Academic literature on the topic 'Remaining leaf area'
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Journal articles on the topic "Remaining leaf area"
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Liu, Guofan, and Kent D. Kobayashi. "250 Using Leaf Area Devices (LADS) to Estimate Total Leaf Area of Coffee Plants." HortScience 34, no. 3 (June 1999): 485C—485. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.34.3.485c.
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It is difficult to estimate the total leaf area of coffee plants with accuracy due to the large number of leaves and the high leaf density of the plant canopy. In 1996, on Maui, Hawaii, 98 leaves of various sizes were randomly collected for each of five cultivars of Coffea arabica L. The cultivars used were `Guadalupe', `Guatemalan', `Mokka', `Red Catuai', and `Yellow Caturra'. Leaf length, width, and area were measured. Seventy-five leaves were used to develop leaf area models, and the remaining leaves were used to test the accuracy of the models using a 1:1 line. We then developed leaf area devices (LADs), which were made of sheet plastic and shaped to resemble coffee leaves. There were three groups of areas in the leaf area devices, based on leaf sizes. Total leaf area (TLA) contained three components. Each component related to the mean leaf area (k) and the number of leaves (n) in that group. The model for the total leaf area was: TLA = k1n1 + k2n2 + k3n3, where k is a constant in each group. The estimation errors for the different cultivars ranged from 5.6% to 12.3% for 1-year-old plants (four cultivars) and from 1.9% to 7.8% for mature plants (five cultivars). By using the LADs and counting the number of leaves, we can obtain the total leaf area for coffee plants in the field.
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Bueno, Adeney de Freitas, Benjamin Zechmann, William Wyatt Hoback, Regiane Cristina Oliveira de Freitas Bueno, and Odair Aparecido Fernandes. "Serpentine leafminer (Liriomyza trifolii) on potato (Solanum tuberosum): field observations and plant photosynthetic responses to injury." Ciência Rural 37, no. 6 (December 2007): 1510–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0103-84782007000600001.
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Serpentine leafminers, Liriomyza spp. (Diptera: Agromyzidae), are polyphagous insects that feed on numerous crops worldwide including potato. Recently, leafminer larvae (Liriomyza trifolii) have become an economically important pest of potato. The larvae eat the mesophyll of leaflets leaving long winding tunnels inside the leaflets. The photosynthetic effects of larval tunneling on the remaining leaf tissue are unknown. In 2003, physiological responses of potato to leafminer, L. trifolii were evaluated in Kearney, Nebraska, USA. The leaflets were examined 7 and 14 days post infestation for leaf area injury, photosynthetic rates and fluorescence. Leafminers caused up to 13% leaf area loss due to leafminer injury with no effect on the photosynthetic rates of the remaining leaf tissue thus having similar effects as other gross tissue removers. However, fluorescence measures revealed changes in the photosynthetic efficiency and depend of the type of injury, it may lead to early leaf senescence. Field monitoring of L. trifolii infestations showed that treatments with abamectin were effective in reducing leafminer numbers and had no immediate effect on beneficial parasitoid from Eulophidae family suggesting that abamectin is a good option for chemical control.
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Ribeiro, Ana Maria Alves de Souza, Daniel Alves Mundim, Daisy Cristina Martins Mendonça, Karina Tiemi Hassuda dos Santos, Jéssica Sayuri Hassuda Santos, Vinicius de Souza Oliveira, Gleyce Pereira Santos, et al. "Leaf Area Estimation of Garden Boldo From Linear Dimensions." Journal of Agricultural Science 11, no. 5 (April 15, 2019): 461. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jas.v11n5p461.
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The objective of this work was to determine a mathematical equation using linear measures that allows estimating a leaf area of the specie Plectranthus barbatus Andrews, a plant with medicinal properties popularly known as garden boldo. For this was performed a direct measurement of the leaf blade considering the length (L) along the midrib and the maximum width (W) perpendicular to the midrib of 500 leaves of different specimens and the observed foliar area (OLA), which were obtained by digitized images. A regression study with linear, quadratic, potential and exponential models was performed using a random sample of 400 from the evaluated leaves using OLA as a function of L, W or LW and then obtaining the estimated leaf area (ELA) of each model. From the remaining 100 leaves a validation of the tested models was performed using ELA as a function of OLA in a simple linear regression. From the residues between ELA and OLA the root-square-mean error and Willmot index (d) was obtained and the normality was verified. The parameters used for validation were: statistically linear and angular coefficient equal to zero and one respectively; coefficient of determination closest to the unit; RQME closer to zero; d index closest to the unit; normal distribution of residues. The equation that best represents the estimated leaf area of the garden boldo is ELA = 0.1389 + 0.6779 (LW).
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Simon, J. C., M. L. Decau, J. C. Avice, A. Jacquet, F. Meuriot, and J. M. Allirand. "Effects of initial N reserve status and residual leaf area after cutting on leaf area and organ establishment during regrowth of alfalfa." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 84, no. 4 (October 1, 2004): 1059–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/p03-118.
