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1
Tavokin, Evgeniy. Social policy. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1172225.
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The textbook sets out the theoretical and methodological foundations,
as well as specific directions of social policy. The
principles of organization and mechanisms of functioning
of social policy models in Western countries are considered. The material is illustrated by operational
statistical and sociological facts.
It is recommended for university students studying in the areas of "
State and Municipal Management", "Personnel management",
"Management", "Sociology" and other managerial specialties,
students of various forms of training, professional
retraining and advanced training, as well as undergraduates and postgraduates
of relevant specialties.
2
ISSX, European Meeting on Foreign Compound Metabolism (4th 1992 Bologna Italy). Fourth European ISSX Meeting, Bologna, Italy, July 3-6, 1992: "toxicological evaluation of chemical interactions : relevance of social, environmental, and occupational factors.". Bethesda, Md: International Society for the Study of Xenobiotics, 1992.
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3
T, Bailey Caryn, and Educational Resources Information Center (U.S.), eds. The role of cultural factors in school relevant cognitive functioning: Description of home environmental factors, cultural orientations, and learning perferences. [Baltimore, MD]: Center for Research on the Education of Students Placed at Risk, Johns Hopkins University & Howard University, 2000.
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4
Context of Military Environments: An Agenda for Basic Research on Social and Organizational Factors Relevant to Small Units. National Academies Press, 2014.
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5
Committee on the Context of Military Environments: Social and Organization Factors, Cognitive, and Sensory Sciences Board on Behavioral, National Research Council, and Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education. Context of Military Environments: An Agenda for Basic Research on Social and Organizational Factors Relevant to Small Units. National Academies Press, 2014.
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6
Committee on the Context of Military Environments: Social and Organization Factors, Cognitive, and Sensory Sciences Board on Behavioral, National Research Council, and Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education. Context of Military Environments: An Agenda for Basic Research on Social and Organizational Factors Relevant to Small Units. National Academies Press, 2014.
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7
Committee on the Context of Military Environments: Social and Organization Factors, Cognitive, and Sensory Sciences Board on Behavioral, National Research Council, and Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education. Context of Military Environments: An Agenda for Basic Research on Social and Organizational Factors Relevant to Small Units. National Academies Press, 2014.
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8
Rayner, Mike, Kremlin Wickramasinghe, Julianne Williams, Karen McColl, and Shanthi Mendis. NCDs: Risk factors and determinants. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198791188.003.0003.
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This chapter introduces the main risk factors for non-communicable diseases (NCDs), using different causal webs. It uses the Global Burden of Disease data to describe the burden of these NCD risk factors. It uses the socioecological model and the World Health Organization’s conceptual framework for social determinants of health to show the different levels of influences relevant to NCDs. This chapter presents case studies to show how a life-course approach and health-in-all-policies approach could address these broad ranges of NCD risk factors. It discusses the importance of primary prevention efforts organized around multilevel interventions and shows that they are more likely to be more successful than single-focus efforts.
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González Castro, Felipe, Tara G. Bautista, Maria Isabel Hombrados Mendieta, Sandra Oviedo Ramirez, Nazanin M. Heydarian, and Allyson S. Hughes. Systems Contexts for Designing Culturally Adapted Prevention Interventions. Edited by Seth J. Schwartz and Jennifer Unger. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190215217.013.29.
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In the field of prevention science, evidence-based interventions (EBIs) are validated intervention programs “that work” in preventing targeted social or health problems. This chapter reviews fundamental aspects of EBIs and their mechanisms of effect. It offers considerations and steps for conducting culturally relevant modifications of an original EBI. Such modifications can incorporate one or more cultural factors for making the adapted EBI more culturally relevant. The chapter uses a general systems perspective to examine multilevel influences on the well-being of Hispanic and other international migrant populations. These influences include the process of acculturation, cultural stress, changing family dynamics, and challenging social conditions. Each of several factors can be considered in the design and development of an adapted EBI that exhibits both cultural fit and scientifically based effectiveness. A summary of key issues, future direction, and emerging principles and guidelines for cultural adaptation is also presented.
