Journal articles on the topic 'Religion Economic aspects Sri Lanka'
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Papakonstantinidis, Leonidas A., and T. G. Supun Lahiru Prakash. "Analysis of Human-Elephant Conflict in Sri-Lanka by The Win-Win-Win Papakonstantinidis Model." International Journal of Economics, Business, and Entrepreneurship 2, no. 1 (August 13, 2019): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.23960/ijebe.v2i1.44.
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Asian Elephants have been revered for centuries and playing an important role in the continent's culture and religion where they habitat. Sri Lanka plays an important role in Asian elephant conservation in accommodating more than 10% of the global Asian elephant population in less than 2% of global Asian elephant range. Human – Elephant conflict (HEC) is a significant component in Socio – economic development in Sri Lanka and conservation of free range elephnats. In this study we attempted to Analysis Human-elephant conflict in Sri-Lanka using the win-win-win Papakonstantinidis model.
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Jayasundera, Manik. "Financial and economic aspects of Ceylon Tea Industry in Sri Lanka." Financial Markets, Institutions and Risks 3, no. 3 (2019): 131–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.21272/fmir.3(3).131-135.2019.
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The functioning of the tea industry forms the main source of revenue for Sri Lanka’s budget, which is now ranked as the world’s fourth largest tea producer and second largest exporter. About 20% of the world’s tea products are sourced from Sri Lanka. The key objective of this study is to analyze the financial and economic aspects in the context of studying the peculiarities of sales of tea production enterprises. The research of this question in the article is carried out in the following logical sequence: the specifics of the process of making tea products are studied; the historical aspects of the formation and development of the tea industry in Sri Lanka; identified the main directions of state policy in terms of functioning of tea production enterprises; Key aspects of the pricing and marketing policy of the tea industry have been analyzed; features of implementation of export mechanisms are indicated. The article focuses on the system of taxation by the government of the tea industry, taxes in the context of which are designed to redistribute gross domestic revenue in accordance with priority directions of state social policy. The paper notes that the Government of Sri Lanka has now implemented subsidy mechanisms for tea companies: 1) subsidy for the modernization of production facilities in the long run; 2) subsidy for the development of the tea industry to improve the efficiency of tea processing and its transformation into other varieties; 3) short-term subsidy, which insures against falling tea prices or rising raw material costs; 4) marketing subsidies in the form of tea promotion grants, discounts on import duties and grants from the Export Development Board. The study made it possible for the authors to summarize the following: in 2019, there is a gradual fragmentation of land and a shortage of skilled labor in the Sri Lankan tea industry; state policy to support the tea sector will in the long run allow for appropriate reforms and mechanisms for regulating aspects of the tea industry (adjusting exports and imports, pricing systems, subsidy programs, state land redistribution programs). Keywords: government policy, pricing, sales mechanisms, exports, income and losses, tea industry.
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Gnanothayan, J. Gaberial, and Linda Kauškale. "Development of the Construction Industry and Its Interconnection with the Development of National Economy of Sri Lanka." Baltic Journal of Real Estate Economics and Construction Management 10, no. 1 (January 1, 2022): 106–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/bjreecm-2022-0007.
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Abstract The construction industry forms an important part of any economy, and development of the construction industry could be of high significance for economic development. The construction industry includes the production of construction objects, consumption of resources, investment that contribute to the creation of employment places and also to the economic development of Sri Lanka. The aim of the research is to analyse the development trends of the construction industry and its interconnection with economic development in Sri Lanka. Particular focus of the research is placed on interconnection between the construction industry and economic development. Historical analysis, logical access and other methods have been used in the research. The analysis includes theoretical and practical aspects: actual tendencies and historical overview.
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Kularatne, Jagath S., and Hiroyuki Takeya. "Privatization of the Plantation Sector in Sri Lanka: financial, economic and some environmental aspects." Journal of the Rubber Research Institute of Sri Lanka 86 (April 19, 2010): 23. http://dx.doi.org/10.4038/jrrisl.v86i0.1803.
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Kenyon, P., C. Pollett, and N. Wills-Johnson. "Sustainable water management practices: lessons from ancient Sri Lanka." Water Policy 8, no. 3 (June 1, 2006): 201–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wp.2006.0013.
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Many developing countries struggle with the most appropriate way by which to ensure that sufficient resources are available, in a sustainable manner, for the provision of water services. This problem is not new. Rather, it is one which most societies have faced in the past, some with considerable success. This paper considers the case of the hydraulic civilisation of ancient Sri Lanka, not from the perspective of its engineering feats, which are well-known, but from the management aspects of its irrigation system. It details how the ancient Sri Lankans devised a two-tier system which, although it had engineering and economic inefficiencies in its physical structure, was perfectly suited to the level of social capital available at the time. Given that social capital is precisely what limits many developing countries, this suggests that ancient Sri Lanka may provide lessons for water resource management which may have application in developing countries today.
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Dassanayake, Damayanthi, Sarath Rathnayake, Sujeewa Dilhani Maithreepala, and Nimanthika Sanjeewani. "Engaging in a newspaper cartoon thematic analysis to understand the socioeconomic, health, political, and environmental impact of COVID-19 in Sri Lanka." International Health Trends and Perspectives 1, no. 2 (July 7, 2021): 249–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.32920/ihtp.v1i2.1420.
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Introduction: Newspaper cartoons are viewed as an effective means of communicating important social concerns.
Method:An exploratory content analysis of newspaper cartoons was done during the COVID-19 outbreak in Sri Lanka . Cartoons from eight daily online newspapers published from 15th of March to 15th of April 2020 were included. “corona”, “COVID-19”, or “Sri Lanka” were used as keywords. Thematic analysis was used to identify the different perspectives of cartoons.
Results: Background of COVID-19 pandemic, health, social, economic, political, and environmental aspects emerged within a sample of 87 cartoons. Thirteen common themes were identified as COVID-19 as a pandemic, COVID-19 has become a crisis for Sri Lanka, prevention is the priority, knowledge deficit leads to breaking health advice, efforts to control virus outbreak, shifting socio-cultural practices, effects of lockdown, rich man’s virus – poor suffer the most bringing the global economy to its knee, coronavirus is driving the black market for essential stuff, seeking strategies to hold the election, applying health precautions in election activities and other political involvements.
Conclusion: Cartoons were effectively used to give broad health and other messages to the public during the COVID-19 outbreak in Sri Lanka. Newspaper cartoons can be used as an effective mode of disseminating information during a crisis.
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Perera, Jehan. "THE TORTUOUS PATH OF ACCOUNTABILITY TO ENSURE POST-WAR RECONCILIATION—THE CASE OF SRI LANKA." Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities 55, no. 1 (June 30, 2016): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.46568/jssh.v55i1.86.
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For the past three decades Sri Lanka was stalemated between governments that were not prepared to devolve power to the Tamil majority provinces and a Tamil militant movement that wanted a separate country. In February 2002, the Sri Lankan government and LTTE signed a ceasefire agreement under Norwegian government auspices that appeared to offer the real prospect of a final end to violence as a means of conflict resolution. The ceasefire between the government and the LTTE held for nearly four years despite significant problems affecting the peace process, problems that led to the LTTE’s withdrawal from the peace talks. However, the ceasefire collapsed in early 2006 with a series of ambushes of government soldiers by the LTTE, eventually leading to counter measures and counter attacks by the forces of the government, measures in which the government wrested back control of territory placed under the control of the LTTE by the terms agreed upon by the Ceasefire Agreement. Today Sri Lanka is a country that continues to be deeply divided on lines of ethnicity, religion and politics. Horizontal inequalities, defined as severe inequalities in economic and political resources between culturally defined groups, were undoubtedly a contributing factor for the perpetuation of Sri Lanka’s long-running conflict. No sooner it won the war, the government asserted economic development to be the main engine of reconciliation.
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Kumara, Jeewaka Saman. "Non-traditional Security Disputes of Sri Lanka." International Journal for Innovation Education and Research 3, no. 3 (March 31, 2015): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.31686/ijier.vol3.iss3.323.
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From the 1970s onwards, social constructivists criticized the intense narrowing of the field of security studies imposed by the military and nuclear obsessions of the Cold War. Further, they argued that these traditional issues have not disappeared, but that other, non-military sources of threat now seemed more pressing. Hence, the nature and magnitude of security within the states should be considered from different angles such as economic security, food security, health security, environmental security, personal security, community security and political security. In the context of small states, the issue of security has multiple dimensions in the complexities of the state. Apart from the traditional aspect of security threats of small states, the non-traditional aspect is very important to identify the security threats of small states. One of the most important aspects of non-traditional security thus, is that people should be able to live in a society that honours their political security. In this broader context this study makes an effort to answer whether the political security of Sri Lanka is being challenged in the context of power political paradigm. Further the research problem has been answered by using standard research tool including descriptive and analytical methods and also the research involves both qualitative and quantitative methods. As a developing small state, Sri Lanka is an electoral democracy. The 1978 constitution vested strong executive powers in the president, who is directly elected for a six-year term and can dissolve Parliament. The prime minister heads the leading party in Parliament but otherwise has limited powers. The 225-member unicameral legislature is elected for a six-year term through a mixed proportional-representation system. Elections are open to multiple parties, and fair electoral laws and equal campaigning opportunities ensure a competitive political process. Despite the war’s completion and an improvement in security throughout Sri Lanka, the situation of political security remained grim. Some observers’ charge that centralizes approach of the ruling party of the Government of Sri Lanka has led to a lack of protection of political security. In this broader context, there is an argument that the situation of political security of Sri Lankan remains grim.
