Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Religion and state – European Union countries'

Defence date: 21 November 2022
Examining Board: Prof. Ellen Immergut (EUI, Supervisor); Prof. Anton Hemerijck (EUI); Prof. Christoffer Green-Pedersen (Aarhus University); Prof. Evelyne Hübscher (Central European University)
This dissertation investigates how public opinion and government partisanship affect social policy. It brings an innovative perspective that links the idea of democratic representation to debates about the welfare state. The general claim made here is that social policy is a function of public and government preferences. This claim hinges on two critical premises. The first relates to the general mechanisms that underlie government representation. Politicians have electoral incentives to align their actions with what citizens want. They may respond to public opinion indirectly by updating their party agendas, which can serve as the basis for social policy decisions in case they get elected. They may also respond directly by introducing welfare reforms that react to shifts in public opinion during their mandates. The second premise concerns how citizens and politicians structure their preferences over welfare. These preferences fall alongside two dimensions. First, general attitudes about how much should the state intervene in the economy to reduce inequality and promote economic well-being (how much policy). Second, the specific preferences about which social programmes should get better funding (what kind of policy). The empirical analysis is split into three empirical chapters. Each explores different aspects of government representation in Western European welfare states. The first empirical chapter (Chapter 4) asks how governments shape social policy when facing severe pressures to decrease spending. It argues that governments strategically reduce spending on programmes that offer less visible and indirect benefits, as they are less likely to trigger an electoral backlash. The experience of the Great Recession is consistent with this claim. Countries that faced the most challenging financial constraints cut down social investment and services. Except for Greece, they all preserved consumption schemes. The second empirical chapter (Chapter 5) explores how public opinion affects government spending priorities in different welfare programmes. It expects government responsiveness to depend on public mood for more or less government activity and the most salient social issues at the time. Empirical evidence from old-age, healthcare and education issue-policy areas supports these claims. Higher policy mood and issue saliency is positively associated with increasing spending efforts. Public opinion does not appear to affect unemployment policies. vii The third empirical chapter (Chapter 6) examines how party preferences affect spending priorities in unemployment programmes. It claims that preferences on economic intervention in the economy and welfare recalibration affect different components of unemployment policy. Evidence from the past 20 years bodes well with these expectations. The generosity of compensatory schemes depends on economic preferences. The left invests more than the right. The funding of active labour-market policies depends on both preference dimensions. Among conventional parties, their funding follows the same patterns as compensatory schemes. Among recalibration parties, parties across the economic spectrum present comparable spending patterns.

Defence date: 6 July 2007
Examination Board: Prof. Grainne de Burca, (Fordham Law School); Prof. Christian Joerges, (European University Institute); Prof. Deirdre Curtin (Utrecht University); Prof. Joanne Scott (University College London)
PDF of thesis uploaded from the Library digital archive of EUI PhD theses
no abstract available

Title from PDF of title page (University of Missouri--Columbia, viewed on Feb 11. 2010). The entire thesis text is included in the research.pdf file; the official abstract appears in the short.pdf file; a non-technical public abstract appears in the public.pdf file. Dissertation advisor: Dr Patrick Westhoff. Vita. Includes bibliographical references.

Defence date: 16 March 2007
Examining Board: Prof. Michael Keating (EUI); Prof. Virginie Guiraudon (EUI); Prof. Marino Regini, (Università di Milano) ; Prof. Jacint Jordana Casajuana (Pompeu Fabra University)
PDF of thesis uploaded from the Library digital archive of EUI PhD theses
no abstract available

Defence date: 12 November 2007
Examining board: Prof. Neil Walker, EUI (Supervisor) ; Prof. Martin Loughlin, London School of Economics ; Advocate General Miguel Poiares Maduro, European Court of Justice ; Prof. Wojciech Sadurski, EUI
PDF of thesis uploaded from the Library digital archive of EUI PhD theses

This paper examines the current state of border hardening against refugees in the European Union and Australia through the lens of state crime. Border hardening strategies are described for both of these areas and a theoretical basis of state crime victimology is used to examine the refugees who encounter this border hardening. The present study analyzes two data sets on border deaths, one for the European Union and one for Australia, to examine the demographics of the refugees who perish while attempting to transgress the border. Results indicated that there remains a significant amount of missing data, suggesting that official methods of record-keeping are necessary to determine the most basic demographics, such as gender and age, so analyses can be run to determine significance in this area. One clear finding was that migrants most frequently die from drowning (EU: 83.6%; AU: 93%) compared to any other cause. Also, there is indication that those from disadvantaged areas of origin (such as the Middle East and Africa) are more likely to die in the borderlands than others in the dataset. Practical implications of the findings are discussed along with suggestions for future research.

Three models are developed to analyze the state level conditions fostering the rise of far right parties in the European Union in the last two decades. The political background of these parties is examined. This study offers a definition for far right parties, which combines several previous attempts. The research has focused on the effects of the number of the parties, immigration, and unemployment on support for the far right in Europe. Empirical tests, using a random effects model of fifty elections in eight nations, suggest that there are political, social, and economic conditions that are conducive to electoral success. Specifically, increases in the number of "effective" parties favor the far right, while electoral thresholds serve to dampen support. Immigration proves to be a significant variable. Surprisingly, changes in crime and unemployment rates have a negative effect on support for the far right. Suggestions for future research are offered.

The present study explores the relationship between trust placed in national institutions and opinion of globalization. A secondary data analysis is conducted using data collected by the European Commission in a 2004 Eurobarometer survey of European Union (EU) citizens on various issues regarding the EU, globalization and national challenges. A prominent theme in the literature is that, in recent times, globalization has had the effect of compromising the sovereignty of nation-states. This has generated a backlash of nationalistic attitudes wherein globalization is posited in opposition to the nation-state. This surge in nationalism has reinforced a culture wherein any external force that has the capacity to compromise or merely challenge national sovereignty is deemed undesirable. The EU represents a unique response to the phenomenon of globalization. It is the only economic bloc that attempts to manage globalization and mitigate its negative effects through the promotion of a free market system that is actively reinforced by political and social transnational unity. By assessing EU citizens' opinion of globalization and its relation to national attachment, one can investigate whether in living in a system of shared national sovereignty, which attempts to actively manage globalization, one experiences globalization not as an external invasive force, but as an integral component of the nation-state.

