Journal articles: 'Religious aspects of Sierra Leone'

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Shaw, Rosalind, and Anthony J. Gittins. "Mende Religion. Aspects of Belief and Thought in Sierra Leone." Journal of Religion in Africa 21, no. 3 (August 1991): 286. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1580828.

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Shaw, Rosalind. "GITTINS, Anthony J., Mende Religion. Aspects of belief and thought in Sierra Leone, Nettetal, Steyler Verlag, 1987, 258 pp., 3 8050 0171 1." Journal of Religion in Africa 21, no. 3 (1991): 286–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157006691x00096.

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Goerg, Odile. "Sierra Leonais, Créoles, Krio: la dialectique de l'identité." Africa 65, no. 1 (January 1995): 114–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1160910.

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The study of phenomena relating to identity has prompted new approaches to the subject on the part of historians as well as anthropologists. They include the study of ethnicity, a dynamic combination of socio-economic, religious, cultural and political factors. In this regard the population of Freetown is particularly interesting, for it stems from several discrete migrations from the end of the eighteenth century onwards. Some of the immigrants came direct from the African continent, ‘Liberated Africans’ disembarked on the Sierra Leone peninsula, while others, formerly slaves, came from the UK, North America or the West Indies. The result of this diversity of origin was the formation of a very rich and specific society, with a mixture of European, African and West Indian characteristics. Among the town dwellers are those called successively Sierra Leoneans, Creoles and Krio.Since the 1950s several studies have focused on these people. After a polemical article published in 1977, new research was undertaken. Krio identity, which is at the same time a historical theme and politically contested territory, remains at the heart of the debate. In this article, emphasis is placed on terminology, to address the question of ‘ethnicity’ as applied to those known as Creoles. What were they called by administrators or historians (past and present)? What did they call themselves? How did they react to the various attempts at categorisation? How did the names, which are the visible aspect of ethnicity, evolve? What did the terms really mean and how can one move from a given name to the object it represents? These questions take into account several points of view, from within Krio/Creole society and from outside it.

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Anne Hurd, Hilary. "The Inter-Religious Council of Sierra Leone as Peace Facilitator in Post-1991 Sierra Leone." Peace & Change 41, no. 4 (October 2016): 425–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/pech.12201.

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Hair, P. E. H. "Franciscan Missionaries and the 1752 `Donation of Sierra Leone'." Journal of Religion in Africa 30, no. 4 (2000): 408–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157006600x00393.

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AbstractThe Franciscan mission to western Guinea between the 1660s and the late eighteenth century operated, from its Bissau centre, a 'Mission to Sierra Leone', whose priests occasionally reached the territory of modern Sierra Leone. Contact was made with the Afro-Portuguese resident in the Sierra Leone estuary, particularly with the Lopes family, and in 1752 a leading member was encouraged to make a 'Donation of Sierra Leone' to the Portuguese crown. This had little meaning and no effect. Hardly anything else is known about the local missionary activities, partly because of the decay of the general mission, but scraps of information about the Catholicism of the Afro-Portuguese appear in Portuguese and English sources.

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Hair, P. E. H. "Christian Influences in Sierra Leone Before 1787." Journal of Religion in Africa 27, no. 1-4 (1997): 3–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157006697x00027.

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Hair, P. E. H. "Aspects of the Prehistory of Freetown and Creoledom." History in Africa 25 (1998): 111–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3172183.

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The immediate circumstances which led up to the founding of Freetown in the 1790s were highly contingent, even freakish. Christopher Fyfe has stressed the role of the scientist and dubious adventurer, Henry Smeathman, in publicizing the misguided view that the Sierra Leone district provided an ideal ecological environment for settlement. More recently, Stephen Braidwood has shown that the 1787 choice of Sierra Leone as a suitable locality for settlement by the Black Poor of London, the earliest settlers, came about as a result of acceptance of Smeathman's view, not by the white philanthropists and politicians who masterminded the exodus of the Black Poor, but by the London Blacks themselves—who knew nothing of Sierra Leone from personal experience but were convinced by Smeathman's rhetoric. That the Blacks were allowed to insist on their choice might itself be regarded as freakish.Yet, seen in a wider historical context, the foundation of Freetown, and the subsequent development of the community eventually termed “Creole,” appear less accidental and extraordinary. Why, for instance, did Smeathman chose Sierra Leone for his butterfly-collecting on his only visit to Africa? Presumably it was because he was aware that he could obtain the support and protection of the trading settlements in the Banana Islands, on Sherbro Island, and along the coast between—settlements which had been established in earlier decades by the English-speaking families of the Caulkers, Parkers, and Tuckers, families whose very names (even if corrupted from African names) point back to the later seventeenth century and the activities on this coast of the Royal African Company. And perhaps Smeathman had read John Newton's published account of his early career as a resident trader on the same coast which, although full of complaints about his treatment by his African employers, at least showed that a white could survive there.

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Bailey, Mohamed. "Differential Fertility by Religious Group in Rural Sierra Leone." Journal of Biosocial Science 18, no. 1 (January 1986): 75–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021932000006519.

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SummaryThis study examines the influence of Islam and Christianity (Catholicism and Protestantism) on fertility in rural Sierra Leone. Analyses using number of children ever born and number of living children for currently married women of childbearing ages 15–49 as measures of fertility show that Muslim fertility is lower than either Catholic or Protestant fertility net of relevant demographic and socioeconomic variables.The interaction between wife's educational level and her religious affiliation was statistically significant for number of children ever born but not for number of living children. Religion is shown to be an important factor in differentiating fertility behaviour at different educational levels. Among wives with no schooling, differences in religion lead to small fertility differentials; among those with primary or higher education, the fertility differentials are substantial.

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M’Cormack-Hale, Fredline A. O., and Josephine Beoku-Betts. "General Introduction." African and Asian Studies 14, no. 1-2 (March 27, 2015): 8–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15692108-12341327.

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Although much has been written on many different aspects of post-conflict reconstruction, democracy building, and the role of the international community in Sierra Leone, there is no definitive publication that focuses on exploring the ways in which various interventions targeted at women in Sierra Leone have resulted in socio-economic and political change, following the Sierra Leone civil war. This special issue explores the multi-faceted subject of women’s empowerment in post-war Sierra Leone. Employing a variety of theoretical frameworks, the papers examine a broad range of themes addressing women’s socio-economic and political development, ranging from health to political participation, from paramount chiefs and parliamentarians to traditional birth attendants and refugees. An underlying argument is that post-war contexts provide the space to advance policies and practices that contribute to women’s empowerment. To this end, the papers examine the varied ways in which women have individually and collectively responded to, shaped, negotiated, and been affected by national and international initiatives and processes.