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Santhalingam, Sathees, Sivayogan Sivagurunathan, Shamini Prathapan, Sivapalan Kanagasabai, and Luxmi Kamalarupan. "The effect of socioeconomic factors on quality of life of elderly in Jaffna district of Sri Lanka." PLOS Global Public Health 2, no. 8 (August 31, 2022): e0000916. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgph.0000916.
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Globally, the proportion of the elderly is increasing. In comparison to other Southeast Asian countries, Sri Lanka’s population is rapidly aging. The elderly are a vulnerable age group that requires special attention to live a long and healthy life. As, there was a scarcity of data on the elderly’s quality of life, studying the level of quality of life and the associated factors of the elderly in the Jaffna district will provide insight into how to plan interventions to improve the elderly’s overall well-being in Jaffna District and Sri Lanka as well. The study aimed to determine the quality of life of the elderly in the Jaffna district of Sri Lanka and to study the association of socioeconomic factors with the quality of life. This cross-sectional study was conducted among 813 community-dwelling elderly in the Jaffna District of Sri Lanka. Socio-economic characteristics were recorded by way of a structured questionnaire. The WHOQOL-Bref questionnaire was used to assess quality of life in four domains: physical health, psychological, social participation and the environment. The statistical Package of Social Science Software (SPSS) version 21 was used to analyse the data. Univariate, bivariate, and multivariate analyses were applied, p-value less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Among the four QOL domains, the mean (SD) score for an environmental domain was (12.1±2.1), (12.0±2.8) for the psychological domain, (11.8±2.3) for the physical health domain, and (10.1±3.0) for the social relationship domain. Factors significantly associated with all domains of QOL included marital status, level of education, living arrangement, employment, level of income, income adequacy and ownership of the house. Furthermore, age, sex, religion, number of children, and presence of monthly income, were significantly associated with at least one domain of QOL of the elderly. According to these findings, the QOL of the elderly in the Jaffna district of Sri Lanka seems low. And it was associated with multiple socio-economic factors. Interventions to improve the QOL of the elderly are anticipated with a higher emphasis on social relationship for the elderly.
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Sinna Lebbe, Suhail, Azhar Mohamad, and Imtiaz Mohammad Sifat. "Back to the future: returning to silver-backed money in Sri Lanka." Journal of Islamic Accounting and Business Research 10, no. 1 (January 7, 2019): 73–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jiabr-08-2015-0039.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to investigate the drivers of the behaviour intention to use the Silver-Backed Mobile Payment System (SBMPS) among the residents of Kattankudy, Sri Lanka. Design/methodology/approach Based on technology adoption model theory, a conceptual framework was devised, which was later tested via structural equation modelling (SEM) using valid responses from a survey questionnaire. Findings The results indicated that perceived usefulness and subjective norms have positive relationships and perceived risk a negative relationship with people’s behavioural intention to adopt SBMPS. In addition, the respondents were primarily motivated by faith (Islam) and also by economic advantages to adopt SBMPS. Research limitations/implications Religion, culture, gender, income level, age and educational level could be used as moderating factors for better understanding of people’s behaviour intentions. A Multi-cultural demographic may shed further light. Social implications This paper not only makes awareness of the importance of real (commodity) money but also provides the understanding of people’s willingness and the underlying motivations to practically implement the system without threatening the legal tender. Originality/value Extant research has mainly focused on the validity and the conceptual ideas to return to gold and silver money. This paper has been an extension to practically implement real money without threatening the legal tender by investigating the determinants of people’s willingness to return to silver money and understanding their motivations underlying those decisions
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Jayatileka, T. N., P. R. Weerakkody, and M. N. M. Ibrahim. "Livestock Production under Coconut Plantations in Sri Lanka: 1. Social, Cultural and Economic Aspects of Buffalo Production." Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences 11, no. 5 (May 31, 1998): 586–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.5713/ajas.1998.586.
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Pushpa Malkanthi, S. H. "Farmers’ Attitude Towards Organic Agriculture: A Case of Rural Sri Lanka." Contemporary Agriculture 69, no. 1-2 (June 1, 2020): 12–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/contagri-2020-0003.
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SummaryOrganic agriculture has the potential to reduce the negative impacts of conventional agricultural practices and enhance rural economic development. Since research on Sri Lankan farmers’ attitude towards organic agriculture has been rare, this research aims to explore the farmers’ viewpoint on organic agriculture. Two main rural districts were purposely selected for this investigation since these districts have a high potential for organic agriculture. Two Divisional Secretariat (DS) divisions from each district and 75 farmers from the farming community of each DS division were randomly selected to form a sample of 300 farmers. Data were collected from July 2017 to April 2018 and analyzed using descriptive statistics and binary logistic regression. The results revealed that a majority of the farmers (74%) were well-aware of organic agriculture and agricultural extension programs, while training was the primary information source in both districts. As per the mean analysis, the farmers had a positive attitude towards health-related and environmental protection aspects. However, they had a negative attitude towards the complexity of organic agriculture and unavailability of a suitable market for organic products. Results of the binary logistic regression revealed that the education level of the farmers significantly affect their attitude towards organic agriculture. The availability of traditional knowledge and technology relevant to organic agriculture, favorable climatic condition, and some government support were the main potentials, while labor intensiveness was the main challenge. Thus, creating better marketing facilities for organic products, providing the required amenities for producing organic food, processing, and value addition will promote organic agriculture among more farmers, supporting sustainable development.
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Sangasumana, Pinnawala. "Post Disaster Relocation Issues: A Case Study of Samasarakanda Landslide in Sri Lanka." European Scientific Journal, ESJ 14, no. 32 (November 30, 2018): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.19044/esj.2018.v14n32p1.
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Landslide-induced displacement is an unexpected tragedy as well as a major development constraint which cannot be overcome sustainably unless a well-established mechanism is functionalized. Since the displacement is a life changing event, the attention should be focused to address all aspects of restoration of lives such as building houses, establishing livelihood opportunities, rehabilitation and reintegration in the process of relocation. In order to address the relocation issues and challenges for seeking durable solutions, community based strategies are most welcome in contemporary disaster management plans. In addition to examine the failures of existing relocation programmes, this study has attempted to investigate one of the neglected aspects of restoring displaced lives in the recovery phase of disaster management cycle; post-relocation satisfaction. The methodology has initially been designed based on qualitative approach focusing 72 households selected through judgment sampling from six relocated housing schemes after the massive landslide occurred in 2016 at Aranayaka division in Kegalle District, Sri Lanka. Both quantitative and qualitative techniques have been used for data collection through questionnaires, structural interviews, semi structural interviews and case studies while descriptive data analytical methods applied particularly for case study interpretation. The research results revealed that, this unexpected landslide hazard has created several socio-economic constraints which cause to accelerate the relocation issues. Lack of involvement of the government institutions in finding durable solutions at the recovery phase and the delay of policy implementation are identified as the main interlinked issues in the process of relocation. Due to the lack of community participation in project planning and less cooperation between the authorities and the public, most of the relocation programmes could not achieve the expected project deliverables. Therefore the research paper suggests new strategies to overcome the existing issues and challenges in order to minimize the problems faced by post-landslide relocated communities.
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ALM, Mujahid. "Contribution of Siddi Lebbe for Educational Development of Sri Lankan Muslims – A Historical perspective." Indian Journal of Tamil 3, no. 1 (December 23, 2021): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.54392/ijot2211.
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Mr. Siddilebbe was one of the great personalities of Sri Lanka. He was a lawyer, educationist, scholar, philosopher, divination, writer, publisher, social reformer, proctor, visionary and Muslim community leader. Also as the leader of Sri Lankan Muslim community, he guided the Muslims to be released from the traditional conservative thoughts of refusing modernization to forward looking one in order to survive in the prevailing contemporary situation. During the era of Siddi Lebbe, the Muslims face a huge drawback in all the fields such a political, economic and social. The service rendered by Mr Siddi Lebbe were widespread and countless in the fields of politics, economy, education, culture and religion of Sri Lankan Muslims. We can figure out these facts when we analyze and asses his works and services accomplished by him having considered the prevailed situations of Muslims in the 19th century. Thus the ultimate aim of this research is to bring to light the contributions made by Mr Siddi Lebbe to the development of motherland, to both Muslims and the other brotherly communities. Furthermore, I hope this would be secondary date based research and useful for those who engage in researches about the great scholar Mr Siddi Lebbe.
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Rajesh, M. N. "Travel of Bonpo Gods from the Eurasian Borderlands to the Tibetan Culture Area and the Borderlands of North-east India." Kawalu: Journal of Local Culture 5, no. 1 (June 30, 2018): 71. http://dx.doi.org/10.32678/kawalu.v5i1.1874.