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Nitrogen reserves in remaining organs and residual leaf area after cutting have long been recognized as key factors during alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) regrowth. The present work examined which morphological components were influenced by contrasting initial N status and residual leaf area during 29 d of regrowth after cutting at 15 cm height. Two levels of initial N reserves (high and low) and of residual leaf areas (not or completely defoliated) were combined in four treatments. Both factors affected shoot dry matter (DM) production at the end of regrowth. The increase in DM of new organs observed with high N reserves resulted from a combination of short- and long-term effects on plant morphology; i.e., (1) an increase in the rate of axis appearance from the crown in the early regrowth stage (day 0–9) and (2) an increase in individual leaf area (ILA) all along the regrowth. Compared with completely defoliated plants, plants with a residual leaf area at cutting exhibited an increased rate of axillary stems appearance all along the regrowth. Then the architecture of plants with a residual leaf area was more branched than the one of defoliated plants. This increase in branching was always associated with smaller ILA. Hence, differences in plant leaf area were only significant in the early growth stage. This suggested that differences observed in new stems DM at the end of the regrowth were established by day 9 and remained unchanged in late regrowth. Our results clearly showed that initial N reserve status and residual leaf area both significantly modify the dynamic of leaf area establishment and new organ growth of alfalfa. Key words: Medicago sativa L., defoliation, morphology, N storage, stems regrowth
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Rubinstein, Adriana, and Heraldo L. Vasconcelos. "Leaf-litter decomposition in Amazonian forest fragments." Journal of Tropical Ecology 21, no. 6 (October 19, 2005): 699–702. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467405002762.
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Most of the forests of the Amazon basin grow on nutrient-poor soils (Jordan 1982). Despite this, these forests remain productive through a variety of nutrient conservation mechanisms and a very effective system of organic matter decomposition and nutrient cycling (Jordan 1982). When an area of forest is fragmented however, the remaining patches experience modified microclimatic conditions (Camargo & Kapos 1995, Didham & Lawton 1999), and changes in floristic composition (Laurance et al. 1998), which can affect the decomposer community (Didham et al. 1996, Souza & Brown 1994) and consequently the decomposition process.
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Barclay, Hugh J., and Doug Goodman. "Conversion of total to projected leaf area index in conifers." Canadian Journal of Botany 78, no. 4 (April 21, 2000): 447–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b00-020.
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Several definitions of leaf area index (LAI) presently exist in the literature but the relationships among them are not clear. To compare the results of various studies, there is a need to convert from one definition to another. Factors for converting among four definitions of LAI are presented for six conifer species: Abies grandis (Dougl. ex D. Don) Lindl., Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don., Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg., Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr.), Pinus contorta Dougl., and Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb) Franco). Among the four definitions of LAI, the two extremes involve (i) the total area of the leaf and (ii) the projected area of nonhorizontal leaves, as they occur on the tree. If leaves are randomly oriented in space, then the conversion factor between definitions i and ii should be 0.25. Four of the six species have conversion factors very close to this value, and three of these four are relatively shade-intolerant,. The remaining two species, A. grandis and Thuja plicata, have conversion factors of approximately 0.35, owing to the approximately horizontal orientation of their leaves. These two species are both relatively shade-tolerant, and the trend toward horizontal leaves might be an adaptation to assist in shade tolerance. A sensitivity analysis indicated that the foliage of most of the species maximized the amount of light gathered when the light was coming from almost straight overhead, as is the case with many shaded forest trees.Key words: leaf area index, conifers, leaf area index conversion.
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Huang, Weiwei, David Ratkowsky, Cang Hui, Ping Wang, Jialu Su, and Peijian Shi. "Leaf Fresh Weight Versus Dry Weight: Which is Better for Describing the Scaling Relationship between Leaf Biomass and Leaf Area for Broad-Leaved Plants?" Forests 10, no. 3 (March 13, 2019): 256. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f10030256.
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Leaf dry mass per unit area (LMA) is considered to represent the photosynthetic capacity, which actually implies a hypothesis that foliar water mass (leaf fresh weight minus leaf dry weight) is proportional to leaf dry weight during leaf growth. However, relevant studies demonstrated that foliar water mass disproportionately increases with increasing leaf dry weight. Although scaling relationships of leaf dry weight vs. leaf area for many plants were investigated, few studies compared the scaling relationship based on leaf dry weight with that based on leaf fresh weight. In this study, we used the data of three families (Lauraceae, Oleaceae, and Poaceae, subfamily Bambusoideae) with five broad-leaved species for each family to examine whether using different measures for leaf biomass (i.e., dry weight and fresh weight) can result in different fitted results for the scaling relationship between leaf biomass and area. Reduced major axis regression was used to fit the log-transformed data of leaf biomass and area, and the bootstrap percentile method was used to test the significance of the difference between the estimate of the scaling exponent of leaf dry weight vs. area and that of leaf fresh weight vs. area. We found that there were five species across three families (Phoebe sheareri (Hemsl.) Gamble, Forsythia viridissima Lindl., Osmanthus fragrans Lour., Chimonobambusa sichuanensis (T.P. Yi) T.H. Wen, and Hibanobambusa tranquillans f. shiroshima H. Okamura) whose estimates of the scaling exponent of leaf dry weight to area and that of leaf fresh weight to area were not significantly different, whereas, for the remaining ten species, both estimates were significantly different. For the species in the same family whose leaf shape is narrow (i.e., a low ratio of leaf width to length) the estimates of two scaling exponents are prone to having a significant difference. There is also an allometric relationship between leaf dry weight and fresh weight, which means that foliar water mass disproportionately increases with increased leaf dry weight. In addition, the goodness of fit for the scaling relationship of leaf fresh weight vs. area is better than that for leaf dry weight vs. area, which suggests that leaf fresh mass might be more able to reflect the physiological functions of leaves associated with photosynthesis and respiration than leaf dry mass. The above conclusions are based on 15 broad-leaved species, although we believe that those conclusions may be potentially extended to other plants with broad and flat leaves.
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Kwon, Kei-Jung, Uuriintuya Odsuren, Sang-Yong Kim, Jong-Cheol Yang, and Bong-Ju Park. "Comparison of the Particulate Matter Removal Capacity of 11 Herbaceous Landscape Plants." Journal of People, Plants, and Environment 24, no. 3 (June 30, 2021): 267–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.11628/ksppe.2021.24.3.267.