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Jedrej, M. C., and Anthony J. Gittins. "Mende Religion: Aspects of Belief and Thought in Sierra Leone." Man 25, no. 2 (June 1990): 361. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2804599.

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Hair, P. E. H. "Franciscan Missionaries and the 1752 'Donation of Sierra Leone'." Journal of Religion in Africa 30, no. 4 (November 2000): 408. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1581582.

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Mouser, Bruce. "Origins of Church Missionary Society Accommodation to Imperial Policy: The Sierra Leone Quagmire and the Closing of the Susu Mission, 1804-17." Journal of Religion in Africa 39, no. 4 (2009): 375–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/002242009x12537559494278.

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AbstractA series of events in 1807 changed the mission of the early Church Missionary Society in Sierra Leone from one that was designed initially and solely to spread the Christian message in the interior of West Africa to one that included service to the Colony of Sierra Leone. Before 1807, the Society had identified the Susu language as the appointed language to be used in its conversion effort, and it intended to establish an exclusively Susu Mission—in Susu Country and independent of government attachment—that would prepare a vanguard of African catechists and missionaries to carry that message in the Susu language. In 1807, however, the Society's London-based board and the missionaries then present at Sierra Leone made a strategic shift of emphasis to accept government protection and support in return for a bargain of government service, while at the same time continuing with earlier and independent goals of carrying the message of Christianity to native Africans. That choice prepared the Society and its missionaries within a decade to significantly increase the Society's role in Britain's attempt to bring civilization, commerce and Christianity to the continent, and to do it within the confines of imperial policy.

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Richards, Paul. "Ebola and COVID-19 in Sierra Leone: comparative lessons of epidemics for society." Journal of Global History 15, no. 3 (November 2020): 493–507. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1740022820000303.

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AbstractThis case study focuses on two epidemic diseases in Sierra Leone. Ebola in 2014–15 drew international response, but was contained within the Upper West African region. COVID-19 reached Sierra Leone in April 2020 as part of a global pandemic. Local social knowledge has been an important factor in shaping responses to both diseases. In the case of Ebola, infection was concentrated in families, and responders needed a good knowledge of family interactional dynamics. COVID-19 is a more public disease. Responders have to assess risk factors in workplaces, markets, and places of worship. Comparing and contrasting the two cases also draws attention to different aspects of the historical context. Ebola response indexes Sierra Leone’s history as a humanitarian project associated with the abolition of the slave trade. The pandemic challenge of COVID-19 draws attention to Sierra Leone’s nodal position within a global diaspora rooted in Atlantic slavery and emancipation. Responders are forced to consider the ways in which the two infections articulate different aspects of calls for global social justice.

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Bosco Bangura, Joseph. "Charismatic Movements, State Relations and Public Governance in Sierra Leone." Studies in World Christianity 23, no. 3 (December 2017): 237–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/swc.2017.0194.

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Sierra Leone has seen the rise of Charismatic movements that are bringing about greater levels of co-operation with the state. This new church development aims at renewing the Christian faith and projecting a more proactive role towards public governance. This ecclesial development shows that African Pentecostal/Charismatic theology appears to be moving away from the perceived isolationist theology that once separated the church from involvement with the rest of society. By reapplying the movement's eschatological beliefs, Charismatics are presenting themselves as moral crusaders who regard it as their responsibility to transform public governance. The article probes this relationship so that the Charismatic understanding of poverty, prosperity, good governance and socio-economic development in Sierra Leone can be more clearly established.

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Hu, Beiyi. "HIV exceptionalism: development through disease in Sierra Leone." New Genetics and Society 38, no. 4 (April 2, 2019): 457–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14636778.2019.1601011.

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16

Smart, H. M. Joko. "Recent Trends in Law Reform in Sierra Leone." Journal of African Law 31, no. 1-2 (1987): 136–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021855300009293.

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Tony Allott made a breakthrough in legal scholarship when he opted out of the English Legal System familiar from his Oxford training for a legal virgin soil in a continent that was still a barren field for legal literature, at any rate on its West and East Coasts then forming part of the British Colonial Empire. He embarked on research first into the land law of the then Gold Coast and later spread his untiring zeal into other areas of the laws of dependencies in the Sub-Saharan Region. His sustained energy maintained the same momentum through independent Africa. He examined aspects of the legal systems of many countries within the region ranging over matters such as the constitution, the family and the land; he propounded his ideas first in lectures, then in articles for journals and at symposia, compiling some of them in the Essays, and he finally reflected philosophically on his own concept of law in The Limits of Law.Professor Allott can be described as a pioneer in the study and research of African Law as an academic discipline. That he succeeded Colonial Administrative Officers is a moot point but it is submitted that the effort of his predecessors was geared towards gaining a knowledge of the ways, the customs and lives of the peoples whom they governed and they were not motivated by a scientific urge for the discovery of organized legal systems because to many, if not all, Africa was a continent so dark that it was inconceivable for law to exist within it.

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SOLOMOU, ALEXIA. "Comparing the Impact of the Interpretation of Peace Agreements by International Courts and Tribunals on Legal Accountability and Legal Certainty in Post-Conflict Societies." Leiden Journal of International Law 27, no. 2 (April 24, 2014): 495–517. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0922156514000119.

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AbstractThis article compares and contrasts the interpretation of the Lusaka Ceasefire Agreement 1999 by the International Court of Justice, the Peace Agreement between the Government of Sierra Leone and the Revolutionary United Front of Sierra Leone by the Special Court for Sierra Leone, and the General Framework Agreement for Peace in Bosnia and Herzegovina by the European Court of Human Rights. In doing so, it critically analyses the approach of the three different tribunals and attempts to explain the differences identified on the basis of the jurisdictional scope of each tribunal and the substantive law each has been tasked to apply. This comparison is both substantive and procedural. The article then examines the impact of these three tribunals on two specific aspects of the rule of law: legal accountability and legal certainty, both internationally and in the countries under examination. It is argued that, while these tribunals have enhanced legal certainty and accountability on the international level, any contribution they have made to the domestic rule of law has been questionable.