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Popular writing has brought about an image of Hindu deities that are seen as a part of Hinduism only and Hinduism is also seen as a religion of the Indian subcontinent. While this may be largely true in many cases, it forces us to look at Hinduism in very Semitic terms as a closed religion. On the contrary we see that there was a considerable travel of gods and goddesses from other religions into Hinduism and vice versa. And thus negates the idea of Hinduism as a closed system. This therefore brings us to the problem of defining Hinduism which is by no means an easy task as there is no agreement on any singular definition. Pre-modern India had more contacts with her neighbours and thus central Asia and south East Asia emerge as some of the main regions where Indian influence is seen in many aspects of life. Even to a casual observer of both central Asia and South East Asia we see that there striking Indian influences in culture, religion and other aspects of life. All of them are not part of the textual literature that has become very nationalistic in the recent past and this tends to also dismiss the earlier writings as western Eurocentric. It is true that there is a great element of eurocentricism in the earlier writings but one point that needs to be highlighted is that these earlier writings also faithfully portrayed many aspects like iconography etc. in a very descriptive manner that focused on the measurements, likeness, colour and other associated characteristics of the statues. Such trends are clearly visible in the writings of Jas Burgess,E.B Havell etc. who were influenced by the dominant paradigm in contemporary Europe of the 1850‟s where the duty of the historian was to just record. Such an approach was informed by the writings of the German philosopher Leopold Von Ranke. Though there are certain value judgments at the end of the chapter, the main narrative is a dry as dust and it is easy to decipher the characteristics or reconstruct the iconographic programme in any shrine and by extension the religious practices. In the modern period , where the dominant forms of anti-colonial struggles led to a writing of nationalist history succeeded by Marxist influenced social histories in many parts of Asia, the identification of the national boundaries and national cultures also extended to religions and many aspects were either muted or totally obliterated in history writing to present a homogenous picture. Thus, we have a picture of Hinduism and Buddhism that fits in with the national narratives. Such a collapse of categories is there in the borderland of India where the cultural boundaries are not clearly marked as also h religious boundaries. One single example that illustrates this assertion is the portrayal of Sri Lanka as a Sinhala Buddhist region with the Tamil regions of Sri Lanka marked off as separate entity and both being largely exclusive. In the Buddhist temples of Sri Lanka, one finds firstly the statue of Ganesha and later the images of Karthikeya and also the god Shani or Saturn. This image of a Buddhist monastery sharply contrasts with the highly buddhistic space of a Sinhala Buddhist temple where non-Buddhist elements are not found.
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Boro, Ezekiel, Tanvi Sapra, Jean-François de Lavison, Caroline Dalabona, Vinya Ariyaratne, and Agus Samsudin. "The Role and Impact of Faith-Based Organisations in the Management of and Response to COVID-19 in Low-Resource Settings." Religion and Development 1, no. 1 (June 16, 2022): 132–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.30965/27507955-20220008.
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Abstract The COVID-19 crisis is affecting millions of lives and has wreaked some of its greatest havoc and suffering among the vulnerable and marginalised populations of the world, many of whom belong to religious and faith-based communities. In times of crisis and difficulty, religion and faith are a source of hope and strength for many. In this paper, we underscore the critical role and impact that some faith-based organisations have had in the pandemic crisis response and management of three countries: Brazil, Indonesia and Sri Lanka. In Brazil, Pastoral da Criança is leveraging their mobile phone application to fight mis-information about COVID-19. In Indonesia, Muhammadiyah launched a COVID-19 command centre to support treatment in hospitals, to disseminate guidelines for religious activities backed by science, and to provide water, sanitation and hygiene packages, food and financial support to the most vulnerable and neglected. In Sri Lanka, Sarvodaya is working closely with religious and community leaders on risk communication and community engagement messages and is also providing hygiene care and economic relief packages to the marginalised. We further discuss some of the challenges these organisations have faced and propose recommendations for greater engagement with this group of global public health actors to maximise their contributions and impact in the crisis management of and response to future infectious disease outbreaks, epidemics or pandemics in low-resource settings.
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Herath, H. M. W. A. "Poverty and Agricultural Productivity Growth Nexus in the Non-Plantation Agriculture in Sri Lanka." Journal of Social and Development Sciences 9, no. 2 (August 29, 2018): 38–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.22610/jsds.v9i2.2380.
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Not only there is a close relationship between poverty and agriculture productivity but also agriculture is considered as a significant means of plummeting poverty in the long-term and in the shortterm. While agriculture may not be central as the driver of economic growth in current global neo-liberal economic context it is generally accepted that the food security and livelihood development aspects for all still warrants developing agriculture, a situation that holds true for Sri Lanka too. Productivity in agriculture is determined by conditions in both the natural, socioeconomic and community factors. The productivity in the country’s agriculture sector is rooted in the farming system, namely, the farm and the farmer/farm operator. These two units are in an interacting whole which makes property of one a quality of another. Small plot size, the existing tenure system, low levels of education and skills of farm operators and behavior of two patrons (government and traders) in the sector are the major backward determinants affecting to place in the farmer into a vicious cycle of poverty. This background does not help to generate a dynamic, risk bearing and enterprising farmers for the economy and this leads to low productivity and then the continuation of poverty of farmers. The lack of attentiveness of overall situation and lack of holistic approach to problems providing appropriate solutions to individuals are constraints in agriculture development. Solution is the hallmark of policies and interventions in agriculture. Present focus is also on subsistence-based model and the approach is piecemeal.
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Huraira, Rifas Abi, and Seinulabdeen Nadhira Jahan. "Paddy Farmers’ Intention to Participate in Agriculture Takaful in Sri Lanka: A Case Study." Talaa : Journal of Islamic Finance 1, no. 2 (December 31, 2021): 56–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.54045/talaa.v1i2.345.
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Paddy Farmers’ Intention to Participate in Agriculture Takaful in Sri Lanka: A case study Agriculture sector provides significant contribution to the national development thorugh economic growth. Nearly 70% of total population live in rural regions entirely or partially reliant on agriculture industry. Agriculture including paddy cultivation is the main source of income in Sri Lanka which is vulnerable sector by variety of hazards including flood, drought, heavy rain, diseases, and insect infestation. The study aims to measure paddy farmers' intention to participate in agriculture takaful. It was carried out to identify the factors using theory of planned behaviour (TPB) which consists of three aspects namely attitude, subjective norm and perceived behavioural control (PBC). Primary data were collected using questionnaire survey from 160 paddy farmers who were randomly selected from Sammanthurai. Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) was used to multiple regression analysis in order to determine the relationships between exogenous and endogenous variables. The results indicate that two factors namely attitude (p=0.000) and perceived behavioural control (p=0.000) have significant influence on paddy farmers' behavioural intention. Moreover, PBC is the highest predictor while subjective norm (p=0.311) has no impact on behavioural intention. This study contributes to takaful operators and takaful marketing department for strategic policies and decision making as well.
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Muraleetharan, Piriya, T. Velnamby, and B. Nimalathasan. "The Effect of Corporate Social Responsibility on Profitability: A Study of Bank, Finance and Insurance Companies in Sri Lanka." International Journal of Accounting and Financial Reporting 10, no. 4 (December 30, 2020): 70. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/ijafr.v10i4.18127.
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The corporate social responsibility is essential depute in all organization. So all organizations think about how to achieved that their organization goals in this way one of the aspects as CSR. In this studies the effect of CSR on Profitability. This study tested by relation and impact supported on correlation and regression analysis. The data used were draw from 20 Bank finance and insurance companies in Sri Lanka. Panel data analysed by Bank finance and insurance companies CSR reports were analysed for the period of 2012 - 2016. The effect show that Corporate social responsibility reporting of the bank finance and insurance companies accrued during that time period. The results of the study also explained that there is a significant impact on profitability of the companies. This study was conducted in a underdeveloped country with various environment, economic and social aspects as compared to developed countries.
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Rogers, John D. "Post-Orientalism and the Interpretation of Premodern and Modern Political Identities: The Case of Sri Lanka." Journal of Asian Studies 53, no. 1 (February 1994): 10–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2059524.
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Interpretations of ethnic and cultural nationalism in South Asia have been marked by a tension between “primordialist” and “modernist” approaches. In keeping with the more influential general works on ethnicity and nationalism (Gellner 1983; Anderson 1983; Horowitz 1985; Tambiah 1989), modernist interpretations now generally prevail in scholarly accounts. These works usually trace the roots of ethnic and cultural nationalism to the social and religious reform movements of the nineteenth century, which are seen as indigenous responses to the impact of colonial rule. The emphasis given to particular aspects of colonialism varies, but includes cultural influences, such as Western education; economic factors, including changes in class structure; and political changes, such as the extension of representative government. These modernist interpretations, however, are not entirely unchallenged within scholarship, and primordialist views, which draw more direct links between ethnic nationalism and precolonial identities, remain strong in political, journalistic, and popular forums.
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Jayakody, Chathuranganee, Chamindi Malalgoda, Dilanthi Amaratunga, Richard Haigh, Champika Liyanage, Emlyn Witt, Mo Hamza, and Nishara Fernando. "Approaches to Strengthen the Social Cohesion between Displaced and Host Communities." Sustainability 14, no. 6 (March 14, 2022): 3413. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14063413.
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A cohesive society is not only characterised by the availability of basic services and facilities, but also promotes economic equality and inclusion, democracy, and social solidarity. Forced displacement due to disasters and conflict constantly disrupt the path to a sustainable and cohesive society. Displaced communities often struggle with a lack of access to livelihood and a lack of financial independence and social and family stability. With these challenges, a lack of provision of basic services and facilities will create a competition for housing, health, and education between the displaced and host communities. Additionally, the economic competition for jobs and the role of international aid in terms of fairness create social tension between the displaced and the host. Likewise, multiple aspects weaken the social cohesion between displaced and host communities. Within this context, we investigated approaches to enhance social cohesion following disaster-induced and conflict-induced displacement. With the identification of this research need, the research team of the project titled REGARD (REbuild-inG AfteR Displacement) conducted 47 in-depth interviews in four partner countries (U.K., Sweden, Estonia, and Sri Lanka) with community representatives, social support networks, agency networks, officials, etc. Moreover, focus group discussions were conducted with community members in Sri Lanka. The collected data were analysed through a qualitative data analysis procedure. The findings present eight approaches to strengthen the social cohesion between displaced and host communities. These eight approaches include the adequate provision of basic services and facilities without limiting the capacity of the host, support services aimed at local integration, economic integration between the displaced and host, and social cohesion through the built environment.
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Sapukotanage, S., B. N. F. Warnakulasuriya, B. N. F. Warnakulasuriya, and S. T. W. S. Yapa. "Company legitimacy and Sustainable Operations: The Case of Apparel Manufacturers of Sri Lanka." International Business Research 13, no. 12 (November 24, 2020): 42. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ibr.v13n12p42.