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Anderson-Fye, Eileen. Cultural Influences on Body Image and Eating Disorders. Edited by W. Stewart Agras and Athena Robinson. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190620998.013.9.
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Sociocultural factors have long been implicated in body image and eating disorders. Decades of data, drawn from multiple disciplines, consistently demonstrate the influence of culture on body image and eating disorders across several levels of analysis. This chapter engages the rich empirical literature on this subject to retheorize the role and importance of these contextual factors in light of anthropological and related social theories relevant to contemporary circumstances. Specifically, this chapter first analyzes and operationalizes what we mean by “culture” in body image and eating disorder scholarship, describes trends in salient sociocultural factors, and highlights the varying impacts of globalization where societies are increasingly interconnected. It also urges research that builds on current understandings by increasing collaborations among not only multiple disciplines within the social sciences but also biological and clinical sciences.
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Hechtman, Lily. Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190213589.003.0001.
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The introduction stresses that well-controlled long-term prospective follow-up studies helped establish the validity of ADHD in adulthood. No other publication brings together all these highly respected and well-established studies. The studies provide a comprehensive view of the impact of this condition in educational, occupational, social, emotional, and legal domains. The book also outlines factors that can influence long-term outcome and prognosis. These include treatment, IQ, socioeconomic status, and family functioning among others. This has current treatment implications for seeking more positive outcomes. Professionals can access these relevant factors in one place and use them in treatment planning.
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Van Den Bos, Kees. A Review of Radicalization Theories. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190657345.003.0003.
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Chapter 3 reviews core theories of radicalization, with a special emphasis on those theories that examine extremism and terrorism and, in particular, those that include perceptions of unfairness as one of the core mechanisms that fuel radicalization. This review grounds the discussion of perceived unfairness and other relevant factors in Chapters 4 to 9. Specifically, Chapter 3 reviews process models that focus on the radicalization process. The chapter also examines theories that focus on factors that motivate the radicalization process. And the chapter discusses variables from within a society as well as from outside society that can constitute important issues in radicalization processes. This review includes issues such as homegrown terrorism and the Internet and social media.
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Talen, Emily. Neighborhood. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190907495.001.0001.
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This book is written in support of those who believe that neighborhoods should be genuinely relevant in our lives, not as casual descriptors of geographic location but as places that provide an essential context for daily life. “Neighborhood” in its traditional sense—as a localized, place-based, delimited urban area that has some level of personal influence—seems a vanished part of the urban experience. This book explores whether 21st-century neighborhoods can once again provide a sense of caring and local participation and not devolve into enclaves seeking social insularity and separation. That the localized, diverse neighborhood has often failed to materialize requires thorough exploration. While many factors leading to the decline of the traditional neighborhood—e-commerce, suburban exclusivity, internet-based social contact—seem to be beyond anyone’s control, other factors seem more a product of neglect and confusion about neighborhood definition and its place in American society. Debates about the neighborhood have involved questions about social mix, serviceability, self-containment, centeredness, and connectivity within and without. This book works through these debates and proposes their resolution. The historical and global record shows that there are durable, time-tested regularities about neighborhoods. Many places outside of the West were built with neighborhood structure in evidence—long before professionalized, Western urban planning came on the scene. This book explores the compelling case that the American neighborhood can be connected to these traditions, anchored in human nature and regularities of form, and reinstated as something relevant and empowering in 21st-century urban experience.
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Lunde, Ingunn, and Tine Roesen, eds. Landslide of the Norm: Language Culture in Post-Soviet Russia. Dept. of Foreign Languages, University of Bergen, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.15845/sb.3.5.