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Tully, James J. "THE PLACE OF ISLAMIC LAW IN SIERRA LEONE." Muslim World 84, no. 3-4 (October 1994): 300–316. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1478-1913.1994.tb03603.x.

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Batty, Fodei, and Fredline M’Cormack-Hale. "“Do not Disturb the Peace!” Identities, Livelihoods and the Politics of Post-War Discontent in Sierra Leone." Journal of Asian and African Studies 54, no. 4 (February 10, 2019): 533–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021909618825355.

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Although the collective memory of war is frequently invoked in post-war societies, who chooses to invoke it and to what effect has been less studied relative to other aspects of such societies. In this article we employ a case study of Sierra Leone to address this deficit in the post-conflict scholarship by illustrating how the collective memory of that country’s civil war is appropriated by diverse actors in the post-war society. Drawing from field interviews, we present evidence showing how, and why, several societal groups constituted as distinct post-war identities such as victims-rights groups, former defenders of the state, or perpetrators of the violence during the Sierra Leone civil war articulate dissatisfactions with their livelihoods and the reactions of state officials to their demands. The article explains why, and how, successive governments have selectively suppressed the discontent of some groups over livelihood insecurities that are construed as threats to public order while ignoring violent protests from other groups over similar issues, in spite of a 1965 public order act restricting protests. Thus, the article argues that state officials in Sierra Leone have not demonstrated superior commitment to peacebuilding than societal groups that make demands on the state.

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Jambai, Amara, and Carol MacCormack. "Maternal Health, War, and Religious Tradition: Authoritative Knowledge in Pujehun District, Sierra Leone." Medical Anthropology Quarterly 10, no. 2 (June 1996): 270–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/maq.1996.10.2.02a00090.

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Schwarz, Suzanne. "Reconstructing the Life Histories of Liberated Africans: Sierra Leone in the Early Nineteenth Century." History in Africa 39 (2012): 175–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/hia.2012.0011.

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Abstract:This article draws attention to the scope and significance of the Registers of Liberated Africans, which were recently retraced in the Public Archives of Sierra Leone after a period of neglect. These registers, spanning the period between 1808 and 1819, provide details of the names and physical characteristics of the first groups of “recaptives” released at Freetown by royal naval patrols in the immediate aftermath of British abolition of the slave trade. This evidence, when combined with other categories of records generated by colonial administrators, offers a rare opportunity to reconstruct biographical information about enslaved Africans after their release from slaving vessels. The methodology discussed in this article demonstrates how nominal linkage across diverse categories of records surviving in Sierra Leone and Britain makes it possible to trace aspects of the subsequent movements of individuals after their cases had been adjudicated by the Vice Admiralty Court at Freetown.

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22

Shaw, Rosalind. "The Politician and the Diviner: Divination and the Consumption of Power in Sierra Leone." Journal of Religion in Africa 26, no. 1 (1996): 30–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157006696x00343.

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Labonte, Melissa. "Religion, Tradition, and Restorative Justice in Sierra Leone. By Lyn S. Graybill." Journal of Church and State 61, no. 2 (2019): 326–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jcs/csz011.

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MARK, PETER. "THE EVOLUTION OF ‘PORTUGUESE’ IDENTITY: LUSO-AFRICANS ON THE UPPER GUINEA COAST FROM THE SIXTEENTH TO THE EARLY NINETEENTH CENTURY." Journal of African History 40, no. 2 (July 1999): 173–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021853799007422.

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During the late fifteenth and early sixteenth century, Portugal established a trading presence along the Upper Guinea Coast from Senegal to Sierra Leone. Emigrants from Portugal known as lançados – some of them Jews seeking to escape religious persecution – settled along the coast, where many of them married women from local communities. By the early sixteenth century, Luso-Africans, or ‘Portuguese’ as they called themselves, were established at trading centers from the Petite Côte in Senegal, south to Sierra Leone. Descendants of Portuguese immigrants, of Cape Verde islanders, and of West Africans, the Luso-Africans developed a culture that was itself a synthesis of African and European elements. Rich historical documentation allows a case study of the changing ways Luso-Africans identified themselves over the course of three centuries.The earliest lançados established themselves along the coast as commercial middlemen between African and European traders and as coastal traders between Sierra Leone and Senegambia. Their position was formally discouraged by the Portuguese Crown until the second decade of the sixteenth century, but they nevertheless played an important role in trade with Portugal and the Cape Verde islands. Lançado communities were permanently settled on the Petite Côte, while in Sierra Leone and Rio Nunez much early commerce was in the hands of lançados who sailed there regularly from S. Domingos, north of present day Bissau. The offspring of these lançados and African women were called filhos de terra and were generally considered to be ‘Portuguese’.Throughout the sixteenth century, the descendants of the lançados maintained close commercial ties with the Cape Verde islands. Cape Verdeans were themselves the offspring of mixed Portuguese and West African marriages. Sharing elements of a common culture and united by marriage and economic ties, mainland Luso-Africans and Cape Verdeans represented a socially complex and geographically dispersed community. Cape Verdeans, like mainland Luso-Africans, resolutely maintained that they were ‘Portuguese’, and both sub-groups employed the same essentially cultural criteria of group identification.

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D’Angelo, Lorenzo. "Alusine Jalloh, Muslim Fula Business Elites and Politics in Sierra Leone." Islamic Africa 11, no. 1 (December 24, 2020): 142–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/21540993-01101005.

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D’Angelo, Lorenzo. "God’s Gifts: Destiny, Poverty, and Temporality in the Mines of Sierra Leone." Africa Spectrum 54, no. 1 (April 2019): 44–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0002039719848509.

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In Sierra Leone, many artisanal miners share the view that every human act and every event is the realisation of an inscrutable divine plan. Even though notions of fate and destiny are part of the vocabulary of Krio, the country’s lingua franca, miners prefer to use expressions that evoke God and stress His immanent presence and influence in their everyday lives. In order to understand the religious vocabulary of contingency and the cosmology underlying the ways in which miners interpret, reproduce, and imaginatively prepare the conditions to change their lives, this article focuses on the ritual practices connected to artisanal diamond mining. It considers these rituals as attempts to resolve the ever-present temporal and moral tensions between actual conditions of suffering and poverty, and the realisation of the well-being that miners associate with their desired futures.