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In the highly sustainability conscious business environment, organizations face the pressure of their stakeholders to carryout sustainable operations. In this context organizations take many sustainability measures to make themselves socially responsible. Literature suggests that the power of the stakeholder determines the extent to which an organization adheres to stakeholder requirements due to their dependence on such stakeholders. Therefore whether the behaviours of organizations towards sustainability could be treated as ‘socially responsible’ and whether they really fulfill the social contract they have entered into, become questionable. A qualitative study was carried out based on in depth interviews with senior managers of four apparel manufacturing and exporting firms of Sri Lanka to investigate how organizations in a developing country fulfill their social contract towards sustainability in international operations since these firms operate with powerful international customers. The thematic analysis conducted based on the interview data of the apparel manufacturers of Sri Lanka reveal a similarity in the results to what has been identified in literature in relation to the manner manufacturers respond to stakeholder requirements. The extent to which they meet the requirements of their stakeholders has been confined to just a legal requirement to satisfy the powerful customers. Although there was legitimacy in their behavior it raised doubts for the researcher about the fulfillment of the social contract through this behavior since these manufacturers were not concerned about certain aspects of sustainability which the customers were not interested in. One such main factor was the sustainability of their suppliers. These findings inform policymakers the need to educate the apparel exporters of their responsibility towards sustainability because the social acceptability that comes with legitimacy may be more important than economic viability. The contribution of this study to knowledge is in terms of how the dependence of manufacturers in developing countries, influence their adherence to stakeholder requirements.
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Manatunge, Jagath Manjula Arunakumara, and Udya Abeysinghe. "Factors Affecting the Satisfaction of Post-Disaster Resettlers in the Long Term: A Case Study on the Resettlement Sites of Tsunami-Affected Communities in Sri Lanka." Journal of Asian Development 3, no. 1 (February 27, 2017): 94. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/jad.v3i1.10604.
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The 2004 tsunami is one of the most devastating natural disasters the world has experienced in the recent past, and it is imperative that we learn from this experience about how to effectively implement post-disaster housing projects. Relatively little research has been conducted to study the level of satisfaction of affected persons in the long term after receiving houses in new settlements with ‘better’ socio-economic and physical facilities. The post-disaster resettlement schemes established in Sri Lanka provide an ideal setting to study the factors affecting long-term satisfaction of communities in the context of providing permanent housing. The present study focused on 12 such sites in Sri Lanka. The elements/criteria chosen to assess the long-term satisfaction of the resettlers consisted of factors related to site selection, the design of dwelling units and surroundings, material well-being and provision of services and infrastructure, aspects related to social factors and perceptions regarding the resettlement process, neighbourhood and social interactions. From the observations of this study, it can be concluded that despite the availability of sufficient funding, the opportunities to plan, design and implement sustainable community-responsive resettlement programmes for tsunami affected households were largely missed. Overall, it was noted that the resettled communities included in the present study are not satisfied in the long-term due to various physical, environmental and socio-economic factors. Particularly inappropriate site selection and design of functional spaces, poor construction of houses and common spaces, and inconvenient access to social infrastructure assets were factors that need more attention in planning resettlement housing.
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Harris, Elizabeth J. "Utilizing the Theology of Religions and Human Geography to Understand the Spatial Dimension of Religion and Conflict." Religions 13, no. 6 (May 30, 2022): 496. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rel13060496.
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This paper argues for an interdisciplinary approach within the study of religion and conflict. Using a religious studies framework, it demonstrates that tools from human geography, peace studies, and the theology of religions can be used to shed light on the intractability of conflicts where religion is not “innocent”. Within human geography, the spatial dimension of individual and communal identity, most particularly the concept of “mythical space”, can illuminate the non-empirical, affective factors that condition attitudes to religious and ethnic others. Similarly, within the theology of religions, the typology of exclusivism, inclusivism, and pluralism can aid understanding of tendencies within all human communities, religious and non-religious, when faced with perceived threats from significant others. Two case studies, Sri Lanka and Israel/Palestine, are examined through this interdisciplinary approach, using illustrative “moments” within each conflict. Both highlight the affective power of primal imaginaries that are informed by narratives about religion, land, and identity. Without dismissing the importance of political and economic factors in the arising of conflict, this paper argues that it is not enough to analyse these factors alone. Other disciplines are necessary and this paper argues for two important examples: human geography and the theology of religions.
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Rogers, John D. "Religious Belief, Economic Interest and Social Policy: Temple Endowments in Sri Lanka during the Governorship of William Gregory, 1872–77." Modern Asian Studies 21, no. 2 (April 1987): 349–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026749x00013846.
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The social context of land endowed for the maintenance of temples in the Kandyan region of Sri Lanka has long been recognized by scholars as an important topic for historical and sociological research. Most historical writing on the subject is concerned with changes in government policy towards temple endowments after the imposition of British control in 1815. The first forty years of British rule have received more attention than any later period; consequently emphasis has been placed on the gradual of process British disengagement from the pre-colonial policy of close official involvement in the administration of temple land. This research has fruitfully illustrated tensions inherent to colonial rule in the early nineteenth century, especially the conflict between the religious beliefs of the colonizers and the desire to avoid unrest among non-Christians. However, little detailed research has been carried out on either official or popular attitudes towards temple endowments after the colonial government formally gave up its responsibility for their administration in the middle of the nineteenth century. As a result, the uneven and partial official movement towards a reassertion of government control in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries is usually portrayed as official recognition of earlier mistakes concerning disestablishment. This view does not take into account the considerable economic importance of the endowments. Changing official attitudes towards religion, as well as internal developments within Buddhism, did indeed influence government policy, but changes in economic policy and in the control and use of land were also important.
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Rajapaksha, Leelananda, DMC Champathi Gunathilake, SM Pathirana, and TN Fernando. "Reducing post-harvest losses in fruits and vegetables for ensuring food security – Case of Sri Lanka." MOJ Food Processing & Technology 9, no. 1 (February 2, 2021): 7–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.15406/mojfpt.2021.09.00255.
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In Sri Lanka, 70% of 21 million population live in non-urban areas, and agriculture provides livelihood for approximately 40% of them. The agricultural marketing process in the country is a complex operation due to services and functions involved in moving a crop product from where it was produced to where it would finally be consumed. Further, with a wide range of agricultural crops being produced, post-harvest handling process create different degrees of quantitative and qualitative losses in a complex market chain, which are estimated at 20% to 40% for vegetables and 30% - 40% for fruits. Improper and non-scientific post-harvest practices and handling, gaps in integration of cold chain practices & elements with post-harvest process, and lack of knowledge & awareness on many related aspects at grass root farmer level etc. appear to contribute to losses that finally prevent due economic benefits reaching the small-scale producer. In order to increase the effectiveness of post-harvest process handling of fruit and vegetables, appropriate corrective measures targeting small scale producers as well as commercial scale producers need to be popularized and practiced. At small scale producer level, promotion of appropriate low-cost post-harvest practices and procedures, facilitating low-cost cold chain elements and user-friendly information flow mechanism on market situation would certainly help avoid some of the steps that lead to losses. Monitoring system of commercial post-harvest handling process that ensure scientific bulk handling, storage and transportation of fruit and vegetables, properly designed economic centers with well regulated environmentcontrolled storages etc. would greatly reduce loses in bulk handling, ensuring better food security in the island.
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Kuruppu, I. V., and J. V. Chathuranga. "FACTORS AFFECTING THE UTILIZATION OF INFORMATION & COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY (ICT): A CASE OF BADULLA & NUWARA ELIYA POTATO FARMING COMMUNITY, SRI LANKA." Indian Journal of Applied Business and Economic Research 3, no. 1 (2022): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.47509/ijaber.2022.v03i01.01.
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ICT upgrades farmer knowledge thus, enhancing overall production and marketing aspects in agricultural systems. However, transferring traditional farmers into new technologies in developing countries is a significant challenge. At present, there have been many ICT tools introduced to farmers in Sri Lanka. Thus, the central question is whether the agro-community is constructively utilizing these different ICT tools. Therefore, the objective of this study is to explore the factors which affect the overall usage of ICT tools of potato farmers in Sri Lanka and their perception of future use of ICT. Primary data was collected from 241 farmers randomly in Badulla and Nuwara Eliya Districts using a pre-tested questionnaire. Correlation analysis was deployed to elicit the relationship between selected socio-economic factors of the farmer and the number of ICTs those farmers have utilized. Results revealed education level (p<0.05, r = 0.659), average monthly farm income (p<0.1, r = 0.352) and number of crops cultivated (p<0.05, r = 0.851) by farmer were positive and significant with the number of ICT appliances used by the potato farmer. Age (p<0.05, r = -0.7432) and years of experience engaged in agricultural activities (p<0.05, r = -0.254) were negative and significant with the number of ICT appliances used by the potato farmer. Further, 60% of farmers have used the internet once a week to gather agriculture-related information. Another, 13% have used GPS and only 1% have used e-mail. Even though there have been numerous ICT tools, still ICT literacy of local farmers was still not up to a satisfactory level. This implied Sri Lankan agriculture sector is not fully utilizing ICT in agriculture. Perhaps changing the way or mode of delivering ICT tools may cause a positive influence in agriculture. Rather than focusing on advanced ICT appliances and tools, it is recommended to exploit the full potential of current ICT appliances and tools to disseminate vital information. Consideration of farmer accessibility of different ICT appliances and tools is much important to decide the next step of agriculture modernization in Sri Lanka
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N., Baskaran. "People with Disabilities and Their Representation in Public Spaces: A Case Study of Post-War Jaffna." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INNOVATION AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT 3, no. 1 (2017): 86–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.18775/ijied.1849-7551-7020.2015.31.2005.