Thèse qui propose d'analyser le processus de construction de la politique spatiale européenne. La question au coeur de la recherche est de comprendre pourquoi, alors qu’il fut initialement décidé de ne pas s’en remettre au cadre offert pas la Communauté pour européaniser les efforts naissants de coopération spatiale, put-on assister, à la fin des années 1980, à une implication grandissante de la Communauté européenne, qui se traduisit progressivement par une nouvelle européanisation du spatial ?La thèse défendue est que, loin de résulter uniquement de la confrontation et du choc des intérêts portés par les différents Etats, la politique spatiale européenne a été progressivement construite au travers d’un parcours historique dans lequel ont été impliqués différents espaces sociaux régis par des référentiels et des normes qui leur sont propres.
Doctorat en Sciences politiques et sociales
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

This study examines the issue of compatibility of demo-conditionality with state sovereignty in international law.  From a practical perspective, it examines the state of the science with respect to the enforcement of demo-conditionality, in the context of the unique relationship between the European Union and the African,  Caribbean and Pacific countries. The practicality of any argument declaring certain norms to be compatible with state sovereignty rests on an assumption that it is possible to distinguish which norms are compatible from those which are not. The validity of such an assumption depends on whether a universal workable test with which to draw this distinction, and its accompanying requirements, has been or can be developed. Therefore, the starting point of this study is to investigate whether such a universal test exists, and if so, what its requirements are. The author reaches a legally appropriate conclusion as to which norms are compatible with the principle of state sovereignty and which not in the international legal system. Thereafter, an investigation is undertaken with regard to the legal premises invoked to justify the compatibility of the demo-conditionality with state sovereignty. To this end, two levels of analysis (also referred to here as two paths) are followed. The first level of investigation concerns the proposition for demo-conditionality’s being premised upon adherence to new treaty obligations governing the parties’ observance of democratic norms. In this context, the examination focuses on Article 25 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, 1966 as the relevant provision. Other single-issue human rights instruments are also examined to establish whether they compliment Article 25. The second level of investigation explores the possibility for demo-conditionality's compatibility being premised upon obligations of State parties, which arise from the various development co-operation instruments adopted over the years. Here, emphasis is placed upon the question of whether or not these instruments advocate the inclusion of demo-conditionality in development co-operation between donors and recipients of aid. This study ultimately reaches a legally appropriate conclusion, at both levels of analysis, concerning demo-conditionality's compatibility with the principle of state sovereignty. At this juncture, a recommendation is made as to which of the two paths is the legally safer one for the pursuit of the demo-conditionality in development co-operation. On the question of what constitutes a more successful international approach to the establishment of democratic governments in the South, this study has undertaken a comparative analysis, making suggestions with respect to two models: the "Enforcement Model", based upon coercive enforcement measures, and the "Managerial Model", based upon an approach of co-operative dialogue. Finally, the study examines the state of the science with respect to enforcement of demo-conditionality, with a focus on the special relationships between the European Union and the African, Caribbean and Pacific countries. This is designed to provide a degree of insight into the practical aspects associated with the enforcement of demo-conditionality.

The general focus of this thesis is on how the family, work and the welfare system are intertwined. A major determinant is the way responsibilities are shared by the state, the market and civil society in different welfare state regimes. An introductory chapter will therefore be dedicated to the development of the social dimension in the process of European integration. A first chapter will then go deeper into the comparative analysis of welfare state regimes, to comment on the provision of welfare in societies with a different mix of state, market and societal welfare roles and to assess the adequacy of existing typologies as reflections of today’s changed socio-economic, political and gender reality. Although they stand strong on their own, these first two chapters also contribute to contextualising the research subject of the remainder of the thesis: the study and comparison of the differential situation of women and men and of mothers and non-mothers on the labour markets of the EU-15 countries as well as of the role of public policies with respect to the employment penalties faced by women, particularly in the presence of young children. In our analysis, employment penalties are understood in three ways: (i) the difference in full-time equivalent employment rates between mothers and non-mothers, (ii) the wage penalty associated with motherhood, and (iii) the wage gap between part-time and full-time workers, considering men and women separately. Besides from a gender point of view, employment outcomes and public policies are thus assessed comparatively for mothers and non-mothers. Because women choose to take part in paid employment, fertility rates will depend on their possibilities to combine employment and motherhood. As a result, motherhood-induced employment penalties and the role of public policies to tackle them should be given priority attention, not just by scholars, but also by politicians and policy-makers.
Doctorat en Sciences économiques et de gestion
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