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Background and objective Particulate matter (PM) has a fatal effect on health. There have been many studies on the use of plants such as trees and shrubs as eco-friendly and sustainable biofilter for the removal of PM. In forming more green space, ground cover plants play an important role in multi-layered planting. This study was conducted to investigate the ability of plants to reduce PM, targeting Korean native ground cover plants with high availability in urban green spaces. Methods For 4 species of Asteraceae, 4 species of Liliaceae, and 3 species of Rosaceae, one species of plants at a time were placed in an acrylic chamber (800 × 800 × 1000 mm, L × W × H) modeling an indoor space. After the injection of PM, the amount of PM remaining in the chamber over time was investigated. Results For all three types of PM (PM10, PM2.5, PM1), significant difference occurred in the amount of PM remaining between plant species after 1 hour in the Liliaceae chamber, 3 hours in the Asteraceae chamber, and 5 hours in the Rosaceae chamber. With Liliaceae, the leaf area and the amount of PM remaining in the chamber showed a negative (−) correlation. With the Asteraceae and Rosaceae, there was a weak negative correlation between the leaf area and the amount of PM remaining in the chamber. Conclusion When using ground cover plants as a biofilter to remove PM, it is considered effective to select a species with a large total leaf area, especially for Liliaceae.
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Tang, Yi Lin, Ben Zhi Zhou, Xiao Gai Ge, Xiao Ming Wang, and Qian Li. "Leaf-Litter Decomposition Dynamic, Carbon Loss and Nutrient Return for Moso Bamboo Forest with Different Litter Mass Accumulation." Advanced Materials Research 726-731 (August 2013): 4222–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.726-731.4222.
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To provide an important basic knowledge for the biogeochemical cycle of bamboo forest ecosystem, particularly the cycling of global carbon, we studied decomposition dynamics of leaf-litter with different mass accumulation in moso bamboo forest. Our study area located in Miaoshanwu nature reserve, Fuyang, Zhejiang province. Based on the survey, we concluded that: (1) the sequence of remaining mass of leaf-litter with different mass accumulation after 240 days' decomposition from the most to the least was in the following order: 30g (58.53%) > 60g (51.92%) > 90g (48.48%), implying that leaf-litter with more mass accumulation decomposed faster in the unit area. (2)The more accumulated leaf-litter lead to more TOC loss in leaf-litter which will not helpful for TOC increase on surface soil carbon pools. This implying that the faster leaf-litter decomposed, the less TOC increased on surface soil carbon pools in 240 day s' observation. (3)The concentration of N, P, K and Ca showed the similar tendency with initially increasing but decreasing gradually in the following stage and then increasing again in the next stage. And concentration of Mg, Fe, Cu and Zn increased gradually in the period of 0-240 days.
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Lopes, Daniela B., and Richard D. Berger. "The Effects of Rust and Anthracnose on the Photosynthetic Competence of Diseased Bean Leaves." Phytopathology® 91, no. 2 (February 2001): 212–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto.2001.91.2.212.
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The effects of rust (caused by Uromyces appendiculatus) and anthracnose (caused by Colletotrichum lindemuthianum) and their interaction on the photosynthetic rates of healthy and diseased bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) leaves were determined by gas-exchange analysis, in plants with each disease, grown under controlled conditions. The equation Px/P0 = (1 - x)β was used to relate relative photosynthetic rate (Px/P0) to proportional disease severity (x), where β represents the ratio between virtual and visual lesion. The β values obtained for rust were near one, indicating that the effect of the pathogen on the remaining green leaf area was minimal. The high values of β obtained for anthracnose (8.46 and 12.18) indicated that the photosynthesis in the green area beyond the necrotic symptoms of anthracnose was severely impaired. The impact of anthracnose on bean leaf photosynthesis should be considered in assessments of the proportion of healthy tissue in diseased leaves. The accurate assessment of the healthy portion of the leaf could improve the use of concepts such as healthy leaf area duration and healthy leaf area absorption, which are valuable predictors of crop yield. The equation used to analyze the interaction between rust and anthracnose on the same leaf was Pz = P0 (1 - x)βx × (1 - y)βy, where Pz is the relative photosynthetic rate of any given leaf, P0 is the maximum relative photosynthetic rate, x is anthracnose severity, y is rust severity, βx is the β value for anthracnose in the presence of rust, and βy is the β value for rust in the presence of anthracnose. From the resulting response surface, no interaction of the two diseases was observed. Dark respiration rate increased on diseased leaves compared with control leaves. The remaining green leaf area of leaves with both diseases was not a good source to estimate net photosynthetic rate because the effect of anthracnose extended far beyond the visual lesions, whereas the effect of rust on photosynthesis was essentially limited to the pustule plus halo.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Remaining leaf area"
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Fu, J. "Effects of different harvest start times on leafy vegetables (Lettuce, Pak Choi and Rocket) in a reaping and regrowth system." Lincoln University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10182/670.
