cristiana, Mauro Bacci, Kyriaki Aroni, Filomena De Falco, and Emira Maria Ayroldi. "Cocaine Addiction Treatment and Home Remedies: Use of the Scopolamine Transdermal Patch." Substance Use & Misuse 49, no. 1-2 (August 7, 2013): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/10826084.2013.824477.
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Bujor, Constantin, and Alexandru Marit. "Elements of comparative law on criminal liability for acts committed while intoxicated." National Law Journal, no. 2(248) (January 2023): 179–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.52388/1811-0770.2022.2(248).17.
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The scale of alcoholism in contemporary human society is alarming. Nothing spreads faster than the habit of alcohol, drug addiction and taxonomy. It is a social problem for modern society. On the one hand, alcoholics and drug addicts are always ready to commit antisocial acts, alcohol and drug use being one of the major causes of crime, and on the other hand they cause degeneration, children of alcoholics and drug addicts often become criminals. or degenerate physically and intellectually. This sinister and erroneous understanding of alcohol consumption, which has caused unfortunate criminal acts and special harm to the individual, does not yield anything in favor of understanding what alcohol actually is. and untempered habits are also detrimental to the general well-being of society as they are fatal to the happiness of the individual. In proposing remedies, the Mani British Parliament’s House of Commons Special Committee on Intoxication alluded to the causes of drunkenness which it considered to be a “deeply rooted, ancient, widespread and strongly encouraged evil of negligence, ignorance, prejudice, customs and self-interest.” selfish”. It was believed that these remedies could fall into two broad categories: legislative remedies and moral remedies, and the law was to “frame, inhibit, and punish the malicious and contagious inclinations of malicious members of society that encourage drunkenness.”
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Robab, Sana, and Nida Saleem. "Search for the Natural Remedies for the Treatment of Dry Cough." Phytopharmacological Communications 3, no. 2 (December 30, 2023): 125–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.55627/ppc.003.02.0386.
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Cough, also known as tussis, is a normal physiological response to any intrusion in the airway. However, this protective mechanism can turn into a nuisance if it becomes persistent, significantly impacting the social, physical, and psychological performance of a person. Standard antitussive agents like dextromethorphan (DXM), codeine, and gabapentin produce various side effects, and in some cases, cough relapse occurs as soon as drug doses are reduced. In search of better alternatives, this article delves into plant-based antitussive agents, studied in-vivo in various cough models. The cough models used in these studies include sulphur dioxide (SO2), citric acid, ammonia, acetic acid, and capsaicin-induced models. The plant-sourced agents, included in this review article, are not only effective against dry cough but also have better safety profiles and lower addiction potential as compared to the mainstream options. The review article cited the examples of Caesalpinia pulcherrima, arabinogalactan extracted from the roots of Withania somnifera, vitexin from Jatropha mutabilis, Napoleonaea vogelii, Rosa damascene and Hedera helix, which were not only potent antitussives but were also had better safety and performance profile than standard drugs like codeine. By investing in these phytochemicals, exhibiting promising cough-suppression abilities, better, safer, and cheaper antitussive agents can be produced. .
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Lippi, Giuseppe, Brandon M. Henry, Chiara Bovo, and Fabian Sanchis-Gomar. "Health risks and potential remedies during prolonged lockdowns for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)." Diagnosis 7, no. 2 (May 26, 2020): 85–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/dx-2020-0041.
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AbstractAs coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic continues, an increasing number of countries and territories are adopting restrictive measures based on physical (“social”) distancing, aimed at preventing human-to-human transmission and thereby limiting virus propagation. Nationwide lockdowns, encompassing mass quarantine under stay-at-home ordinances, have already been proven effective to contain the COVID-19 outbreak in some countries. Nevertheless, a prolonged homestay may also be associated with potential side effects, which may jeopardize people’s health and thus must be recognized and mitigated in a way without violating local ordinances. Some of the most important undesirable consequences of prolonged homestay such as physical inactivity, weight gain, behavioral addiction disorders, insufficient sunlight exposure and social isolation will be critically addressed in this article, which also aims to provide some tentative recommendations for the alleviation of side effects.
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Diksha Sharma, Richa Gupta, and Punam Gaba. "Pain management by alternative therapies and herbal bioactive." World Journal of Biology Pharmacy and Health Sciences 12, no. 3 (December 30, 2022): 370–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.30574/wjbphs.2022.12.3.0283.
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Herbal medicines and other complementary & alternative therapies are now a part of the mainstream healthcare system. Adults frequently utilizing herbal remedies to treat pain, which is one of the most prevalent ailments. Although herbal remedies are frequently not the most effective analgesics in the market, they can be very helpful for mild to moderate pain. Herbal bioactive substances may reduce the effectiveness of conventional treatments for pain. Life quality suffers, and excessive medical costs rise as a result of pain. Western medicine may have too many negative effects, such as addiction and tolerance. Alternative pain-management approaches may be offered by herbal medicines. Neuropathic pain is one of the many types of chronic pain that results from damage to the neurological system, including the peripheral nerves. There are few treatments for neuropathic pain now available. Recent studies have also shown the value of dietary bioactive compounds in the management of pain like Ginger, Curcumin, Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, soy isoflavones and Lycopene. The goal of this review paper is to determine the function of various bioactive and some traditional alternative therapies in the treatment of pain.
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Huang, Sally, and Joan Gygax Spicer. "Developing an Evidence-Based Patient Education Guide on Pain Management for Asian Patients on Hospice." Home Healthcare Now 42, no. 4 (July 2024): 236–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/nhh.0000000000001275.
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Asian Americans are the fastest-growing racial group in the United States. This article describes the development of a pain management assessment guide for Asian patients on hospice, their families, and their nurses. Thematic analysis was used to evaluate the applicability of research on pain, pain management, and barriers to pain management from primarily Asian countries to Asian patients on hospice in the United States. Thematic analysis of interviews with such patients concurs with research findings. Four themes emerged: enduring pain, preference for Chinese medicine remedies, fear of addiction, and concern about the side effects of pain medications. Interviews with experienced hospice nurses also aligned with these themes. Hospice nurses were asked to share their strategies for assessing and managing pain among their Asian hospice patients. Thematic analysis of their interviews revealed six strategies: focusing on treatment goals, involving family and caregivers, explaining the physiology of pain, explaining the progression of pain medications, addressing concerns about addiction, and managing the side effects of medications. The themes that emerged from patient and hospice nurse interviews were used to develop an evidence-based pain management assessment guide to support Asian patients on hospice, their family, and the nurses who care for them.
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Blazic, Borka Jerman, and Mateja Gorenc. "Deviance in the Internet Use in Working Environment: Key Factors and Remedies based on an Exploratory Study." Review of European Studies 9, no. 4 (November 2, 2017): 52. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/res.v9n4p52.
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Deviance, in a sociological context, is understood as actions or behaviours that violate social norms, including formally-enacted rules, as well as informal violations of social norms. Deviant behaviour related to Internet was studied mainly as a technology enabling misuse and addiction. In this paper deviant behaviour is studied in the context of two phenomena the addiction to the on-line services and the: abuse in the work place. Both phenomena enact the working forms and cause loss of productivity. As organizations and companies try to minimize the productivity losses resulting from their employees’ Internet abuse in work place different approaches are used to solve the problem, some of them like e-surveillance and social control are in conflict with the social norms and the legislation order. The study presented in the paper explores the relationship between a person addicted to the Internet, and the factors that influence the abuse in the workplace. The study results discover whether these two phenomena are the result of the work environment like poor organizational structure in the company or bad human relationships. Another intention of the study was to find out whether the disciplinary measures applied to deter the Internet abuse have effects on the employees behaviour. The study results have shown that the occurrence of Internet abuse in workplace is not strongly related to the work conditions like the bad relationships with co-workers or managers, the missing actions for remuneration or recognition of the good work, and lack of paths for career advancement. The awareness of being e-surveyed by the employer, or being warned with personal messages about the misuse of Internet cause the time spent on the Internet for non-working purposes by the employee to decline. The study was carried out on an exhaustive sample inform an EU member state country where the legislative approach in employee e-surveying differ from other world regions. Managers were involved in this study to light up their everyday practice in deterring the Internet abuse in work place in view of the existing law for employee privacy protection in communication.
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Politi, Matteo, Nahuel Simonet, Eric Kube, Tereza Rumlerová, Edilberto Chuquilín Bustamante, Gary Saucedo Rojas, Fabio Friso, Gokhan Zengin, Luigi Menghini, and Claudio Ferrante. "Ethnomedical uses of Yawar Panga (<i>Aristolochia didyma</i>) in a therapeutic community dedicated to the treatment of drug addiction in the Peruvian Amazon." Natural Resources for Human Health 3, no. 2 (February 7, 2023): 248–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.53365/nrfhh/159613.