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Catron, John W. "Evangelical Networks in the Greater Caribbean and the Origins of the Black Church." Church History 79, no. 1 (February 24, 2010): 77–114. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0009640709991375.

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Henry Beverhout looked out over the West African village of Freetown in 1792 with misgivings. From his own experience and from the complaints he received from other townspeople, he now recognized that the black men and women of Sierra Leone were not being afforded the equal treatment they had been promised. Exploited and discriminated against for most of their lives by white masters in America, these expatriates had arrived in West Africa determined to chart a new course for themselves. But the path to economic, civil, and religious freedom was littered with obstacles. They soon encountered problems with white Sierra Leone Company officials over low pay, high prices, and the slow pace at which land was apportioned to the new settlers. Just as important, the black émigrés were dismayed by the company's system of justice, whose juries Beverhout said did not “haven aney of our own Culler in” them. Having absorbed the British and American legal traditions of trial by a jury of one's peers, he demanded that in any “trial thear should be a jurey of both white and black and all should be equal.” Going even further, he then made the explosive claim that “we have a wright to Chuse men that we think proper to act for us in a reasnenble manner.”

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Stanley, Brian. "Andrew Finlay Walls (1928–2021)." International Bulletin of Mission Research 45, no. 4 (August 31, 2021): 319–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/23969393211043591.

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Andrew Walls, a pioneering historian of Christian missions, was the architect of the study of World Christianity. Trained as a patristic scholar, he went to Sierra Leone in 1957 to teach at Fourah Bay College. There and at the University of Nsukka in Nigeria (1962–66) he became a student of the growing churches of Africa. At the Universities of Aberdeen and Edinburgh (1966–97), he became a scholar of renown, establishing the Centre for the Study of Christianity in the Non-Western World, and supervising students who became leaders in church and academy. His legacy is preserved in institutions across the globe, a host of articles, and his former students.

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Das, Shruti, and Deepshikha Routray. "Climate Change and Ecocide in Sierra Leone: Representations in Aminatta Forna’s Ancestor Stones and The Memory of Love." eTropic: electronic journal of studies in the Tropics 20, no. 2 (September 10, 2021): 221–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.25120/etropic.20.2.2021.3812.

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War has been instrumental in destroying land and forests and thus is a major contributor to climate change. Degradation due to war has been especially significant in Africa. The African continent, once green, is now almost denuded of its rich forests and pillaged of its precious natural resources due to the brutality of colonisation and more recent postcolonial civil wars. In Sierra Leone the civil war continued for over eleven years from 1991 to 2002 and wrought havoc on the land and forests. Thus the anxiety and trauma suffered by the people not only includes the more visible aspects of human brutality, but also the long lasting effects of ecocide which relate to climate change. Underlying narratives that address traumatic ecological disasters is a sense of anxiety and depression resulting from the existential threat of climate change. This paper demonstrates how narratives can metaphorically represent both ecocide and climate change and argues that such stories help people in tackling the real life stresses of anxiety and trauma. To establish the argument this paper has drawn on scientific and sociological data and placed these vis-à-vis narrative episodes in Aminatta Forna’s novels Ancestor Stones (2006) and The Memory of Love (2010). In these novels Forna depicts the ecological crisis that colonisation and civil war have wrought on Sierra Leone. The anxiety and post-traumatic stress disorder – of war and ecocide – suffered by the fictional Sierra Leonean characters are explained through Cathy Caruth’s trauma theory.

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Konoyima, Komba Jossie, and Lahai Duramany Seisay. "Aspects of Population Dynamics of Pagrus Caeruleostictus Collected From the Continental Shelf of Sierra Leone and the Implications for Management." Research in Agriculture Livestock and Fisheries 7, no. 3 (December 31, 2020): 517–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/ralf.v7i3.51371.

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The study evaluated aspects of population dynamics of Pagruscaeruleostictus and the implications for management in Sierra Leone, needed to support efficient management plans of its fishery. 12, 729 specimens of Pagruscaeruleostictus were collected off Sierra Leone from January-November, 2016 using randomized sampling techniques on-board demersal trawler. Analysis of population dynamics employed methods fitted in FiSAT II software using pooled length-frequencies. Estimated growth parameters were asymptotic length (L∞ = 34.48cm) and weight (W∞ = 4693.6g), growth rate (K = 0.29yr-1), growth performance index (ɸ = 2.54), growth exponent (b = 3.09), theoretical age (to = -0.8years) and life-span (tmax = 9.50years). The instantaneous fishing mortality rate (F = 0.40yr-1) climaxed the optimum fishing mortality rate (Fopt = 0.30yr-1) and slightly below the limiting fishing mortality (Flimit = 0.51yr-1) whereas natural mortality rate (M) gave 0.76yr-1. Besides, the estimated current exploitation rate (Ecurrent) exceeded the estimated sustainable level of exploitation (E50 = 0.39yr-1) but below the estimated maximum allowable exploitation point (Emax = 1.10yr-1). Further, the length (Lm50 = 23.00cm) and age (tm50 = 4.60years) at first maturity climaxed the length and age at first capture (Lc50 = 21.64cm, tc50 = 3.8years,), length and age at first recruitment (Lr = 13.00cm, tr = 2.4years). Results portrayed slow and isometric growth, median life-span and high survival of a continuously recruited spawning stock of Pagruscaeruleostictus. Also, the stock suffered growth overfishing, moderate fishing pressure and overexploition, implying the need for management to recalibrate measures for rational exploitation. Res. Agric., Livest. Fish.7(3): 517-531, December 2020

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Fomba, Diakaridia, Muhammad Misbahul Mujib, and Ahmed Hedieloum Kodio. "Amnesty Limits in International Criminal Law." Journal of Politics and Law 13, no. 2 (May 20, 2020): 69. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jpl.v13n2p69.

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This article examine the problems raised by amnesty in the domestic and international legal order in the context of national reconciliation. It examines the scope and limits of the amnesty law, justifying it by the exceptions made for international crimes and violations as far as international humanitarian law is concerned. Indeed, this paper deals with the domestic and international legal aspects of non-amnesty crimes that are recognized under conventional and customary international law as imprescriptible, through the experience of specialized international courts on the subject such as those of Rwanda, Sierra Leone, and the ICC.