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People with disabilities have become an important topic for discussion in the post-war Sri Lanka due to many reasons. In Northern Sri Lanka, different age group of the population in war-torn areas are often direct or indirect victims of violence, and witnesses to various issues associated with war disaster. Over three decades of war in Sri Lanka has changed the traditional views of disability and replaced it with a view of disability as a social oppression. This study, therefore, looks to understand the social background of people with disabilities. The main objective of this study is to consider the meaning of disabilities in public spaces in post-war Jaffna[1]. The chosen field was undertaken in Thenmaradchi Divisional Secretariat of Jaffna district. This paper has reported on the experiences of 59 people with disabilities who were disabled during the war period. The primary data were collected from interviews and surveys with predetermined case study, non-direct and participant observation and key informant interviews through purposive sampling. It is in this context; an attempt is made to understand the meaning of people with disabilities through their day-to-day life events, situations, and their experiences. This paper discusses the meaning of disabilities under three factors namely, Religious Discourse, Family Structure and Women Status based on grounded theory method. Moreover, these socio-cultural interpretations of people with disabilities are linked with other important factors such economic and political aspects. The finding of the study was that the people with disabilities depicted there are usually crippled and socially excluded or hidden in the limited public spaces in post-war Jaffna. Since disability issues have become a central part of the development and social work discourse in the post-war Tamil society, the researcher hopes that this research will contribute to policy formation for people with disabilities and the effective implications of the post-war reintegration process and development process. Finally, it is hoped that the study will create social awareness and mobilize people with disabilities and strengthen the disabled in society.
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Abeywardana, Nuwan, Brigitta Schütt, Thusitha Wagalawatta, and Wiebke Bebermeier. "Indigenous Agricultural Systems in the Dry Zone of Sri Lanka: Management Transformation Assessment and Sustainability." Sustainability 11, no. 3 (February 11, 2019): 910. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11030910.
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The tank-based irrigated agricultural system in the Dry Zone of Sri Lanka is one of the oldest historically evolved agricultural systems in the world. The main component of the system consists of a connected series of man-made tanks constructed in shallow valleys to store, convey and utilize water for paddy cultivation. Up to 10,000 tanks originating from the heydays of ancient kingdoms are still integrated in the current agricultural landscape. During the last two millennia, this indigenous system has undergone many changes in technological, management and socio-cultural norms. This research aimed to analyze the current management practices and existing indigenous aspects of the Dry Zone irrigated agricultural system from the viewpoint of farmers who are the main stakeholders of the system. Altogether, 49 semi-structured interviews were conducted in seven villages in the Anuradhapura district and a detailed survey was conducted in the village of Manewa with a mixed research approach. The basic elements of the indigenous landscape, agricultural practices and management structures based on Farmer Organizations were mapped and examined in detail. The analysis of results shows that the sustainability of the indigenous agricultural system is vulnerable to rapid changes due to modernization, market changes, education levels, and inconsistent management decisions. The case study demonstrates the value of preserving indigenous agricultural systems and the negative outcomes of current management interventions that neglect the indigenous system. Therefore, careful interventions and innovations are needed to adapt the tank-based indigenous agricultural system of the Dry Zone of Sri Lanka so as to preserve ecological and socio-economic sustainability.
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Perera, Priyan, Rajitha Lakshan Rupasinghe, Devin Weerasekera, Richard Vlosky, and Rangika Bandara. "Revisiting Forest Certification in Sri Lanka: The Forest Management and Export Wood-Based Manufacturing Sector Perspectives." Forests 13, no. 2 (January 25, 2022): 179. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f13020179.
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There are discussions and debates surrounding forest certification in developing countries. In this study, we surveyed 50 forest-based companies in Sri Lanka (43 wood-based manufacturers and 7 plantation companies) to ascertain their participation in forest certification, current and future forest certification trends, as well as their satisfaction with the performance of Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) certification in its economic, environmental, and social aspects, using an importance–performance analysis (IPA). Study results indicate that certified companies typically focus on exports and supplying raw materials for value-added exporters. The customer demand/signaling mechanism appears to be the primary driver of FSC certification in Sri Lanka. Forest certification was found to be helpful for companies to access new markets, keep market share, and sell products in existing markets. Results further indicate that price premiums for FSC-certified products exist, though they may not always be significant. However, certification positively influences sales volume and reduces business risks via securing continuous orders from the buyers. The IPA results further indicate that FSC certification has substantially improved company images by positioning certified companies as socially responsible businesses, while helping to create better business stakeholder relationships. FSC certification was found to have weak links in improving on-the-ground environmental performances of certified companies. Study findings have implications for the FSC certification scheme and independent certifiers, enabling them to identify the areas of FSC certification with significant performance gaps.
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Dishanka, Sajitha, Takeshi Sakurai, and Yukio Ikemoto. "Equity and Efficiency in Women-Empowered Contract Farming: An Explanatory Case Study on the Tea Estate Sector of Sri Lanka." Journal of Economics and Behavioral Studies 13, no. 6(J) (March 11, 2022): 40–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.22610/jebs.v13i6(j).3263.
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Essentially, equity and efficiency are integral parts of any economic activities of sustainability though the correlation and causation between those two constructs are not considered significant. This study intends to evaluate if the contract farming system is a sustainable solution to the prevailing socio-economic aspects of the labor productivity problem in the tea estate sector of Sri Lanka, where female workers are highly depressed. This study has employed the survey strategy within the instrumental case of a selected tea estate to assess equity and efficiency of women-empowered contract farming system. The analytical results for gender equity on input and performance indicators have proven that gender equity is maintained in contract farming at the sample tea estate. The efficiency analysis results revealed that the output elasticity of tea bushes is significantly lower for female farmers than male farmers. However, there is no such significant difference revealed in the output elasticity of labor between gender groups. These findings explicitly reveal that the female workers in the tea estate sector are capable of managing labor although they are dominated by males in the domesticity. It further implies that a transformation of the male-dominant culture of the tea estate community would enhance the entrepreneurial and leadership capabilities of female workers if they are provided with equal opportunities and freedom.
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Naqvi, Zareen F., and Lubna Shahnaz. "How Do Women Decide to Work in Pakistan?" Pakistan Development Review 41, no. 4II (December 1, 2002): 495–513. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v41i4iipp.495-513.
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The incidence of women labour force participation is very low in Pakistan. According to the Labour Force Survey, 1999-2000 female participation rate was merely 14 percent of the total labour force. Even though average annual growth rate of female labour force participation has been increasing slightly in Pakistan; it was 4 percent in 1980-99 and has gone up to 5.1 percent during 1995-98,1 however, this rate is still very low as compared to the other South Asian countries—42 percent in Bangladesh, 41 percent in Nepal, 32 percent in India and Bhutan, 37 percent in Sri Lanka [World Bank (2002)]. This paper is an attempt to identify household related factors that lead to women participation in the economic activities. This issue has been taken up in a number of other studies.2 The innovative aspect of this paper is that it relates women’s decision to participate in economic activities with their empowerment—who makes the decision to participate in the labour force—whether it is the women themselves or others. We would like to state at the very onset that this paper is a first cut to explore the issues of women’s participation in economic activities and their and empowerment. We hope to get feedback in the conference to improve the technical aspects of this paper and explore other aspects of this issue.
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Samarasekara, K. M. S., and W. M. K. Sandarenu. "An Anthropological Study of Rural Poverty in Sri Lanka and the Functioning of the Samurdhi Project." Vidyodaya Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences 07, no. 02 (July 1, 2022): 46–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.31357/fhss/vjhss.v07i02.04.
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Poverty in Sri Lanka (especially in rural areas) is a problem to the development of the country. Although various projects have been implemented to alleviate poverty, no significant progress has been made by such development projects. Samurdhi project is one of the national development projects introduced by the government to eradicate poverty. The research intends to study, how people suffering from poverty and make it as a part of their lives instead of introducing solution to minimize the poverty and to identify the new state of living which creats through it. Out of 153 Samurdhi beneficiary families in the 70/B Ambadandegama Grama Niladhari Division, Bandarawela Divisional Secretariat in the Badulla District, 30 family units were selected under the judgmental sampling method through an interview schedule as a data collection method. Poverty has been assigned as a culture is the main elicited fact of this research. Poverty has affected many aspects of their daily lives and they have inherited the cultural characteristics of poverty such as they do not planning their life style and economic activities or any other activities, excessive borrowing like 93% of the total suffer from debt, expecting further relief from the government and blaming them when relief is not forthcoming. Moreover, in order to continue receiving government subsidies, poverty is maintained and continued living with poverty without seeking for a solution. It is the culture of poverty. Therefore, Samurdhi project can be identified as a failed development project which introduced to eradicate rural poverty as a result of not accomplishing an effective impact towards the eradication of rural poverty. However, before implementing a development project, it is needed to pay attention on socio – cultural factors of the community and a planning with a proper understanding will be beneficial to make the development projects successful.
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Ali, Karamat, and Rana Ejaz Ali Khan. "Private Schooling - A Quality Puzzle." LAHORE JOURNAL OF ECONOMICS 7, no. 2 (July 1, 2002): 41–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.35536/lje.2002.v7.i2.a3.
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Primary school enrollment rates in Pakistan are lower than in other countries at the same level of economic development. The proportion of children reaching grade 5 is about half that in Sri Lanka and China and three-quarter that in India. Nationally, the gross primary school ratio is 74, and 101 for boys and 45 for girls. According to the National Education Policy 1992-2002, the target of literacy rate was set at 70 percent by the year 2002, which was achievable besides other measures, by inviting the private sector into education. Now, overall, private education accounts for about 10-12 percent of gross enrollments. The government of Pakistan has established a goal of universal primary enrollment by the year 2006. In the present study the quality characteristics of private schooling are discussed, i.e. qualitative aspects of schools, physical infrastructure of schools, teachers’ qualification and salaries, and fee, dropout rate, and repletion rate of the students, etc.
