Journal articles: 'Reliability of real-time distributed systems'

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Grünsteidl, G., H. Kantz, and H. Kopetz. "Communication reliability in distributed real-time systems." IFAC Proceedings Volumes 25, no. 26 (September 1992): 123–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-08-041708-0.50031-3.

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Nunes, Urbano, José Alberto Fonseca, Luís Almeida, Rui Araújo, and Rodrigo Maia. "Using distributed systems in real-time control of autonomous vehicles." Robotica 21, no. 3 (May 13, 2003): 271–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263574702004770.

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In this paper distributed architectures for autonomous vehicles are addressed, with a special emphasis on its real-time control requirements. The interconnection of the distributed intelligent subsystems is a key factor in the overall performance of the system. To better understand the interconnection requirements, the main techniques and modules of a global navigation system are described. A special focus on fieldbuses properties and major characteristics is made in order to point out some potentialities, which make them attractive in autonomous vehicles real-time applications, either in terms of reliability as in terms of real-time restrictions.

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Sarkar, Anandita, Chandreyee Chowdhury, and Sarmistha Neogy. "Reliability Modeling of Embedded Nodes in Real Time Wireless Systems." International Journal of Embedded and Real-Time Communication Systems 4, no. 3 (July 2013): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijertcs.2013070101.

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Nowadays there is an increasing trend of applying wireless technologies in industrial automation. However, the industrial control environment is harsher and noisier posing more stringent requirements on real-time communication. The variation in wireless signal strength with time and location, and power limitation due to battery usage make the problem even worse. Accordingly, availability and reliability of such system should be seriously analyzed before deployment. Modeling the reliability of these distributed real-time systems with nodes having embedded software has become an integral part of the design process. The time constraints that real-time systems must meet directly affect the reliability measure itself irrespective of the nature of the measure. A metric for calculating system reliability is proposed in this paper and a Monte Carlo simulation based algorithm for calculating the same is presented here. The results show that system reliability stabilizes with time even with increasing network size.

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Delgado, Raimarius, Jaeho Park, and Byoung Choi. "Open Embedded Real-time Controllers for Industrial Distributed Control Systems." Electronics 8, no. 2 (February 17, 2019): 223. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics8020223.

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This paper presents design details adopting open embedded systems (OES) as real-time controllers in industrial distributed control systems. OES minimize development cost and enhance portability while addressing widely known shortcomings of their proprietary counterparts. These shortcomings include the black box method of distribution which hinders integration to more complex systems. However, OES are highly dependent on the compatibility of each software components and essential benchmarking is required to ensure that the system can satisfy hard real-time constraints. To address these issues and the notion that OES will find broader distributed control applications, we provide detailed procedures in realizing OES based on an open source real-time operating system on various low-cost open embedded platforms. Their performance was evaluated and compared in terms of periodicity and schedulability, task synchronization, and interrupt response time, which are crucial metrics to determine stability and reliability of real-time controllers. Practical implementations, including the modernization of a multi-axis industrial robot controller, are described clearly to serve as a comprehensive reference on the integration of OES in industrial distributed control systems.

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Bendib, Sonia Sabrina, Hamoudi Kalla, and Salim Kalla. "Bi-objective Scheduling with cooperating Heuristics for Embedded Real-Time Systems." Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 9, no. 3 (March 1, 2018): 789. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v9.i3.pp789-798.

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This paper proposes Makespan and Reliability based approach, a static sheduling strategy for distributed real time embedded systems that aims to optimize the Makespan and the reliability of an application. This scheduling problem is NP-hard and we rely on a heuristic algorithm to obtain efficiently approximate solutions. Two contributions have to be outlined: First, a hierarchical cooperation between heuristics ensuring to treat alternatively the objectives and second, an Adapatation Module allowing to improve solution exploration by extending the search space. It results a set of compromising solutions offering the designer the possibility to make choices in line with his (her) needs. The method was tested and experimental results are provided

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Jin, Hai, Xia Xie, Yunfa Li, Zongfen Han, Zhihua Dai, and Peng Lu. "A Real-Time Performance Evaluation Model for Distributed Software with Reliability Constrains." Journal of Supercomputing 34, no. 2 (November 2005): 165–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11227-005-2338-9.

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CHO, KILSEOK, ALAN D. GEORGE, and RAJ SUBRAMANIYAN. "FAULT-TOLERANT PARALLEL ALGORITHMS FOR ADAPTIVE MATCHED-FIELD PROCESSING ON DISTRIBUTED ARRAY SYSTEMS." Journal of Computational Acoustics 13, no. 04 (December 2005): 667–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218396x0500289x.

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Continuous innovations in adaptive matched-field processing (MFP) algorithms have presented significant increases in computational complexity and resource requirements that make development and use of advanced parallel processing techniques imperative. In real-time sonar systems operating in severe underwater environments, there is a high likelihood of some part of systems exhibiting defective behavior, resulting in loss of critical network, processor, and sensor elements, and degradation in beam power pattern. Such real-time sonar systems require high reliability to overcome these challenging problems. In this paper, efficient fault-tolerant parallel algorithms based on coarse-grained domain decomposition methods are developed in order to meet real-time and reliability requirements on distributed array systems in the presence of processor and sensor element failures. The performance of the fault-tolerant parallel algorithms is experimentally analyzed in terms of beamforming performance, computation time, speedup, and parallel efficiency on a distributed testbed. The performance results demonstrate that these fault-tolerant parallel algorithms can provide real-time, scalable, lightweight, and fault-tolerant implementations for adaptive MFP algorithms on distributed array systems.

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Alimujiang, Yi Ming, and Mai Maiti Reziwan. "A Simple Switched Ethernet Protocol for Hard Real-Time Communication." Advanced Materials Research 677 (March 2013): 490–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.677.490.

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This paper presents a simple and efficient switched Ethernet communication protocol for industrial hard real-time LAN applications. The network is set up with end nodes and a switch, in small-size industrial network covering such as factory automation, distributed control systems and embedded systems. Compared to some conventional hard real-time network protocols by performing some experiments, the proposed protocol has better real-time performances and meets the requirements of reliability for hard real-time system applications.

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Kimura, Mitsutaka, Mitsuhiro Imaizumi, and Toshio Nakagawa. "Replication Policy of Real-Time Distributed System for Cloud Computing." International Journal of Reliability, Quality and Safety Engineering 22, no. 05 (October 2015): 1550024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218539315500242.