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Rapid changes in post-Soviet political and social life have been accompanied by dramatic shifts in language culture. Bringing together an international team of linguistic and literary scholars, this book explores the dynamic interrelationship between language and literature as it identifi es different responses to the linguistic situation as well as contributing factors in its development. The linguo-cultural practices under scrutiny include language use and language debates, popular and professional linguistic attitudes and their ideological underpinnings, works of artistic prose and poetry, as well as linguistic ideologies and strategies stemming from the Soviet era that continue to be relevant.
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Theorell, Töres, Chantal Brisson, Michel Vézina, Alain Milot, and Mahée Gilbert-Ouimet. Psychosocial factors in the prevention of cardiovascular disease. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199656653.003.0018.
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The chapter starts with a theoretical sociological, psychological, and physiological framework for the relationships between psychosocial factors and coronary heart disease (CHD). This is followed by a review of the scientific evidence supporting such an association. Individual behaviours and coping mechanisms as well as environmental conditions of relevance for CHD are described. In particular, type A and D behaviour, depressive states, covert coping, social support and social network, socioeconomic conditions, as well as theoretical work environment models of relevance for CHD (job strain, effort-reward imbalance, organizational justice and leadership) are discussed. The remaining part of the chapter surveys the results from controlled studies of the effects of psychosocial interventions. There is accumulating evidence from such controlled studies that risk factors for CHD can be favourably influenced.
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Theorell, Töres, Chantal Brisson, Michel Vézina, Alain Milot, and Mahée Gilbert-Ouimet. Psychosocial factors in the prevention of cardiovascular disease. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199656653.003.0018_update_001.
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The chapter starts with a theoretical sociological, psychological, and physiological framework for the relationships between psychosocial factors and coronary heart disease (CHD). This is followed by a review of the scientific evidence supporting such an association. Individual behaviours and coping mechanisms as well as environmental conditions of relevance for CHD are described. In particular, type A and D behaviour, depressive states, covert coping, social support and social network, socioeconomic conditions, as well as theoretical work environment models of relevance for CHD (job strain, effort-reward imbalance, organizational justice and leadership) are discussed. The remaining part of the chapter surveys the results from controlled studies of the effects of psychosocial interventions. There is accumulating evidence from such controlled studies that risk factors for CHD can be favourably influenced.
17
Porter, Theodore M. The Rise of Statistical Thinking, 1820-1900. Princeton University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691208428.001.0001.
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This book explores the history of statistics from the field's origins in the nineteenth century through to the factors that produced the burst of modern statistical innovation in the early twentieth century. The book shows that statistics was not developed by mathematicians and then applied to the sciences and social sciences. Rather, the field came into being through the efforts of social scientists, who saw a need for statistical tools in their examination of society. Pioneering statistical physicists and biologists James Clerk Maxwell, Ludwig Boltzmann, and Francis Galton introduced statistical models to the sciences by pointing to analogies between their disciplines and the social sciences. A new preface looks at how the book has remained relevant since its initial publication, and considers the current place of statistics in scientific research.
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Levesque, Roger J. R. Empirical Assessments of Legal Doctrine Responding to School Segregation and Diversity. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190633639.003.0004.
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The utility of empirical findings rests on the relevant legal disputes and the interpretive mechanisms that will lead to their resolution. These determinative factors are at play in the legal system’s responses to racial/ethnic status. This chapter evaluates empirical evidence addressing the two fundamental approaches to segregation and diversity: anti-classification (resisting differential treatment) and anti-subjugation (permitting differential treatment). It addresses them in the context of schooling. The investigation reveals striking findings relating to the support of these major approaches to addressing unequal treatment. In fact, much of the research offered by social scientists fails to support the legal positions that they hope to influence.
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Bargiotas, Theodoros. The Aetiology of Depression. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198801900.003.0005.
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This chapter discusses the aetiology of depression. It begins with an overview of reasons why the aetiology of depression has been and still is difficult to define, including its heterogeneity and the wider philosophical and methodological challenges involved. It then considers life events and social determinants of depression as well as psychological factors relevant to depression, including childhood development and early experiences, parenting style, and personality and personality disorders. It also examines cognitive behavioural theories of depression, neuropsychology, and psychodynamic theories, along with the role of unconscious processes and ego psychology in the aetiology of depression. Finally, the chapter describes the biological determinants of depression, paying attention to genetics, neurochemical changes in the brain, and stress and thyroid hormones.