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Yeasmin, Nafisa, and Pavel Tkach. "Regional management of the Bay of Bengal water area. The challenges of maritime security." Academicus International Scientific Journal 25 (January 2022): 104–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.7336/academicus.2022.25.07.
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The Bay of Bengal is the largest bay in the world that forms the northeastern part of the Indian Ocean, bordered mostly by the Eastern Coast of India, southern coast of Bangladesh and Sri Lanka to the west and Myanmar and the Andaman and Nicobar Islands (part of India) to the east. The regional management of the Bay of Bengal water area is performed by regional organisations such as ASEAN, SAARC, BIMSTEC and IORA unifying Bay’s coastal states. Nevertheless, differences in political and economic interests of the states, separate conflicts between states and consequences of the pandemic not only challenged the integrity of the regional management but also led to rising insecurity of the Bay of Bengal and fears to navigate in that area. In this article, the authors, in a more detailed way, will disclose existing regional management systems, concerns related to maritime security and give recommendations on how to increase efficiency in collective management of maritime security issues and how the concept of due diligence may play the vital role in the regulation of not only maritime security aspects but also aspects of environmental protection and potential transition to the blue economy.
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Haigh, Martin J. "International Development Projects of India's Hindu NGOs." Human Geography 11, no. 3 (November 2018): 73–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/194277861801100306.
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While the ideas and objectives of Western, often religious, agricultural and development organisations in international development are well documented, those of Hindu NGOs operating, internationally, outside India are not. This paper explores the approaches of some of the key players. These include Gandhian Sarvodaya (especially in Sri Lanka), the Ananda Marg's Progressive Utilisation Theory (PROUT) (especially in Venezuela), ISKCON — the International Society for Krishna Consciousness (especially its model farms in Europe), the Ramakrishna Order and, briefly, the “ Bhumi Project”, the Hindu contribution to the UNDP/ARC's multi-faith sustainability initiative “ Many Heavens, One Earth”. Each initiative emphasises different aspects of the Hindu worldview. Gandhian Sarvodaya emphasises self-reliance, non-harming ( ahimsa), and personal ethics ( dharma), while P.R. Sarkar's Ananda Marg, emphasises cooperative enterprise and the institution of a new more spiritually-socialist social order. ISKCON emphasises devotional service ( bhakti yoga) within a model for a self-sufficient, self-sustainable, post-hydrocarbon future, while Swami Vivekananda's Sri Ramakrishna Order emphasises service and holistic development. Finally, the Bhumi Project, a product of the emerging self-awareness of the global Hindu diaspora, aims to unite the work of a range of Hindu organisations. These movements share a development agenda that emphasises self-sustainability, a low ecological footprint, social justice (variously defined), and the development of spiritual rather than economic capital.
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Pandit, Kamal. "Belt and Road Initiative: Prospects for Nepal-China Cooperation." Social Inquiry: Journal of Social Science Research 1, no. 1 (December 27, 2019): 67–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/sijssr.v1i1.26917.
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Connectivity has always been a hindrance for landlocked countries to efficiently deliver their products and services across the globe. Such issue is no different in case of Nepal. Being a mountainous and landlocked country, Nepal is facing problems in trade, transportation and economic development. The introduction of the Belt and Road Initiatives by China to improve trade and connectivity among its member countries brings a new hope of economic prosperity. One can simply argue on the dark side of the project through media evidence illustrating the case of Hambantota Port, Sri Lanka. The purpose of the paper is to identify and formulate strategies for implementing the BRI projects in Nepal for enhancing economic development through connectivity. Paucity of academic discourse on the implementation strategies of the BRI project in Nepal was one of the motivating factors for this research. Literature review forms the major portion of research methodology and critical analysis has been done to derive conclusions. During the last 4 decades, China had an impressive achievement transforming itself from agricultural economy to world class digital powerhouse. It was found that from hardworking farmers, they have moved to become a traveller for pleasure and business. And now with its global development strategy involving infrastructure development and investment in more than 150 countries, it is at the edge of becoming the super power of the world. Nepal’s participation in the BRI goes beyond physical connectivity as we share history immemorial in terms of trade, religion, ideas and culture. The connectivity projects will definitely shape the trade of Nepal through exposure and efficient custom and transit transport procedures overcoming the problems in trade, transportation and economic development.
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Rathnachandra, S. D. D. "Empowerment of rural women farmers and food production in Rathnapura district in Sri Lanka: a household level analysis." Applied Studies in Agribusiness and Commerce 14, no. 3-4 (December 31, 2020): 105–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.19041/apstract/2020/2-3/12.
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Women empowerment and gender equity are two significant aspects of the sustainable development of a country. As Sri Lanka is on the way towards sustainable development, this study was conducted to assess the situation of women farmers’ empowerment and food production in Rathnapura district of the country. A sample of 300 women farmers was randomly selected for the study, from two selected Divisional Secretariat (DS) of Rathnapura district. Data was collected from a field survey using a pre-tested, self-administered questionnaire survey from April to July 2019. Empowerment was analyzed using the empowerment framework used by RAHMAN AND NAOZORE in 2007 in the study of “Women Empowerment through Participation in Aquaculture” with necessary modifications. Data analysis was conducted using descriptive statistics, correlation analysis and multiple linear regression analysis. Results revealed that majority of the women farmers were middle aged, married and had children. Furthermore, most of them had education up to secondary level. While average family size was four, average farm size was 1.25 acres. They had around 16 years of farming experience. The average monthly income of them was 25,000.00 LKR whereas 20% of it was from agriculture. The main sources of empowerment of women farmers were the Agrarian Service Center (55%) followed by village organizations/societies (30%) and microfinance institutions (26%). Furthermore, women empowerment index was 0.65. It is a moderate level of empowerment. However, there were women farmers under three categories of empowerment levels: low empowerment (4.1%), medium empowerment (58.5%) and high empowerment (36.1%). Out of the socio-economic factors; age, education, family size, land size, number of training programs participated, monthly income, experience in agriculture and number of organizations participated, education and number of training programs attended had significant and positive effect for the empowerment. Accessibility of credit facilities and agricultural extension program participation showed that there was a considerable impact on food production rather than the cultivable land size and utilization of modern farming technologies for food production. Therefore, proving of timely important agricultural education and training programs, enhance awareness level of modern farming technology utilization, better micro finance programs and agricultural credit facilities will be able to enhance the empowerment level of the women farmers of this area furthermore.
JEL CODE: Q01, Q12
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Wicaksana, Ida Bagus Agung. "Historical Temple of Dalem Balingkang: A Balinese Chinese Acculturation." Bali Tourism Journal 5, no. 1 (April 2, 2021): 5–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.36675/btj.v5i1.51.
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Dalem Balingkang temple depicts distinctive ornaments and interiors that resemble Chinese ambiance. It could be seen from the dominance of red and golden paints, architectural finishing, and Chinese shrine existence inside the main temple. The temple has been acknowledged as representing Balinese and Chinese customs acculturation that has existed for centuries. It was a palace for King Sri Haji Jaya Pangus who according to Purana Dalem Balingkang, reigned Bali in 1053 Isaka/1131 AD. However, due to some circumstances, the castle was left abandoned. Then a King from Pejeng, I Dewa Mayun Sudha, reconstructed the palace ruin into a temple to praise the late King and Queen of Dalem Balingkang. King Sri Haji Jaya Pangus’s marriage with the daughter of Chinese trader Kang Ching We became a significant momentum of the acculturation of two cultures, Balinese and Chinese. As upper-class citizens, their marriage set a new standard in society. Gradually some foreign habits and customs were absorbed in local daily life. It can be seen in various aspects of their life, from ritual, economic, religion, social, architecture, art and culture. Further, Balinese Chinese culture’s acculturation also occurred throughout Bali’s region and existed up to the moment.
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Rathnachandra, Dilini, and P. Malkanthi. "EMPOWERMENT OF RURAL WOMEN FARMERS AND FOOD PRODUCTION IN IMBULPE DS DIVISION IN SRI LANKA: A HOUSEHOLD LEVEL ANALYSIS." Agricultural Social Economic Journal 22, no. 1 (January 31, 2022): 37–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.21776/ub.agrise.2022.022.1.6.
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Women empowerment and gender equity are two significant aspects of the sustainable development of a country. As Sri Lanka is on the way towards sustainable development, this study was conducted to identify the current situation of women farmers’ empowerment and food production in Imbulpe (Divisional Secretariat) DS division of the country. A sample of 300 women farmers was randomly selected for the study, from seven selected Grama Niladhari divisions (GN) of Imbulpe DS division. A field survey was carried out to data collection through a pre-tested, self-administered questionnaire from April to July 2019. Descriptive statistics, correlation analysis and regression analysis were used as the data analysis methods. Results convey that most of the women farmers were middle aged, married and had two children within their family. Furthermore, most of the respondents had secondary level of education and their average family size was four, 1.25 acres was the average farm land size. They had about 16 years of experience in the field of agriculture sector. The average monthly income of the respondents was 25,000.00 LKR (Sri Lankan Rupees). Women empowerment was measured by using the models of Rahman and Naoroze (2007); Praveen and Leonhauser (2004) with necessary modifications according to the study area. Most of the women farmers were showed social empowerment aspect and political empowerment aspect reported as the least empowerment aspect according to the unit empowerment measures. Out of the socio-economic factors size of the farm land, number of agricultural training programs participated, monthly income of the family, respondents level of education and number of agricultural training programs attended were indicated significant and positive effect for the empowerment of women farmers. Accessibility of credit facilities and agricultural extension program participation showed that there was a considerable impact on food production rather than the cultivable land size and utilization of modern farming technologies for food production. Therefore, providing of timely important agricultural education and training programs, enhance awareness level of modern farming technology utilization, better micro finance programs and agricultural credit facilities will be able to upgrade the level of empowerment of women farmers in Imbulpe DS division furthermore.