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<i>Aristolochia didyma</i> (Yawar Panga) and other <i>Aristolochia</i> species are used as traditional herbal remedies with potent emetic properties. Scientific data for such Yawar Panga species, however, are scarce in the literature. The aim of this study was to describe the use of Yawar Panga within the context of the therapeutic community Takiwasi, in which the plant is used as part of the protocol for the rehabilitation of individuals with drug addiction. Fieldwork with experts in the administration of Yawar Panga at Takiwasi Center, as well as a retrospective qualitative analysis of experiences with this plant remedy in a residential inpatient population were performed. <i>In-silico</i> analysis of the main constituents of <i>A. didyma</i> as represented in the literature was completed in order to identify its putative pharmacological targets. The therapists interviewed consider Yawar Panga to be the most potent purga at Takiwasi and consider it especially useful in attenuating addiction withdrawal syndrome. From the patient’s perspective, this plant induces strong physical effects, and commonly precipitates effects in the oneiric and emotional dimensions. GABA B seems to be the receptor involved in the emesis induced by the phytochemicals contained in this plant species. Despite some relevant concerns related to the safety of the genus <i>Aristolochia</i> in modern western pharmacopoeias, some species, including <i>A. didyma</i>, are routinely used in the context of traditional herbal medicine in the Peruvian Amazon. Further phyto-pharmacological investigations would be helpful to elaborate this species’ medical utility, especially within the context of addiction treatment.
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Gandhi, Kusum, Sukumar M, Deepanshu Mahaver, Ashwini Shandilya, and Om Lata Bhagat. "Analysis of Correlation between Anthropometry of Hand and Smartphone Overuse on Musculoskeletal Pain in Thumb/Wrist in Medical Students: A Cross Sectional Study at Tertiary Care Center of Central India." International Journal of Kinanthropometry 3, no. 1 (June 30, 2023): 47–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.34256/ijk2316.
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Introduction: As mobile technology has evolved and is used extensively by most of the population, there is an increase in incidences of pain associated with the overuse of mobile phones. Pain associated with smartphone use is because of prolonged periods of time engaging with digital devices. The use of smartphones can cause various types of physical discomforts, such as neck pain, shoulder pain, and thumb pain, collectively referred to as “smartphone-related musculoskeletal disorders” (SRMDs). These medical issues arise mainly due to poor posture, repetitive movements, and prolonged use of smartphones without breaks. The impact of SRMDs on an individual’s daily life can be significant, resulting in decreased productivity, reduced quality of life, and increased healthcare costs. It is important for individuals to be aware of the risks associated with smartphone use and take steps to minimize their risk of developing SRMDs. Methods: The proposed study was an observational, questionnaire-based non-invasive study. The study was conducted in AIIMS Bhopal. The study was conducted on 130 adult males and 70 adult females. Personal and demographic details along with anthropometric measurements like Palm length, Palm breadth, and middle finger length were recorded. The level of smartphone addiction of individuals was also documented. Results: Correlations among palm length, palm breadth, length of the middle finger, smartphone size and shape, addiction level, and musculoskeletal pain were calculated. Conclusion: Present study proposes some important remedies which may minimize the musculoskeletal pain associated with the overuse of mobile phones.
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Liu, Qing, Andrew J. Lawrence, and Jian-Hui Liang. "Traditional Chinese Medicine for Treatment of Alcoholism: From Ancient to Modern." American Journal of Chinese Medicine 39, no. 01 (January 2011): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0192415x11008609.
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Alcohol has long been used as a daily beverage in China and around the world. It is a medicinal substance with various biological activities. In fact, alcohol has played an important role in the development of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), within which it is considered as the earliest exhilarant and anaesthetic. Yet, as a substance with great potency of misuse and addiction, the consumption of alcohol can lead to serious damage to individual health and the society. Over the past 20 years, alcohol abuse or alcoholism has become an increasing social problem in China along with the rapid economic development. China, the country of origin for TCM, has accumulated abundant clinical experience in the treatment of alcoholism with its ancient medicine. In the present research, we have summarized clinical and primary studies concerning various remedies of TCM for alcohol abuse, including herbal components (such as Kudzu/Pueraria Lobata, Pediculus melo, Hypericumpperforatum L.), decoctions and acupuncture.
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Augustine, L. Maningba, and M. Jeyaseelan. "Aftermath of School Dropout: Sociological Analysis with Reference to Maram Naga Tribe, Manipur." Shanlax International Journal of Arts, Science and Humanities 10, no. 3 (January 1, 2023): 75–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.34293/sijash.v10i3.5883.
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School dropout is a serious problem faced by individual and society for which focus has been a great concern for the policymakers and researchers to deal with. The present study was to examine the consequences of school dropouts in the Maram Naga Tribe, Manipur. School dropout is not a new phenomenon but the current study will contribute to the awareness of the effects and suggest the remedies in order to curb the problems. The aims of the study were to explore the research questions such as what problems do dropouts encounter after leaving school. The researcher followed simple random sampling methodto select 260 respondents from the universe. The interview method has been used to collect data to understand the phenomena of the consequences of school dropouts. The key findings are unemployment, regret, family chaos and taking intoxicate like alcoholism, drug addiction and so on. The significance of the findings shows that dropouts have different experiences in economic, social and political outcomes in society.
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et al., Yunusoğlu. "The effects of moxidectin nicotine-conditioned cue on nicotine-seeking behavior in mice." International Journal of ADVANCED AND APPLIED SCIENCES 8, no. 12 (December 2021): 117–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.21833/ijaas.2021.12.014.
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Current pharmacotherapies for nicotine abuse are few and relatively inefficient demonstrating the need for the development of new, effective remedies. Moxidectin is used as an anti-parasitic agent in both animals and humans, it also activates GABA receptors. The objective of the present investigation was to study the effect of moxidectin on nicotine-induced conditioned place preference (CPP) in male Swiss mice. Intraperitoneal (i.p.) route was used for nicotine (0.5mg/kg) administration for a 3-day conditioning program. The influences of moxidectin on the reinforcing characteristics of nicotine were tested in mice given i.p. treatment of moxidectin (5 and 10mg/kg) 30 minutes prior to per nicotine administration. CPP was extinguished by repeated testing, through which conditioned mice were daily given two doses of moxidectin (5 and 10mg/kg, i.p.). Subsequently, the potency of moxidectin in blocking the reinstatement of CPP provoked by priming given low-dose nicotine (0.1mg/kg, i.p.) was also evaluated. Moxidectin treatment illustrated a reserve of acquisition of nicotine-induced CPP. It was reduced priming nicotine-induced reinstatement and accelerated the extinction of CPP. Relatively nicotine enhanced the locomotor, motor activity but was not statistically significant. In conclusion, the outcomes demonstrate the potential for the development of moxidectin as a new pharmacotherapy for the treatment of nicotine addiction.
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Darji, Pravinkumar, Jayendrakumar Patel, Binit Patel, Shalin Parikh, Praneeth Ivan Joel Fnu, and Seshadri Nalla. "Review on Recent Development in Opioid Abuse-Deterrent Formulation Technologies and Regulatory Expectation." Biomedical and Pharmacology Journal 17, no. 2 (June 25, 2024): 779–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.13005/bpj/2904.
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Chronic pain occurs as a result of several diseases and ailments. The problem of improper utilization of vital opioid medication has been a topic of substantial discourse during the last two decades, in conjunction with its application for the extended-term control of persistent pain. Abuse-deterrent formulations play a crucial role in comprehensive methods to manage the risks associated with opioids. These formulations diminish the allure and narcotic properties of opioids by restricting their capacity to be assimilated by the body. This diminishes the appeal and incentives for misusing altered opioid prescriptions, and also poses challenges in extracting the opioid substance for utilization in alternative manners. This article examines various regulatory measures, projected prerequisites for the licensing of abuse-deterrent formulations, and current activities aimed at producing opioid abuse-deterrent formulations as potential remedies to combat the opioid abuse pandemic. Considering the seriousness of the global opioid problem, it is crucial for various regulatory entities to come together to safeguard society from the opioid pandemic. This involves implementing a thorough policy on prescribing opioid medications to patients, conducting evaluations to determine the likelihood of addiction, and increasing efforts to approve only opioid drugs that are specifically tailored to prevent abuse.
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Petrilli, Enrico, and Franca Beccaria. "The Italian “alcohol question” from 1860 to 1930: Two opposing scientific interpretations." International Journal of Alcohol and Drug Research 4, no. 1 (June 22, 2015): 37–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.7895/ijadr.v4i1.193.
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Petrilli, E., & Beccaria, F. (2015). The Italian “alcohol question” from 1860 to 1930: Two opposing scientific interpretations. The International Journal Of Alcohol And Drug Research, 4(1), 37-43. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.7895/ijadr.v4i1.193Background: In recent years, English-speaking and Northern European alcohol researchers have turned a historical gaze towards their subject, and in particular have explored how a medical view attempted to describe and explain phenomena such as alcohol abuse and addiction. Although there was a heated and prolific debate in Italy in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, there are few historical studies of the first scholars’ thoughts on alcohol-related problems.Aims: The article depicts how the Italian scientific community interpreted and explained alcohol-related concerns following the emergence of the alcohol issue in the late 19th century. Specifically, the stances of the two main groups of scientists who dealt with the issue, the Positive School of Criminology and Legal Socialism, are examined.Method: The article is based on the materials collected by the Italian research group during a comparative study carried out as part of the ALICE RAP project. More than 40 books and five scientific journals were consulted.Results: Medical-related concerns were never predominant in the late 19th-century Italian debate on the alcohol question, but were addressed in the broader discussion of criminality, where positivists’ and legal socialists’ perspectives both focused mainly on social consequences, albeit with differing interpretations of causalities and remedies.