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Aljets, Diana, Betsie Chacko, and Maria Jessop. "The Ripe Moment for Civil Society." International Negotiation 13, no. 1 (2008): 93–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/138234008x297977.

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AbstractThis article explores whether and how civil society engagement in a peace process can 'ripen' the conditions and facilitate the success of a peace process. The activities and methods of the Inter-religious Council of Sierra Leone are examined for their impact on each stage of the peace process with a view to shedding light on how civil society can help create the ripe conditions for formal peace negotiations, be an effective participant in negotiations, as well as improve the sustainability of a peace agreement.

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Launay, Robert. "An Imagined Geography." American Journal of Islam and Society 23, no. 2 (April 1, 2006): 98–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.35632/ajis.v23i2.1624.

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The civil war in Sierra Leone broke out just as JoAnn D’Alisera arrived withthe intention of studying a rural Islamic community. Instead, she eventuallydecided to study Sierra Leonean Muslims in Washington, DC. Based on herethnographic research, An Imagined Geography is a sensitive depiction ofimmigrants who must negotiate their accommodation and allegiance to threeseparate imagined loci: the United States, in which they live; their SierraLeonean homeland; and the ummah, the global Islamic community of whichthey are a part.Much of the book centers on the experiences of five individuals, twomen and three women, through whose eyes the author explores the tensionsinvolved in being Muslim and African in the United States. Such a closegrainedfocus allows her to provide a very visceral depiction of how theylive out their religious commitments in their everyday interactions witheach other, with other Sierra Leoneans, and with Anglo-Americans. Themen, for instance, are particularly apt to choose driving taxis as a career, even though some of them are highly educated and qualified for more prestigiousand more remunerative jobs. However, their taxis allow them to constructa religious space that they can decorate with Islamic paraphernalia orkeep a supply of religious pamphlets to hand out to interested passengers,and to align themselves with religious time so that they can take prayerbreaks and even drive to the mosque to pray. The many women-run hotdogstands provide women with a similar freedom, if admittedly less mobility ...

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Bedson, Jamie, Mohamed F. Jalloh, Danielle Pedi, Saiku Bah, Katharine Owen, Allan Oniba, Musa Sangarie, et al. "Community engagement in outbreak response: lessons from the 2014–2016 Ebola outbreak in Sierra Leone." BMJ Global Health 5, no. 8 (August 2020): e002145. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2019-002145.

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Documentation of structured community engagement initiatives and real-time monitoring of community engagement activities during large-scale epidemics is limited. To inform such initiatives, this paper analyses the Community Led Ebola Action (CLEA) approach implemented through the Social Mobilization Action Consortium (SMAC) during the 2014–2016 Ebola epidemic in Sierra Leone. The SMAC initiative consisted of a network of 2466 community mobilisers, >6000 religious leaders and 42 local radio stations across all 14 districts of Sierra Leone. Community mobilisers were active in nearly 70% of all communities across the country using the CLEA approach to facilitate community analysis, trigger collective action planning and maintain community action plans over time. CLEA was complemented by interactive radio programming and intensified religious leader engagement.Community mobilisers trained in the CLEA approach used participatory methods, comprised of an initial community ‘triggering’ event, action plan development and weekly follow-ups to monitor progress on identified action items. Mobilisers collected operational and behavioural data on a weekly basis as part of CLEA. We conducted a retrospective analysis of >50 000 weekly reports from approximately 12 000 communities from December 2014 to September 2015. The data showed that 100% of the communities that were engaged had one or more action plans in place. Out of the 63 110 cumulative action points monitored by community mobilisers, 92% were marked as ‘in-progress’ (85%) or ‘achieved’ (7%) within 9 months. A qualitative examination of action points revealed that the in-progress status was indicative of the long-term sustainability of most action points (eg, continuous monitoring of visitors into the community) versus one-off action items that were marked as achieved (eg, initial installation of handwashing station). Analysis of behavioural outcomes of the intervention indicate an increase over time in the fraction of reported safe burials and fraction of reported cases referred for medical care within 24 hours of symptom onset in the communities that were engaged.Through CLEA, we have demonstrated how large-scale, coordinated community engagement interventions can be achieved and monitored in real-time during future Ebola epidemics and other similar epidemics. The SMAC initiative provides a practical model for the design, implementation and monitoring of community engagement, integration and coordination of community engagement interventions with other health emergency response pillars, and adaptive strategies for large-scale community-based operational data collection.

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Lyons, Padraig, Maike Winters, Zangin Zeebari, Kirsten Schmidt-Hellerau, Paul Sengeh, Mohammad B. Jalloh, Mohamed F. Jalloh, and Helena Nordenstedt. "Engaging religious leaders to promote safe burial practices during the 2014–2016 Ebola virus disease outbreak, Sierra Leone." Bulletin of the World Health Organization 99, no. 4 (March 2, 2021): 271–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.2471/blt.20.263202.

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Ilesanmi, Simeon. "Political Atrocities, Moral Indignation, and Forgiveness in African Religious Ethics." Religions 11, no. 11 (November 20, 2020): 620. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rel11110620.

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Scholarship on transitional justice has oscillated between the pedagogical value of moral magnanimity, shown by victims of past atrocities who choose to forgive their wrongdoers, and the deterrent effect of imposing punishment on the offenders, which includes making restitution to the victims of their wrongful actions. This article examines the views of two African thinkers on this issue, Archbishop Desmond Tutu who argues for forgiveness, and Wole Soyinka who defends restitution as a better way to express respect for the dignity of both the victims and the rule of law. The article contends that while traditional African values play important roles in the perspectives of these thinkers, they do not, in themselves, justify either of the two positions they advance. The article further contrasts the positive role Tutu and Soyinka assign to historical memory and truth-telling with the strategies of social forgetting and public silence embraced in Sierra Leone and Mozambique in their quest for political reconciliation.

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Seelinger, Kim Thuy. "Domestic accountability for sexual violence: The potential of specialized units in Kenya, Liberia, Sierra Leone and Uganda." International Review of the Red Cross 96, no. 894 (June 2014): 539–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1816383115000090.