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Low, Kelvin E. Y., Noorman Abdullah, and Elaine Lynn-Ee Ho. "Shaping Mobile Worlds in Asia: Human and Nonhuman Socialities." American Behavioral Scientist 64, no. 10 (August 14, 2020): 1395–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0002764220947772.
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In these difficult, pressing and uncertain times, migration and mobility in Asia have been incorporated into the projects of state institutions, media and a range of civil society actors. These agendas engender and shape debates that include belonging and exclusion; social mobility and inequality; conflict, violence and persecution; economic growth and labor market outcomes; state regulation, governance and governmentality; as well as diversity and innovation. Where migratory flows and mobility are advancing significant economic, social, political, environmental and ethical concerns, it becomes imperative for us to rethink and unpack these core concepts in creative and multidisciplinary ways. To do so, we assemble a group of scholars from disciplines such as sociology, anthropology, and geography who work on a variety of topics related to migration studies, sensory scholarship, anthropology of documents, religion, knowledge mobilities, citizenship, and education. Various case studies to be featured in this special issue include Timor Leste, Singapore, Indonesia, China, Malaysia, Sri Lanka, India, and Taiwan. Collectively the authors critically consider the centrality of both human and non-human actors in constituting the different types, degree, and scales of migration and mobility. The articles in this collection engage with how people, objects, things, deities, discourses, and knowledge move across the different and multiple pathways that constitute everyday life in Asia, the shared regional focus of our various research projects. The collection further elicits the connectivities (or entanglements) and comparisons evinced in our individual research, and collectively, with the goal of critically revisiting and reworking our conceptual toolkits and methodologies.
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Kapilawanse, Saman, R. P. Bichha, Sudath Samaraweera, Nirupa Pallewatte, Harshni Vitharana, Wasantha Jayakody, and M. Gangathesewaran. "Tuberculosis Among Young People on Rise in Sri-Lanka (An Analysis of Trend and Associated Factors)." SAARC Journal of Tuberculosis, Lung Diseases and HIV/AIDS 14, no. 2 (March 13, 2018): 18–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/saarctb.v14i2.19334.
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Introduction: A descriptive cross sectional study was carried out in 5 randomly selected districts i.e Gampaha, Kandy, Badulla, Nuwara Eliya and Ratnapura during the period of March to September 2014. The general objective of the study was to describe the trend of TB among young population over past 6 years in Sri Lanka and to determine contributory factors associated with TB among young population.Methodology: The study was carried out in two stages. The first stage was analysis of the trend of TB over the 6 year period of 2008-2014. The analysis of the trend was carried out using the existing secondary data at the Medical Records Division of the National Programme for Tuberculosis Control and Chest Diseases (NPTCCD). Trend was analyzed for new cases of TB patients of 15--34 years of age and separately for 15-24 and 25-34 age groups and for each type of new TB cases. The second stage was a descriptive cross sectional study which was carried out to determine the associated factors. All the patients (new/ retreatment)in age group of 15-34 years and registered at the selected district chest clinics with confi rmed TB were selected as the study subjects. Operational Definitions were used to identify confi rmed TB cases ie, Sputum smear positive TB, smear negative pulmonary TB and Extra pulmonary TB. The data were collected using a pre tested interviewer administered questionnaire by the District Tuberculosis Control Officers attached to the relevant District Chest Clinics.Result: The main findings of the study were, The two peaks of TB incidence were observed in the trend across age groups and first one was in the age group of 25-34 years second peak in the age group of 45-54.Overall trend of TB in the country is more towards the older age groups (over 45 years), but shift to younger age groups were observed in 15 out of 16 districts in the country. A total of 223 patients were included in the descriptive study. The highest proportion (34%) of study population was from the district of Gampaha while least proportion (10%) of it was from Nuwara Eliya. Nearly 53% of the study population was above 25 years of age with the sex ratio of 1:1. A majority (68%) of the study population was Sinhalese while nearly 70% of the study population has passed the O/L, A/L, Diploma or a degree. About one third of the study population was unemployed. Nearly half (50.4%) of the study population was having monthly income of about Rs. 20,000.00 or above. 31% of the study population were current or past alcohol consumers and 29% were smokers and 7% of the study population were current or past cannabis consumers. Majority (77%) of the study population were under-nourished while 14% of them were less than 15 kg/m2. Nearly three fourth (72%) of the study population have been diagnosed by a consultant. Statistically signifi cant associations were found between the age category and more than 3 family members (χ2=5.063, df=1, p<0.017), ethnicity (χ2=4.229, df=1, p<0.04), employment category (χ2=13.859, df=3, p<0.003). Statistically significant associations were not found between the age category and residing district (χ2=5.962, df=4, p<0.202) and type of house (χ2=1.875, df=1, p<0.110),Conclusion: The study recommends more detailed assessment regarding the dietary habits of the patients, Emphasis on community awareness regarding nutritional aspects. Improving the nutritional status among adolescents and young adults. Modification of risky life style factors, Improvement of socio economic status through enhancement of financial stability, minimizing overcrowding and improvement of housing conditions and involving of non NTP health care providers and health professionals for TB diagnosis and management through capacity building and awareness. SAARC Journal of Tuberculosis, Lung Diseases and HIV/AIDS, Vol. 14, No. 2, 2017, Page: 18-30
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Kim, Jeongyeon. "War Metaphors and COVID-19." Korean Society of Culture and Convergence 44, no. 6 (June 30, 2022): 903–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.33645/cnc.2022.6.44.6.903.
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This study analyzes the rhetoric of governments and the media through the concept of war metaphor in the context of COVID-19 pandemic, and examines its impact on democracy. War metaphors used as political rhetoric on COVID-19 are characterized by responses toward infected subjects based on the dichotomous division of good and evil or activation of wartime response system against an enemy. War rhetoric can take place as a strategy whereby a state intervenes and persuades extensively in the political and economic sectors. In the midst of COVID-19 pandemic, the war rhetoric by political leaders even showed aspects that go against democracy. In Hungary, the prime minister attempted his long-term seizure of power, while in Sri Lanka, government opponents were subjected to control. It came to a point where the basic procedures of democracy could not be implemented as elections were postponed or canceled in several countries. War metaphors eventually affects an individual’s daily life as well. The public perception of a crisis situation as a wartime situation entails the risk of easily accepting or taking for granted exceptional measures and restrictions on their freedom. This study points out that this approach eventually produces conflicts between marginalized groups and classes and also reinforces exclusive nationalism.
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TOYOYAMA, AKI. "Visual Politics of Japanese Majolica Tiles in Colonial South Asia." Journal of Indian and Asian Studies 01, no. 02 (July 2020): 2050010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2717541320500102.
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This paper examines the political, socio-economic, and cultural aspects of Japanese decorative tiles or the so-called majolica tiles widely diffused in colonial South Asia in the early twentieth century. A tile became a popular building material in European countries by the first half of the nineteenth century, and European tiles spread over the world with the expansion of colonialism. Japan in the making of a modern nation established domestic manufacturing of tiles mainly after British models, and the industry’s rapid development was helped by the First World War (1914–1918) and the Great Kanto Earthquake (1923). The Japanese tile industry successfully entered into foreign markets, among which India was the largest and most important market that resulted in developing a variety of new Indian or Hindu designs associated with the rise of nationalism and mode of consumption. Not only within India, tiles, however, also played a crucial role in formulating cosmopolitan identities of migrant mercantile networks exemplified by the Chettiar architecture in South and Southeast Asia. However, in the late 1930s, cosmopolitanism shared by different communities in colonial urban settings became overwhelmed by nationalisms as seen in Sri Lanka where Japanese majolica tiles were differently used as a means to express religiously-regulated nationalisms in the Chettiar and Sinhalese Buddhist architecture. Thus, the analysis reveals visual politics of different religious nationalisms symbolized by Japanese majolica tiles in the interwar period that still structure the present visualscapes.
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Lee, Jin-kyung. "Visualizing and Invisibilizing the Subempire: Labor, Humanitarianism, and Popular Culture across South Korea and Southeast and South Asia." Journal of Korean Studies 23, no. 1 (March 1, 2018): 95–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/21581665-4339071.
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Abstract This article examines five South Korean TV programs, The Age of Global Success, Love in Asia, Asia Hunter, KOICA’s Dream, and Saving Mrs. Go Bongshil, all of which belong to varied and hybrid genres such as news magazine, serialized documentary, reality show, and television drama. Due to its partially elevated status as a middlebrow medium and its ability to combine multiple functions such as entertainment, information, education, and social engineering, South Korean television is a more socially influential popular medium than its Western counterparts. I argue that South Korean popular culture, as represented by these television programs, produces, circulates, and promotes the meanings of respective nation-states (e.g., South Korea, Vietnam, Sri Lanka) and of Asia as a bloc in relation to the region’s ongoing economic and cultural globalization. The following five aspects of South Korea’s relationship to the less developed parts of Asia emerge in the popular culture of the television medium: Southeast Asian and other Asian migrant/immigrant/off-shore labor for South Korea, and the distinct ways in which some are made visible and others invisible; popular cultural imaginings of a pan-Korean regional-global network; popular cultural production of a pan-Asian imaginary; South Korean humanitarianism and its subimperializing dimensions; and dissemination of popular culture within and outside South Korea—that is, the emergence of popular culture as a significant instrument of imaging South Korea as a subempire. I conclude by offering a couple of broad speculations on the changing and varied meanings of subempire for contemporary South Korea.