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Nordheim, Kristoffer, Espen Walderhaug, Ståle Alstadius, Ann Kern-Godal, Espen Arnevik, and Fanny Duckert. "Young adults’ reasons for dropout from residential substance use disorder treatment." Qualitative Social Work 17, no. 1 (August 1, 2016): 24–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1473325016654559.
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Dropout from substance use disorder treatment is usually investigated and understood from a perspective of quantitative patient-related factors. Patients’ own perspectives (user perspective) are rarely reported. This study, therefore, aimed to explore patients’ own understanding of their dropout from residential substance use disorder treatment. The participants were 15 males and females, aged 19–29 years, who had dropped out of residential substance use disorder treatment at the Department of Addiction Treatment, Oslo University Hospital, Norway. Qualitative methodology with semistructured interviews was used to explore how the participants described their dropout and their reasons for doing so. Thematic analysis was used as the framework for analyzing the data derived from the interviews. Dropout had different meanings for different participants. It was understood as a break from treatment, as an end to treatment, or as a means of reduced treatment intensity. Against that background, four main themes for dropout were found: drug craving, negative emotions, personal contact, and activity. Patient and treatment factors seem to interact when participants explore reasons for their dropout. A complex pattern of variables is involved. As remedies, participants suggested that substance use disorder treatment should provide more focus on drug craving and training to understand and tolerate emotional discomfort. They also wanted closer contact with the staff during treatment, more activities, and rigorous posttreatment follow-up. These findings from the user perspective have important implications for substance use disorder treatment, clinical and social work practice, management, and research.
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Finnegan, Paula, Michelle Murphy, and Cathal O’Connor. "P12 #corticophobia: a review of misinformation related to topical steroids." British Journal of Dermatology 189, no. 3 (August 24, 2023): e47-e47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/bjd/ljad259.022.
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Abstract Misinformation in healthcare is now at crisis level worldwide, with the internet as the primary source of prevarication. Topical corticosteroids (TCS) are a safe and effective treatment used in multiple conditions in paediatric dermatology. Nonadherence to prescribed TCS can be due to phobia secondary to misinformation, and poor compliance is a common obstacle to disease control. TCS phobia is a complex, multifaceted phenomenon that exploits children with skin disease and obstructs their path to successful treatment. This study aims to examine the content of TCS-related misinformation available online. A formal review of PubMed was performed in June 2022, using the terms ‘topical corticosteroids’ AND ‘misinformation’ OR ‘disinformation’ OR ‘conspiracy theory’, along with an informal Google search using combinations of these terms, and further targeted searches on social media applications including Facebook, Twitter, Instagram and TikTok. The main fears expressed by children and parents regarding TCS included potential adverse effects (skin thinning, stunted growth/development). ‘Topical steroid withdrawal’, ‘red skin syndrome’ or ‘TCS addiction’ is a particularly prevalent myth currently being propagated on social media, with most content suggesting that eczema is due to a ‘leaky gut’ and not skin inflammation. Numerous websites promoting misinformation were frequently endorsed by companies advertising ‘natural’ products as treatment alternatives, including ‘herbal’ remedies which can contain significant quantities of corticosteroids or other potent ingredients. The paediatric dermatology community should be vigilant of the type of TCS-related misinformation online, and actively attempt to counteract it with evidence-based advice.
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Peters, Jamie, and David E. Olson. "Engineering Safer Psychedelics for Treating Addiction." Neuroscience Insights 16 (January 2021): 263310552110338. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/26331055211033847.
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Addiction is best described as a disorder of maladaptive neuroplasticity involving the simultaneous strengthening of reward circuitry that drives compulsive drug seeking and weakening of circuits involved in executive control over harmful behaviors. Psychedelics have shown great promise for treating addiction, with many people attributing their therapeutic effects to insights gained while under the influence of the drug. However, psychedelics are also potent psychoplastogens—molecules capable of rapidly re-wiring the adult brain. The advent of non-hallucinogenic psychoplastogens with anti-addictive properties raises the intriguing possibility that hallucinations might not be necessary for all therapeutic effects of psychedelic-based medicines, so long as the underlying pathological neural circuitry can be remedied. One of these non-hallucinogenic psychoplastogens, tabernanthalog (TBG), appears to have long-lasting therapeutic effects in preclinical models relevant to alcohol and opioid addiction. Here, we discuss the implications of these results for the development of addiction treatments, as well as the next steps for advancing TBG and related non-hallucinogenic psychoplastogens as addiction therapeutics.
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Yates, Rowdy. "A brief history of British drug policy: 1850-1950." Therapeutic Communities: The International Journal of Therapeutic Communities 41, no. 2 (June 29, 2020): 57–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/tc-11-2019-0013.
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Purpose As the clamour within the drug treatment field in the UK – and throughout much of Europe – increases, leading agencies are arguing for a review of the current legislation and a change in focus away from criminal justice and towards a more public health understanding of addiction. Therapeutic communities have found themselves united with many drug users-led campaigns to argue for a wholesale restructuring of the legislative, policy and funding arrangements which recognises the role of recovery-oriented interventions within the mix. Given these on-going debates, it is perhaps useful to understand how the current arrangements were established [1]. Design/methodology/approach In 1850s, the sale of opium – like alcohol – was largely unregulated. It was widely used, in a variety of preparations, by all classes for medical and non-medical purposes. A pennyworth of opium was as likely (perhaps more likely) as a pound of potatoes to find its way into the weekly shopping basket. Findings By the 1920s, the Fu Manchu novels of Sax Rohmer – with their tales of innocent English virgins being seduced into crime and sexual perversion by an evil Chinese genius who lurked within the opium dens of Edwardian Britain – had redefined opium as a drug of the outside, the deadly, an agent in the enslavement of innocence. Originality/value This dramatic change was largely brought about by the introduction of an array of new medications and a move away from traditional “herbal” remedies. This change was accelerated by the experiences of the First World War and underpinned by the print media and laid the foundations of the legislation and policy of the present day.
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Meireles, Vânia, Tiago Rosado, Mário Barroso, Sofia Soares, Joana Gonçalves, Ângelo Luís, Débora Caramelo, et al. "Mitragyna speciosa: Clinical, Toxicological Aspects and Analysis in Biological and Non-Biological Samples." Medicines 6, no. 1 (March 4, 2019): 35. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/medicines6010035.
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The abuse of psychotropic substances is a well-known phenomenon, and many of them are usually associated with ancestral traditions and home remedies. This is the case of Mitragyna speciosa (kratom), a tropical tree used to improve work performance and to withstand great heat. According to several published studies, the main reasons for kratom consumption involve improving sexual performance and endurance, but also social and recreational uses for the feeling of happiness and euphoria; it is also used for medical purposes as a pain reliever, and in the treatment of diarrhea, fever, diabetes, and hypertension. However, this plant has gained more popularity amongst young people over the last years. Since it is available on the internet for purchase, its use is now widely as a drug of abuse, namely as a new psychoactive substance, being a cheaper alternative to opioids that does not require medical prescription in most countries. According to internet surveys by the European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction in 2008 and 2011, kratom was one of the most widely supplied new psychoactive substances. The composition of kratom is complex; in fact, more than 40 different alkaloids have been identified in Mitragyna speciosa so far, the major constituent being mitragynine, which is exclusive to this plant. Besides mitragynine, alkaloids such as corynantheidine and 7-hydroxamitragynine also present pharmacological effects, a feature that may be attributed to the remaining constituents as well. The main goal of this review is not only to understand the origin, chemistry, consumption, and analytical methodologies for analysis and mechanism of action, but also the use of secondary metabolites of kratom as therapeutic drugs and the assessment of potential risks associated with its consumption, in order to aid health professionals, toxicologists, and police authorities in cases where this plant is present.
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Vyshnevska, Liliia, Hanna I. Severina, Yuliya Prokopenko, and Alexander Shmalko. "Molecular docking investigation of anti-inflammatory herbal compounds as potential LOX-5 and COX-2 inhibitors." Pharmacia 69, no. 3 (August 5, 2022): 733–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/pharmacia.69.e89400.
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According to the World Journal of Gastroenterology, more than 5 million people worldwide suffer from inflammatory bowel disease. The use of phytotherapeutic remedies in treatment of chronic inflammatory processes can be an effective alternative in patient’s therapy. The advantage of herbal medicines is the ability to influence various links of pathogenesis, lack of addiction, and the absence of withdrawal syndrome with long-term use in chronic pathology. In order to develop a new combined remedy with anti-inflammatory activity for the treatment of colitis, thirteen herbs, which are used in official or traditional medicine in inflammatory processes, were selected among the Ukrainian flora members. To select the most promising drugs and optimize further pharmacological research, molecular docking of the main active substances of the selected herbs to the fundamental pro-inflammatory enzymes – lipoxygenase-5 (LOX-5) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) – was carried out. Native inhibitors AKBA and celecoxib, respectively, were used as the reference ligands. The selection of candidate structures for in silico research was carried out according to the bibliosemantic research and logical-structural analysis concerning anti-inflammatory effect of the substances, which are part of chemical composition of the selected herbs. Molecular docking results have shown a high affinity level for the active site of the LOX-5 inhibitor gallotannin, quercetin, inulin, sitosterine, and moderate for ellagic acid. High affinity level for the active site of the COX-2 inhibitor was found for inulin, quercetin, gallotannin, ellagic acid and urticin A, moderate one – for gallic acid. For the further pharmacological in vitro and in vivo studies for anti-inflammatory activity, medicinal herbs with the highest content of the mentioned compounds were selected: Inula helenium, Cichorium intybus, Capsella bursa-pastoris, Foeniculum vulgare, Equisetum arvense, Veronica officinalis. Besides, it is recommended to use aqueous extracts of the selected herbs for the further pharmacological studies.