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Masuku, Bianca, Michelle Willmers, Henry Trotter, and Glenda Cox, eds. UCT Open Textbook Journeys. UCT Libraries, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.15641/0-7992-2551-8.
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The UCT Open Textbook Journeys monograph tells the stories of 11 academics at the University of Cape Town who embarked on open textbook development initiatives in order to provide their students with more accessible and locally relevant learning materials. Produced by the Digital Open Textbooks for Development (DOT4D) initiative, the monograph contributes towards a better understanding of open textbook production by providing details related to authors’ processes and their reflections on their work. The collection aims to provide rich anecdotal evidence about the factors driving open textbook activity and shed light on how to go about conceptualising and producing open textbooks, and to aid the articulation of emerging open textbook production models that advance social justice in higher education.
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Owen, Gareth, Sir Simon Wessely, and Sir Simon Wessely, eds. The formulation, the summary, and progress notes. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199661701.003.0006.
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This chapter gives an overview of the summary and the formulation in psychiatry. The summary is descriptive and documents the historical and mental state information as well as the patient’s progress. This forms the basis of the ‘part 1 and 2 summaries’ that psychiatric trainees must write, and a scheme is given to help assemble this information. The formulation incorporates a diagnostic category but goes beyond it to identify the factors from biological, psychological, or social domains that are judged to be most relevant in the individual case. Whereas the summary is descriptive, the formulation is interpretative or analytical. The chapter encourages development of these skills. Advice is also given on handover notes.
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Sutor, Bruce. Psychiatry. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199755691.003.0603.
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An understanding of psychiatric illness is critical to the practice of internal medicine. Since 30% to 40% of ambulatory primary care visits have a psychiatric component to the chief complaint, successful disease management often hinges on successful treatment of comorbid psychiatric illness. A comprehensive psychiatric evaluation is essential because many psychiatric symptoms are nonspecific. This situation is analogous to a patient presenting in general internal medicine with fever or nausea. The presence of a single symptom (eg, depressed mood) is never pathognomonic for a specific disorder. For patients with psychiatric symptoms, the biopsychosocial model is widely used. With this approach, the biologic, psychologic, and social factors contributing to the patient's clinical presentation are evaluated. Some psychiatric symptoms indicate severe disease, whereas others may be less problematic and may not be clinically relevant.
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Aarons, Gregory A., Joanna C. Moullin, and Mark G. Ehrhart. The Role of Organizational Processes in Dissemination and Implementation Research. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190683214.003.0008.
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Both organizational characteristics and specific organizational strategies are important for the effective dissemination and implementation of evidence-based practices (EBPs) in health and allied health care settings, as well as mental health, alcohol/drug treatment, and social service settings. One of the primary goals of this chapter is to support implementers and leaders within organizations in attending to and shaping the context in which implementation takes place in order to increase the likelihood of implementation success and long-term sustainment. The chapter summarizes some of the most critical organizational factors and strategies likely to impact successful evidence-based practice implementation. There are myriad approaches to supporting organizational development and change—this chapter focuses on issues supported by relevant scientific literatures, particularly those germane to EBP implementation in health care and related settings.
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Sedek, Grzegorz, Thomas Hess, and Dayna Touron, eds. Multiple Pathways of Cognitive Aging. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197528976.001.0001.