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Recently, cloud computing has been widely used for the purpose of protecting client data on the Internet [A. Weiss, Computing in the clouds, netWorker11 (2007) 16–25; M. Armbrust et al., Above the clouds: A Berkeley view of cloud computing, Technical Report UCV/EECS-2009-28, University of California at Berkeley (2009)]. But when a client receives network service, response time may be slow because the data center is located in a remote place. In order to solve the problem, real-time distributed systems for cloud computing has been proposed [M. Okuno, D. Ito, H. Miyamoto, H. Aoki, Y. Tsushima and T. Yazaki, A study on distributed information and communication processing architecture for next generation cloud system, IEICE Tech. Report109(A48) (2010) 241–246; M. Okuno, S. Tsutsumi and T. Yazaki, A study of high available distributed network processing technique for next generation cloud system, IEICE Tech. Report111(8) (2011) 25–30; S. Yamada, J. Marukawa, D. Ishii, S. Okamoto and N. Yamanaka, A study of parallel transmission technique with GMPLS in intelligent cloud network, IEICE Tech. Report109(455) (2010) 51–56]. The cloud computing system consists of some intelligent nodes as well as a data center. The data center manages all client data. The intelligent node provides client service near clients. It enables to provide client service at short response time [M. Okuno, D. Ito, H. Miyamoto, H. Aoki, Y. Tsushima and T. Yazaki, A study on distributed information and communication processing architecture for next generation cloud system, IEICE Tech. Report109(448) (2010) 241–246]. We considered the reliability model of distributed information processing for cloud computing, derived cost effectiveness and discussed the optimal replication interval to minimize it [M. Kimura, M. Imaizumi and T. Nakagawa, Reliability modeling of distributed information processing for cloud computing, in Proc. 20th ISSAT Int. Conf. Reliability and Quality in Design (2014), pp. 183–187]. Authors had dealt with the server system with one failure mode. In this paper, we consider the reliability model of a real-time distributed system with n intelligent nodes and formulate a stochastic model of the server system with n intelligent nodes for changing the other normal intelligent node at failure. We derive the expected numbers of the replication and of updating the client data. Further, we derive the expected cost and discuss an optimal replication interval to minimize it. Next, we derive the cost effectiveness and discuss an optimal number of intelligent nodes to minimize it.

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Wu, Wenbo, Jiahong Liang, Xinyu Yao, and Baohong Liu. "Simulated Annealing Algorithm Combined with Chaos for Task Allocation in Real-Time Distributed Systems." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2014 (2014): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/151394.

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This paper addresses the problem of task allocation in real-time distributed systems with the goal of maximizing the system reliability, which has been shown to be NP-hard. We take account of the deadline constraint to formulate this problem and then propose an algorithm called chaotic adaptive simulated annealing (XASA) to solve the problem. Firstly, XASA begins with chaotic optimization which takes a chaotic walk in the solution space and generates several local minima; secondly XASA improves SA algorithm via several adaptive schemes and continues to search the optimal based on the results of chaotic optimization. The effectiveness of XASA is evaluated by comparing with traditional SA algorithm and improved SA algorithm. The results show that XASA can achieve a satisfactory performance of speedup without loss of solution quality.

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Saoudi, El Mehdi, Abderrahmane Adoui El Ouadrhiri, Said Jai Andaloussi, Othmane El Warrak, and Abderrahim Sekkaki. "Content Based Video Retrieval by Using Distributed Real-Time System Based on Storm." International Journal of Embedded and Real-Time Communication Systems 10, no. 4 (October 2019): 60–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijertcs.2019100104.

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Time processing is a challenging issue for content-based video retrieval systems, especially when the process of indexing, classifying and retrieving desired and relevant videos is from a huge database. A CBVR system called bounded coordinate of motion histogram (BCMH) has been implemented as a case study. The BCMH offline step requires a long time to complete the learning phase, and the online step falls short in addressing the real-time video processing. To overcome these drawbacks, this article presents a batch-oriented computing based on Apache Hadoop to improve the time processing for the offline step, and a real-time oriented computing based on Apache Storm topologies to achieve a real-time response for the online step. The proposed approach is tested on the HOLLYWOOD2 dataset and the obtained results demonstrate reliability and efficiency of the proposed method.

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Losert, Thomas, Martin Schlager, and Wilfried Elmenreich. "Fault-Tolerant Compensation of the Propagation Delay for Hard Real-Time Systems." Journal of Advanced Computational Intelligence and Intelligent Informatics 9, no. 4 (July 20, 2005): 346–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jaciii.2005.p0346.

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In control systems the jitter is a relevant problem since the majority of theoretical results for analysis and design of time-invariant systems do not apply for time-variant systems. Reducing the jitter increases the stability of the closed control-loop thus leading to enhanced reliability. This paper presents a general model that can be applied to bus topologies as well as to star topologies. Based on this model an algorithm is presented that allows to improve the precision of a set of distributed clocks by measuring the propagation delay of the communication lines in a fault-tolerant way and compensating the jitter introduced by the propagation delay. Some fault-tolerant architectures already provide means for coping with propagation delays but require manually entering the values in a configuration-tool. With this algorithm the system supports this error-prone task by providing validity checks for the entered values or measuring these values automatically thus rendering this maintenance step obsolete.

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Vijayalakshmi, G. "Dependability Analysis of Homogeneous Distributed Software/Hardware Systems." International Journal of Reliability, Quality and Safety Engineering 22, no. 02 (April 2015): 1550007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218539315500072.

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With the increasing demand for high availability in safety-critical systems such as banking systems, military systems, nuclear systems, aircraft systems to mention a few, reliability analysis of distributed software/hardware systems continue to be the focus of most researchers. The reliability analysis of a homogeneous distributed software/hardware system (HDSHS) with k-out-of-n : G configuration and no load-sharing nodes is analyzed. However, in practice the system load is shared among the working nodes in a distributed system. In this paper, the dependability analysis of a HDSHS with load-sharing nodes is presented. This distributed system has a load-sharing k-out-of-(n + m) : G configuration. A Markov model for HDSHS is developed. The failure time distribution of the hardware is represented by the accelerated failure time model. The software faults are detected during software testing and removed upon failure. The Jelinski–Moranda software reliability model is used. The maintenance personal can repair the system up on both software and hardware failure. The dependability measures such as reliability, availability and mean time to failure are obtained. The effect of load-sharing hosts on system hazard function and system reliability is presented. Furthermore, an availability comparison of our results and the results in the literature is presented.

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Battu, Neelakanteshwar Rao, A. R. Abhyankar, and Nilanjan Senroy. "DG Planning with Amalgamation of Operational and Reliability Considerations." International Journal of Emerging Electric Power Systems 17, no. 2 (April 1, 2016): 131–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ijeeps-2015-0142.