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Garland, Eric L., Rachel M. Atchley, Adam W. Hanley, Jon-Kar Zubieta, and Brett Froeliger. "Mindfulness-Oriented Recovery Enhancement remediates hedonic dysregulation in opioid users: Neural and affective evidence of target engagement." Science Advances 5, no. 10 (October 2019): eaax1569. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aax1569.
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Addiction neuroscience models posit that recurrent drug use increases reactivity to drug-related cues and blunts responsiveness to natural rewards, propelling a cycle of hedonic dysregulation that drives addictive behavior. Here, we assessed whether a cognitive intervention for addiction, Mindfulness-Oriented Recovery Enhancement (MORE), could restructure reward responsiveness from valuation of drug-related reward back to valuation of natural reward. Before and after 8 weeks of MORE or a support group control, prescription opioid users (N = 135) viewed opioid and natural reward cues while an electroencephalogram biomarker of target engagement was assessed. MORE was associated with decreased opioid cue-reactivity and enhanced capacity to regulate responses to opioid and natural reward cues. Increased positive affective responses to natural reward cues were associated with decreased craving and mediated MORE’s therapeutic effects on opioid misuse. This series of randomized experiments provide the first neurophysiological evidence that an integrative behavioral treatment can remediate hedonic dysregulation among chronic opioid users.
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Podolyuk, M. V., L. R. Mateshuk-Vatseba, M. M. Mykhalevych, V. B. Fik, and I. P. Pasichnyuk. "SCANNING ELECTRONIC MICROSCOPY OF MUCOUS MEMBRANE OF THE UTERINE TUBE UNDER THE CONDITIONS OF PHYSIOLOGICAL NORM AND SIX-WEEK ADMINISTRATION OF OPIOID." Art of Medicine 23, no. 3 (October 18, 2022): 94–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.21802/artm.2022.3.23.94.
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The toxic effects of opioids on the female reproductive system are important for theoretical and practical medicine, because excessive use of narcotic drugs causes pathological changes in organs and tissues and can predict the negative effects of "nalbuphine" on the female genitals. The excessive use of narcotic drugs, the prevalence of drug addiction, the use of opioids by modern medicine for therapeutic purposes, creates the need to carefully study the effects of opioids on the body of women, primarily the organs of the reproductive system, because despite the successes achieved in diagnosis and treatment, female infertility is an urgent problem.
Aim of the research: to establish and describe the features of the structural organization of the mucous membrane of the uterine tube of a female laboratory rat in normal and under conditions of prolonged exposure to «nalbuphine» according to the results of scanning electron microscopy.
Materials and methods. The material of the research was the mucous membrane of the uterine tubes of 20 mature white female rats, aged 4.5–6.0 months with body weight 180–220, which were kept in standard conditions at the vivarium of the Danylo Halytskyi Lviv National Medical University. The structural organization of the mucous membrane of the uterine tubes was normally studied in 5 animals. Experimental animals were divided into 2 groups. The first group of experimental animals (10 rats) was administered «nalbuphine» intramuscularly once daily, in one period of time for 6 weeks. The second group - control animals - 5 white female rats, which were injected with saline. The method of scanning electron microscopy of the mucous membrane of the uterine tube of the rat was used in the research.
Results. Lesions of the reproductive system damage is an integral part of clinic both opiate addiction and intoxication of pharmaceutical remedies in particular the group of opioids. The connection between duration of «nalbuphine» administration and depth of changes of structural organization of mucous membrane of the uterine tube was established in the experiment. The obtained data show that the six-week administration of «nalbuphine» causes destructive changes in the mucous membrane of the uterine tube wall similar to long-term inflammatory processes, in particular, an increase in the lumen of the uterine tube, a decrease or absence of folds in certain areas of the uterine tube, a decrease in the number of microvilli of tubal exocrinocytes, and the occurrence of adenomatous proliferation of the tubal epithelium.
The damage that has occurred indicates the ability of the opioid to cause irreversible changes with prolonged use.
Conclusions. The connection between duration of «nalbuphine» administration and depth of changes of structural organization of the mucous membrane of the uterine tube was established in the experiment. Prolonged administration of opioids causes irreversible destructive changes in the mucous membrane of the uterine tube of the female rat, which is manifested by the phenomena of disorganization of both endothelial cells. The damage that has occurred proves the ability of opioid in long-term use to cause irreversible changes and structure and function damages on all levels starting with structural. The results of the work can serve as a basis for the further search for optimal methods of correcting changes in the structure of organs caused by the long-term use of opioids.
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Berdibayeva, Sveta, Saira Zhiyenbayeva, Farida Sakhiyeva, Alena Garber, Maira Kabakova, and Dmitry Ivanov. "Group psychological counselling as a form of prevention of adolescent addictive behaviour." Psychiatria i Psychologia Kliniczna 21, no. 2 (July 30, 2021): 95–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.15557/pipk.2021.0010.
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This article provides an analysis of domestic and foreign literature on the concept of “adolescent addictive behaviour,” summarises its scientific understanding, and outlines the mechanisms of the emergence of addictive behaviour and psychological characteristics of adolescents exhibiting addictive behaviour. The study presents a review of modern research on the problems of Internet-, food-, and alcohol addictions. The review includes Russian, Kazakh and international literature on the psychological prevention of adolescent addictive behaviour. The concept of the “psychological prevention of adolescent addictive behaviour” is disclosed, and the principles and objectives of preventive work with adolescents prone to addictive behaviour are defined. A set of diagnostic techniques is proposed to study the predilection of adolescents to addictive behaviour. The article reveals the content and effectiveness of the programme for the psychological prevention of adolescents’ predisposition to addictive behaviour by means of group psychological counselling. The authors describe the course of experimental work on the study of adolescents’ predisposition to addictive behaviour, present the testing of the developed psychological programme, and demonstrate the effectiveness of adolescents’ group counselling to prevent their addictive behaviour. The results of the study confirm the authors’ hypothesis that the use of group forms of psychological counselling is effective in psychological prevention, as it relies on the activity of adolescents. The results of the study contribute to the development of preventive pedagogy and psychology, and the improvement of the modern system of anti-alcohol and anti-drug education of adolescents. The study findings can be also used in educational institutions in advisory and remedial work with adolescents.
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Sharma, Parul. "Work-Addiction: A Poison by Slow Motion." Journal of Economics and Behavioral Studies 2, no. 3 (March 15, 2011): 86–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.22610/jebs.v2i3.225.
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Today’s professionals work long hours for a variety of reasons and are dominated by increasing work pressures, tough competitors and day to day challenges. Due to this they are getting addicted to work. Addiction to work is a new concept and the effect of work addiction is more severe than the people realize. Keeping this in view, the paper attempts to throw light on the underlying dimensions of work addiction and depicts the consequences of work addiction. The study also suggests some preventive and remedial measures to overcome/reduce the outcomes of this addiction to work.
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Foss, Jeffrey. "A scientific fix for the classical account of addiction." Behavioral and Brain Sciences 19, no. 4 (December 1996): 579. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x00043053.
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AbstractHeyman's two crucial theses are that people over-value immediate rewards, and that addictive substances “subvert the value of competing commodities.” These perennial ideas were discussed by Plato. Whereas Heyman provides scientific clarification and support for the first, the second remains problematic. I outline how this deficiency might be remedied via evolutionary considerations.
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Ruiz, José Valentino, and Chris Shelton. "Culturally Relevant Music Remedies for At-Risk Students." International Journal of Health and Music 1, no. 1 (July 15, 2024): 33–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.61629/ijhm.v1i1.42.
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This article presents a comprehensive review of the existing literature on the impact of social media on mental health. With the rapid growth and widespread adoption of social media platforms, concerns regarding their potential influence on individuals' psychological well-being have emerged. Drawing from a diverse range of studies, this review explores the various dimensions through which social media can affect mental health, including self-esteem, body image, loneliness, depression, anxiety, and addictive behaviors. The findings reveal both positive and negative outcomes, highlighting the complex relationship between social media use and mental health. Additionally, this article discusses the underlying mechanisms and potential moderating factors that contribute to these effects. Understanding the nuances of this relationship is crucial for developing effective strategies to promote positive mental health in the digital age.
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Chaudhuri, Susmita, Rekha Dutt, and Shamshad Ahmad. "Internet addiction among medical undergraduates in a medical college of West Bengal- a cross-sectional study." Indian Journal of Community Health 31, no. 3 (September 30, 2019): 371–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.47203/ijch.2019.v31i03.012.