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Jain, Sambhav. "Why Hindu Population is Decreasing: Is this a Serious Issue?" International Journal For Multidisciplinary Research 04, no. 04 (2022): 40–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.36948/ijfmr.2022.v04i04.003.
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“Hindu philosophy is at the core of all religions”. Hindus are a significant international faith that originated here on the Indian subcontinent and consists of many different philosophical, religious, including ceremonial traditions. About 80% of people in India followed Hinduism as a religion before the beginning of the twenty-first century however this percentage is declining as the number of Muslims in this region is rising. Hindu and Muslim reproductive differences in India were studied using census data and the results of 11 surveys. There was a reason for the variations in fertility. And again when the country was divided, the proportion of Muslims in the population rose while the proportion of Hindus fell. After the partition, between 1951 and 1971, the percentage of Muslims rose from 9.9 to 11.2 while the percentage of Hindus fell from 84.9 to 82.7% . These proportionate changes can't be ascribed to variations in immigration or death hence these should be caused by variations in fertility, according to an analysis of mortality and migration statistics. The significant indication that Muslim reproduction is greater than Hindu fertility may be found in census and survey data. According to statistics from the 1971 census, Muslim women had a total marital fertility rate that was 20% higher in rural regions and 11% higher in urban areas than it would be for Hindu women. The Muslim rate was greater even when schooling was kept under control. The results of 11 demographic studies consistently showed that Muslim women had greater fertility rates than Hindu women. Numerous researches showed that when socio-economic and educational criteria were taken into account, these discrepancies shrank but remained substantial. To explain the disparities, researchers often provide one of three ideas. Hindutva is in genuine danger, and we need to do a self-evaluation and begin building unity and resolve to regain our former greatness. Otherwise, by 2050, Muslims will overtake Hindus as the majority religion in the Asia-Pacific area. Hindus are currently the predominant community in both India and Nepal, making them the largest religious group in the area. They are also widely present in Indonesia, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, Myanmar, and Malaysia. While the proportion of Muslims in the area is anticipated to rise from 24 in 2010 to almost 30 in 2050, the percentage of Hindus will expand more slowly, from 25 to almost 28. This essay will provide all the details as to why Hindus are dwindling, why this is a severe problem, and all the evidence that demonstrates how the Hindu religion is at elevated danger.
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Gamage, Gayani P., and H. M. Chulani J. Herath. "Mental health of undergraduate distance learners: a cross-sectional study." Asian Association of Open Universities Journal 16, no. 3 (November 18, 2021): 271–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/aaouj-08-2021-0097.
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PurposeMental health is as important as physical health and new university entrants report high prevalence of depression. In open and distance learning (ODL), students must manage both work and studies. Those who are unable to effectively balance these aspects may experience negative outcomes such as dropping out, distress and physical health problems. Therefore, the study aims to investigate psychological distress amongst distance-learning undergraduate students to gather evidence for recommending necessary interventions.Design/methodology/approachA cross-sectional study was conducted using depression, anxiety, stress scale (DASS-21). Participants were undergraduate students from the Open University of Sri Lanka (OUSL). The students' socio-demographic details, history of physical and mental illnesses were also recorded.FindingsAccording to scoring, 51% of the sample was categorised as “psychologically distressed” relating to the anxiety levels they reported whilst depression (35%) and stress remained (20%) at low levels. The three-factor structure of DASS-21 was also confirmed with reliability scores of 0.8 obtained for all three sub-scales.Research limitations/implicationsThe limitations were low-response rate (less than 50%) and inability to provide causal explanations for psychological distress. Further research could address these.Practical implicationsThe current research identified anxiety as a psychologically distressing factor for ODL students with the use of a reliable screening tool. Therefore, exploring reasons and interventions to help reduce anxiety could be developed.Social implicationsMajority of distance learners are contributing to a country's economy whilst learning to improve their current socio-economic status. Therefore, addressing these negative impacts is important.Originality/valueThe study explored ODL students' psychological distress and highlighted the need to identify causes and development of support systems to enhance mental well-being.
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Zahir, Ibra Lebbe Mohamed, Buddhika Madurapperuma, Atham Lebbe Iyoob, and Kafoor Nijamir. "Exploring the Ever-Changing Seashore Using Geoinformatics Technology." Earth 2, no. 3 (August 28, 2021): 544–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/earth2030032.
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Detecting coastal morphodynamics is a crucial task for monitoring shoreline changes and coastal zone management. However, modern technology viz., Geoinformatics paves the way for long-term monitoring and observation with precise output. Therefore, this study aimed to produce explicit shoreline change maps and analyze the historical changes of the coastline at the east coast of the Ampara District in Sri Lanka. The histogram threshold method is used to extract data from satellite images. The time-series satellite images, acquired from 1987 to 2017, toposheet, and Google Earth historical images were compared having adjusted with the ground-truth to find the seashore changes in the study area. The histogram threshold method is used on band 5 (mid-infrared) for separating land from water pixels which means that the water pixel values were classified to one (1) and land pixel values to zero (0). The extracted shoreline vectors were associated with each other to determine the dynamics of changing shoreline of the study area. The Digital Shoreline Analysis System (DSAS) was used to find shoreline movements for each period of time. As a result, it was observed by the cross-section analysis within 100 m shoreline—seaward range along the study area—in which severe erosion has occurred northward of the Oluvil Harbor and anomalous accretion southward of the harbor because of the breakwaters constructed in the port entrance which hinder the long shore sediment transport along the study area. This situation has resulted in many ramifications to the coastal zone of the study area in socio-economic and environmental aspects in which the coastal protection mechanisms have not been well implemented to curb such issues.
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Ngoc, Hoang Thi Huyen, Tran Thi Thuy Van, Nguyen Manh Ha, Nguyen Quoc Binh, and Mai Thanh Tan. "Bioclimatic assessments for tea cultivation in Western Nghe An." VIETNAM JOURNAL OF EARTH SCIENCES 41, no. 1 (January 8, 2019): 81–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.15625/0866-7187/41/1/13586.
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Bioclimatology is applied for growing tea in the West of Nghe An province, where the tea is considered as a high economic efficient plant to be priorly cultivated for reducing poverty and getting rich. Based on the bioclimatic characteristics of tea plant and regional climatic data from 1980 to 2014, the bioclimatic diagrams are built and the tea cultivability is mapped in term of annual average temperature and total precipitation, for this region with regarding its district of Con Cuong as an analytical key. The climate, including both temperature and precipitation, in Con Cuong is relatively suitable for the tea plantation. The Western Nghe An, a land of approx. 1.4 million ha, could be classified in five areas with different suitability for tea plant. The unfavorable area occupies only 1% of total region and the four favorable rests account for 99% of total, in which, the most favorable area is largest with about 746,355 ha, i.e. over 50% of whole region. The three other areas are cultivable but they are less favorable in terms of either temperature or precipitation. Growing tea in Western Nghe An, even in favorable areas, it should be taken into account of the weather disadvantages in certain moments of the year such as extreme dry, cold, hot and rainy events.ReferencesAhmed S., 2014. Tea and the taste of climate change, www.herbalgram.org, issue, 103, 44–51.Ahmed S., Stepp J.R., Orians C., Griffin T., Matyas C., 2014. Effects of extreme climate events on tea (Camellia sinensis) functional quality validate indigenous farmer knowledge and sensory preferences in tropical China. PloS one, 9(10), e109126.Bhagat R.M., Deb Baruah R., Safique S., 2010. climate and tea [camellia sinensis (l.) o. kuntze] Production with Special Reference to North Eastern India: A Review. Journal of Environmental Research And Development, 4(4), 1017–1028.Carr M., 1972. The Climatic Requirements of the Tea Plant: A Review. 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Paris.Hadfield W., 1976. The effect of high temperature on some aspects of the physiology and cultivation of tea bush (Camellia sinensis) in North East India. In: Light as an Ecological factor. G.C. Evans, R. Bainbridge and O. Rackham (Eds.) Blackwel Sci. Publ., London, 477–495.Hoang Luu Thu Thuy, 2012. The comprehensive assessment of natural, socio-economic and environmental conditions for environmental protection planning in Nghe An Province. Doctoral Thesis. Institude of Geography, Hanoi, 150p.Huang Shoubo, 1989. Meteorology of tea plants in China: a review. Agri. Forest Meteorol., 47, 19–30.Huang Shoubo, 1991. A study on the ecological climates of some famous tea growing areas in high mountainous regions of China. Chinese Geographical Science, 1(2), 121–128.International Center for Tropical Agriculture, 2017. Identification of suitable tea growing areas in Malawi under climate change scenarios. Ciat report, Cali, Colombia, 39p.Kabir S.E., 2001. 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Weerakoon K G P K and Rathnaweera D U. "URBAN RECREATIONAL WATERFRONT DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS: SUSTAINABILITY ASSESSMENT." Proceedings of International Conference on Real Estate Management and Valuation 5 (May 18, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.31357/icremv.v5.5640.
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A waterfront development is a worldwide well-established phenomenon, and Sri Lanka has recently been involved in waterfront development projects, notably recreational waterfront development projects. Therefore, the primary aim of this study is to evaluate the sustainability of urban recreational waterfront development projects in the Colombo metropolitan area. The qualitative research methodology is used, and primary data is gathered through observations and interviews. The structured interviews were conducted using the judgmental sampling technique with nine experts involved in Urban Recreational Water front Development projects in Sri Lanka. The content analysis approach was used to analyze qualitative data. The study presented six environmental aspects, three economic aspects, and seven social features that contribute to the long-term viability of urban recreational waterfront development projects in Sri Lanka. Accordingly, the study addresses a vacuum in the literature by outlining the social, economic, and environmental factors specific to urban recreational waterfront development projects in Sri Lanka for which there are no prior evidences.
Keywords: Urban Recreation, Waterfront Development