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The study of aging and cognition has grown tremendously over the past 50 years, developing from a field dominated by experimentally based information-processing traditions to one represented by a more mature approach both conceptually and methodologically. A quick examination of relevant research over the last 10 years reveals a growth in integrative approaches incorporating behavioral, neuropsychological, and social information. In addition, the concurrent recognition of limitations associated with simple cross-sectional age-group comparisons along with the use of more complex methods has resulted in the development of increasingly sophisticated research designs and analytic tools focused on understanding a multitude of potential mediators and moderators of cognitive change. This all has led away from a monolithic—often negative—view of cognitive aging to one that is more nuanced and sensitive to contextual factors. This recent shift in the psychology of aging discipline from describing cognitive aging in terms of limitations into one focused on understanding the factors associated with adaptive functioning in later life is a prime inspiration for the present volume. Thus, an emphasis here is on understanding both the factors underlying individual differences in trajectories of change in cognitive functioning in later life and the nature of compensatory mechanisms developed by most successful and active middle-aged and older adults through their experiences in dealing with complex tasks. This includes the consideration of motivational factors as a driver of both cognitive change and adaptive functioning. The 15 contributions offer unique insights and highlight innovative methodological approaches that have been used to study these issues.
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Graves, Laura M., and Gary N. Powell. Sex and Race Discrimination in Personnel Decisions. Edited by Susan Cartwright and Cary L. Cooper. Oxford University Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199234738.003.0019.
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This article focuses on the role of personnel decision-making processes within organizations in perpetuating the disadvantaged status of women and people of color. Personnel decisions, which include judgments about who to hire, promote, and develop, and what to pay them, determine whether women and people of color have access to jobs, financial rewards, and advancement opportunities. Social scientists have offered numerous theoretical explanations for sex and race discrimination. This article reviews the key explanations and discusses how they apply to organizational personnel decisions, citing relevant research findings. It then attempts to make sense of the multiplicity of theories, identifying similarities and contradictions in their arguments and the predictions that follow from them. The article also considers the role of organizational factors in the occurrence of sex and race discrimination. Finally, it concludes by offering implications for research and practice.
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Razo, Armando. Integration of Contextual Data. Edited by Lonna Rae Atkeson and R. Michael Alvarez. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190213299.013.20.
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This chapter discusses a conceptual framework that clarifies the nature and importance of context in social scientific research. It first explains how context fits into survey analysis, then addresses major problems that hamper use and collection of contextual data: vague or incomplete conceptual definitions of “context” and lack of methodological guidance to collect and analyze contextual data. It suggests that systematic research and cumulative knowledge on contextual effects are constrained by two factors: the lack of standardized contextual variables across surveys and sporadic empirical inquiries. Finally, it outlines directions for future research with an eye toward advancing contextual data collection and analysis as well as ascertaining the impact of context on public opinion and political behavior. It presents statistical approaches to provide a blueprint for explicit measurements and analysis of contextual data and considers the need to modify conventional sampling techniques to capture relevant contextual variability.
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Bjørnskov, Christian. Social Trust and Economic Growth. Edited by Eric M. Uslaner. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190274801.013.24.
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This chapter provides a selective survey of the literature on the association between social trust and economic growth. The chapter is divided into two main sections. The first section outlines the main theoretical arguments for how social trust could affect the long-run growth rate and economic performance of an economy. These theoretical mechanisms can work both directly or indirectly by affecting institutions, factor accumulation, and the elasticity of substitution. An overview of a set of relevant theoretical mechanisms also reveals that some only affect growth under specific conditions. The second section is devoted to reviewing the evidence of an empirical association. While the literature clearly supports a causal effect of trust on growth, the empirical section as well as the conclusions suggest a number of ways in which the field may move forward.
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Hilton, Denis. Social Attribution and Explanation. Edited by Michael R. Waldmann. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199399550.013.33.
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Attribution processes appear to be an integral part of human visual perception, as low-level inferences of causality and intentionality appear to be automatic and are supported by specific brain systems. However, higher-order attribution processes use information held in memory or made present at the time of judgment. While attribution processes about social objects are sometimes biased, there is scope for partial correction. This chapter reviews work on the generation, communication, and interpretation of complex explanations, with reference to explanation-based models of text understanding that result in situation models of narratives. It distinguishes between causal connection and causal selection, and suggests that a factor will be discounted if it is not perceived to be connected to the event and backgrounded if it is perceived to be causally connected to that event, but is not selected as relevant to an explanation. The final section focuses on how interpersonal explanation processes constrain causal selection.