Нароган В. В. Монетарна політика держави в системі забезпечення економічної безпеки України: дисертація на здобуття наукового ступеня кандидата економічних наук за спеціальністю 21.04.01 – економічна безпека держави / Нароган Вадим Валентинович. – Львів: Львівський державний університет внутрішніх справ МВС України, 2020. - 240 с.
Дисертація присвячена вирішенню наукової проблеми, пов’язаної з розробкою теоретичних, методологічних та практичних рекомендацій щодо ефективного застосування монетарної політики для забезпечення економічної безпеки держави. Узагальнено, в дисертації: (1) проаналізовано теоретико-методичні засади дослідження монетарної політики як інструмента зміцнення національної економічної безпеки (зокрема, теоретичні підходи до аналізу монетарної політики у взаємозв’язку з економічною безпекою держави; монетарна політика як засіб забезпечення національної економічної безпеки; застосовано методи теоретичного моделювання монетарної політики у системі зміцнення економічної безпеки держави); (2) окреслено роль монетарної політики у забезпеченні економічної безпеки України (а саме, наведена характеристика монетарної політики у глобальній економіці; проаналізовано етапи розвитку монетарної політики в Україні; здійснено критичну оцінку особливостей механізмів зміцнення економічної безпеки України з використанням інструментарію монетарної політики); (3) розроблено стратегічні напрями застосування монетарної політики в системі забезпечення економічної безпеки України (насамперед, використано стратегічне програмування впливу монетарної політики на економічну безпеку держави з використанням інструментарію теорії ігор; розглянуто можливість використання криптовалюти як механізму протидії загрозам безпеці розвитку національної економіки; окреслено напрями адаптації європейського досвіду проведення монетарної політики у забезпеченні економічної безпеки України). На основі критичного аналізу наукових джерел розглядаються теоретичні підходи до вивчення монетарної політики стосовно економічної безпеки держави. Проаналізовано монетарну політику як засіб забезпечення національної економічної безпеки. Проведено теоретичне моделювання монетарної політики в контексті посилення економічної безпеки держави. Вивчені основні аспекти монетарної політики у світовій економіці та в Україні. Розкрито особливості механізмів посилення економічної безпеки України із застосуванням інструментів монетарної політики. Запропоновано підходи до стратегічного програмування впливу монетарної політики на економічну безпеку держави з використанням інструментів теорії ігор. Розглядається можливість використання криптовалюти як механізму протидії загрозам безпеці розвитку національної економіки. Окреслено можливості адаптації європейського досвіду проведення монетарної політики щодо забезпечення економічної безпеки України. У дисертації розроблені методичні підходи до визначення головного завдання монетарної політики, які відрізняються від діючих механізмів державного макроекономічного регулювання шляхом вирівнювання економічних циклів за наявності стабільної динаміки цін та відносно низького рівня безробіття, що створить передумови для макроекономічного балансу, економічного розвитку та забезпечення економічної безпеки, а також алгоритм впровадження грошових механізмів, який, на відміну від діючої у вітчизняній грошовій системі, містить такі елементи: грошове таргетування; валютне таргетування; інфляційне таргетування (згідно за правилом Тейлора); орієнтація на реальний ВВП, що підвищить ефективність монетарної політики та забезпечить поліпшення економічної безпеки держави. Подальший розвиток отримали методологічні підходи до моделювання монетарної політики, які відрізняються використанням моделі управління Баумоля-Тобіна та додаванням змінних, що характеризують рівень економічної безпеки держави з урахуванням трансакційних витрат домогосподарств, що дозволило враховувати взаємозв’язок між монетарною політикою та економічною безпекою на різних рівнях ієрархії управління соціально-економічною системою. Окреслено методологічні підходи до аналізу взаємозв’язку між монетарними чинниками та рівнем економічної безпеки держави з інституціональної точки зору, де, на відміну від усталеного твердження обґрунтовано, що не лише дохід, відсоткова ставка, а й трансакційні мотиви є факторами, які слід враховувати під час стратегічного планування розвитку монетарної сфери та забезпечення національної економічної безпеки держави, особливо її фінансової компоненти. Проаналізовано методичні підходи до використання механізмів криптовалюти як методу протидії загрозам фінансовій безпеці національних економік у глобальному середовищі, які, на відміну від існуючих теоретичних розробок, ґрунтуються на застосуванні теорії ігор, що дозволяє мінімізувати загрози та запропонувати підходи до прогнозування впливу на економічну безпеку в коротко- та довгостроковій перспективі. На основі здійсненого дослідження зроблено наступні висновки. Доведено, що в ефективному функціонуванні усіх державних механізмів провідну роль відіграє монетарна політика. Зауважено, що у чинному законодавстві відсутнє закріплення змісту монетарної політики та в доктринальному тлумаченні − її узагальнене розуміння. Виявлено непоодинокі випадки ототожнення монетарної та грошово-кредитної політики, навіть у нормативно-правових актах, необхідність чого є сумнівною. Підтверджено, що монетарна політика ґрунтується як на економічних законах грошового обігу, так і на законах соціального розвитку, а в її основі лежать кредитні та валютні операції, які відбуваються на фінансовому ринку. Наголошено, що головною ціллю монетарної політики держави повинна бути розробка концептуальних основ для стійкого економічного зростання у довгостроковій перспективі. Обґрунтовано, що становлення монетарної політики незалежної України пройшло довгий та складний шлях, змінюючись під впливом тієї чи іншої економічної теорії та в ході постійної полеміки представників різних теорій. При цьому спостерігаються як позитивні моменти, так і негативні. До позитивних віднесено відмову використання прямих кредитів Національного банку України для фінансування бюджетного дефіциту. До негативних – спрямованість монетарної політики на створення фінансового капіталу поруч з виробництвом, а не в якості його підґрунтя, що обумовило формування примітивного ринку. Виявлено, що на сучасному етапі інфляція в Україні носить переважно немонетарний характер, оскільки причиною інфляції є – зростання витрат виробництва (насамперед, цін і тарифів природних монополій, відсоткової ставки, транспортних послуг). Перерозподіл грошових потоків на користь природних монополій, диспаритет цін на енергоносії та сировинні товари відносно цін готової продукції призводять до збитковості та не конкурентоспроможності вагомої частки підприємств сільського господарства та обробної промисловості. У підсумку, вітчизняна економіка втрачає конкурентні переваги на глобальних ринках. Наголошено, що на початку ХХІ ст. багато розвинених країн цікавилися трансмісійним механізмом та його впливом на економіку. Особливий інтерес до трансмісійного механізму в Європі був викликаний пошуком схожих структур країн Єврозони для проведення єдиної грошово-кредитної політики. Актуальність дослідження трансмісійного механізму в Україні визначається наслідками світової кризи та її впливом на фінансову безпеку, яка вимагає перегляду тактики грошово-кредитної політики, виходячи із завдань підтримки постійних темпів економічного зростання та стабільного курсу гривні. Зауважено, що проведення ефективної монетарної політики залежить від досягнення тактичних, проміжних, кінцевих цілей. Основні цільові орієнтири й параметри аналізованої політики представляють собою глобальне завдання, що є прерогативою не лише НБУ, але й інших державних регуляторів. Серед основних напрямів монетарної політики виокремлюють такі: зростання реального обсягу ВВП; помірні темпи інфляції; рівновагу платіжного балансу; максимальна зайнятість. Виявлено, що на сучасному етапі, під впливом агресивної інвестиційної діяльності провідних країн та активної політики найбільших ІТ-компаній лавиноподібно розвивається глобальний цифровий простір. Проте в Україні цифрова економіка залишається сферою з нерозкритим потенціалом. Очевидно, що світова паперово-грошова система знаходиться в кризі, а значить замість неї мають прийти нові структуровані фінансові продукти. У світових фінансово-платіжних системах такими продуктами стали криптовалюти, серед яких одним із найбільш розповсюджених є біткоїн. Обґрунтовано, що для того, щоб криптовалюту можна було сприймати як гроші, у неї має бути як мінімум п’ять властивостей, якими наділені традиційні гроші, а саме: портативність, довговічність, подільність, пізнаваність, передбачуваність вартості грошей. Водночас глобальне поширення таких платежів перетворює цю категорію послуг на привабливу для протизаконних дій, у тому числі у сфері легалізації доходів, одержаних злочинним шляхом, фінансування тероризму тощо. В даний час спостерігається тенденція до використання криптовалют зловмисниками для анонімізації своїх дій, а громадяни все частіше стають жертвами шахраїв. In general, in the dissertation: (1) the theoretical and methodological principles of monetary policy research as a tool for strengthening national economic security (in particular, theoretical approaches to the analysis of monetary policy in relation to economic security; monetary policy as a means of national economic security; applied methods of monetary policy theoretical modeling in the system of strengthening the economic security of the state) are analyzed; (2) the role of monetary policy in ensuring Ukraine's economic security (in particular, the characteristics of monetary policy in the global economy; the stages of monetary policy development in Ukraine; critically assesses the mechanisms of strengthening Ukraine's economic security using monetary policy tools) is outlined; (3) strategic directions of monetary policy application in the system of economic security of Ukraine (first of all, used strategic programming of monetary policy influence on economic security of the state using game theory tools; considered the possibility of using cryptocurrency as a mechanism to counter security threats to the national economy; European experience in conducting monetary policy in ensuring the economic security of Ukraine) is developed. Based on a critical analysis of scientific sources, theoretical approaches to the study of monetary policy in relation to the economic security of the state are considered. Monetary policy as a means of ensuring national economic security is analyzed. Theoretical modeling of monetary policy in the context of strengthening the economic security of the state is carried out. The main aspects of monetary policy in the world economy and in Ukraine are studied. The peculiarities of the mechanisms of strengthening the Ukraine’s economic security using the monetary policy instruments are revealed. Approaches to strategic programming of the impact of monetary policy on the economic security of the state using the tools of game theory are proposed. The possibility of cryptocurrency using as a mechanism to counter security threats to the development of the national economy is considered. The possibilities of adapting the European experience of monetary policy conducting to ensure the economic security of Ukraine are outlined. The dissertation develops methodological approaches to defining the main task of monetary policy, which differ from the current mechanisms of state macroeconomic regulation by equalizing economic cycles in the presence of stable price dynamics and relatively low unemployment, which will create preconditions for macroeconomic balance, economic development and economic security. Also an algorithm for the introduction of monetary mechanisms, which, in contrast to the current in the domestic monetary system, contains the following elements: monetary targeting; currency targeting; inflation targeting (according to the Taylor rule); focus on real GDP, which will increase the effectiveness of monetary policy and improve the economic security of the state. Methodological approaches to monetary policy modeling have been further developed, differing in the use of the Baumol-Tobin governance model and the addition of variables that characterize the level of economic security of households, taking into account the transaction costs of households, management of the socioeconomic system. Methodological approaches to the analysis of the relationship between monetary factors and the level of economic security of the state from the institutional point of view are outlined, where, in contrast to the established statement, it is substantiated that not only income, interest rate, but also transactional motives are factors within strategic planning for the development of the monetary sphere and ensuring the national economic security of the state, especially its financial component. Methodological approaches to cryptocurrency mechanisms using as a method of counteracting threats to the financial security of national economies in the global environment are analyzed, which, unlike existing theoretical developments, are based on the application of game theory, which minimizes threats and offers approaches to forecasting economic security in long-term perspective . Based on the study, the following conclusions are made. It is proved that monetary policy plays a leading role in the effective functioning of all state mechanisms. It is noted that in the current legislation there is no consolidation of the content of monetary policy and in the doctrinal interpretation − its generalized understanding. There are many cases of identification of monetary and monetary policy, even in regulations, the need for which is questionable. It is confirmed that monetary policy is based on both the economic laws of money circulation and the laws of social development, and is based on credit and currency transactions that take place in the financial market. It is emphasized that the main goal of the monetary policy of the state should be to develop a conceptual framework for sustainable economic growth in the long run. It is substantiated that the formation of the monetary policy of independent Ukraine has come a long and difficult way, changing under the influence of one or another economic theory and in the course of constant controversy between representatives of various theories. At the same time, both positive and negative moments are observed. The refusal to use direct loans of the National Bank of Ukraine to finance the budget deficit was considered positive. The negative are the following − the focus of monetary policy on the creation of financial capital along with production, rather than as its basis, which led to the formation of a primitive market. It was found that at the present stage inflation in Ukraine is mainly nonmonetary, as the cause of inflation is − rising production costs (primarily, prices and tariffs of natural monopolies, interest rates, transport services). The redistribution of cash flows in favor of natural monopolies, the disparity in prices for energy and raw materials relative to the prices of finished products lead to unprofitability and noncompetitiveness of a significant share of agricultural and manufacturing enterprises. As a result, the domestic economy is losing competitive advantage in global markets. It is emphasized that at the beginning of the XXI century many developed countries were interested in the transmission mechanism and its impact on the economy. Particular interest in the transmission mechanism in Europe was caused by the search for similar structures of the Eurozone countries to conduct a single monetary policy. The relevance of the study of the transmission mechanism in Ukraine is determined by the effects of the global crisis and its impact on financial security, which requires a review of monetary policy, based on the task of maintaining constant economic growth and a stable hryvnia exchange rate. It is noted that the conduct of effective monetary policy depends on the achievement of tactical, intermediate, ultimate goals. The main targets and parameters of the analyzed policy are a global task, which is the prerogative not only of the NBU, but also of other state regulators. Among the main directions of monetary policy are the following: real GDP growth; moderate inflation; balance of payments; maximum employment. It is revealed that at the present stage, under the influence of aggressive investment activities of leading countries and active policy of the largest IT companies, the global digital space is developing avalanche-like. However, in Ukraine, the digital economy remains an area of untapped potential. It is obvious that the world paper and money system is in crisis, which means that new structured financial products should come instead. In the world's financial and payment systems, such products are cryptocurrencies, among which one of the most common is bitcoin. It is argued that in order for a cryptocurrency to be perceived as money, it must have at least five properties that are endowed with traditional money, first of all: portability, durability, divisibility, recognizability, predictability of the money value. At the same time, the global proliferation of such payments makes this category of services attractive for illegal actions, including in the field of money laundering, terrorist financing, etc. Currently, there is a tendency for criminals to use cryptocurrencies to anonymize their actions, and citizens are increasingly falling victim to fraud.