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Abstract Distributed Generation has been playing a vital role in dealing issues related to distribution systems. This paper presents an approach which provides policy maker with a set of solutions for DG placement to optimize reliability and real power loss of the system. Optimal location of a Distributed Generator is evaluated based on performance indices derived for reliability index and real power loss. The proposed approach is applied on a 15-bus radial distribution system and a 18-bus radial distribution system with conventional and wind distributed generators individually.

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YIMING, ALIMUJIANG, and TOSHIO EISAKA. "A SWITCHED ETHERNET PROTOCOL FOR HARD REAL-TIME EMBEDDED SYSTEM APPLICATIONS." Journal of Interconnection Networks 06, no. 03 (September 2005): 345–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219265905001460.

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This paper presents a protocol to support hard real-time traffic of end-to-end communication over non real-time LAN technology. The network is set up with nodes and switches, and real-time communication is handled by software (protocol) added between the Ethernet protocols and the TCP/IP suite. The proposed protocol establishes a virtual circuit based on admission control and manages hard real-time traffic to bypass the TCP/IP stack. This makes considerably reduce the dwell time in the nodes, and increase the achievable data frame rate. After the bypassing, traffic schedule is performed according to dynamic-priority EDF algorithm. The work does not need any modifications in the Ethernet hardware and coexists with TCP/IP suites, and then the LAN with the protocol can be connected to any existing Ethernet networks. It can be adopted in industrial hard real-time applications such as embedded systems, distributed control systems, parallel signal processing and robotics. We have performed some experiments to evaluate the protocol. Compared to some conventional hard real-time network protocols, the proposed one has better real-time performances and meets the requirements of reliability for hard real-time systems.

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Thalij, Saadi Hamad, and Veli Hakkoymaz. "Multiobjective Glowworm Swarm Optimization-Based Dynamic Replication Algorithm for Real-Time Distributed Databases." Scientific Programming 2018 (December 4, 2018): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/2724692.

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Distributed systems offer resources to be accessed geographically for large-scale data requests of different users. In many cases, replication of the vital data files and storing their replica in multiple locations accessible to the requesting clients is vital in improving the data availability, reliability, security, and reduction of the execution time. It is important that real-time distributed databases maintain the consistency constraints and also guarantee the time constraints required by the client requests. However, when the size of the distributed system increases, the user access time also tends to increase, which in turn increases the vitality of the replica placement. Thus, the primary issues that emerge are deciding upon an optimal replication number and identifying perfect locations to store the replicated data. These open challenges have been considered in this study, which turns to develop a dynamic data replication algorithm for real-time distributed databases using a multiobjective glowworm swarm optimization (MGSO) strategy. The proposed algorithm adapts the random patterns of the read-write requests and employs a dynamic window mechanism for replication. It also models the replica number and placement problem as a multiobjective optimization problem and utilizes MGSO for resolving it. The cost models are presented to ensure the time constraint satisfaction in servicing user requests. The performance of the MGSO dynamic data replication algorithm has been studied using competitive analysis, and the results show the efficiency of the proposed algorithm for the distributed databases.

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Hoffert, Joe, Aniruddha Gokhale, and Douglas C. Schmidt. "Timely Autonomic Adaptation of Publish/Subscribe Middleware in Dynamic Environments." International Journal of Adaptive, Resilient and Autonomic Systems 2, no. 4 (October 2011): 1–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/jaras.2011100101.

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Quality-of-service enabled publish/subscribe (pub/sub) middleware provides powerful support for scalable data dissemination. It is difficult to maintain key quality of service properties (such as reliability and latency) in dynamic environments for distributed real-time and embedded systems (such as disaster relief operations or power grids). Managing quality of service manually is often not feasible in dynamic environments due to slow response times, the complexity of managing multiple interrelated quality of service settings, and the scale of the systems being managed. For certain domains, distributed real-time and embedded systems must be able to reflect on the conditions of their environment and adapt accordingly in a bounded amount of time. This paper describes an architecture of quality of service-enabled middleware and corresponding algorithms to support specified quality of service in dynamic environments.

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Sheltami, Tarek R., Danish Sattar, Elhadi M. Shakshuki, and Ashraf S. Mahmoud. "Real-Time Performance Evaluation for Flooding and Recursive Time Synchronization Protocols over Arduino and XBee." International Journal of Distributed Sensor Networks 2015 (2015): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/652041.

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Time synchronization is a crucial part of distributed systems. It is often required for data reliability and coordination in wireless sensor networks (WSNs). Wireless sensor networks have three major goals: time synchronization, low bandwidth operation, and energy efficiency. Different time synchronization algorithms are aimed at achieving these objectives using various methods. This paper presents performance evaluation of two state-of-the-art time synchronization protocols, namely, Flooding Time Synchronization Protocol and Recursive Time Synchronization Protocol. To achieve time synchronization in wireless sensor networks, these two protocols make use of broadcast and peer-to-peer mechanisms. Flooding Time Synchronization Protocol uses the former mechanism, while Recursive Time Synchronization Protocol uses the latter mechanism. To perform the performance evaluation, three performance metrics are used including synchronization message count per cycle, bandwidth, and convergence time. Arduino is used as a micro-controller and XBee as transceiver to verify these metrics by utilizing different topologies.

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Dziadak, Bogdan, Lukasz Makowski, and Andrzej Michalski. "Some Practical Problems of Communications Reliability in Enviromental Monitoring Systems." Metrology and Measurement Systems 20, no. 3 (September 1, 2013): 337–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/mms-2013-0029.

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Abstract In this paper, some issues of building a reliable, distributed measurement system for monitoring of water quality in reservoir Lake Dobczyckie are presented. The system is based on a measurement station that has the shape of a floating buoy which is supposed to be at anchor on the reservoir. Wireless data transmission problems that were encountered during the development of the buoy, modeling a radio link, and measurements of actual signal strength on the reservoir are discussed. A mathematical approach to procedures of early situation assessment was conducted, and specialized procedures were designed for measurement stations of the system. It is also discussed how such computations can improve a qualitative assessment of system performance in terms of real-time messaging

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Shatnawi, Omar. "Testing-Effort Dependent Software Reliability Model for Distributed Systems." International Journal of Distributed Systems and Technologies 4, no. 2 (April 2013): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/jdst.2013040101.