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AbstractFrom 2011 to 2014, the Human Rights Center at the UC Berkeley School of Law conducted qualitative research in Kenya, Liberia, Sierra Leone and Uganda to identify accountability mechanisms and challenges related to sexual violence committed during periods of conflict or political unrest. This article shares two aspects of that research: first, it presents key challenges related to the investigation, prosecution and adjudication of sexual violence committed during and after the periods of recent conflict. Second, it flags the emergence of specialized units tasked with investigating and prosecuting either sexual and gender-based violence or international crimes, noting the operational gap between these institutions. It notes that if not bridged, this gap may impede responses for the intersecting issue of sexual violence committed as an international crime. The article closes with recommendations for a more coordinated response and more accountability at the domestic level.

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Fape, Michael O. "National Anglican Identity Formation: An African Perspective." Journal of Anglican Studies 6, no. 1 (June 2008): 17–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1740355308091383.

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ABSTRACTAfrica played a prominent role in the formation of earliest Christianity not least in the persons of Cyprian of Carthage and Augustine of Hippo. The Anglican heritage is considered through the experience of the Yoruba people in south-west Nigeria through whom christian faith came to the rest of Nigeria. The Anglicanism which came to the Yoruba was evangelical through the Church Missionary Society, though a key role was played by liberated slaves from Sierra Leone. Contexts in which the gospel is proclaimed and the way it is expressed may change, yet the contents of the gospel do not. A contextualized curriculum thus includes key courses such as biblical studies and systematic theology. It also includes contextual subjects such as African traditional religions and Islam and Christianity. The Church of Nigeria has thus undertaken a thorough review of the curriculum to adequately represent this kind of contextualized theology.

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Bigi, Giulia. "The Decision of the Special Court for Sierra Leone to Conduct the Charles Taylor Trial in The Hague." Law & Practice of International Courts and Tribunals 6, no. 2 (2007): 303–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156918507x217576.

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AbstractOn 29 March 2006 former Liberian President Charles Taylor was surrendered to the Special Court for Sierra Leone, where he was charged of war crimes, crimes against humanity and other serious violations of international humanitarian law committed during the Sierra Leonean conflict since 1996. The same day, invoking concerns about stability and security in the West African sub-region if the trial were to be held in Freetown, the President of the Special Court submitted a request to the Government of the Netherlands and to the International Criminal Court to facilitate that the trial be conducted in e Hague. Accordingly, on 20 June 2006, Mr. Taylor was transferred to the premises of the International Criminal Court where the trial commenced almost one year later.The change of venue of the Taylor trial from Freetown to Europe has several implications, which the present contribution aims to discuss, given that the Special Court is the first international(ized) criminal tribunal faced with such a relocation. This paper firstly reviews the necessary procedural steps taken for the transfer; then, it focuses on the compatibility of this change in location with the spirit and purposes of the Statute of the Special Court; finally, it considers the matter in relation to the fundamental aspects of transparency and of the due process guarantees of the accused.

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MOUSER, BRUCE. "REBELLION, MARRONAGE AND JIHĀD: STRATEGIES OF RESISTANCE TO SLAVERY ON THE SIERRA LEONE COAST, C. 1783–1796." Journal of African History 48, no. 1 (March 2007): 27–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021853706002490.

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The Yangekori Rebellion was among the earliest extensive uprisings within Africa to be reported in European documents. This rebellion, which lasted for more than a decade, included domestic and market-bound slaves as well as free persons, all of whom became involved in promoting significant changes in traditional socioeconomic and political patterns. What made this rebellion unique and more informative for the present and for research relating to external slave trading and to rebellion within the diaspora, however, were its complex and local-based context, its multiple centers and its substantial involvement in a timely religious movement intent on transforming coastal society. Also instructive is the synergetic response that occurred among autocratic and otherwise quarrelsome rulers who were responsible for ending this rebellion, for re-establishing landholding patterns, and for defending themselves effectively against socioeconomic and political change.

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Jalloh, Mohamed F., Rebecca Bunnell, Susan Robinson, Mohammad B. Jalloh, Alpha Mamoudou Barry, Jamaica Corker, Paul Sengeh, et al. "Assessments of Ebola knowledge, attitudes and practices in Forécariah, Guinea and Kambia, Sierra Leone, July–August 2015." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 372, no. 1721 (April 10, 2017): 20160304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2016.0304.

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The border region of Forécariah (Guinea) and Kambia (Sierra Leone) was of immense interest to the West Africa Ebola response. Cross-sectional household surveys with multi-stage cluster sampling procedure were used to collect random samples from Kambia ( n = 635) in July 2015 and Forécariah ( n = 502) in August 2015 to assess public knowledge, attitudes and practices related to Ebola. Knowledge of the disease was high in both places, and handwashing with soap and water was the most widespread prevention practice. Acceptance of safe alternatives to traditional burials was significantly lower in Forécariah compared with Kambia. In both locations, there was a minority who held discriminatory attitudes towards survivors. Radio was the predominant source of information in both locations, but those from Kambia were more likely to have received Ebola information from community sources (mosques/churches, community meetings or health workers) compared with those in Forécariah. These findings contextualize the utility of Ebola health messaging during the epidemic and suggest the importance of continued partnership with community leaders, including religious leaders, as a prominent part of future public health protection. This article is part of the themed issue ‘The 2013–2016 West African Ebola epidemic: data, decision-making and disease control’.

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Paffenholz, Thania, and I. William Zartman. "Inclusive Peace Negotiations – From a Neglected Topic to New Hype." International Negotiation 24, no. 1 (March 7, 2019): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15718069-24011186.

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Abstract The objective of this special issue on inclusive peace negotiations is to advance the debate on negotiations. It sheds light on included and excluded actors, in particular political parties, civil society, business, youth and religious actors, and those armed actors that are either excluded or included. This special issue is particularly interesting as all articles combine a conceptual introduction of the role of the discussed actor in question in peace negotiations with a case study approach. This method enriches conceptual discussion and debates on the role of the various actors through analyses of several peace negotiations, including among others, DRC, Kenya, Liberia, Sierra Leone, Somalia, Guatemala, El Salvador, Bosnia & Herzegovina, Macedonia, Great Britain and Northern Ireland, and Myanmar.

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Paillard-Borg, Stéphanie, Jessica Holmgren, Panu Saaristo, and Eva von Strauss. "Nurses in an Ebola Viral Hemorrhagic Fever Outbreak: Facing and Preparing for Psychosocial Challenges." SAGE Open 10, no. 2 (April 2020): 215824402092065. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2158244020920658.