Même si la réduction des apports de nutriments dans les écosystèmes aquatiques est généralement envisagée avec des approches « effects-based », ce n’est pas le cadre qui a été suivi dans cette thèse. En effet, dans une démarche de développement durable, il semble plus pertinent, de définir des mesures de contrôle de la pollution agissant sur les relations de cause à effet. Selon cette logique, la méthodologie proposée par la Directive Cadre sur l’Eau (DCE) pour protéger les écosystèmes aquatiques présente plusieurs faiblesses. Par le fait qu’elle réfère à certains principes de l’économie standard de l’environnement, l’analyse économique de la DCE pose plusieurs problèmes pour agir sur la causalité de la pollution. Néanmoins, la méthodologie proposée par la DCE est pertinente par le fait qu’elle recommande l’utilisation combinée de mesures techniques et d’instruments pour diminuer les dommages environnementaux. Conformément à cette disposition, l’effet de mesures techniques et d’instruments sur le secteur agricole et sur la chaine alimentaire l’englobant a été évalué puisque cette dernière est responsable de la majorité des émissions diffuses et ponctuelles d’azote et de phosphore dans les eaux de surface. La définition de mesures techniques en fonction de l’efficience de l’utilisation des nutriments (Nutrient Use Efficiency, NUE) dans la production agricole a été complétée par l’étude des instruments économiques utilisés dans la Politique Agricole Commune (PAC) pour développer une agriculture multifonctionnelle. Si la thèse concerne de manière générale l’eutrophisation des écosystèmes aquatiques, elle se penche plus particulièrement sur les pressions au sein du bassin de l’Escaut et sur leurs impacts jusqu’à la zone côtière de la mer du Nord. Des mesures techniques agissant sur les causes des émissions diffuses du secteur agricole et sur les émissions ponctuelles des stations d’épuration ont été proposées pour ce bassin. Ces mesures techniques ont été caractérisées prioritairement par leur efficacité environnementale (grâce aux modèles Sénèque-Riverstrahler et MIRO) et en fonction de leurs coûts directs.

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Although reducing the load of nutrients in aquatic ecosystems is usually looked at through "effects-based" approaches, this is not the context which this paper has chosen to follow. In fact, keeping in line with sustainable development, it seems more relevant to define measures to control pollution which act on cause and effect relations. According to this way of thinking, the methodology proposed by the Water Framework Directive (WFD) to protect aquatic ecosystems presents a number of weaknesses. By the fact that it refers to certain standard economic principles for the environment, the WFD’s economic analysis poses several problems towards acting on the cause of the pollution. Nevertheless, the methodology proposed by the WFD is relevant, as it recommends the combined use of technical measures and of instruments to reduce environmental damage. In accordance with this disposition, an assessment has been made of the effect of technical measures and instruments on the agricultural sector and on the food chain encompassing it, since the food chain is responsible for the majority of diffuse and point emissions of nitrogen and phosphorus in surface waters. The definition of technical measures in terms of efficient use of nutrients (Nutrient Use Efficiency, NUE) in agricultural production has been complemented by a study of economic instruments used in the Common Agricultural Politicy (CAP) to develop a multifunctional type of agriculture. Although the paper deals with the eutrophication of aquatic ecosystems in a general way, it concentrates particularly on the increasing pressures in the Scheldt basin and on their impacts as far as the North Sea coastal zone. Technical measures acting on the causes of diffuse emissions in the agricultural sector and on point emissions in the water treatment plants have been proposed for this basin. These technical measures have been categorised in order of priority according to their environmental effectiveness (thanks to the Sénèque-Riverstrahler et MIRO models) and depending on their direct costs.
Doctorat en Sciences agronomiques et ingénierie biologique
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