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Del Boca, Frances K., Jack Darkes, and Bonnie McRee. Self-Report Assessments of Psychoactive Substance Use and Dependence. Edited by Kenneth J. Sher. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199381708.013.005.
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Accurate assessment is critical to clinical interventions for problems associated with the use of alcohol and other drugs, and it is essential for research on the causes, consequences, and treatment of addiction. Verbal report is the most common method of assessing substance use behavior, diagnosing alcohol and drug use disorders, and measuring dependence severity. The authors describe self-report methods for the assessment of substance use and related constructs, together with the factors that influence their validity and utility. First, assessment procedures are described in terms of the characteristics and dimensions on which they vary. Guidelines for selecting specific types of instruments for clinical and research purposes are then provided, and the strengths and limitations of major assessment approaches are discussed. Finally, a social-psychological framework for understanding the question-answering process is presented, and assessment methods are evaluated in relation to the model. The authors conclude by identifying relevant areas of research.
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Roué, Marie, Douglas Nakashima, and Igor Krupnik, eds. Resilience Through Knowledge Co-Production. Cambridge University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/9781108974349.
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Confronted with the complex environmental crises of the Anthropocene, scientists have moved towards an interdisciplinary approach to address challenges that are both social and ecological. Several arenas are now calling for co-production of new transdisciplinary knowledge by combining Indigenous knowledge and science. This book revisits epistemological debates on the notion of co-production and assesses the relevant methods, principles and values that enable communities to co-produce. It explores the factors that determine how indigenous-scientific knowledge can be rooted in equity, mutual respect and shared benefits. Resilience through Knowledge Co-Production includes several collective papers co-authored by Indigenous experts and scientists, with case studies involving Indigenous communities from the Arctic, Pacific islands, the Amazon, the Sahel and high altitude areas. Offering guidance to indigenous peoples, scientists, decision-makers and NGOs, this book moves towards a decolonised co-production of knowledge that unites indigenous knowledge and science to address global environmental crises.
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Hofhuis, José GM, and Peter E. Spronk. Quality of Life after Critical Illness. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199653461.003.0007.
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The demand for critical care is on the rise and is expected to grow significantly in coming decades. Health-related quality of life (HRQoL) is a relevant outcome measure for patients recovering from critical illness. This chapter addresses several key questions about HRQoL, namely: Why measure HRQoL in critically ill patients? What do we mean with HRQoL? Which HRQoL instruments are being used? How to estimate HRQoL before ICU admission, and what is the impact of critical illness on HRQoL, particularly in the elderly? This chapter also addresses the phenomenon of response shift in survivors of critical illness related to their perceived HRQoL. It is argued that HRQoL measures for physical and psychological factors, functional status, and social interactions should be incorporated as standard quality indicators of ICU performance. These measurements will provide further insight on long-term post-ICU recovery and might be used to evaluate and track the utility of follow-up clinics after hospital discharge.
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Young, Andrew, David Boshier, and Timothy Boyle. Forest Conservation Genetics. CSIRO Publishing, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/9780643101029.
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Forest management must be sustainable not only in ecological, economic and social, but also genetic terms. Many forest managers are advocating and developing management strategies that give priority to conserving genetic diversity within production systems, or that recognise the importance of genetic considerations in achieving sustainable management. Forest Conservation Genetics draws together much previously uncollected information relevant to managing and conserving forests. The content emphasises the importance of conserving genetic diversity in achieving sustainable management.
Each chapter is written by a leading expert and has been peer reviewed. Readers without a background in genetics will find the logical sequence of topics allows easy understanding of the principles involved and how those principles may impact on day-to-day forest planning and management decisions. The book is primarily aimed at undergraduate students of biology, ecology, forestry, and graduate students of forest genetics, resource management policy and/or conservation biology. It will prove useful for those teaching courses in these fields and as such help to increase the awareness of genetic factors in conservation and sustainable management, in both temperate and tropical regions.