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The purpose of this study was to describe the psychosocial experience of the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies’ nurses upon their return from deployment at an Ebola Treatment Center during an Ebola virus disease outbreak in Kenema, Sierra Leone, between 2014 and 2015. The following three psychosocial aspects related to pre-, during, and postdeployment were explored: stress management, sociocultural exposure, and attitudes from others. This is a descriptive qualitative study with a cross-sectional design. Questionnaires were administered to 50 nurses, of which 44 responded. Eight themes were identified in relation to the three psychosocial aspects of interest: professional- and self-confidence, pragmatism, wellness activities, human contact, cultural competency, professionalism, pariah, and/or hero. One of the most important findings in this article relates to the essential mental health support pre- and during deployment with an emphasis upon return when the risk of isolation and stigmatization is greater. In conclusion, more research is needed about the psychosocial challenges met by nurses to prepare and support them as increasing threat of emerging infectious diseases puts pressure on global health systems.

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Conteh, AM, NM Kallon, DH Jojo, Sesay AR., and Bundu WT. "SURVEY ON SMALL RUMINANT PRODUCTION AGAINST PESTE DES PETITS RUMINANT IN MOYAMBA AND KAILAHUN DISTRICTS, SIERRA LEONE." International Journal of Research -GRANTHAALAYAH 8, no. 2 (May 30, 2020): 243–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.29121/granthaalayah.v8.i2.2020.215.

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Goats and sheep production which significantly contributes to improving nutritional status, economic growth and socio-cultural practices in the rural settings of Sierra Leone are faced with several challenges. The survey on Peste des Petits Ruminants Virus (PPRV) was carried out to investigate the: current status of small ruminant production, and the presence of antibodies against PPRV. Information was obtained through Focus Group Discussion in the respondents’ local dialects from 150 participants. From the results obtained, 58.7% and 41.7% of the respondents were male and female while 77.3% and 22.7% were married and single respectively. 53.3% of the respondents never illiterate while 46.7% have some basic education. The main reasons for keeping goats and sheep were for traditional, economic, religious and food. Continuous disease outbreaks; high mortality; poor animal healthcare and extension services, lack of credit facility, theft, and poor marketing facility. Pestes des petits Ruminant, mange, Respiratory infection, and diarrhea were the main diseases affecting goats and sheep. A total of 356 serum samples from goats (264) and sheep (92) were collected in both districts and analyzed using the competitive ELISA kit for the detection of antibodies against PPRV. The result revealed an overall prevalence of 62.1% antibodies [goats, 73.1%, (193/264) and sheep, 30.4%, (28/92)]. Young goats (65.9%), and sheep (34.7%) showed the highest seropositivity of PPRV followed by adult males and females. There is a need to improve traditional practices of small ruminant production by designing disease control programs to ensure the full participation of the veterinary, animal husbandry and extension services for a good output.

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Callis, Amy, Victoria M. Carter, Aparna Ramakrishnan, Alison P. Albert, Lansana Conteh, Alhaji Amadu Barrie, Lucian Fahnbulleh, et al. "Lessons Learned in Clinical Trial Communication During an Ebola Outbreak: The Implementation of STRIVE." Journal of Infectious Diseases 217, suppl_1 (May 18, 2018): S40—S47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jix558.

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Abstract Communication contributed to 4 important aspects of the Sierra Leone Trial to Introduce a Vaccine Against Ebola (STRIVE): recruiting participants, supporting Human Subjects Protection, building trust in the community to support the trial, and mitigating the impact of rumors and misinformation. Communication was particularly important because STRIVE was Sierra Leone’s first vaccine clinical trial and was implemented during a public health emergency. Communication efforts began months prior to trial launch, building awareness and support through sensitization sessions with stakeholders and community leaders. Community engagement activities continued throughout the trial to maintain relationships with leaders and stakeholders and disseminate accurate information, fostering trust in the trial. The communication team led recruitment with hundreds of information sessions for potential participants, facilitating the informed consent process. Communication efforts continued post-enrollment, supporting ongoing voluntary participation in the trial. Informal formative activities during the trial yielded insights on participants’ perceptions and information needs. While Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Institutional Review Board–approved activities and materials did not change, this flexible strategy allowed for responsive interactions with participants. The trial success and its community acceptance illustrated STRIVE’s successful communications efforts, owing in large part to this flexibility and commitment to community engagement. Clinical Trials Registration ClinicalTrials.gov [NCT02378753] and Pan African Clinical Trials Registry [PACTR201502001037220].

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Hodge, James G., Leila Barraza, Gregory Measer, and Asha Agrawal. "Global Emergency Legal Responses to the 2014 Ebola Outbreak: Public Health and the Law." Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 42, no. 4 (2014): 595–601. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jlme.12179.

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From their relative obscurity over the past three decades, varied strains of Ebola disease have emerged as a substantial global biothreat. The current outbreak of Ebola, beginning in March 2014 in Guinea, is projected to infect tens of thousands of people before being brought under control. Some estimate the outbreak could exceed 100,000 cases and extend another 12-18 months. Ebola’s spread has the potential to extend across the globe, but is concentrated in several African countries (e.g., Democratic Republic of Congo, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Guinea, Nigeria, and Senegal). Collectively, these countries are home to nearly 290 million people. Among Liberia’s population of 4.1 million, over 1,100 people have already died from Ebola in less than 6 months; by comparison, if this same outbreak and death rate occurred in the United States, over 88,000 Americans would perish.

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Osborne, Augustus, Bashiru Mohamed Koroma, and Camilla M. Bangura. "Assessment of Perceptions and Practices on Menstruation among Adolescent Girls in Five Schools in bo district, Sierra Leone." Journal of Clinical Case Studies Reviews & Reports 2, no. 3 (June 30, 2020): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.47363/jccsr/2020(2)131.