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Background: The era of 21st century is burdened with internet usage worldwide specially in the developing countries such as India. Internet addiction has been related to physical, social, psychological impairment. Aim& Objectives: To find out the prevalence of internet addiction among the medical students and the effect of internet addiction on health status among them. Settings and Design: This was an observational descriptive study of cross-sectional design conducted in a tertiary medical college of West Bengal. Material & Methods: All the undergraduate medical students were approached and interview was done using interview schedule consisting of sociodemographic characteristics, Young’s criteria of internet addiction test and Duke’s health profile screening test. Statistical analysis used: Data was analysed using SPSS version 20&presented in percentages, mean with standard deviation, ANOVA with Tukey’s Post-hoc test. Results: Total of 201 participants responded giving a response rate of about 50%. The distribution of respondents as per Young’s criteria of internet addiction which showed that majority of the respondents were mild addicted (58.7%) & moderate addicted (15%).Comparison of Duke health profile score across various internet addicts where physical health score differs significantly among the non-addicted (81.42+20.02) vs mildly addicted (67+20.36)& moderately addicted (63.31+ 20.15) participants (p=0.00). Mental health score also differs considerably among the non-addicts (78.16+18.36) vs mildly addicts (67+18.28) & moderately addicts (61.87+18.33) (p= 0.00). Conclusions: A good number of medical students were addicted to internet that requires timely remedial action. Educational institutions had to formulate strategies so that proper action could be taken.
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Singkai, Chow Nakunand, Biplab Tripathy, and Tanmoy Mondal. "A Study on Opium and Drugs in Namsai District, Arunachal Pradesh: With Special Reference to Emphum Village." Integrated Journal for Research in Arts and Humanities 3, no. 6 (December 22, 2023): 175–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.55544/ijrah.3.6.20.
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The Namsai district is the land of multiple tribes‟ viz. Tai-Khamtis, Mishmis, Singphos and some other sub tribes which lie in the eastern parts of Arunachal Pradesh. In this remote and near China-Myanmar border, the district is facing a big problem of drugs for long period of time. Since a long, the poppy had associated with the life of the people due to some myths which is a prime cause of present of opium in this region. Opium is an alkaloid derivative of Papaver somniferum commonly known as poppy. The other derivatives of this plant are Heroin, Morphine, Codine and Papaverum, ganja. Derivatives like Morphine have long been used as medicine. Ages of male addicts are from 20 years onwards. Addiction cause varies. It is seen among youngsters mostly. Opium is sold as per tola, roughly equivalent to 10 grams. This paper attempts to explore the reasons responsible for drug addiction. The reasons are examined in relation to eight hypothetical factors, such as peer group, enjoyment, frustration/tension, sufficient leisure, and excess pocket money, imitation of family elders, easy availability and curiosity. Moreover, the remedial measures undertaken by the Drug De-addiction centres and their benefits among the addicts are also analyzed.
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Afaq, Muhammad Yasir Masood, Tasnim Rehna, and Arif Nadeem. "A Holistic Perspective towards Perils of and Pathways to Addiction Recovery in Pakistan: Exploring Indigenous Factors." Journal of Professional & Applied Psychology 4, no. 4 (December 31, 2023): 594–609. http://dx.doi.org/10.52053/jpap.v4i4.245.
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A multi-angled approach and formation of a holistic body of insights about drug addiction relapse and recovery is the key objective of this qualitative study. Based on a Constructivist Grounded Theory methodology, a total 40 semi-structured interviews were conducted from 10 recovering persons, 10 relapsed person and 10 chief caregivers of each set of recovering and relapsed persons. Out 20 recovering and relapsed persons, 7 were within age of 18-25, 10 were within 26-35 years of age and 3 respondents were over 35 years of age. Their respective 20 chief caregivers included their parents, siblings, spouses and case managers. Furthermore, 2 Focus Group Discussions (FGDs) were conducted having 4 participants i.e., Psychiatrists, Psychologists, Psychotherapists and Case Managers hailing from Drug Rehab Centers in each group. The digitally recorded interviews were transcribed/translated and further analyzed in NVIVO – Windows. Following the processes of Open, Axial and Selective Coding, five core categories of Familial, Personal, Socio-cultural, Psycho-emotive and Treatment Factors emerged to form the theoretical framework of the substantive grounded theory titled as Perils of and Pathways to Addiction Recovery. The theory connects various dimensions of the causal factors and recovery-assuring remedial measures. This framework serves as an indigenous work for developing policy, interventions and treatment. This study reveals contributing factors for the efficacy of different treatment approaches and practices in Pakistan. This five factor theoretical model has high-resolution data driven insights collected from all possible stakeholders of the eco system of falling prey to addiction and recovering from it.
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Stumberg, Robert. "Safeguards for Tobacco Control: Options for the TPPA." American Journal of Law & Medicine 39, no. 2-3 (June 2013): 382–441. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/009885881303900210.
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With tobacco trade, the past is prologue. In the 1980s, the U.S. government used domestic trade remedies (“Super 301”) to pry open markets for U.S. tobacco companies. The targets included Japan, South Korea, Taiwan, and Thailand. A grateful tobacco industry donated a renovation of the Treaty Room in the U.S. Department of State, declaring at the dedication: “Tobacco is intimately and historically associated with American diplomacy.”Thailand responded by banning imported cigarettes on grounds that the imports were more addictive and marketing of imports was driving up consumption. The United States then challenged Thailand for violating the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT). The GATT panel ruled against Thailand, finding that the import ban failed to satisfy the health exception of GATT Article XX.
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Chatterjee, Surobhi, and Sujita Kumar Kar. "Teen Pornography: An Emerging Mental Health Challenge." Journal of Psychosexual Health 5, no. 1 (January 2023): 30–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/26318318231154230.
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Exposure to pornography is not an uncommon and unusual phenomenon in the digital era, with teens being no exception. Exposure to pornography among teens may happen accidentally, out of curiosity, or intentionally to derive sexual excitement. Many individuals exposed to pornography may later develop pornography addiction. Most parents who are aware that their children view pornography are often worried about such behavior and sometimes seek help from mental health professionals. So, it can be certainly said that exposure to pornography among teens may cause significant distress in them and their parents. As pornography is a major source of sex education for a large number of teens, lots of myth and misguided information are harbored from watching pornography. This article focuses on the mental health aspects of pornography exposure among teens and the possible remedial measures.
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Jaya, Candra, and Faidatul Hikmah. "Legal Reform on Rehabilitation for Drug Users as an Ultimum Remedium Effort." JURNAL USM LAW REVIEW 7, no. 1 (April 20, 2024): 364. http://dx.doi.org/10.26623/julr.v7i1.8803.
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<p>This study explores Indonesia's legal approach to narcotics rehabilitation under Law Number 35 of 2009, focusing on a shift from punitive measures to a public health framework. Article 54 mandates both medical and narcotics rehabilitation for addicts, emphasizing a commitment to breaking the cycle of dependency. Through analyzing legal provisions, Supreme Court circulars, and joint regulations, this research highlights a three-stage rehabilitation process: medical, non-medical, and aftercare phases. Emphasizing rehabilitation over punishment, insights align with the ultimum remedium principle, advocating for alternative policies. Results reveal a progressive legal landscape recognizing narcotics users as individuals in need of treatment. Supreme Court circulars and joint regulations aim to address challenges, emphasizing the importance of collaboration between legal, health, and social entities for an effective narcotics rehabilitation system in Indonesia. This legal mandate signifies a pivotal shift towards a holistic, public health-oriented response to narcotics offenses, reflecting an acknowledgment of addiction's multifaceted nature. Ongoing collaboration is crucial for successfully integrating rehabilitation into the legal framework, ensuring a compassionate and effective response to narcotics-related issues.</p>
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Khanum, Nishath, Chandrashekar B.R, and Jayanthi M.K. "A Review on the Medicinal Plants for Tobacco Cessation." SVOA Dentistry 4, no. 3 (May 31, 2023): 102–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.58624/svoade.2023.04.0135.
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Tobacco use is one of the major causes of mortality due to non-communicable diseases. The chemicals present in tobacco affect almost all the parts of the body and cause various diseases. Although majority of the tobacco users are aware about the ill effects of tobacco, they are unable to quit because of the presence of highly addictive substance nicotine. Tobacco users experience various withdrawal symptoms in their attempt to quit which further discourages them from quitting. Despite the fact that Nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) is found to be effective, it is associated with several side effects. Natural products or herbal remedies are safer alternatives to NRT. Numerous herbs with antioxidant and antianxiety properties have been tried to combat nicotine withdrawal symptoms and thereby facilitate tobacco cessation. Alternative therapies those are easily available, with fewer side effects can be used to reduce the burden of tobacco in the world. In this review, we have enlisted the various herbs that have been used for tobacco cessation with their medicinal properties and effects on nicotine and tobacco.
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Bekhter, A. A. "Psychological Analysis of Reactive-Proactive Coping of Drug-Dependent Men." Клиническая и специальная психология 9, no. 4 (2020): 21–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.17759/cpse.2020090402.