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George, Tracey E., and Taylor Grace Weaver. The Role of Personal Attributes and Social Backgrounds on Judging. Edited by Lee Epstein and Stefanie A. Lindquist. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199579891.013.3.
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Social background theory formalizes and tests the intuition that judges’ attributes and experiences will affect their rulings. Attributes can include race, gender, sexual orientation, sexual identity, religion, and socioeconomic background. Experience can include education, occupation, and political activism. Social background theory is a positive theory rather than a normative one: it treats these factors as an explanation for a judge’s actions. Social background theory has a history of intentional scholarly integration of ideas and methods in other fields. The theory can be seen as evolving through four stages tied to that integration: Legal Realism, behavioralism, new institutionalism, and computation. After briefly assessing the contributions and limitations of the theory, the chapter ends with a proposal for a relevancy threshold for social background research.
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Jamal, Manal A. The ‘Other Arab’ and Gulf Citizens. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190608873.003.0006.
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This chapter explores the fate of Arabs of Palestinian origin in the UAE, culminating in events surrounding the first Gulf War and the Arab uprisings. The specific questions this project addresses include: In the context of the UAE, which factors have historically shaped and changed the position of “other Arabs” over time? How have Palestinians, including younger generations, negotiated and addressed their sometimes tenuous relationship with the UAE? What do current dynamics portend for future relations between Emiratis and Arabs of Palestinian origin who live in the UAE? Two important observations emerged from this research which challenged existing assumptions about the status of Arabs in the UAE and the GCC more generally. First, there is an important generational divide which challenges many preconceived notions surrounding relations between locals and expatriates, sense of belonging, and issues of trust. The guardedness and caution that characterized earlier generations did not appear as salient or relevant for the younger generation. Second, and perhaps more importantly, this research reaffirmed the primacy of privilege associated with class and social status as it relates to citizenship. Although Emirati citizenship itself was not necessarily sought after, the attainment of legal citizenship in a stable country remained significant for the lives of Palestinian migrants.
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Doyle, David M., and Liam O'Callaghan. Capital Punishment in Independent Ireland. Liverpool University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/liverpool/9781789620276.001.0001.
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This is a comprehensive and nuanced historical survey of the death penalty in Ireland from the immediate post-Civil War period through to its complete abolition. Using original archival material, this book sheds light on the various social, legal and political contexts in which the death penalty operated and was discussed. In Ireland the death penalty served a dual function: as an instrument of punishment in the civilian criminal justice system, and as a weapon to combat periodic threats to the security of the state posed by the IRA. In closely examining cases dealt with in the ordinary criminal courts, this book elucidates ideas of class, gender, community and sanity and how these factors had an impact the administration of justice. The application of the death penalty also had a strong political dimension, most evident in the enactment of emergency legislation and the setting up of military courts specifically targeted at the IRA. As this book demonstrates, the civilian and the political strands converged in the story of the abolition of the death penalty in Ireland. Long after decision-makers accepted that the death penalty was no longer an acceptable punishment for ‘ordinary’ cases of murder, lingering anxieties about the threat of subversives dictated the pace of abolition and the scope of the relevant legislation.
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Health Inequalities in Latin America and the Caribbean: A Sustainable Development Goal baseline assessment for women, children and adolescents. PAHO and UNICEF, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.37774/9789275125748.