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Leafy vegetables, lettuce (Lactuca sativa L. cv. Green Oakleaf), pak choi (Brassica sinensis L. cv. Oriental Taisai) and rocket (Eruca sativa L.), were planted in an open field at Lincoln University on January 2005. Plants were harvested at 5 cm cutting height above the growing point with three different harvest start times, early start (ES), mid start (MS) and late start (LS) of harvest respectively. There were three harvests during the growing season with a 4-week interval between harvests. Generally, lettuce produced significantly higher total FW/plant (208 g) than pak choi or rocket (123 and 102 g total FW/plant, respectively). Lettuce also produced significantly higher total FW/plant than pak choi or rocket in each treatment. Lettuce produced significantly more total saleable leaf FW/plant in the ES, MS and LS treatment (137.5, 120.9 and 169.3 g FW/plant), compared with pak choi (52.9, 100 and 92 g FW/plant) or rocket (31.5, 92.2 and 56.4 g FW/plant). Pak choi produced higher total saleable leaf FW/plant than rocket in the ES and LS treatments, but a similar total saleable leaf FW/plant in the MS treatment. The best time to start harvesting was the LS treatment for lettuce, while pak choi and rocket produced better yields in the MS and LS treatments. Results for total DW/plant showed that different harvest start times did not affect the total DW/plant in lettuce. However, pak choi and rocket produced less total DW/plant in the ES treatment compared to the MS or LS treatments. This was due to a faster recovery by lettuce. In addition, lettuce produced significantly higher DW/plant during regrowth at the second and third harvests than pak choi or rocket, even though it was significantly lower at the first harvest. It is likely that after harvesting greater carbohydrate reserves and greater remaining leaf area produced greater regrowth potential in lettuce. These results suggest that lettuce has the most regrowth potential, while rocket has more than pak choi in this reaping and regrowth system. When plants were harvested at the same cutting level, lettuce had the most remaining leaf area of the three species. This remaining leaf area for lettuce could be another reason for faster recovery and more regrowth potential. More reserves and remaining leaf area may also be the reason for more regrowth potential in rocket compared to pak choi. Another important reason for the better performance of lettuce was that temperatures during the growing season were in the range of optimum temperatures (12-21 ºС), except for the regrowth between the second and third harvests in the LS. This relates to higher photosynthetic rates and in turn leads to faster recovery and regrwoth. Lettuce was the most suitable crop in the reaping and regrowth system in this experiment. However, rocket might also be appropriate for this system, particularly if the price is high enough to make it economically viable.
Books on the topic "Remaining leaf area"
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Turner, Neil. Mechanisms of progression of chronic kidney disease. Edited by David J. Goldsmith. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0136.
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Three major hypotheses attempt to explain progressive kidney disease following diverse diseases and injuries. To varying degrees they can explain the observed risk factors for progression and the ability of interventions to lower risk. The hyperfiltration hypothesis argues that progression is due to stress on residual nephrons leading to injury and damage to remaining glomeruli. The toxicity of proteinuria hypothesis proposes that serum proteins or bound substances are toxic to tubular or tubulointerstitial cells. This sets up cycles of damage which lead to tubulointerstitial scarring. The podocyte loss hypothesis contends that proteinuria is simply a biomarker for damaged or dying podocytes, and that it is further podocyte loss that leads to progressive glomerulosclerosis. Renoprotective strategies might have direct effects on podocytes. Importantly these different hypotheses suggest different therapeutic approaches to protecting the function of damaged kidneys. Differences between repair mechanisms may explain why some injuries lead to recovery and others to progressive disease, and may suggest new targets for protective therapy.
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Reiser, Dana Brakman, and Steven A. Dean. Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190249786.003.0001.
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This introduction provides an overview of the challenges social enterprises face in raising capital and briefly describes the authors’ array of potential solutions, grounded in finance, corporate governance and contract law. It argues that to distinguish themselves from conventional for-profit ventures, social enterprises must broadcast their commitment to pursuing a social mission as well as profits. The chapter then explains that, although the law has evolved to accept the existence of social enterprises, it does not offer them a means to prove that they are what they claim to be. The introduction briefly articulates how social enterprise law could make the leap from permissive to protective—the topic the rest of the book will explore comprehensively. It concludes with a roadmap of the remaining chapters, which trace the history of social enterprise law and chart its possible future.
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Ing, Michael. The Vulnerability of Integrity in Early Confucian Thought. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190679118.001.0001.
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The Vulnerability of Integrity in Early Confucian Thought is about the necessity, and even value, of vulnerability in human experience. In this book, Michael Ing brings early Chinese texts into dialogue with questions about the ways in which meaningful things are vulnerable to powers beyond our control; and more specifically, how relationships with meaningful others might compel tragic actions.Vulnerability is often understood as an undesirable state; and as such, invulnerability is preferred over vulnerability. While recognizing the need for adopting strategies of reducing vulnerability in various situations, The Vulnerability of Integrity demonstrates that vulnerability is far more enduring in human experience, and that it enables values such as morality, trust, and maturity. Vulnerability also highlights the need for care (care for oneself and for others). The possibility of tragic loss stresses the difficulty of offering and receiving care; and thereby fosters compassion for others as we strive to care for each other.This book is structured to explore the plurality of Confucian thought as it relates to the vulnerability of integrity. The first two chapters describe traditional and contemporary views that argue for the invulnerability of integrity in early Confucian thought. The remaining five chapters investigate alternative views. In particular these later chapters give attention to neglected voices in the tradition, which argue that our concern for others can, and even should, lead to us compromise our integrity. In these cases we are compelled to do something transgressive for the sake of others; and in these situations our integrity is jeopardized in the transgressive act.
Book chapters on the topic "Remaining leaf area"
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Heinonen, Jukka, and Juudit Ottelin. "Carbon Accounting for Regenerative Cities." In Future City, 115–29. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-71819-0_6.
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AbstractThe carbon budget for limiting global warming to the targeted 1.5 ° is running out. Cities have a central role in climate change mitigation, as the vast majority of all greenhouse gas emissions occur to satisfy the energy and material needs of cities and their residents. However, cities typically only account for their direct local emissions from transportation, industry, and energy production. This may lead to the so-called low-carbon illusion of cities following from producing little and reporting low emissions, while extensively relying on imported material and energy flows. Consumption-based accounting, or carbon footprinting, enables overcoming this problem by assigning the emissions to the end user regardless of the place of production. However, currently the carbon footprinting methods only capture the harm side, and not the potential positive effects, the restorative or regenerative impacts, caused by green infrastructure, reforestation, and carbon capture and storage, for example. These positive impacts are sometimes called “carbon handprint”. In this chapter, we create a handprint-extended carbon footprinting method to illustrate how restorative and regenerative impacts can be incorporated consistently in the carbon accounting of cities and carbon footprints of consumers. We also link the discussion on regenerative cities with the remaining carbon budgets.