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Menstrual hygiene is essential as it promotes the health of women. Unhygienic menstrual practices can affect the health of girls and can lead to urinary tract infections. Many girls deficient of appropriate knowledge in menstruation and menstrual hygiene. It is therefore necessary to assess their perceptions, problems, and practices on menstruation. This Cross-sectional study was conducted amongst 103 secondary school girls from five schools in the southern part of Sierra Leone via structured questionnaire. Majority of the students, were aged 15-18 years. 29.1% of the girl’s attained menstruation at age 14 years. 57.3% of the girls believed that the normal monthly interval of menstruation is 28 days. 33% of the girls said Menstruation upsets them. Staining of dress and bad odor 30.1% were the most embarrassment faced by girls during menstruation. 64.1% of the girls said Scared was their reaction to Menstruation. 78.6% of the girls said Worried is how they feel when they don’t get their period on time. Menstrual problems were most commonly discussed with their mothers, (68%), and least commonly discussed with the fathers, 1.9%. Majority of the respondents had poor knowledge on menstruation, menstrual hygiene and practices. Menstruation perceptions are poor, and practices often incorrect. A multi-dimensional approach focusing on capacity building of mothers, and teachers on sexuality education skills; using religious organizations as avenues for sexuality education; and effectively using the Mass Media as reproductive health education channels are recommended towards improving adolescents’ perceptions and practices on menstruation. (Afr Reprod Health 2008; 12[1]:74-83).

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Koch, Mikaela R., Lansana Kanneh, Paul H. Wise, Lianne M. Kurina, Foday Alhasan, Robert F. Garry, John S. Schieffelin, Jeffrey G. Shaffer, and Donald S. Grant. "Health seeking behavior after the 2013–16 Ebola epidemic: Lassa fever as a metric of persistent changes in Kenema District, Sierra Leone." PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases 15, no. 7 (July 14, 2021): e0009576. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0009576.

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Background The West African Ebola epidemic of 2013–2016 killed nearly 4,000 Sierra Leoneans and devastated health infrastructure across West Africa. Changes in health seeking behavior (HSB) during the outbreak resulted in dramatic underreporting and substantial declines in hospital presentations to public health facilities, resulting in an estimated tens of thousands of additional maternal, infant, and adult deaths per year. Sierra Leone’s Kenema District, a major Ebola hotspot, is also endemic for Lassa fever (LF), another often-fatal hemorrhagic disease. Here we assess the impact of the West African Ebola epidemic on health seeking behaviors with respect to presentations to the Kenema Government Hospital (KGH) Lassa Ward, which serves as the primary health care referral center for suspected Lassa fever cases in the Eastern Province of Sierra Leone. Methodology/Principal findings Presentation frequencies for suspected Lassa fever presenting to KGH or one of its referral centers from 2011–2019 were analyzed to consider the potential impact of the West African Ebola epidemic on presentation patterns. There was a significant decline in suspected LF cases presenting to KGH following the epidemic, and a lower percentage of subjects were admitted to the KGH Lassa Ward following the epidemic. To assess general HSB, a questionnaire was developed and administered to 200 residents from 8 villages in Kenema District. Among 194 completed interviews, 151 (78%) of respondents stated they felt hospitals were safer post-epidemic with no significant differences noted among subjects according to religious background, age, gender, or education. However, 37 (19%) subjects reported decreased attendance at hospitals since the epidemic, which suggests that trust in the healthcare system has not fully rebounded. Cost was identified as a major deterrent to seeking healthcare. Conclusions/Significance Analysis of patient demographic data suggests that fewer individuals sought care for Lassa fever and other febrile illnesses in Kenema District after the West African Ebola epidemic. Re-establishing trust in health care services will require efforts beyond rebuilding infrastructure and require concerted efforts to rebuild the trust of local residents who may be wary of seeking healthcare post epidemic.

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Sipowo, Alain-Guy Tachou. "Les aspects procéduraux de la participation des victimes à la répression des crimes internationaux." Les Cahiers de droit 50, no. 3-4 (March 4, 2010): 691–734. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/039338ar.

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La participation des victimes aux procès internationaux pénaux est une nouveauté de la Cour pénale internationale. Elle s’étend désormais aux Chambres extraordinaires au sein des tribunaux cambodgiens et au Tribunal spécial pour le Liban. Dans le texte qui suit, l’auteur affirme que, par cette innovation, le droit international pénal évolue vers un dédoublement de l’objet du procès. Sa fonction, à la base punitive, intègre désormais une dimension réparatrice significative. Elle augure un effet horizontal de la procédure pénale qui entraîne une confrontation entre l’accusé et les victimes. L’auteur analyse l’étendue des droits procéduraux qui rendent compte de cette confrontation. Dans la première partie de son étude, il explore les problématiques relatives à l’accès des victimes aux tribunaux internationaux et souligne les raisons pour lesquelles elles n’ont pu avoir un rôle actif dans la procédure du Tribunal pénal international pour l’ex-Yougoslavie, du Tribunal pénal international pour le Rwanda et du Tribunal spécial pour la Sierra Leone. Dans la seconde partie, il approfondit sa réflexion sur la portée des droits de participation effectivement reconnus aux victimes. Bien qu’ils s’articulent et s’exercent différemment selon les tribunaux, ces droits constituent, en conclut l’auteur, le trait commun qui traduit un souci profond de la communauté internationale de rendre les victimes parties prenantes de l’établissement de la vérité au sujet des atrocités endurées à l’occasion de conflits armés.

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Small, Eusebius, Bonita B. Sharma, Silviya Pavlova Nikolova, and Betty C. Tonui. "Hegemonic Masculinity Attitudes Toward Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting Among a Sample of College Students in Northern and Southern Sierra Leone." Journal of Transcultural Nursing 31, no. 5 (September 19, 2019): 468–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1043659619875499.

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Introduction: Female genital mutilation or cutting (FGM/C) is a public health problem. Approximately three million women and girls undergo FGM/C every year, worldwide. The purpose of the study was to assess the influence of education on hegemonic masculinity attitudes between male and female students and whether parental education differentiated the groups. Method: A cross-section design was used. Data were collected through a survey response from 338 students in May 2017. The data were analyzed using chi-square and correlational tests. Results: Education did not change the attitudes of students toward FGM/C (χ2 = 3.64, p = .16); however, parental education had an influence on both male and female students’ attitudes toward FGM/C. Discussion: The study suggests that education alone may not be sufficient to end FGM/C practice. A comprehensive community-led strategy incorporating culturally congruent health care to involve multiple parties of health professionals, religious leaders, government, and policy makers may be needed to address the problem.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Religious aspects of Sierra Leone'

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