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Difficulties in the rehabilitation and treatment of drug addicts are associated with the peculiarities of their behavior, which are a consequence of a change in their personality. The author conducted an empirical study on two groups of drug-dependent men with a combined form of drug addiction at the stage of treatment (n=30) and rehabilitation with a remission period of about a year (n=30); healthy male volunteers (n=30) acted as a control group. The study was conducted on the basis of the Regional Clinical Psychiatric Hospital, Khabarovsk Territory, Department of Medical Rehabilitation for people with drug addiction disorders in Khabarovsk. All men participating in the study had a higher education, a family, and the average age of all subjects was 32 ± 10.1 years. The study used: Kellerman-Plutchik's “Life style Index” methods (adapted by Wasserman L.I., Eryshev O.F., Klubova E.B. et al., 2005); coping test by Lazarus R. and Folkman S. (adapted by T.L. Kryukova, Kuftyak E.V., Zamishlyaeva M.S., 2005); questionnaire “Proactive coping behavior” Greenglass E., Schwarzer R. et al. (adapted by Belinskaya E.P., Vecherin A.V., Agadullina E.R., 2018). The main features of reactive-proactive coping in groups of drug addicts are defined: in the first group, coping is emotionally-oriented and cognitive-oriented in nature with a focus on social and emotional support, the protection mechanisms “denial”, “projection”, “substitution”, “intellectualization” prevail; in the second group, the intensity of avoidance strategies in combination with proactive overcoming without a focus on external support is identified, intellectual defenses are combined with strategies for reflective analysis. The main differences between the two groups of drug addicts are in the nature of the relationship between defense mechanisms and reactive-proactive coping strategies, in the variation of reactive strategies and their orientation, in the features of building proactive behavior. Understanding the features of reactive-proactive coping with drug addicts can greatly facilitate the work of a psychologist in remedial and rehabilitation activities with patients focused on life planning during remission.
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Berridge, Virginia. "Essay Review - Terry M. Parssinen, Secret passions, secret remedies. Narcotic drugs in British society 1820–1930, Philadelphia, Institute for the Study of Human Issues; Manchester University Press, 1983, 8vo, pp. xiv, 243, illus., £21.00. - David Courtwright, Dark paradise: opiate addiction in America before 1940, Cambridge, Mass., and London, Harvard University Press, 1982, 8vo, pp. x, 270, £16.00. - H. Wayne Morgan, Drugs in America. A social history, 1800-1980, Syracuse University Press, 1981, 8vo, pp. xi, 233, illus., $20.00." Medical History 29, no. 2 (April 1985): 210–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025727300044033.
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Hameed, Abdul, and Daud Malik. "Public Health Practitioners’ Knowledge towards Nicotine and Other Cigarette Components on Various Human Diseases in Pakistan: A Contribution to Smoking Cessation Policies." BioMed Research International 2022 (October 3, 2022): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/7909212.
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Smoking cessation seems to be a weak link in the struggle against tobacco epidemic in Pakistan. Awareness regarding nicotine is lacking not only in the general population but also among public health practitioners. This lack of knowledge is one of the key barriers to bringing down the prevalence of smoking. Using primary survey data and nonparametric econometric techniques, this study assesses the knowledge of nicotine and harm reduction among public health practitioners in Pakistan. Results indicate physicians have misconceptions about nicotine. The majority of the medical professionals associate nicotine use with birth defects, cancer, cardiovascular illness, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). More than two-thirds of doctors (70%) strongly agreed and 17.9% somewhat agreed with the statement that nicotine causes cancer. This study suggests physicians need to be better informed about the fact that nicotine in tobacco products is addictive while chemicals, particularly those causing combustion, are the primary risk sources for tobacco-related illnesses. Misconceptions regarding nicotine can be quickly remedied with communication interventions. This study also suggests that alternative nicotine delivery systems can help smoking cessation and reduce the consumption of combustible tobacco in Pakistan.
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Moos, Justyna, Łukasz Moos, and Zenon Brzoza. "Can smoking have a positive effect on the course of certain diseases? A systematic review." Medical Science Pulse 16, no. 1 (June 15, 2022): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0015.8804.
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Background: Smoking cigarettes is a process during which many harmful substances are introduced into the lungs and the influence of these substances on the human body is not completely known. There are many diseases caused by smoking. Interestingly, there are also reports of positive consequences of smoking on some disorders. Aim of the study: The purpose of this article is to review the literature in regards to the diseases in which cigarettes might have a paradoxically beneficial effect — both on the onset and their course. We also want to focus on the mechanisms responsible for this impact. Material and Methods: Electronic searching of PubMed was performed. We analyzed articles published in the last 10 years with a particular emphasis on the most recent publications. Combinations of the following words were used: “smoking”, “nicotine”, and “autoimmune”. Publications were selected for reliability and non-bias. Results: A total of 69 articles out of 2979 qualified for the review. Only studies involving humans were included. The positive effect of smoking cigarettes is observed especially in immunological diseases. It is possible that it is mediated by both stimulating and suppressing the immune system. It is assumed that cigarettes can reduce the risk of developing certain diseases. Smoking might also have an impact on the course of different comorbidities in the same patient. Conclusions: There are many different mechanisms through which cigarette smoke and nicotine affect the human body. The harmful impact of these substances on one’s health has been demonstrated and their addictive component disqualifies them as remedies. Analysis of the mechanisms responsible for the beneficial effects of nicotine can lead to the search for new forms of therapy and prevention.
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Pai, Gagan A., Aaron Rolf Lobo, Basavaraj Biradar, Harshith Kapoor, Manjunath Diggi, Ramesh Holla, Bhaskaran Unnikrishnan, T. Rekha, Rohith Motappa, and Mithun Rao. "IJCM_34A: Usage of complementary / alternative medicine (CAM) and perception towards it among cancer patients admitted in tertiary care hospitals." Indian Journal of Community Medicine 49, Suppl 1 (April 2024): S10. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/ijcm.ijcm_abstract34.
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Background: Cancer being a deadly disease, cancer victims face great challenges with respect to their routines, roles and relationships. The usage of other means to cure illness is called complementary and alternative medicine or CAM. This study is done to determine the proportion and usage pattern of CAM for cancer treatment and to assess the perception towards CAM among cancer patients. Methodologys: It was a Descriptive cross-sectional study, carried out among cancer patients admitted to tertiary care hospitals attached to a medical college. The interview schedule was prepared which consists of four sections including the socio-demographic details, details about the diagnosis and treatment of cancer among the study participants, details about the usage pattern of Complementary medicine, and the perception of cancer victims towards Complementary medicine for cancer treatment. Data will be entered and analyzed by using the statistical software Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) Version 11.5. Results: Out of 105 participants majority of cancer patients,74 (70%) of them were of the age group between 40- 70 years. 65% of the patients had addictions among which 60 (90.9%) were addicts for more than 10 years. The majority of the patients underwent radiotherapy 85 (81.0%), followed by Chemotherapy 72 (68.6%), The number of patients that have used CAM in our study was found to be 12 (11.4%). Many of them chose Ayurveda as their type of CAM 5 (41.7%) followed by home remedies usage 4 (25%). 39 (38.5%) believe that there should be more evidence that CAM works while 38 (33.8%) don’t need any evidence about it. 45 (42.9%) feel that CAM treatment does not work in the treatment of cancer while 35 (33.3%) remained neutral in this aspect. 85 (81.0%) are satisfied with present cancer treatment. 78 (74.3%) agreed that Modern medicine is most effective for treatment of cancer. Conclusion: The usage of CAM in our study was found to be minimal. The majority of the participants are satisfied with modern medicine and most of the patients are satisfied with allopathic treatment.
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Chaitowitz, MBBCh, Mark, William Tester, MD, and Glenn Eiger, MD. "Use of a comprehensive survey as a first step in addressing clinical competence of physicians-in-training in the management of pain." Journal of Opioid Management 1, no. 2 (May 1, 2005): 98. http://dx.doi.org/10.5055/jom.2005.0023.
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Deficiencies in practice, knowledge, and competence among physicians are important contributing factors to the unsatisfactory level of analgesic care in hospitalized patients. By way of a comprehensive survey, we characterized these deficiencies within an internal medicine residency program as an initial step in designing remedial educational strategies. To do so, an anonymous 43-item survey was administered to residents in an internal medicine program. A total of 61 residents (69 percent) responded.The results indicated that patient-controlled analgesia (PCA), a standardized pain scale, and an opioid equivalence table were underused. Competence in opioid conversion was suboptimal, but completion of an oncology rotation and familiarity with the opioid equivalence table predicted greater competence in this area (p = 0.007 and p = 0.001, respectively).Self-perceptions of adequacy of training and painmanagement competence were predictors of knowledge (p = 0.026 and p = 0.038, respectively). Attitudes regarding opioid analgesia were generally satisfactory (i.e., low “opiophobia” score), although the risk of addiction was still overestimated.The characterization of deficiencies in pain management in a residency program is an essential step in the design and implementation of educational interventions. Administration of a comprehensive survey is a simple and effective method of gathering this data and has the additional benefit of promoting awareness of pain management issues. Our experience served to establish, among other findings, the didactic value of experience on an oncology floor; this result substantiates the value of practical experience in the gaining of clinical competence in pain management. Interventions that capitalize on the findings of the survey and the interest in pain management generated by its administration are currently ongoing at our institution.
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Arbabshastan, Mohammad Edris, Azizollah Arbabisarjou, Iraj Zareban, Mahlagha Dehghan, Saeed Pakdel, and Sedigheh Iranmanesh. "Analytical Assessment of Belief about Medicine among Patients with Hypertension: A Case Study on Patients Referred to Medical Centers." Global Journal of Health Science 9, no. 2 (June 30, 2016): 102. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/gjhs.v9n2p102.