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Lebowitz, Eli R. "Troubleshooting—Dealing with Difficult Child Responses." In Breaking Free of Child Anxiety and OCD, 187–204. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med-psych/9780190883522.003.0012.
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This chapter provides a guide on how to deal with difficult child responses. Aggressive child responses to the plan not to accommodate are often a reflection of the child’s distress and anxiety. Remaining supportive and continuing with the plan can lead to a reduction in child anxiety and aggression. If not accommodating causes the child a lot of distress or discomfort, the parents can lean on a supportive friend or relative who can help them get through the tough moments. The chapter also addresses dealing with other difficult child responses, such as threats of self harm. If the parents are concerned about the child’s safety, they should seek professional help in person.
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Konstam, Varda. "For Better or . . . Not." In The Romantic Lives of Emerging Adults, 259–86. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190639778.003.0010.
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This chapter examines the role marriage plays in the life planning and behavior of emerging adults. Most emerging adults hold marriage in positive regard and plan to get married at some point. As emerging adults age, however, finances, career development, education, and job availability lead them to flexibly shift their “marital horizons” and become more open to marital alternatives, such as remaining single or cohabitating. Emerging adults are getting married later and are also remaining single in increasing numbers. Although the dominant cultural model of marriage is one that promotes individual growth and self-actualization, there is an emerging class divide. Partners are expecting more from marriage while investing less time in their partners. New models for marital behavior and expectations may be needed to address why some marriages are more satisfying than ever before, while a great number are falling short, encumbered by individual, cultural, and structural considerations.
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Damholdt, Malene Flensborg, Christina Vestergaard, and Johanna Seibt. "Ascribing Gender to a Social Robot." In Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence and Applications. IOS Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/faia200921.
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Gender ascription to robots may lead to willingly or inadvertently repeating gender stereotypes. To reduce this risk, it is important to delineate how gender is spontaneously assigned to robots. The present study explores spontaneous ascription of gender to a social robot with minimal visual gender cues. A total of N=63 participants partook and were engaged in interaction with the robot for 45–50 minutes. The majority (n=36) ascribed gender to the robot, mainly based on voice. The remaining participants still assigned mental capacities to the robot. The implications of the results are discussed.
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Thomas, Michael E. "Optical Electromagnetics II." In Optical Propagation in Linear Media. Oxford University Press, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195091618.003.0006.
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In this chapter the same basic topics are addressed as in the previous chapter, but now in the presence of matter. This greatly complicates the description of optical propagation and continues to be the primary topic of the remaining chapters. A formal structure is developed to handle absorption and scattering phenomena in general. The modeling of optical propagation is reduced to having to know the complex index of refraction of the medium. A macroscopic description represents the large-scale observable character of optical propagation. At this level, many models are phenomenological, but lead to important general properties, definitions, formulas, and the establishment of basic concepts. Because microscopic models to be presented in future chapters contain considerable detail, this section is an important prerequisite to the remaining text. Again, plane waves are a useful tool for the description of optical propagation. The Poynting vector, causality, and Poynting’s theorem are used to develop and derive quantities and relationships concerning radiometry and the flow of electromagnetic power at optical frequencies. Consider Maxwell’s equations again, but in the presence of linear isotropic matter. Now the constitutive relations will play a more important role and are the foundation of classical dispersion theory.
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Thompson, Ross A. "Twenty-First Century Attachment Theory." In The Cultural Nature of Attachment. The MIT Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/9780262036900.003.0012.
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Attachment theory is the focus of considerable contemporary developmental research. Formulated by Bowlby more than fifty years ago, it has been the subject of ongoing critique, particularly in terms of its relevance in non-Western settings. Attachment theorists have modified the theory in response to empirical findings, advances in allied fields, and further ideas. Yet, as evidenced by this Forum, work still remains. This chapter summarizes changes to some of the central areas of attachment theory as well as remaining points of contention: To whom do infants become attached? How should differences in attachment relationships be characterized? What influences lead to differences in attachment relationships? What are the outcomes of differences in attachment? Its intent is to sharpen the ways that culturally informed research can contribute to a better understanding of the attachment process and its consequences. Discussion concludes with broad reflections on attachment and culture.
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Bellaviti, Sean. "A Listener’s Guide to Música Típica." In Música Típica, 123–68. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190936464.003.0005.
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Chapter 4 familiarizes the reader with the musical details of música típica. It begins by examining the evolution of ensemble instrumentation and instrument roles over the final quarter of the twentieth century, noting important changes that include more frequent appearance of women as the lead vocalists and other novel practices brought about through the pioneering efforts of cumbia innovadores (innovators). This is followed by a detailed outline of the standard musical features of the genre, including instrument roles and the collection of interlocking patterns that make up the composite grooves that both musicians and dancers report are at the heart of música típica’s aesthetic appeal. This chapter concludes with an exploration of this music’s capacity to call up nationalist feelings while remaining, in the view of its practitioners, decidedly, indeed adamantly, nonpolitical.
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Ghosh, Apoorva. "Leveraging Sexual Orientation Workforce Diversity through Identity Deployment." In Handbook of Research on Workforce Diversity in a Global Society, 403–24. IGI Global, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-1812-1.ch024.