Булатін, Д. О. Адміністративно-правові засади здійснення превентивної діяльності поліцією: порівняння досвіду України та країн ЄС : дис. ... д-ра філос.: 12.00.07, 081 / Дмитро Олексійович; МВС України, Харків. нац. ун-т внутр. справ. - Харків, 2020. - 247 с.
У дисертації міститься теоретичне узагальнення актуальної наукової проблеми, пов’язаної із визначенням адміністративно-правових засад здійснення превентивної діяльності поліцією через порівняння досвіду України та країн ЄС, а також шляхів їх удосконалення. В результаті проведеного дослідження сформульовано низку положень та висновків котрі спрямовані на досягнення поставленої мети.
The dissertation contains a theoretical generalization of the current scientific problem related to the definition of administrative and legal principles of preventive activities by the police through a comparison of the experience of Ukraine and the EU, as well as ways to improve them. As a result of the research, a number of provisions and conclusions have been formulated which are aimed at achieving the set goal.
В диссертации содержится теоретическое обобщение актуальной научной проблемы, связанной с определением административно-правовых основ осуществления превентивной деятельности полицией через сравнение опыта Украины и стран ЕС, а также путей их совершенствования. В результате проведенного исследования сформулирован ряд положений и выводов которые направлены на достижение поставленной цели.

Defence date: 20 October 2017
Examining Board: Prof. François Foret, Université Libre Bruxelles; Prof. Jan-Werner Mueller, Princeton University; Prof. Olivier Roy, European University Institute (supervisor); Prof. Joseph Weiler, European University Institute/New York University
The objective of this dissertation is to shed further light on the nature of European integration by examining the relationship between religion and politics throughout the whole process. The thesis aims at answering the following research question: which forms of secularism have underpinned the process of European integration. Secularism is understood in the thesis as a public settlement between politics and religion (i.e. we can speak of secularism, if religious and political sphere are conceptually distinct). A historical perspective allows the author to identify and examine the following junctures with respect to the relationship between religion and politics in the process: the Christian-democratic foundation of European Communities, the question of Turkish accession, the search for the “Soul of Europe” during Jacques Delors’ presidency at the European Commission, the debate on the Treaty establishing Constitution for Europe, and last but not least: the adoption of the Lisbon Treaty with its art. 17 obliging European institutions to maintain dialogue with religious organisations. Dissertation’s findings indicate that three forms of secularism, rooted in the European intellectual and political history, might be identified in the discourse and practice of European integration: 1) Christian-democratic secularism – Christianity transformed by personalist thought is regarded as a cultural and symbolic basis of European integration; 2) Laicist secularism - religion seen as a challenge to the democratic political order; 3) Agnostic secularism – understood as an attempt to depoliticize religion, to delegate it to other bodies, e.g. Member States or international organizations. The author argues that the last concept, liberal in its nature, has been most successful throughout the whole process.

Defence date: 5 February 2010
Examining Board: Donatella Della Porta (EUI) (Supervisor), Colin Crouch (University of Warwick, Business School), Klaus Eder (Humboldt-Universität Berlin), Marco Giugni (Université de Genève)
First made available online on 26 March 2013.
The following thesis looks at the contentious action of the unemployed in Paris and Berlin. The thesis investigates the role of local organisations of the unemployed in contentious activities. More specifically, it looks at the forms of collective action these local organisations are engaged in, and asks about which conditions lead to the disruptive activities considered crucial for poor people’s actors. This is done by analysing different empirical sources: semi-structured interviews, participant observation, surveys, and expert interviews. In order to describe the forms of contentious engagement seen and the role of local organisations, the second part employs an analytical descriptive approach. In an attempt to explain the tactical choices of organisations of the unemployed I link four different conditions (access to resources, access to the field of institutionalised actors, belonging to a counter-cultural network and movement experience) to the use of disruptive activities. Combining all four conditions I then carry out a Comparative Qualitative Analysis (QCA). One important insight of the thesis is that contentious action by the poor can be stabilised over time. Further, the thesis also shows that the two fields of local organisations are characterised by different features. Some features, for example the existence of certain types of organisations - as defined by their preferred activities - can be explained by the political system and, more particularly, by the institutions of contention present in each country. However, there are also many similarities between the fields, showing that national opportunity structures explain only some aspects of contentious action. In looking at the conditions leading to the use of disruptive action, the thesis shows that political opportunities are just one of several other factors that explain types of contentious engagement. The thesis disconfirms the assumption of the central role of exclusion from centres of political and discursive power and the lack of resources in accounting for disruptive action. It is more important that organisations of the unemployed belong to a counter-cultural network, defined as a necessary, albeit not a sufficient condition for disruptive action.

Defence date: 19 September 2001
Examining Board: Prof. Dr. Jürgen Habermans, Universität Frankfurt am Main ; Prof. Charles F. Sabel, Columbia University, New York ; Prof. Philippe C. Schmitter, EUI (supervisor) ; Prof. Peter Wagner, EUI
PDF of thesis uploaded from the Library digitised archive of EUI PhD theses completed between 2013 and 2017

Defence date: 3 June 2013
Examining Board: Professor Giorgio Monti, European University Institute (Supervisor); Professor Hans-W. Micklitz, European University Institute; Professor Andrea Biondi, King's College London; Professor Piet Jan Slot, University of Leiden.
PDF of thesis uploaded from the Library digital archive of EUI PhD theses
This thesis is concerned with the legal concept of State aid under Article 107(1) TFEU. It was born out of the concern that EU institutions and practitioners alike refer to it as if this concept had been immune to the evolution experienced by the context in which it has been applied: the Internal Market. Against this seemingly static background, the thesis argues that the concept of aid is a 'living instrument' that has been applied in accordance with the main policy priorities of the European Commission, a fact that had been underexplored in the literature and the implications of this connection seldom studied. The thesis also contends, contrary to what has been affirmed before by other authors, that the evolution of this concept has been influenced by the broader advancement of the case-law of the Court of Justice in different periods of the integration process. Thirdly, the thesis submits that the study of the origins of subsidy control in Europe, of the legislative history of today's Article 107(1) TFEU, and of the policy and enforcement considerations that have affected the development of the concept of aid is not only enriching from an intellectual point of view but also useful to decide difficult cases. In this regard, the thesis provides criteria to interpret and discuss cases, e.g. Sloman Neptun, Philip Morris or Azores, beyond the analysis traditionally carried out in this field, too often limited to the compatibility of these cases with the effects-based formula traditionally followed to define aid. Indeed, the emergence of that formula, of the Market Economy Investor Principle test, the Adria-Wien test for selectivity, the ups-and-downs of the De Minimis rule in this field, or the exclusion of regulatory measures from the notion of State resources, cannot be understood only by looking at the economic or even the strictly legal reasoning behind the relevant judgments. Instead, historical, policy and enforcement considerations are useful interpretative tools to fully grasp these developments, a point that this thesis contributes to making.