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Distributed systems are being developed in the context of the client-server architecture. Client-server architectures dominate the landscape of computer-based systems. Client-server systems are developed using the classical software engineering activities. Developing distributed systems is an activity that consumes time and resources. Even if the degree of automation of software development activities increased, resources are an important limitation. Reusability is widely believed to be a key direction to improving software development productivity and quality. Software metrics are needed to identify the place where resources are needed; they are an extremely important source of information for decision making. In this paper, an attempt has been made to describe the relationship between the calendar time, the fault removal process and the testing-effort consumption in a distributed development environment. Software fault removal phenomena and testing-effort expenditures are described by a non-homogenous Poisson process (NHPP) and testing-effort curves respectively. Actual software reliability data cited in literature have been used to demonstrate the proposed model. The results are fairly encouraging.

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Wu, Huifeng, Junjie Hu, Jiexiang Sun, and Danfeng Sun. "Edge Computing in an IoT Base Station System: Reprogramming and Real-Time Tasks." Complexity 2019 (March 5, 2019): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/4027638.

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There are millions of base stations distributed across China, each containing many support devices and monitoring sensors. Conventional base station management systems tend to be hosted in the cloud, but cloud-based systems are difficult to reprogram and performing tasks in real-time is sometimes problematic, for example, sounding a combination of alarms or executing linked tasks. To overcome these drawbacks, we propose a hybrid edge-cloud IoT base station system, called BSIS. This paper includes a theoretical mathematical model that demonstrates the dynamic characteristics of BSIS along with a formulation for implementing BSIS in practice. Embedded programmable logic controllers serve as the edge nodes; a dynamic programming method creates a seamless integration between the edge nodes and the cloud. The paper concludes with a series of comprehensive analyses on scalability, responsiveness, and reliability. These analyses indicate a possible 60% reduction in the number of alarms, an edge response time of less than 0.1s, and an average downtime ratio of 0.66%.

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Cao, Yunan. "A Formal Specification Framework for Designing and Verifying Reliable and Dependable Software for CNC Systems." Advances in Mechanical Engineering 6 (January 1, 2014): 869474. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/869474.

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As a distributed computing system, a CNC system needs to be operated reliably, dependably, and safely. How to design reliable and dependable software and perform effective verification for CNC systems becomes an important research problem. In this paper, we propose a new modeling method called TTM/ATRTTL (timed transition models/all-time real-time temporal logics) for specifying CNC systems. TTM/ATRTTL provides full supports for specifying hard real time and feedback that are needed for modeling CNC systems. We also propose a verification framework with verification rules and theorems and implement it with STeP and SF2STeP. The proposed verification framework can check reliability, dependability, and safety of systems specified by our TTM/ATRTTL method. We apply our modeling and verification techniques on an open architecture CNC (OAC) system and conduct comprehensive studies on modeling and verifying a system controller that is the key part of OAC. The results show that our method can effectively model and verify CNC systems and generate CNC software that can satisfy system requirements in reliability, dependability, and safety.

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Jiang, Mei Lei, Jian Feng Feng, and Kai Li. "Research on the Technology of Middleware of Distributed Spectrum Monitoring System." Applied Mechanics and Materials 599-601 (August 2014): 1057–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.599-601.1057.

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Currently, the electromagnetic environment has become more and more complicated. So, the research of real-time monitoring and analysis of regional radio signals and real-time display the electromagnetic situation of the region is more and more important. In this paper, the related technologies of the spectrum of existing monitoring systems is in-depth studied, and its own characteristics is analyzed, and on this basis, the reasons of using a distributed spectrum monitoring system is discussed. Secondly, for the demand of the issue, this paper put forward a design concept of distributed spectrum monitoring system which based on middleware, in other words, to apply the middleware technology to the distributed spectrum monitoring system, using the middleware to achieve the distribution of tasks and transmission of the results when coping with multiple testing tasks. Finally, designed and implemented the middleware, and the reliability and performance of middleware have been tested.

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KAPUR, P. K., D. N. GOSWAMI, and AMIT GUPTA. "A SOFTWARE RELIABILITY GROWTH MODEL WITH TESTING EFFORT DEPENDENT LEARNING FUNCTION FOR DISTRIBUTED SYSTEMS." International Journal of Reliability, Quality and Safety Engineering 11, no. 04 (December 2004): 365–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218539304001579.

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Effective software process improvement will not start until management insists that product development work be planned and properly managed. This becomes even more challenging in an increasing number of major system developments made up from distributed sub-system software projects. These sub-systems are integrated and validated to provide the final system and product release. The need is growing to estimate, risk assess, plan and manage the development of these distributed sub-systems and the final full system release. In this paper, an attempt has been made to model the software reliability growth phenomenon with testing effort in a distributed development environment. Proposed Non Homogeneous Poisson Process (NHPP) based model assumes that the software system consists of a finite number of reused and newly developed sub-systems. The reused sub-systems do not consider the effect of severity of the faults on the software reliability growth phenomenon because they stabilize over a period of time i.e., the growth is uniform whereas, the newly developed sub-system do consider that. Fault removal phenomenon for reused and newly developed sub-systems have been modeled separately and is summed up to get the total fault removal phenomenon of the software system. The applicability of our model is shown by validating it on software failure data sets obtained from different real software development projects. The comparisons with established models in terms of goodness of fit, the Akaike Information Criterion (AIC), Mean of Squared Errors (MSE) have been presented.

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Al-Madani, Basem, Anas Al-Roubaiey, and Mohammad F. Al-Hammouri. "Performance Enhancement of Limited-Bandwidth Industrial Control Systems." Advanced Materials Research 739 (August 2013): 608–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.739.608.

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Due to its portability, reliability, flexibility, real time and rich set of QoS support, Data Distribution Service (DDs) middleware became one of the best solutions for real time distributed manufacturing systems. Most of these systems are composed of heterogeneous networked devices where network bandwidth represents a very important resource. Those devices include limited-resources devices, such as sensors, actuators and controllers. Thus, controlling such resource will significantly enhance the overall performance of the network in terms of resource utilization, delay, and throughput; moreover, it reduces the cost of using leased network bandwidth by limiting the amount of bandwidth as much as needed. In this paper we propose a solution for controlling the limited-bandwidth networked manufacturing systems by using DDS; and we describe the DDS QoS polices that support manufacturing systems to control network bandwidth. Furthermore, we evaluate DDS middleware performance over Bluetooth channel by measuring latency, throughput and jitter; and examining different QoS parameters to show their effect on improving the existing limited-bandwidth networks.

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Cui, Ziyuan, Hai Lin, Yan Wu, Yufei Wang, and Xiao Feng. "Optimization of Pipeline Network Layout for Multiple Heat Sources Distributed Energy Systems Considering Reliability Evaluation." Processes 9, no. 8 (July 28, 2021): 1308. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr9081308.