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Disclosure decisions for lesbian and gay employees have been researched in organizational contexts. While the dilemmas associated, factors affecting, and situations encouraging or discouraging disclosure have been studied, the relatively unexplored area is how homosexuality can be strategically deployed at workplace to contest the associated stigma and bring positive social and political changes in the organizational climate. While scholars believe that remaining closeted may be the best strategy in a heterosexist and homophobic environment, studies report psychological strain, lack of authenticity, behavioral dilemmas, etc. experienced by closeted individuals, which, at minimum, lead to conflicts in daily situations of identity management and, at the peak, suicidal attempts due to perceived burdensomeness and failed belongingness. To address this dilemma in leveraging sexual orientation diversity in workplaces, this chapter deals with the framework of identity deployment offered by Bernstein (1997) to explore how homosexuality can be deployed in the workplace.
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Matesan, Ioana Emy. "Introduction." In The Violence Pendulum, 1–20. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197510087.003.0001.
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Research shows that repression can lead to both radicalization and deradicalization. When does it drive groups to pick up arms, and under what conditions does it foster disengagement from violence? To answer these questions, it is important to trace tactical changes over time, and to parse the factors that push groups toward or away from violence. The introduction outlines some conventional explanations for understanding tactical choices and shows that recent developments in terrorism studies and in the research on nonviolent resistance leave several puzzles unanswered. It introduces a theoretical framework through which we can understand both escalation and de-escalation, and provides a typology of engagement with violence that can guide the investigation of tactical change. After considering whether Islamist groups are distinctive, the chapter outlines the case-selection strategy and the methodology employed in the book, and then concludes with an outline of the remaining chapters.
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Thiagarajan, Palaniappan, and Manuel Garcia. "Cultural Influence on Employee Behavior Impacting Organizational Sustainability." In Technological Innovations for Sustainability and Business Growth, 253–69. IGI Global, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-9940-1.ch014.
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This chapter expands the understanding of subculture cultural intelligence by testing the psychometric properties of the Cultural Intelligence Scale, which will hopefully lead to a shift away from international culture focus and encourage a better understanding of intra-national subcultures. To avoid variations in results obtained from any scale, an examination of the measurement properties of the scale is needed. For this study, the sample consists of 243 African American graduates from Historically Black Colleges and Universities (HBCUs) who work at an organization in which they are part of a minority culture. The results of the factor analysis, factor loadings over .50 and no cross loadings, reflect a very strong underlying factor structure. The average variance extracted of 0.578 means that more variance is explained than error remaining in the latent construct and the Cronbach's alpha of .933 reflects strong reliability. Implications from this research as well as limitations and future research directions are also discussed.
Conference papers on the topic "Remaining leaf area"
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Cilluffo, Graig. "Piping Corrosion Rate and Remaining Life Basis: Commercializing Conservatism in First Time Inspections." In ASME 2014 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2014-28781.
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This paper sets forth guidance on how to establish a justifiable internal corrosion rate following a first time inspection to predict re-inspection or replacement timing for raw water piping. A novel approach leverages actual plant-wide piping inspection data, leak history, repair history, and corrosion monitoring results together to inform integrity decisions based on experience at a reliably-operating, nuclear power plant. Data is applied on a risk-conscious basis to piping systems based upon failure consequence and uncertainty and differs from the typical approach of reporting location-specific, time-averaged rates. Excavation and in-plant inspection results can now inform commercially-friendly conservatism that reduces leak risks while also minimizing total inspection and maintenance costs. While directly applicable to buried piping, this method can be applied to any corrosive system / location. Information is presented in a format that readers can readily follow to develop similar justifications for their own sites / systems. Guidance on applications, limitations, and areas for improvement are also provided.
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Dann, Markus R., and Luc Huyse. "Pragmatic Approach to Estimate Corrosion Rates for Pipelines Subject to Complex Corrosion." In 2014 10th International Pipeline Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2014-33146.
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Corrosion is a common degradation process for most oil and gas pipelines in operation that can lead to leak and rupture failures. To avoid failures due to corrosion, integrity management plans for pipelines require fitness-for-service (FFS) assessments and remaining life analysis of the corrosion features that are detected by in-line inspections (ILIs). The objective of the present paper is to support the deterministic integrity and remaining life assessment of pipelines by introducing a pragmatic approach for the determination of corrosion rates from two inspections. The proposed approach is primarily tailored towards upstream and subsea pipelines that are subject to very high density internal corrosion rather than transmission pipelines with low to moderate densities of external features. ILI data may be subject to significant measurement errors and feature matching for two ILIs can become highly unreliable if high-density corrosion is present. To address these uncertainties, the backbone of the proposed approach is to focus on corrosion clusters rather than individual corrosion pits and a filtering process is utilized to identify true corrosion growth. The introduced approach is supported by theoretical knowledge and practical experience. The approach can be easily executed in spreadsheet software tools without the application of advanced statistical and probabilistic methods for the deterministic remaining life assessment in practice.
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Aljaroudi, Alireda, Premkumar Thodi, Ayhan Akinturk, Faisal Khan, and Mike Paulin. "Application of Probabilistic Methods for Predicting the Remaining Life of Offshore Pipelines." In 2014 10th International Pipeline Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2014-33431.