Defence date: 6 October 2014
Examining Board: Professor Giorgio Monti, European University Institute (Supervisor); Professor Marise Cremona, European University Institute; Professor Leigh Hancher, Tilburg University; Professor José María Rodríguez de Santiago, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid.
State aid law is made up of rules and procedures whose main characters are the Member States – as the addressees of the norms – and the Commission – as their enforcer. The prominent position of these two actors often overshadows the impact that the administration of the rules on State aid has on private undertakings, be it the beneficiaries of State aids or their competitors. This thesis is concerned with the latter. The aim of the thesis is to assess the extent to which competitors may rely on the rules on State aid to protect themselves against the potentially harmful effects of subsidies and other forms of state, financial assistance to firms. This endeavour raises two challenges. The first challenge is to identify the channels through which competitors may voice their interest in the context of a system of governance to which they are in principle alien. This is the issue of access. The second challenge is assess the likelihood that the Commission shall heed to the concerns voiced by competitors. In other words, the challenge is to gauge the power of influence that competitors may exert through each of these channels. This is the issue of leverage. In order to carry out this inquiry, the thesis scrutinizes the means of redress available to competitors before national courts (“private enforcement”), as well as the opportunities that they have to make their voice heard in the course of the Commission’s procedures (“public enforcement”) – namely, the possibility to lodge complaints, the possibility to participate in the consultation phase of Article 108(2) TFEU and the possibility to seek the judicial review of State aid decisions.

Defence date: 7 June 2017
Examining Board: Professor Giorgio Monti, EUI (Supervisor); Professor Petros Mavroidis, EUI; Professor Roberto Caranta, Università di Torino; Professor Kris Wauters, Université Catholique de Louvain-la-Neuve
The starting point for the thesis is the problem of negative externalities public purchasing gives rise to. We argue that public procurement regulation, having as an objective the structuring of public markets for public contracts, produces the said market failure, which may adversely affect the competitive dynamics in other markets. This may cause a significant loss of social welfare. The reason why public procurement produces such negative externalities is, so we argue, due to the fact that public procurement regulation is foremost concerned with the internal dimension of public purchasing, i.e. the relationship between the public purchaser and actual and potential tenderers. However, public procurement regulation largely omits the external dimension, i.e. the effects public purchasing produces vis-à-vis markets outside the specific market for the public contract at hand. In our quest for a way to address this problem of negative externalities we argue that these externalities converge to a large extent with an ‘advantage’, being one of the conditions for the EU state aid prohibition (laid down in article107 (1) TFEU) to apply. Hence, we deem EU state aid law to be a valuable source of inspiration to ‘enrich’ public procurement regulation. Such ‘enriched’ public procurement regulation would be able to avoid the occurrence of the negative externalities we identified, or at least to minimise the risk of their occurrence. Examining a number of areas within EU state aid law allowed us to identify a number of principles that ensure absence of an ‘advantage’. These principles constitute the basis for our ‘standard for enrichment’, i.e. a framework for regulatory reform as to public procurement regulation. We also apply this standard to a number of aspects of public procurement regulation. More specifically, we clarify how ‘enriched’ public procurement regulation would materialise as to the following aspects of public purchasing: (i) the disclosure obligation as to award criteria and their belongings, (ii) the pursuit of policy objectives through public purchasing and (iii) modifications to public contracts in the performance phase.

Defence date: 3 June 2013
Examining Board: Professor Heike Schweitzer, Universität Mannheim / EUI Supervisor Professor Giorgio Monti, EUI Professor Leigh Hancher, Tilburg University Mr Nicola Pesaresi, European Commission.
PDF of thesis uploaded from the Library digital archive of EUI PhD theses
This research aims to analyse the prohibition of State aid and compatibility assessments in the EU from the perspective of the 'more economic approach’ (MEA). The hypothesis enunciated in the thesis is that the MEA in State aid is applied in an instrumental manner, which goes beyond the paradigm of control justified by the coordination of national policies and the reduction of distortions of competition. Hence, the shift takes place with regard to: (i) the definition of the aims of public intervention and (ii) the methods of aid assessment. Firstly, by means of the MEA the Commission pursues a horizontal industrial policy, which presupposes a more pro-active approach and verification of the positive effects of aid, to the detriment of its negative effects. Secondly, the use of the MEA is policy driven - the Commission chooses the MEA to better regulate positive criteria for compatibility of aid, while avoiding applying refined economic analysis: (i) to the definition of aid and (ii) to assess the magnitude of the negative effects of aid. The research conducted here is oriented around four horizontal lines: (i) conflict and complementarities between competition and industrial policy, based on the analysis of State aid rules (ii) shift from negative to positive integration, which implies a transformation of State aid control and coordination into a State aid policy and has consequences for the aims and substantive criteria of the legal framework (iii) a 'better regulation’ of State aid by means of the MEA (iv) the competence of the Member States versus the competence of the Commission in the State aid legal framework.

Defence date: 11 September 2000
Examining board: Claus-Dieter Ehlermann (supervisor) ; Bruno De Witte ; Joseph Gilchrist ; Jacques Ziller
PDF of thesis uploaded from the Library digitised archive of EUI PhD theses completed between 2013 and 2017

Defence date: 7 June 2017
Examining Board: Professor Hans-Wolfgang Micklitz, European University Institute; Professor Stefan Grundmann, European University Institute; Professor Simon F Deakin, University of Cambridge; Professor (Emeritus) Karl-Heinz Ladeur, Universität Hamburg
This thesis explores the evolution of tort law through the prism of three paradigms of modernity, namely, the society of individuals, organizations and networks. These models build on Karl-Heinz Ladeur’s pioneering work. Tort law developed in a society of individuals which is considered a radical break with prior methods of social organization. While the core of private law was contract law modelled on the abstract will, tort law set outer boundaries on the will but its shape was individualistic focusing on individualized conduct. In the twentieth century, with the rise of the society of organizations, tort law was reshaped towards providing remedies fit for a society of organizations. This is evident both in terms of how tort law was adapted to the private firm and the state as service-provider. We find that the concept of vertical vicarious liability fits the way in which tort law abstracted from the reasonable man per se, to embrace the organizational setting in which agents conducted their activities. Our third paradigm, that of the society of networks, is emergent. It blurs lines between private and public and, additionally, the existing normative models of liability – whether individualized or organizational – are not aligned. With the breaking of the territorial frame of the nation-state coinciding with the emergence of a society of networks we investigate whether actors, which might previously be considered 'peripheral' to a tort and, therefore, outside the organizational model of liability are, from the perspective of the horizontal sociological network, once again potential normative addressees of liability. We argue that European law de lege lata is beginning to bring such actors within its scope of application. Making sense of these developments in an overall framework of an emerging society of networks and, additionally, arguing what the stakes are, and how they may be fitted into legal, normative argument, is the task of our final chapters.