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<p><strong>INTRODUCTION & OBJECTIVE:</strong> Hypertension (HTN) is one of the major health problems in many countries. Medicinal treatments and lifestyle modification have so far failed to effectively influence blood pressure control. Hence, this study intended to analytically assess the belief about medicine among hypertensive patients who referred to medical centers during 2015.</p><p><strong>MATERIALS & METHODS:</strong> This was a descriptive-analytical, cross-sectional study. The population consisted of all patients who referred to health centers and doctors’ offices for internal medicine and heart diseases. The sample included a total of 400 hypertensive patients who were selected through convenience method sampling and purposeful. Data were collected through a questionnaire related to belief about medicine for hypertensive patients. The findings were analyzed through the Mann-Whitney U test and Kruskal-Wallis test through SPSS version 21.0</p><p><strong>FINDINGS:</strong> Based on the results, more than half of the subjects believed that the medicines are generally addictive and harmful, and should be taken regularly while the natural and herbal remedies are safer. Furthermore, the majority of patients believed that doctors, who have too much confidence in the medicines, tend to over-prescribe. In fact, there was a significant relationship between certain demographic characteristics of the hypertensive patients and belief about medicines.</p><p><strong>CONCLUSIONS:</strong> Overall, the results suggested there is belief about medicine among seniors unlike most other populations. This can provide an opportunity for nurses, health care administrators, etc. to take improvement measures in the treatment of hypertensive patients.</p>
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Loeb, Lori. "Doctors and Patent Medicines in Modern Britain: Professionalism and Consumerism." Albion 33, no. 3 (2001): 404–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4053198.
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In the late nineteenth century professionalism and consumerism collided in a vociferous debate over the commodification of health. In medical journals, before government panels and through independent publications, doctors condemned “quackery,” especially patent medicines—the Victorian appellation for over-the-counter drugs. They dismissed myriad pills, tonics and appliances as addictive, dangerous, or useless. This professional critique, doctors claimed, was an altruistic defence of patients. Their commercial opponents, patent medicine men (and frequently the press), countered that the professional critique was rooted in a pecuniary struggle to achieve monopoly. While ascribing different motivations to each other, both sides assumed that medical professionals were unanimous in their condemnation of so-called “secret remedies.” Peter Bartrip has shown, though, that professional opposition to patent medicines was far more complex and muddied by self-interest. The British Medical Journal, while criticizing patent medicines, carried ads for them, which made the BMA the focus of allegations of hypocrisy in the Journal of the American Medical Association and before the Select Committee on Patent Medicines (1912). At the organizational level, Bartrip has established that the financial interests of the British Medical Association undercut its opposition to patent medicines. This compromised position, I will argue, permeated the profession. If the British Medical Association could not resist the advertising revenue derived from patent medicines, it was equally true that many doctors could not resist recommending patent medicines to patients. Far from epitomizing professional altruism, the patent medicine question demonstrates the reluctance of doctors to abandon individual self-interest in the wake of consumerist challenges that would ultimately transform twentieth-century medical practice. In doing so, the patent medicine debate engages and complicates arguments about the role of collective social mobility in the history of the professions.
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Dyson, Maurice R. "Combatting AI’s Protectionism & Totalitarian-Coded Hypnosis: The Case for AI Reparations & Antitrust Remedies in the Ecology of Collective Self-Determination." SMU Law Review 75, no. 3 (2022): 625. http://dx.doi.org/10.25172/smulr.75.3.7.
Full textAbstract:
Artificial Intelligence’s (AI) global race for comparative advantage has the world spinning, while leaving people of color and the poor rushing to reinvent AI imagination in less racist, destructive ways. In repurposing AI technology, we can look to close the national racial gaps in academic achievement, healthcare, housing, income, and fairness in the criminal justice system to conceive what AI reparations can fairly look like. AI can create a fantasy world, realizing goods we previously thought impossible. However, if AI does not close these national gaps, it no longer has foreseeable or practical social utility value compared to its foreseeable and actual grave social harm. The hypothetical promises of AI’s beneficial use as an equality machine without the requisite action and commitment to address the inequality it already causes now is fantastic propaganda masquerading as merit for a Silicon Valley that has yet to diversify its own ranks or undo the harm it is already causing. Care must be taken that fanciful imagining yields to practical realities that, in many cases, AI no longer has foreseeable practical social utility when compared to the harm it poses to democracy, privacy, equality, personhood and global warming. Until we can accept as a nation that the Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890 and the Clayton Antitrust Act of 1914 are not up to the task for breaking up tech companies; until we can acknowledge DOJ and FTC regulators are constrained from using their power because of a framework of permissibility implicit in the “consumer welfare standard” of antitrust law; until a conservative judiciary inclined to defer to that paradigm ceases its enabling of big tech, then workers, students, and all natural persons will continue to be harmed by big tech’s anticompetitive and inhumane activity. Accordingly, AI should be vigorously subject to anti-trust monopolistic protections and corporate, contractual, and tort liability explored herein, such as strict liability or a new AI prima facie tort that can pierce the corporate and technological veil of algorithmic proprietary secrecy in the interest of justice. And when appropriate, AI implementation should be phased out for a later time when we have better command and control of how to eliminate its harmful impacts that will only exacerbate existing inequities. Fourth Amendment jurisprudence of a totalitarian tenor—greatly helped by Terry v. Ohio—has opened the door to expansive police power through AI’s air superiority and proliferation of surveillance in communities of color. This development is further exacerbated by AI companies’ protectionist actions. AI rests in a protectionist ecology including, inter alia, the notion of black boxes, deep neural network learning, Section 230 of the Communications Decency Act, and partnerships with law enforcement that provide cover under the auspices of police immunity. These developments should discourage a “safe harbor” protecting tech companies from liability unless and until there is a concomitant safe harbor for Blacks and people of color to be free of the impact of harmful algorithmic spell casting. As a society, we should endeavor to protect the sovereign soul’s choice to decide which actions it will implicitly endorse with its own biometric property. Because we do not morally consent to give the right to use our biometrics to accuse, harass, or harm another in a line up, arrest, or worse, these concerns should be seen as the lawful exercise of our right to remain a conscientious objector under the First Amendment. Our biometrics should not bear false witness against our neighbors in violation of our First Amendment right to the free exercise of religious belief, sincerely held convictions, and conscientious objections thereto. Accordingly, this Article suggests a number of policy recommendations for legislative interventions that have informed the work of the author as a Commissioner on the Massachusetts Commission on Facial Recognition Technology, which has now become the framework for the recently proposed federal legislation—The Facial Recognition Technology Act of 2022. It further explores what AI reparations might fairly look like, and the collective social movements of resistance that are needed to bring about its fruition. It imagines a collective ecology of self-determination to counteract the expansive scope of AI’s protectionism, surveillance, and discrimination. This movement of self-determination seeks: (1) Black, Brown, and race-justice-conscious progressives to have majority participatory governance over all harmful tech applied disproportionately to those of us already facing both social death and contingent violence in our society by resorting to means of legislation, judicial activism, entrepreneurial influential pressure, algorithmic enforced injunctions, and community organization; (2) a prevailing reparations mindset infused in coding, staffing, governance, and antitrust accountability within all industry sectors of AI product development and services; (3) the establishment of our own counter AI tech, as well as tech, law, and social enrichment educational academies, technological knowledge exchange programs, victim compensation funds, and the establishment of our own ISPs, CDNs, cloud services, domain registrars, and social media platforms provided on our own terms to facilitate positive social change in our communities; and (4) personal daily divestment from AI companies’ ubiquitous technologies, to the extent practicable to avoid their hypnotic and addictive effects and to deny further profits to dehumanizing AI tech practices. AI requires a more just imagination. In this way, we can continue to define ourselves for ourselves and submit to an inside-out, heart-centered mindfulness perspective that informs our coding work and advocacy. Recognizing we are engaged in a battle of the mind and soul of AI, the nation, and ourselves is all the more imperative since we know that algorithms are not just programmed—they program us and the world in which we live. The need for public education, the cornerstone institution for creating an informed civil society, is now greater than ever, but it too is insidiously infected by algorithms as the digital codification of the old Jim Crow laws, promoting the same racial profiling, segregative tracking, and stigma labeling many public school students like myself had to overcome. For those of us who stand successful in defiance of these predictive algorithms, we stand simultaneously as the living embodiment of the promise inherent in all of us and the endemic fallacies of erroneous predictive code. A need thus arises for a counter-disruptive narrative in which our victory as survivors over coded inequity disrupts the false psychological narrative of technological objectivity and promise for equality.
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Kornievskiy, Y. I., D. Yu Skoryna, V. H. Korniievska, and N. V. Kandybei. "Comparative chromato-mass spectrometric study of tinctures based on Echinacea purpurea (L.) Moench." Current issues in pharmacy and medicine: science and practice 14, no. 3 (October 25, 2021): 275–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.14739/2409-2932.2021.3.242845.