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Due to the target of carbon neutrality, energy saving has become more important than ever. At the same time, the widespread use of distributed energy systems and the regional utilization of industrial waste heat leads to the existence of multiple heat sources in an area. Therefore, how to design an economical and reliable pipeline network to meet energy-saving demand under multiple heat source conditions becomes a problem. In this work, an optimization method is established to determine the optimal pipeline network topology with minimum total annual cost. In this optimization method, Star tree algorithm, Kruskal algorithm and GeoSteiner algorithm are combined with a linear programming model to establish a distributed energy pipeline network for multiple heat sources. The model incorporates Euclidean Steiner Minimum Tree and Rectilinear Steiner Minimum Tree in the consideration of the topology optimization of Distributed Energy System pipeline networks. Four pipeline network topologies, STAR, Minimum Spanning Tree, Euclidean Steiner Minimum Tree and Rectilinear Steiner Minimum Tree, are evaluated in this paper from economic and reliability perspectives. A case extracted from a real industrial park where steam is the medium is used to prove the validity of the model. The optimization results show that a Euclidean Steiner Minimum Tree pipeline network has a lower total annual cost than three other types of pipeline network and ranks second in reliability. Considering the comprehensive economy and reliability, ESMT is the optimal pipeline network type of distributed energy system with steam as the medium.

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Ji, Hao, Meng Wang, Ting Yang, and Junjie Zhao. "State feedback control aware stochastic transmitting latency in cyber-physical power system." International Journal of Distributed Sensor Networks 14, no. 9 (September 2018): 168781401878740. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1550147718802260.

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Distributed sensor networks with a great number of sensors realize information gathering, transmitting, and controlling, which will greatly improve the reliability and efficiency of industrial infrastructure systems, such as cyber-physical power system. Cyber-physical power system is one of the heuristic systems tightly coupled by a continuous-time electrical power system and a discrete-time information system. The transmitting latency, packets disorder, or loss will fail system convergence, even unstable under disturbance. This article studies the effect of long latency on cyber-physical power system frequency stability based on network control theory and establishes a heuristic model to express the continuous-time distributed generation system and the discrete-time distributed sensor network. A new state feedback controller is designed based on the stochastic optimal control theory to solve the micro-grid’s frequency stability problem with stochastic latency disturbance. Finally, we have conducted an extensive evaluation study using a real distributed generation micro-grid system. The simulation results show that the new controller reduces the influence of distributed sensor networks transmitting latency on the frequency stability, and the frequency dynamic process in the distributed generation micro-grid has smaller overshoot and obtains faster dynamic response speed.

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Ni, Yanting, Yuchen Li, Jin Yao, and Jingmin Li. "Development of an integrated real time dispatching system." Journal of Manufacturing Technology Management 25, no. 7 (August 26, 2014): 980–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jmtm-01-2012-0006.

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Purpose – In a complex semiconductor manufacturing system (SMS) environment, the implementation of dynamic production scheduling and dispatching strategies is critical for SMS distributed collaborative manufacturing events to make quick and correct decisions. The purpose of this paper is to assist manufacturers in achieving the real time dispatching and obtaining integrated optimization for shop floor production scheduling. Design/methodology/approach – In this paper, an integrated model is designed under assemble to order environment and a framework of a real time dispatching (IRTD) system for production scheduling control is presented accordingly. Both of the scheduling and ordering performances are integrated into the days of inventory based dispatching algorithm, which can deal with the multiple indicators of dynamic scheduling and ordering in this system to generate the “optimal” dispatching policies. Subsequently, the platform of IRTD system is realized with four modules function embedded. Findings – The proposed IRTD system is designed to compare the previous constant work in process method in the experiment, which shows the better performance achievement of the IRTD system for shop floor production dynamic scheduling and order control. The presented framework and algorithm can facilitate real time dispatching information integration to obtain performance metrics in terms of reliability, availability, and maintainability. Research limitations/implications – The presented system can be further developed to generic factory manufacturing with the presented logic and architecture proliferation. Originality/value – The IRTD system can integrate the real time customer demand and work in process information, based on which manufacturers can make correct and timely decisions in solving dispatching strategies and ordering selection within an integrated information system.

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Li, Zhi Keng. "Application of NSGA-II and PGA in Network Planning of the Distributed Systems." Advanced Materials Research 433-440 (January 2012): 4888–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.433-440.4888.

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The issue of power reliability in a middle-voltage distributed network is now emerging as an international concern. Therefore, in this paper, an optimal model with two objectives, reliability and economy, for network planning of a distributed system is established. Based on the Pareto optimum theory, the Non-dominated Sorting Genetic algorithm II (NSGA-II), which is combined with the specific genetic operators in Partheno-genetic algorithm (PGA), is used to solve the proposed model. By the obtained well-proportioned Pareto solution set, the final network planning scheme can be found according to different real engineering conditions, thus different demands in engineering can be satisfied. A typical example is used to verify the proposed model and algorithm effective.

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Jia, Heping, Rui Peng, Yi Ding, and Changzheng Shao. "Reliability analysis of distributed storage systems considering data loss and theft." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part O: Journal of Risk and Reliability 234, no. 2 (November 22, 2019): 303–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1748006x19885508.

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With the advancement of cloud computing and internet of things, data are usually stored on distributed computers and these data may risk being lost or stolen. In this article, we consider a common case where the entirety of the data is partitioned into several parts and each data part can be allocated to one or more computers. In the case where a computer fails, all the data parts on it are lost. Before the failure of any computer, the data parts may also be stolen by hackers. The basic model of computer failure and computer intrusion resulting in the theft of all the data parts on the computer is considered first. Then, the case is extended to a general model where computer failure, as well as data part corruption and theft caused by hacking are embedded. It is essential to study the reliability of distributed storage systems considering both data loss and data theft, which can be a basis for decision making on system structure optimization. In this article, a multi-valued decision diagram–based approach is developed to quantitatively evaluate system reliability for both models considering the time-dependence property of sequential events. The proposed method is applicable to systems where the random time to failure, theft, or corruption follows arbitrary distributions including the commonly used exponential distributions. Illustrative examples are provided to validate the proposed method.

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A., Botchkaryov. "STRUCTURAL ADAPTATION OF DATA COLLECTION PROCESSES IN AUTONOMOUS DISTRIBUTED SYSTEMS USING REINFORCEMENT LEARNING METHODS." Computer systems and network 2, no. 1 (March 23, 2017): 13–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.23939/csn2020.01.013.