Defence date: 20 October 2010
Examining Board: Adrienne Héritier (EUI/RSCAS) (Co-Supervisor); Michael Keating Univ. Aberdeen/formerly EUI) (Supervisor); Gary Marks (Vrije Univ. Amsterdam/Univ. North Carolina, Chapel Hill); Andy Smith (Sciences Po, Bordeaux) (in absentia)
PDF of thesis uploaded from the Library digital archive of EUI PhD theses
Much research has highlighted that sub-state entities (SSEs) - such as the German Länder, Spanish autonomous communities or French regions - mobilise at the European level. This literature, however, suffers from a research gap on the question of how this sub-state activity interacts with that of its own member state. In other words, while it is clear that SSEs do represent their interests in Brussels, it is not so clear whether this activity is carried out with their member state (cooperation), without their member state (non-interaction) or against their member state (conflict). This thesis fills such a research gap by 1) identifying what the pattern of interaction between state and sub-state EU interest representation corresponds to and by 2) identifying what the determinants of such a pattern are. To achieve this double task, quantitative and qualitative methods are employed. The quantitative section consists of regression analysis on data collected through a survey addressed to the Heads of regional offices in Brussels (n=104). It highlights that cooperation is the most frequent outcome, followed by noninteraction. Conflicting interest representation is the least frequent outcome. It also indicates that, contrary to expectations, devolution levels do not affect conflict but increase the frequency of cooperation and decrease that of non-interaction. Meanwhile, party political incongruence fails to affect conflict, decreases cooperation and increases non-interaction. Finally, preference intensity configurations affect all three outcomes. This quantitative work was complemented by a series of in-depth case study analyses of Scotland (UK), Salzburg (Austria), Rhône-Alpes and Alsace (both France). Based on over a hundred semi-structured interviews with state, sub-state and supra-state officials and politicians, these case studies confirmed the overall findings reached through quantitative means and further suggested that the effect of devolution overrides that of party political incongruence. Additional statistical testing confirmed this inductive finding. The concluding sections highlight this research’s overall theoretical and policy implications.

Defence Date: 26/06/2009
Examining Board: Frank Baumgartner (Penn State University); Susana Borrás (Copenhagen Business School); Adrienne Héritier (EUI/RSCAS) (Co-Supervisor); Rikard Stankiewicz (Lund University (emeritus), formerly EUI) (Supervisor)
PDF of thesis uploaded from the Library digital archive of EUI PhD theses
The literature on the policy-making of the European Union (EU) has trouble understanding the long-term evolution of EU policies. While numerous accounts exist that analyze EU policies from a historical, analytical-descriptive and normative perspective, no existing account has studied the evolution of EU policy output from a positive perspective. This thesis wants to start filling this gap in the literature by studying the patterns of policy evolution in the European Union’s research and technology development (RTD) policy. This policy is studied at three different levels of analysis. The first level is that of budgetary dynamics; here I test two alternative hypotheses on the pattern of budgetary change, both derived from the American literature: the classical incrementalist hypothesis, and the punctuated-equilibrium hypothesis of Bryan Jones and Frank Baumgartner. The second level of analysis is that of agenda dynamics, where I study the pattern of issue expansion/contraction on the fragmented agenda of the EU, and test two alternative hypotheses on the allocation of agenda space to RTD policy. The third level of analysis is that of institutional dynamics; here I test the hypothesis that institutional stability is associated with phases of incremental changes, whereas institutional developments occur in correspondence with budgetary punctuations. The empirical results show that both the budgetary and agenda dynamics of this policy are fully compatible with the punctuated-equilibrium hypothesis. However, the hypothesis on the correspondence between budgetary punctuations and institutional change is to be rejected. The final part of this work investigates the mechanism and the necessary conditions for the emergence of new policy priorities, by focusing on the recent emergence of security RTD as a new priority of the Framework Programme. This dissertation is the first work to empirically test the punctuated-equilibrium model on the EU, with an extensive and original dataset composed of budgetary, agenda and institutional delegation data.

Defence date: 13 July 2017
Examining Board: Professor Loïc Azoulai, EUI Supervisor; Professor Marise Cremona, EUI; Associate Professor Evelien Brouwer, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam; Professor Daniel Wilsher, City University of London
This research considers State control and legal responsibility for the violation of migrant’s fundamental rights at the hands of privatised or externalised procedures of European Union (EU) Member State migration control and border management. The assertion is made that a migrant’s access to justice can be frustrated based on who (privatisation) it is that is implementing the procedure or because of where (externalisation) it is being implemented. Access to justice is frustrated by the failure of a court to overcome certain key preliminary issues which must be established before the merits of the case – the alleged rights violation – can be considered. These preliminary issues therefore represent triggers for greater consideration of State legal responsibility. Privatisation’s trigger is a court’s potential application of a narrow reading of the State such that a private actor is deemed to be liable for rights violations arising out of the implementation of a procedure. This decision can be made even when the State holds a significant amount of control and authority over the implementation of the procedure in question. Externalisation’s trigger is that a court may pursue a restrictive reading of extraterritorial jurisdiction such that the State is not interpreted as having engaged its jurisdiction and as a result that court will not consider the alleged violations and thus legal responsibility will not be established. The State’s exercise of ‘compulsory powers’, the use of physical force in the implementation of a migration control and border management procedure, has been relied upon as the indicator as to whether legal responsibility should be triggered for the State. This research argues that the exercise of compulsory powers is an arbitrary tool by which to decide legal responsibility and results in the neglect of other, more subtle indicators that State legal responsibility should be established. In the absence of a silver bullet resolution to the challenges posed by the triggers of legal responsibility for both externalisation and privatisation, doctrinal solutions are proposed. These solutions enable the courts to provide easier access to justice for migrants and better reflect State legal responsibility for the State’s exercise of control.
Chapter 3 ‘The distance explored I – Externalization' and Chapter 1 ‘Control and legal responsibility for externalised and privatised procedures' of the PhD thesis draw upon an earlier version published as an article 'Member State responsibility for migration control within third states : externalisation revisited' (2013) in the journal ‘European journal of migration and law’
Chapter 2 ‘Externalisation and privatisation - the procedures' of the PhD thesis draws upon an earlier version published as an article 'Do good fences make good neighbours?' (2014) in the journal ‘This century's review : journal for rational legal debate’

Defence date: 9 June 1995
Examining board: Michael Borrus (University of California at Barkeley) ; Prof. Roger Morgan (European University Institute) ; Prof. Lynn Mytelka (Carleton University and the University of Paris X, Nanterre) ; Prof. Susan Strange (Supervisor, Warwick University) ; Prof. Douglas Webber (INSEAD, Fontainebleau)
First made available online 14 November 2016.
This thesis is concerned with the changing nature of European Community (EC) policies towards semiconductor producing firms. It is an important tale to recount, as industrial affairs have, since the early 1980s, been at the forefront of Europe's search for common areas of action. The creation of a single Community-wide industrial policy may thus be viewed as another substantial step towards economic and political union. Whereas other works look at the European Monetary System (EMS) for instance, and test its success or failure as a policy to enhance integration, I look at industrial policy and endeavour to place it in the context of the integration process. One of the hypotheses which I want to develop in this work is that EC policy for the semiconductor industry evolved as part of the Community's efforts to create a common area of action for industrial affairs. The shift in policy emphasis away from the national and towards the EC level for this industry, established semiconductors as the Community's vanguard high technology industry in the post-Single European Act drive towards economic integration. This hypothesis can only be tested through a critical study of EC industrial policy. In undertaking such a study, I am aware of the need to advance a definition of this much abused concept, and to identify its constituent policy mechanisms. Moreover, it is essential to look at how policy evolves and who (i.e. which actors) exerts the greatest degree of control over the policy-making process.