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An urgent problem today is the spread of secondary immunodeficiencies associated with increased stress, urbanization, and negative changes in the environment that lead to impaired immune function. Herbal remedies are milder, less likely to become addictive and have side effects, and are long-lasting. A promising plant with immunomodulatory action is Echinacea purpurea (L.) Moench, a member of the family Asteraceae. The main active ingredients of echinacea are phenolic compounds, carbohydrates, and alkylamides. The chemical composition of echinacea is also represented by flavonoids, tannins, saponins, higher fatty acids, amino acids, betaine, essential oil, macro- and microelements (Se, Co, Ag, Mo, Zn, Mg, K, Na, Fe, etc.). Drugs have immunostimulatory, antioxidant, membrane-stabilizing effect, promote healing of wounds, burns, ulcers, are used in infectious and viral diseases, especially HF. They are traditionally used for furunculosis, septicemia (infection of the blood), pyorrhea, tonsillitis, especially for the treatment of boils, carbuncles, and abscesses. It is also important that in modern pharmaceutical science the leading place is occupied by research related to the introduction into medical practice of herbal medicines, the study of their chemical composition, standardization, development of optimal technologies for the manufacture of phytopreparations. That is why the objects of our research were tinctures based on Echinacea purpurea. The aim of the work is to study and compare the component composition of tinctures based on Echinacea purpurea (L.) Moench using gas chromatography (GC). Materials and methods. Tinctures of rhizomes with roots of Echinacea purpurea were used for the study: experimental – made according to industrial technological recipe (1:5, extractant – ethanol 70 %) from raw materials harvested in July 2019 at the research site of Zaporizhzhia State Medical University and control – finished products LLC “Zhytomyr Pharmaceutical Factory”, series 20319. Tinctures were investigated on a gas chromatograph Agilent 7890B with mass spectrometric detector 5977B. The NIST14 mass spectrum library was used to identify the components. Results. 31 (experimental) and 23 (control) components were identified by GC in rhizomes with rhizomes of Echinacea purpurea. The results of the study indicate that the qualitative and quantitative chemical composition of rhizomes with roots of Echinacea purpurea was characterized by complexity and variability. This fact complicates the process of standardization of phytopreparations and can affect their effectiveness and safety. Therefore, members of the genus Echinacea should be the subject of further in-depth chemical study. Conclusions. A comparative analysis of the component composition of tinctures based on Echinacea purpurea (L.) Moench was studied and performed with the help of GC. The GC method is suitable for the determination of natural BAS in the composition of phytopreparations from echinacea and can be used in the development of methods for their standardization. The results of the study were of value for further development and improvement of analytical regulations for raw materials and phytopreparations from Echinacea purpurea. They can also be the basis for the creation of new substances with immunomodulatory activity based on the underground organs of echinacea.
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Khatami, Shabnam, Mohsen Naseri, Zahra Bahaeddin, Farzaneh Ghaffari, Abdolali Moosavizadeh, and Niki Vakili Zahir. "The Perspective of Traditional Persian Medicine on Botanicals Effective in Quitting Opium Addiction: A Review." Traditional and Integrative Medicine, January 8, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.18502/tim.v6i4.8278.
Full textAbstract:
Traditional Persian medicine (TPM) is a set of theoretical and practical sciences that are used in the diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of physical, mental, or social disorders. This holistic medical system can provide solutions for some diseases, including drug addiction, that modern medicine, only offers symptomatic treatment. Since the addiction prevalence in the 16th century, Persian medicine scholars have introduced various ways to quit it. In this study, we investigated if Persian medicine has treatment options to quit opium addiction. We studied the main textbooks of TPM that specifically talked about addiction. Our study was conducted according to a systematic prioritization in traditional medicine. Additionally, scientific databases such as PubMed, ScienceDirect, Scopus, and Google Scholar searched for plant active ingredients in current pharmacology. By this method, forty-nine drugs were found, and nine drugs with herbal origin obtained the highest score in addiction treatment. Since the main purpose of the study is finding new drugs theoretically effective in quitting opium addiction; we sought to find evidence of that effectiveness in modern pharmacology and we found them in most prioritized drugs. Prioritizing traditional drugs can lead to find new drugs which also have evidence of effectiveness in modern studies. Therefore, they could be introduced as novel natural remedies for disease. The list of drugs obtained in this study can be the basis for conducting in vitro and in vivo studies for design and development of new drugs in the treatment of opium addiction. In fact, traditional medicine could have a special place in quitting opium addiction, and this capacity should be further exploited.
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Unnisa, Aziz, and Ananda Kumar Chettupalli. "Promising Role of Phytochemicals in the Prevention and Treatment of Cancer." Anti-Cancer Agents in Medicinal Chemistry 22 (April 25, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1871520622666220425133936.
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Abstract: Cancer has a significant social consequence all around the globe. In 2020, approximately 193 lakh new cases of cancer were diagnosed worldwide, with about 100 lakhs cancer deaths. In the next two decades, suspected cases are anticipated to increase by roughly 47%. The rising number of cancer patients, as well as the inadequacy of traditional chemotherapeutic agents, radiation, and invasive surgical procedures, all rely on massive cell death with hardly any selectivity, causing severe toxicities. In comparison to synthetic medications, there has subsequently been a surge in international importance in non-synthetic and alternative remedies, owing to improved adaptability and reduced side effects of drug responses. Several people with cancer prefer alternative and complementary therapy treatments, and natural remedies play a crucial role in cancer chemoprevention as they are thought to be harmless, offer fewer negative effects, and become less sufficient to evoke addiction by the wider population. Chemopreventive, anti-metastatic, cytotoxic, and anti-angiogenic actions are among the promising clinical advantages, which have been established in vitro research and certain clinical trials; nevertheless, additional clinical trials are needed. This review examines several phytochemicals that may have anti-cancer and chemopreventive properties.
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Unnisa, Aziz, and Ananda Kumar Chettupalli. "Promising Role of Phytochemicals in the Prevention and Treatment of Cancer." Anti-Cancer Agents in Medicinal Chemistry 22 (April 25, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1871520622666220425133936.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract: Cancer has a significant social consequence all around the globe. In 2020, approximately 193 lakh new cases of cancer were diagnosed worldwide, with about 100 lakhs cancer deaths. In the next two decades, suspected cases are anticipated to increase by roughly 47%. The rising number of cancer patients, as well as the inadequacy of traditional chemotherapeutic agents, radiation, and invasive surgical procedures, all rely on massive cell death with hardly any selectivity, causing severe toxicities. In comparison to synthetic medications, there has subsequently been a surge in international importance in non-synthetic and alternative remedies, owing to improved adaptability and reduced side effects of drug responses. Several people with cancer prefer alternative and complementary therapy treatments, and natural remedies play a crucial role in cancer chemoprevention as they are thought to be harmless, offer fewer negative effects, and become less sufficient to evoke addiction by the wider population. Chemopreventive, anti-metastatic, cytotoxic, and anti-angiogenic actions are among the promising clinical advantages, which have been established in vitro research and certain clinical trials; nevertheless, additional clinical trials are needed. This review examines several phytochemicals that may have anti-cancer and chemopreventive properties.
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Every-Palmer, Susanna, Marion L. Grant, Hiran Thabrew, Oliver Hansby, Mark Lawrence, Matthew Jenkins, and Sarah Romans. "Not heading in the right direction: Five hundred psychiatrists’ views on resourcing, demand, and workforce across New Zealand mental health services." Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, April 25, 2023, 000486742311705. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00048674231170572.
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Objective: To explore the views of psychiatrists (including trainees) regarding the current state and future direction of specialist mental health and addictions services in Aotearoa New Zealand. Methods: Psychiatrists and trainee psychiatrists (registrars) in Aotearoa New Zealand were surveyed in August 2021. Of 879 eligible doctors, 540 participated (83% qualified and 17% trainee psychiatrists), a response rate of over 60%. Data were analysed quantitatively and with content analysis. Results: Psychiatrists thought specialist mental health and addictions services had been neglected during recent reforms, with 94% believing current resourcing was insufficient, and only 3% considering future planning was heading in the right direction. The demand and complexity of on-call work had markedly increased in the preceding 2 years. Ninety-eight percent reported that people needing specialist treatment were often (85%) or sometimes (13%) unable to access the right care due to resourcing constraints. The pressures were similar across sub-specialties. A key theme was the distress (sometimes termed ‘moral injury’) experienced by psychiatrists unable to provide adequate care due to resource limitations, ‘knowing what would be a good thing to do and being unable to do it . . . is soul destroying’. Recommendations were made for addressing workforce, service design and wider issues. Conclusion: Most psychiatrists in Aotearoa New Zealand believe the mental health system is not currently fit for purpose and that it is not heading in the right direction. Remedies include urgently addressing identified staffing challenges and boosting designated funding to adequately care for the 5% of New Zealanders with severe mental health and addiction needs.
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Nelson, Ediomo‐Ubong E. "Addiction stigma and opioid use in chronic non‐cancer pain management in Nigeria." Sociology of Health & Illness, October 5, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-9566.13718.
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AbstractThis study uses 26 in‐depth interviews conducted with people who use drugs (PWUD) who had sought care for chronic non‐cancer pain in public health facilities in Nigeria, to explore how drug consumption stigma constitutes patient legitimacy based on neoliberal ideals. It found drug consumption stigma to be salient and pervasive in PWUD health‐care encounters, operating through interpersonal interactions and institutionalised policies and practices to shape access to care. Crucially, stigma emerged through disciplinary opioid prescribing and dispensing practices that defined, categorised and marginalised PWUD based on how their drug consumption disrupted normative values of rationality and responsibility. Accounts additionally revealed disengagement from biomedical care and reliance on alternative pain management approaches (e.g. herbal remedies and illegal drugs), which show how structural positions shape the exercise of choice and agency in socially marginalised populations. In conclusion, the study considers the need to improve the health‐care experiences of PWUD as a strategy for enhancing health‐care engagement and improving health outcomes. It called for interventions to address the structural factors and interactional dynamics that influence stigma in health‐care settings as well as for a review of current guidelines and practices to improve access to opioids for chronic non‐cancer pain management.