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When offshore pipelines are approaching the end of their design life or have gone beyond their design life, their condition could possibly threaten oil flow continuity (through leak or rupture) as well as become a potential safety or environmental hazard. Some of the pipelines may show signs of deterioration and ageing due to corrosion, cracking or other damage mechanisms. Any assets, such as the pipeline, may be desired to continue transporting hydrocarbons beyond its design life due to increased oil and gas demand, due to unforeseen increased oil and gas reserves, or due to upgrade where additional assets are tied-into the existing pipeline system. Other situations may force operators to maintain the pipeline’s design life in spite of premature ageing of the pipe wall caused by the increased corrosion growth or other anomalies. Hence, there may be a need to assess the remaining life of pipeline in order to determine if it is capable of coping with current and future operational demand. The first task in the assessment process is to identify degradation mechanisms and their rate of growth, then estimate uncertainties in the collected data concerning pipeline flaw geometry, pipeline mechanical properties and operating characteristics. Based on the collected data and the assessment, the probability and consequence of failure can be determined. The remaining life of a pipeline is the time it takes the pipeline to fail or exceed the target failure probability. This paper presents a methodology for assessing the condition of ageing pipelines and determining the remaining life that supports extended operation without compromising safety and reliability. Applying this methodology would facilitate a well-informed decision that enables decision makers to determine the best strategy or adequate course of action for assessing and maintaining the integrity of ageing pipelines.
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Malyukova, Margarita G., Sviatoslav A. Timashev, and Igor L. Maltsev. "Practical Method of Updating Stochastic Remaining Life of Pipelines Using ILI Data." In 2004 International Pipeline Conference. ASMEDC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2004-0295.
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The paper describes a new practical method of updating the stochastic remnant life of pipelines with defects using ILI data. The paper describes a comprehensive algorithm for assessing pipeline remnant life taking into account the stochastic results of in-line inspection (ILI). It is assumed that the pipeline segment wall has a longitudinal external crack of semi-elliptical form and is described by the J-integral. The limit state function (LSF) is described as the difference of the critical and current value of the J-integral. The latter is calculated for the current time of pipe performance and is assumed known due to monitoring of the pumping equipment. The critical crack depth is defined using the notion of fracture toughness and the J-integral approach. The algorithm contains solutions of three sequentially interconnected problems. First, the deterministic problem of fatigue crack growth (FCG) is analyzed. Then the stochastic FCG is analyzed. The probability of failure assessment algorithm is designed on the basis of the authors’ version of the adaptive important sampling (AIS) procedure. The main steps of the AIS algorithm are described in detail. The samples are generated in such a way, that at all times a majority of samples belong to the fracture region. Finally, the results of the latest ILI are fused into the algorithm, providing best possible assessment of pipeline remnant life as a random variable. The remnant life update for pipeline segment with crack-like defects using ILI data takes into account three possible outcomes: defect not discovered: defect is discovered but not measured; defect is discovered and measured. This result permits solving most important problems of pipeline maintenance: prioritization of pipeline segments for repair/rehabilitation; optimization of the time between ILI; minimization of pipe operational risk. Two real cases are described of assessing the probability of fracture/leak of a pipeline section with an external crack at different periods of its performance. The described approach currently is being generalized for the case of multiple stress corrosion SC cracks.
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Buchheim, Gerrit M., David A. Osage, and Jeremy C. Staats. "Development of Fitness-for-Service Rules for the Assessment of HIC and SOHIC Damage in API 579-1/ASME FFS-1." In ASME 2008 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2008-61753.
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Hydrogen induced cracking (HIC) a form of wet H2S cracking that has a stepwise (through-thickness crack linkage) nature that is created from laminar (in-plane) cracking. HIC damage is initiated when atomic hydrogen generated by a surface corrosion reaction permeates into the steel and combines at non-metallic inclusions, discontinuities or other imperfections forming hydrogen molecules that are too large to diffuse out of steel. Lower strength carbon steel plate is most susceptible to hydrogen blistering and HIC damage, especially when exposed to an aqueous hydrogen environment, such as sulfide, cyanides, and hydrofluoric acid. This mechanism typically occurs below 300°F and is common in the oil and gas and petroleum refining industries, particularly with older high sulfur or phosphorous steels. HIC damage typically has not lead to breaches of containment in pressurized equipment. Stress oriented HIC (SOHIC), much rarer than HIC, is the arrangement of small HIC cracking perpendicular to the stress in a stacked array in stee and is typically located in the residual stress fields of welds. SOHIC has lead to breaches in containment. This paper focuses on the FFS assessment of HIC and SOHIC damage and describes some of the background to the new rules in Part 7 of API 579-1/ASME FFS-1 issued in 2007. It discusses laboratory tests undertaken on steel removed from a vessel that suffered severe HIC damage in service, but did not fail or leak. The results of those tests indicated that HIC damaged steel has considerable remaining strength and this lead to the new rules in API 579 Part 7. Because of the difficulty of ascertaining the presence of SOHIC when HIC damage is present, an additional crack-like flaw check is required to ensure that the HIC damaged area is acceptable as a crack-like flaw (Part 9) in addition to being acceptable as a locally thin area (Part 5) with a slight credit for remaining strength.
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Al-Obaidi, Khalid A., and Nesar Merah. "Study of Prolonged Service Degradation of Superheater Tubes and its Effects on Remaining Life Predictions." In ASME 2013 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2013-97713.
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This study investigates the degradation of superheater tubes that has been in service for very long time. It also discusses the degradation effects on tube remaining life predictions. The tubes, utilized in this study, belong to an industrial boiler that has been in service for 232 000 h in a petrochemical plant and generate steam at 47 barg and 410 °C. Outcomes of this study will contribute to better understanding and development of scientific procedures to make reasonable estimate of tube remaining life considering the tubes aging while in service. This is beneficial in preventing failures and forced plant shutdown when life is consumed. It also helps industry to avoid capital expenditures on premature replacements of boiler tubes that can still serve longer time. In this study, comparison is made between short-term life predictions and actual properties found after about 26.5 years of service. The tubes condition is assessed by metallographic, mechanical and stress rupture testing. According to the results, it is found that prolonged service degradation has strong effects on remaining life predictions. Both effects that would lead to overestimating or underestimating tube remaining life were found if existing procedures are used without consideration for material degradation during service.