Defence date: 31 May 2002
Supervisor: F. Snyder (EUI and CERIC - Université d'Aix-Marseille III/LSE London)
PDF of thesis uploaded from the Library digitised archive of EUI PhD theses completed between 2013 and 2017

Defence date: 26 October 2009
Examining Board: David Coen (UCL), Martin Rhodes (University of Denver, formerly EUI) (Supervisor), Sven Steinmo (EUI), Bastiaan van Apeldoorn (VU Amsterdam)
First made available online: 29 July 2021
This thesis contributes to the literature on EU studies by analysing how and why the European Union adopted a new trade agenda in the mid-1990s that departed from previous policies. While the EU was focused largely on its internal market from the mid-1980s onwards, external trade strategy became a key item on the agenda a decade later, wrapped in a more aggressive and free-market stance. I argue that the European Commission rather than the EU member-states was the key player in the decade that followed the signature of the Uruguay Round, and introduced services into trade negotiations. More precisely, based on empirical data from the years when Leon Brittan (1994-1999) and Pascal Lamy (1999-2004) presided as EU Trade Commissioners, the thesis analyses the European Commission’s central role as a skilful ‘network creator’ both in pushing for, and legitimising, an expansion of the free-trade agenda from goods to services. However, this research also argues that the Commission did not act alone, and that different kinds of non-state actors must also be analysed in order to understand changing EU trade governance at the dawn of the 21st century.

Defence date: 5 June 2003
Examining board: Prof. Thomas Risse (EUI - Supervisor) ; Prof. Yves Mény (EUI) ; Prof. Bo Stråth (EUI) ; Prof. Hans-Jürgen Lüsebrink (Universität des Saarlandes)
PDF of thesis uploaded from the Library digitised archive of EUI PhD theses completed between 2013 and 2017

Defence date: 29 September 2008
Examining Board: Prof. Giovanni Federico (European University Institute, Supervisor); Prof. Kiran K. Patel (European University Institute); Prof. Richard Griffiths (Rijksuniversiteit te Leiden); Prof. Johnny Laursen (Aarhus Universitet)
No abstract available

Defence date: 2 May 2003
Examining board: Prof. Thomas Risse (Free University of Berlin / EUI - Supervisor) ; Prof. Helen Wallace (EUI) ; Prof. Simon Bulmer (University of Manchester) ; Prof. Roland Sturm (University of Erlangen-Nuremberg)
PDF of thesis uploaded from the Library digitised archive of EUI PhD theses completed between 2013 and 2017

Award date: 30 November 2016
Supervisors: Professor Claire KILPATRICK and Professor Giorgio MONTI
The thesis assesses the developments and the current state of law in the area of EU banking supervision so as to assess its weaknesses and strengths. By arguing that the SSM constitutes an integrated administration of banking supervision in the European Union, we examine the influence of legitimacy’s normative standards on the institutional architecture of the Single Supervisory Mechanism, and, conversely, the ‘spillover effect’ of the design of the Single Supervisory Mechanism on its legitimacy. The thesis is structured by reference to the normative criteria of legitimacy. The output element of legitimacy introduces a performance criterion under which the delegated decision-making can be assessed. The input element of legitimacy is concerned with the accountability mechanisms that hold the SSM’s decision-making accountable.

Defence date: 10 December 2001
Examining board: Prof. Richard T. Griffiths, Universiteit Leiden ; Prof. Jan van der Harst, Rijksuniversiteit Groningen ; Prof. Johnny N. Laursen, Aarhus Universitet ; Prof. Alan S. Milward, European University Institute (Supervisor)
PDF of thesis uploaded from the Library digitised archive of EUI PhD theses completed between 2013 and 2017

Defence date: 23 October 2008
Examining Board: Prof. Jacques Ziller, (European University Institute, Supervisor);Prof. Bruno de Witte, (European University Institute); Prof. Walter Van Gerven, (Professor emeritus KU Leuven, U Maastricht, U Tilburg); Judge Horstpeter Kreppel, (President of the First Chamber of the European Civil Service Tribunal)
Awarded the Mauro Cappelletti Prize for the best comparative law doctoral thesis, 2009.
First made available online 16 December 2014.
This thesis examines the principle of Member State liability for breaches of European Community law committed by a national court adjudicating at last instance as established in the European Court of Justice's ruling of September 2003 in Gerhard Köbler v. Republic of Austria (C-224/01). It focuses on the ECJ's assessment in the case of the various approaches to Member State liability for judicial breaches under the national laws of the (then) fifteen EU Member States and extends the analysis to an enlarged Europe of 27. In an attempt to verify the Court's conclusions, namely that the concept of State liability for judicial breaches constitutes a common principle that has been accepted in most EU Member States, the thesis embarks on a comparative analysis of the prevailing national legal concepts in the area of State liability for judicial breaches. The categorisation of the different systems into four groups allows for the creation of a general taxonomy of the various national approaches to the question. An in-depth analysis of one national system per category then sheds light on the general concepts of public liability in the 27 Member States. The prototypes representing the four groups are the United Kingdom, Austria, France and Belgium. Apart from the analysis of the framework and composition of the respective State liability regimes, special attention is directed to the interaction of the Köbler-principle on the Community level with the effective framework of State liability in the national prototypes. Against this background, the thesis provides a general reflection on the substantive and procedural difficulties arising in the course of the application of the Köbler-principle under each national remedial framework. In doing so, several issues are addressed, including the impact of liability à la Köbler on the principles of legal certainty and the impartiality of the judiciary, as well as the question of a possible violation of the principle of res judicata. Furthermore, the study addresses the claim that Köbler triggers the development of an indirect appellate procedure to the ECJ giving it the role of a 'quasi-final court of appeal'. In addition, the thesis seeks to unravel past and present problems of communication between the ECJ and the national supreme courts and discusses a possible change from the ECJ's traditional cooperative approach towards incompliant national supreme courts to a more assertive stance which suggests that non-compliance by the national court in question, with its obligation to make a reference for a preliminary ruling under Article 234(3) EC, might incur the liability of the Member State in question.

Defence date: 26 June 2000
Examining Board: Prof. Alan Cafruny (supervisor; Hamilton College and EUI) ; Prof. Gerd Junne (external supervisor; University of Amsterdam) ; Prof. Colin Crouch (EUI) ; Prof. Frederick Buttel (University of Wisconsin)
PDF of thesis uploaded from the Library digitised archive of EUI PhD theses completed between 2013 and 2017
This thesis explores the changing role of the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP), one of the biggest stumbling blocks to European integration, enlargement, and multilateral trade agreements. Marjoleine Hennis offers a unique perspective by focusing on the interaction between European integration and domestic politics. She analyzes the different levels of policymaking in the EU and applies a comparative analysis of interest intermediation in three important member states: France, Germany, and the Netherlands. Utilizing a political economy lens, the author draws a comprehensive picture of the structural changes in European agricultural policymaking by tracing the impact of globalization and the related changes in European regulation on the key actors in the CAP. Illuminating the dynamics and apparent contradictions of the CAP, this study offers valuable perspective on the contours of future European integration.