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A method of structural adaptation of data collection processes has been developed based on reinforcement learning of the decision block on the choice of actions at the structural and functional level subordinated to it, which provides a more efficient distribution of measuring and computing resources, higher reliability and survivability of information collection subsystems of an autonomous distributed system compared to methods of parametric adaptation. In particular, according to the results of experimental studies, the average amount of information collected in one step using the method of structural adaptation is 23.2% more than in the case of using the methods of parametric adaptation. At the same time, the amount of computational costs for the work of the structural adaptation method is on average 42.3% more than for the work of parametric adaptation methods. The reliability of the work of the method of structural adaptation was studied using the efficiency preservation coefficient for different values of the failure rate of data collection processes. Using the recovery rate coefficient for various values of relative simultaneous sudden failures, the survivability of a set of data collection processes organized by the method of structural adaptation has been investigated. In terms of reliability, the structural adaptation method exceeds the parametric adaptation methods by an average of 21.1%. The average survivability rate for the method of structural adaptation is greater than for methods of parametric adaptation by 18.4%. Key words: autonomous distributed system, data collection process, structural adaptation, reinforcement learning

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Parvardeh, A., and N. Balakrishnan. "On the Conditional Residual Life and Inactivity Time of Coherent Systems." Journal of Applied Probability 51, no. 04 (December 2014): 990–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021900200011931.

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In this paper we derive mixture representations for the reliability functions of the conditional residual life and inactivity time of a coherent system with n independent and identically distributed components. Based on these mixture representations we carry out stochastic comparisons on the conditional residual life, and the inactivity time of two coherent systems with independent and identical components.

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Parvardeh, A., and N. Balakrishnan. "On the Conditional Residual Life and Inactivity Time of Coherent Systems." Journal of Applied Probability 51, no. 4 (December 2014): 990–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1239/jap/1421763323.

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In this paper we derive mixture representations for the reliability functions of the conditional residual life and inactivity time of a coherent system with n independent and identically distributed components. Based on these mixture representations we carry out stochastic comparisons on the conditional residual life, and the inactivity time of two coherent systems with independent and identical components.

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Chen, Jie, Guang-Hui Xu, and Liang Geng. "Multiconsensus of Nonlinear Multiagent Systems with Intermittent Communication." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2020 (August 27, 2020): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/1736706.

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Compared with single consensus, the multiconsensus of multiagent systems with nonlinear dynamics can reflect some real-world cases. This paper proposes a novel distributed law based only on intermittent relative information to achieve the multiconsensus. By constructing an appropriate Lyapunov function, sufficient conditions on control parameters are derived to undertake the reliability of closed-loop dynamics. Ultimately, the availability of results is completely validated by these numerical examples.

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Ni, Yanting, and Yi Wang. "A double decoupling postponement approach for integrated mixed flow production systems." Kybernetes 44, no. 5 (May 5, 2015): 705–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/k-10-2014-0229.

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Purpose – In a mixed flow production environment, interactions between production planning and scheduling are critical for mixed flow distributed manufacturing management. The purpose of this paper is to assist manufacturers in achieving real-time ordering and obtaining integrated optimization of shop floor production planning and scheduling for mixed flow production systems. Design/methodology/approach – A double decoupling postponement (DDP) approach is presented for production dispatch control, and an integrated model is designed under an assemble to order (ATO) environment. To generate “optimal” lots to fulfil real-time customer requests, constant work in progress (CONWIP) and days of inventory dispatching algorithms are embedded into the proposed DDP model, which can deal with real-time ordering and dynamic scheduling simultaneously. Subsequently, a case study is conducted, and experiments are carried out to verify the presented method. Findings – The proposed DDP model is designed to upgrade a previous CONWIP method in the case study company, and the proposed model demonstrates better performance for the integration of production planning and scheduling in mixed flow manufacturing. As a result, the presented operation mechanism can reflect real-time ordering information to shop floor scheduling and obtain performance metrics in terms of reliability, availability and maintainability. Research limitations/implications – The presented model can be further proliferated to generic factory manufacturing with the proposed logic and architecture. Originality/value – The DDP model can integrate real-time customer orders and work in process information, upon which manufacturers can make correct decisions for dispatch strategies and order selection within an integrated system.

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Scoba, Andrey, Vladislav Mikhaylov, and Ayesh Achmed Nafea Ayesh. "Solving the Problem of Determining the Maximum Fault Tolerance of Distributed Information Processing Systems with a Limit on Their Reactivity." Известия высших учебных заведений. Электромеханика 63, no. 6 (2020): 44–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.17213/0136-3360-2020-6-44-50.

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The use of exponential Queuing networks for calculating the reliability characteristics of distributed in-formation processing systems is proposed. This allows you to naturally tie the reliability characteristics of the system (failure rates) with its technical and operational characteristics (the average response time of the system to user requests). And also reduce the problem to calculating stationary probabilities of Queuing network States. The article formulates and solves the optimization problem of finding the maximum fault tolerance of distributed information processing systems implemented on the basis of a two-level and three-level client-server architecture with a fixed value of the average system response time to user requests. The problem of determining the fault tolerance indicators of distributed information processing systems is reduced to the problem of deter-mining the stationary probabilities of Queuing network States. The article presents the results of numerical ex-periments. The analysis of the obtained results shows the prospects of using these models to obtain estimates of the reliability characteristics distributed information processing systems in various subject areas.

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Nikpey Somehsaraei, Homam, Susmita Ghosh, Sayantan Maity, Payel Pramanik, Sudipta De, and Mohsen Assadi. "Automated Data Filtering Approach for ANN Modeling of Distributed Energy Systems: Exploring the Application of Machine Learning." Energies 13, no. 14 (July 21, 2020): 3750. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13143750.

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To realize the distributed generation and to make the partnership between the dispatchable units and variable renewable resources work efficiently, accurate and flexible monitoring needs to be implemented. Due to digital transformation in the energy industry, a large amount of data is and will be captured every day, but the inability to process them in real time challenges the conventional monitoring and maintenance practices. Access to automated and reliable data-filtering tools seems to be crucial for the monitoring of many distributed generation units, avoiding false warnings and improving the reliability. This study aims to evaluate a machine-learning-based methodology for autodetecting outliers from real data, exploring an interdisciplinary solution to replace the conventional manual approach that was very time-consuming and error-prone. The raw data used in this study was collected from experiments on a 100-kW micro gas turbine test rig in Norway. The proposed method uses Density-Based Spatial Clustering of Applications with Noise (DBSCAN) to detect and filter out the outliers. The filtered datasets are used to develop artificial neural networks (ANNs) as a baseline to predict the normal performance of the system for monitoring applications. Results show that the filtering method presented is reliable and fast, minimizing time and resources for data processing. It was also shown that the proposed method has the potential to enhance the performance of the predictive models and ANN-based monitoring.

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Lin, Min-Sheng. "Linear-time algorithms for computing the reliability of bipartite and (#⩽2) star distributed computing systems." Computers & Operations Research 30, no. 11 (September 2003): 1697–712. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0305-0548(02)00100-4.