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Bubenik, Tom, William V. Harper, Pam Moreno, and Steven Polasik. "Determining Reassessment Intervals From Successive In-Line Inspections." In 2014 10th International Pipeline Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2014-33025.
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Pipeline operators around the world use in-line inspections and corrosion control systems to manage the integrity of their systems. Determining when to inspect is a critical consideration, which depends in part on whether corrosion growth takes place between inspections. Remaining life estimates based on estimated corrosion growth rates typically form the basis for reassessment intervals. Remaining life assessments often use assumptions about corrosion rates that, while conservative, can lead to unrealistic results. Excess conservatism leads to short reassessment intervals and unnecessary mitigation. This paper discusses how data analyses can be used to identify and verify areas where corrosion is actually taking place. By identifying and addressing these areas, operators can minimize unnecessary mitigation in low growth areas, ensure high growth areas are mitigated in a timely manner, and extend overall reassessment intervals. This paper discusses an integrated approach to identifying corrosion activity using a combination of statistics, inspection signal comparisons, and engineering analyses. The approach relies on a full understanding of the mechanisms that cause corrosion and its growth. Pipeline operators can use this approach to calculate remaining life, prioritize repairs and mitigation, and extend reassessment intervals. This process is collectively known as Statistically Active Corrosion (SAC) 1,2,3.
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Jutras, Joseph, and Rick Barlow. "Reality Check: Improving Real-Time Pipeline Monitoring Using Near Real-Time Fluid Data." In 2008 7th International Pipeline Conference. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2008-64508.
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MBS, the software based leak detection system employed by Enbridge, is a real time transient model and as such requires fluid characteristics of the various batches that enter the pipeline. In the past, of the 25 plus pipelines modeled, only 4 received fluid identifiers from the field. These fluid identifiers are a sub-string of the batch identifiers stored in flow computers located at custody transfer locations. On the remaining pipelines, Enbridge used fluid density from the field to infer fluid type and therefore characteristics. In the past whenever a number of fluids had the same density, MBS assigned a best-guess of fluid type. The ‘MBS Real Time Injection Batch Data’ project was proposed to bring fluid identifiers to MBS on the remaining lines with the purpose of improving MBS’ selection of fluid properties. Since injection points on the remaining lines were not custody transfer there were no flow computers at these locations. An existing application called Commodity Movement Tracking, or CMT, was used to provide fluid names to the leak detection model. CMT holds past, present, and future injection batch information in an Oracle database. Batch identifiers are queried, placed into the SCADA system, and forwarded on to MBS. This paper explores the new approach, introduced by the ‘MBS Real Time Injection Batch Data’ project, of providing MBS with batch identifiers.
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Redaelli, F., B. Skallerud, and B. J. Leira. "On Remaining Fatigue Life Fracture Mechanics Analysis of Free-Spanning Pipelines Using Shell and Line-Spring Elements." In ASME 2002 21st International Conference on Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering. ASMEDC, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2002-28621.
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The present paper addresses fatigue crack-growth for free-spanning pipelines. The main sources of cyclic stresses which cause the crack-growth are vortex-induced vibrations (VIV) of the pipeline in the cross-flow and in-line directions. In the presence of initial weld defects, such cyclic stresses may lead to leakage and sudden fracture. The crack-growth process is modelled using so-called line-spring elements. These are matched with shell elements which are applied for modelling the pipe itself. The crack-growth is simulated by performing several simulations with different crack sizes. The shape of the crack also allowed to vary during the growth (i.e a/c-ratio). The static equilibrium position of the pipeline for a specific free span is first established by the non-linear Finite Element program ABAQUS. The line-spring elements are matched to interface with the shell elements which represent the pipe outside the region where the crack is located. Based on such simulations, the stress intensity factors at the crack-tip are computed. These calculations are performed for several different crack-sizes. Finally, the remaining fatigue life is estimated by means of fracture mechanics in terms of analytical and semi-empirical approaches.
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Scott, James D., Robert J. Peterman, Aaron A. Robertson, B. Terry Beck, and Kyle A. Riding. "Evaluation of the Remaining Prestress Force and Center Negative Bending Moment in Crossties Removed From Track After 25 Years of Service." In 2019 Joint Rail Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/jrc2019-1275.
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Extensive research is currently being conducted by the team to understand the prestressing steel and concrete properties that cause high bonding stresses and lead to longitudinal splitting cracks, and how to mitigate this failure in future designs. One parameter of interest that affects the bonding stress is the amount of prestressing force in a crosstie. To help quantify the amount of prestress force necessary to provide a durable long-term crosstie, a study on existing crossties that have performed well in track for over 25 years was conducted to evaluate the center negative bending moment, and determine the remaining prestress force for each tie. The remaining prestress force in each tie was determined using a new proposed method in which ties are loaded in direct tension. The new test method was also conducted on new ties instrumented with vibrating wire strain gages to verify the method. The testing results reveal that a majority of the existing ties evaluated have a remaining prestress force in the range of 84–95 kips. These forces are significantly lower than the remaining prestress force after losses of newer tie designs. This can be seen when comparing the tension test results of the existing ties with the results of the new ties. Ties were loaded upside-down in four-point bending to determine their center negative cracking moments. The test setup and procedure used closely resembles the center negative bending moment test outlined in AREMA 30, with minor variations. For each different tie design in the study, the center negative design moment was calculated following the AREMA 30 procedure, and compared to the experimental cracking moments. Of the seven different existing tie designs investigated, four would meet the requirements of the current AREMA 30 center negative bending test.