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You, Peng Fei, Yu Xing Peng, Zhen Huang, and Chang Jian Wang. "Tree-Structured Parallel Regeneration Based on Regenerating Codes for Multiple Data Losses in Distributed Storage Systems." Advanced Materials Research 918 (April 2014): 295–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.918.295.

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In distributed storage systems, erasure codes represent an attractive data redundancy solution which can provide the same reliability as replication requiring much less storage space. Multiple data losses happens usually and the lost data should be regenerated to maintain data redundancy in distributed storage systems. Regeneration for multiple data losses is expected to be finished as soon as possible, because the regeneration time can influence the data reliability and availability of distributed storage systems. However, multiple data losses is usually regenerated by regenerating single data loss one by one, which brings high entire regeneration time and severely reduces the data reliability and availability of distributed storage systems. In this paper, we propose a tree-structured parallel regeneration scheme based on regenerating codes (TPRORC) for multiple data losses in distributed storage systems. In our scheme, multiple regeneration trees based on regenerating code are constructed. Firstly, these trees are created independently, each of which dose not share any edges from the others and is responsible for one data loss; secondly, every regeneration tree based on regenerating codes owns the least network traffic and bandwidth optimized-paths for regenerating its data loss. Thus it can perform parallel regeneration for multiple data losses by using multiple optimized topology trees, in which network bandwidth is utilized efficiently and entire regeneration is overlapped. Our simulation results show that the tree-structured parallel regeneration scheme reduces the regeneration time significantly, compared to other regular regeneration schemes.

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Navas, Miguel Angel, Carlos Sancho, and Jose Carpio. "Reliability analysis in railway repairable systems." International Journal of Quality & Reliability Management 34, no. 8 (September 4, 2017): 1373–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijqrm-06-2016-0087.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to present the results of the application of various models to estimate the reliability in railway repairable systems. Design/methodology/approach The methodology proposed by the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC), using homogeneous Poisson process (HPP) and non-homogeneous Poisson process (NHPP) models, is adopted. Additionally, renewal process (RP) models, not covered by the IEC, are used, with a complementary analysis to characterize the failure intensity thereby obtained. Findings The findings show the impact of the recurrent failures in the times between failures (TBF) for rejection of the HPP and NHPP models. For systems not exhibiting a trend, RP models are presented, with TBF described by three-parameter lognormal or generalized logistic distributions, together with a methodology for generating clusters. Research limitations/implications For those systems that do not exhibit a trend, TBF is assumed to be independent and identically distributed (i.i.d.), and therefore, RP models of “perfect repair” have to be used. Practical implications Maintenance managers must refocus their efforts to study the reliability of individual repairable systems and their recurrent failures, instead of collections, in order to customize maintenance to the needs of each system. Originality/value The stochastic process models were applied for the first time to electric traction systems in 23 trains and to 40 escalators with ten years of operating data in a railway company. A practical application of the IEC models is presented for the first time.

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Gupta, Kirti, Subham Sahoo, Bijaya Ketan Panigrahi, Frede Blaabjerg, and Petar Popovski. "On the Assessment of Cyber Risks and Attack Surfaces in a Real-Time Co-Simulation Cybersecurity Testbed for Inverter-Based Microgrids." Energies 14, no. 16 (August 12, 2021): 4941. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14164941.

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The integration of variable distributed generations (DGs) and loads in microgrids (MGs) has made the reliance on communication systems inevitable for information exchange in both control and protection architectures to enhance the overall system reliability, resiliency and sustainability. This communication backbone in turn also exposes MGs to potential malicious cyber attacks. To study these vulnerabilities and impacts of various cyber attacks, testbeds play a crucial role in managing their complexity. This research work presents a detailed study of the development of a real-time co-simulation testbed for inverter-based MGs. It consists of a OP5700 real-time simulator, which is used to emulate both the physical and cyber layer of an AC MG in real time through HYPERSIM software; and SEL-3530 Real-Time Automation Controller (RTAC) hardware configured with ACSELERATOR RTAC SEL-5033 software. A human–machine interface (HMI) is used for local/remote monitoring and control. The creation and management of HMI is carried out in ACSELERATOR Diagram Builder SEL-5035 software. Furthermore, communication protocols such as Modbus, sampled measured values (SMVs), generic object-oriented substation event (GOOSE) and distributed network protocol 3 (DNP3) on an Ethernet-based interface were established, which map the interaction among the corresponding nodes of cyber-physical layers and also synchronizes data transmission between the systems. The testbed not only provides a real-time co-simulation environment for the validation of the control and protection algorithms but also extends to the verification of various detection and mitigation algorithms. Moreover, an attack scenario is also presented to demonstrate the ability of the testbed. Finally, challenges and future research directions are recognized and discussed.

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Fasanotti, Luca, Sergio Cavalieri, Emanuele Dovere, Paolo Gaiardelli, and Carlos E. Pereira. "An artificial immune intelligent maintenance system for distributed industrial environments." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part O: Journal of Risk and Reliability 232, no. 4 (April 23, 2018): 401–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1748006x18769208.

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Maintenance services of geographically dispersed industrial applications, such as oil transfer systems via pipelines and wastewater treatment plants, are affected by high logistics costs and risks of permanent downtimes. The increasing availability of smart technologies and devices has led to the introduction of advanced prognostic and diagnostic systems to support maintenance activities. In this context, artificial immune systems support the development of industrial applications, where machines and equipment are capable of self-repairing, healing and learning due to their ability to learn from experience. However, the applicability of artificial immune systems has a limited set of contexts along with a low incidence of real-word implementations in the literature, and thus, additional explorative studies are necessary. This article describes a proposed hybrid system conceived by integrating a multi-agent system–based architecture with the main features of artificial immune systems and evaluates its potential applications in two different industrial settings. The flexibility of the behaviour of artificial immune systems methodologies allows for the implementation of a reliable diagnostic and prognostic system, while the choice of multi-agent system architecture enables a mix of autonomy and distributed processing that overcomes the strong limitations of a reduced training dataset.

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Montoya, Juan, Ron Brandl, Keerthi Vishwanath, Jay Johnson, Rachid Darbali-Zamora, Adam Summers, Jun Hashimoto, et al. "Advanced Laboratory Testing Methods Using Real-Time Simulation and Hardware-in-the-Loop Techniques: A Survey of Smart Grid International Research Facility Network Activities." Energies 13, no. 12 (June 24, 2020): 3267. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13123267.

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The integration of smart grid technologies in interconnected power system networks presents multiple challenges for the power industry and the scientific community. To address these challenges, researchers are creating new methods for the validation of: control, interoperability, reliability of Internet of Things systems, distributed energy resources, modern power equipment for applications covering power system stability, operation, control, and cybersecurity. Novel methods for laboratory testing of electrical power systems incorporate novel simulation techniques spanning real-time simulation, Power Hardware-in-the-Loop, Controller Hardware-in-the-Loop, Power System-in-the-Loop, and co-simulation technologies. These methods directly support the acceleration of electrical systems and power electronics component research by validating technological solutions in high-fidelity environments. In this paper, members of the Survey of Smart Grid International Research Facility Network task on Advanced Laboratory Testing Methods present a review of methods, test procedures, studies, and experiences employing advanced laboratory techniques for validation of range of research and development prototypes and novel power system solutions.

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Wang, Li Wen, Xi Chen, and Li Shan Jia. "The Implementation of Instrumentation Systems of Fire Truck Simulator Based on PLC." Advanced Materials Research 571 (September 2012): 593–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.571.593.

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The structures of the instrumentation systems of the airport fire truck simulator uses a distributed control of the PC and PLC, combined with the advanced technology of the widespread use of the stepper motor control of the instrument. And combined stability, adaptability and strong anti-jamming capability of PLC and the stepper motor’s positioning accuracy, ease of control, and high reliability. It is used the unique high-speed pulse output function of PLC to realize the real time and accurate control of stepper motor. It is also use the serial port class SerialPort in VC + + 6.0 programming environment on Serial communication side. The experiment proved that the system design is reasonable, and the instrument can be a smooth, quiet and accurate operation.

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Li, Peng Wei, Hong Li Zhao, Hai Tao Yang, and Shu Sun. "Performance Evaluation of Transport Protocol in Data Distribution Service Middleware." Advanced Materials Research 926-930 (May 2014): 1984–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.926-930.1984.

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The DDS middleware provides powerful support for data dissemination in the distributed real-time and embedded (DRE) systems, and supports multiple transport protocol (e.g. TCP, UDP and Multicast) that affect the end-to-end quality of service (QoS) properties (e.g. latency, jitter and reliability).In order to evaluate the performance of the transport protocol and then evaluate the affection on the DDS middleware QoS, this paper first briefly compares the common DDS implementations, and then presents performance evaluation and analysis of the transport protocol in OpenDDS with different environment configurations, at last presents the conclusion.

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Zhang, Zhengcheng. "Mixture Representations of Inactivity Times of Conditional Coherent Systems and their Applications." Journal of Applied Probability 47, no. 03 (September 2010): 876–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021900200007129.

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In this paper we obtain several mixture representations of the reliability function of the inactivity time of a coherent system under the condition that the system has failed at time t (> 0) in terms of the reliability functions of inactivity times of order statistics. Some ordering properties of the inactivity times of coherent systems with independent and identically distributed components are obtained, based on the stochastically ordered coefficient vectors between systems.

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Zhang, Zhengcheng. "Mixture Representations of Inactivity Times of Conditional Coherent Systems and their Applications." Journal of Applied Probability 47, no. 3 (September 2010): 876–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1239/jap/1285335415.

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In this paper we obtain several mixture representations of the reliability function of the inactivity time of a coherent system under the condition that the system has failed at time t (> 0) in terms of the reliability functions of inactivity times of order statistics. Some ordering properties of the inactivity times of coherent systems with independent and identically distributed components are obtained, based on the stochastically ordered coefficient vectors between systems.

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Kaur, Amandeep, Puninder Kaur, and Payal Kaushal. "Maintainability Procedure in Component-Based Software." Journal of Computational and Theoretical Nanoscience 17, no. 11 (November 1, 2020): 5156–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jctn.2020.9357.

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Changes in service requirement of software demands consequent changes in its maintainability. An important aspect of changes is that it affects various factors in Component Based Software Engineering which is reuse-based approach to define, implement, and integrate different components into system. Variety of Component-based software frameworks for distributed, real-time and embedded systems in Component-oriented programming are existing for specific domains in order to deal with different requirements. Functionalities under component based system affecting multiple factors in a distributed environment. It is therefore more than necessary to consider various quality attributes like reliability, maintainability, interpretability and reusability for determining quality assurance. The article presents an approach to enhance the promptness of system maintainability in case of changes in component based software.

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Papenfort, J., H. Zabel, and U. Frank. "Höchste Rechenleistung für mehr Intelligenz/Highest computing power for greater/more intelligence - Many-Core computers raise performance and reliability." wt Werkstattstechnik online 105, no. 05 (2015): 342–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.37544/1436-4980-2015-05-94.

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Schnelle, hoch deterministische Steuerungstechnik in Verbindung mit Many-Core-Rechnern steigert die Effizienz und Zuverlässigkeit von Anlagen. Das it’s OWL-Spitzencluster-Pilotprojekt „efa – eXtreme Fast Automation“ erforscht den echtzeitfähigen Einsatz von Many-Core-Rechnern in der Automatisierung. Steuerungsaufgaben sollen so auf die Cores verteilt werden, dass komplexe zeitintensive Berechnungen auf mehrere Kerne verteilt, innerhalb kürzester aufeinander abgestimmter Zyklen bearbeitet und damit Wartezeiten eliminiert werden.   Fast, highly deterministic control technology in conjunction with Many-Core computers increases the efficiency and reliability of plants. The it’s OWL project “efa - eXtreme Fast Automation“ of the best cluster competition explores the real-time use of Many-Core computers in automation technology. Control tasks should be distributed to the cores to divide complex time-consuming calculations to multiple cores, to process within shortest coordinated cycles and thereby to eliminate time delays.

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Bhuyan, Manmath Kumar, Durga Prasad Mohapatra, and Srinivas Sethi. "Software Reliability Prediction using Fuzzy Min-Max Algorithm and Recurrent Neural Network Approach." International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 6, no. 4 (August 1, 2016): 1929. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v6i4.9991.

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Fuzzy Logic (FL) together with Recurrent Neural Network (RNN) is used to predict the software reliability. Fuzzy Min-Max algorithm is used to optimize the number of the kgaussian nodes in the hidden layer and delayed input neurons. The optimized recurrent<br />neural network is used to dynamically reconfigure in real-time as actual software failure. In this work, an enhanced fuzzy min-max algorithm together with recurrent neural network based machine learning technique is explored and a comparative analysis is performed for the modeling of reliability prediction in software systems. The model has been applied on data sets collected across several standard software projects during system testing phase with fault removal. The performance of our proposed approach has been tested using distributed system application failure data set.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Reliability of real-time distributed systems'

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