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The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development (2030 Agenda) established in 2015 sets guiding principles to “achieve a better and more sustainable future for all.” The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) included in the 2030 Agenda make explicit what this means by specifying relevant statistical indicators and setting clearly defined targets in them to be achieved by 2030. Given the emphasis on the collection and availability of SDG-related data, it is possible to track universal progress towards the SDG targets. One of the SDGs, SDG 3, includes targets to improve health and well-being. In general, SDG health-related indicators measure health outcomes and coverage at the country level by employing averages. However, given the nature of the data, inequalities in health outcomes and the access to health services tend to be masked. Since it is important to strive for gains in health and well-being to be equitably distributed among individuals regardless of their wealth, educational attainment, and other factors relating to their social background, it is essential to first identify and quantify existing social inequalities in health. To this end, this publication provides an overview of social inequalities in several indicators related to the health of women, children, and adolescents in a region deemed as one with high levels of inequality: the Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) region. In order for it to serve as a baseline for the 2030 Agenda, emphasis is placed on examining these inequalities around year 2014. The analysis suggests that reducing within-country disparities is a priority, as widespread social inequalities in health are identified among LAC countries.
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Bogue, Kelly. The Divisive State of Social Policy. Policy Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1332/policypress/9781447350538.001.0001.
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Drawing on first person accounts and participant observation, this book looks in-depth at one of the UK government’s most controversial austerity policies, the ‘Bedroom Tax’. Focusing on the lives of 31 people in one neighbourhood, it explores the push and pull factors that structure tenants’ behaviour regarding downsizing to smaller properties within a residualised and stigmatised social housing sector. It highlights the meaning of home and the continuing relevance of community and the tensions created when tenants are faced with the threat of displacement and the concomitant loss of social networks and informal structures of welfare that operate in place. While this book focuses on one social policy, it speaks to broader concerns about the value and loss of social housing and how we care for and house our most vulnerable citizens in the midst of neoliberal restructuring. It reflects on the continuing loss of housing benefit support, on-going cuts to the welfare state and what this means for communities and their sense of security and belonging. More broadly, it reflects on how cuts to housing benefit support are undermining the capacity of low income households to secure and maintain housing within a social sector that faces new financial risks and a private rented sector in which the term ‘no DSS’ has made a resurgence. The central argument of this book is that policies such as the Bedroom Tax which undermine secure housing are divisive, heightening resentment about access to housing while leading to increasing housing inequality and urban marginality.
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Wahba, Liliana Liviano, and Ísis Fabiana de Souza Oliveira. O Significado do trabalho e do não trabalhar na perspectiva masculina: Uma análise Junguiana. Brazil Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31012/978-65-5861-519-4.
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Using Analytical Psychology as a theoretical basis, the present study aimed at clarifying and understanding the meanings that the man, who does not work, nor has an income of his own, attributes to himself, to his situation and to the social expectations related to working. Another objective was to elucidate which would be, in that case, the existing factors of investment and/or disinvestment in the work. Therefore, the study explored subjective aspects, using the qualitative approach and employing the Life History interview as a research tool. The research included four participants living in the state of São Paulo, Brazil. The inclusion criteria required that the participants be men, in the age group of approximate 30 years, without any paid work nor any type of income for at least five months, and financially dependent on their family members or spouses. The results show that the perception of work is an elementary configuration in the life trajectory. Work may signify a constant obligation — an imposition that endures — or be a meaning in transformation — leading to resignifications. The association between work and identity affirmation — as well as conscious and unconscious motivations — stands out. The research also made it possible to infer the existence of complexes resulting from the work experience. The survey of the subjective experiences linked to an increasingly prevailing conjuncture in the current society points to the intense affective load related to work. In this context, the assistance of the clinical psychologist becomes relevant.
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Denver, David, and Mark Garnett. British General Elections Since 1964. 2nd ed. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198844952.001.0001.
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This book provides a concise account of general elections during more than five tumultuous decades in British politics. Beginning in 1964, when partisan allegiances in the UK were relatively stable, it ends in 2019 when the volatility of voters was illustrated by the success of Conservative Party candidates in constituencies which had previously been ‘safe’ for Labour. The book describes the changing influences on voting behaviour—from the early 1960s, when allegiances were largely based on social class, to the 2020s when factors such as impressions of party leaders and new media outlets such as Facebook seem far more important. The electoral contests of these years produced dramatic results, ranging from Labour’s landslide victory in 1997 to the three closely fought battles of 2010, 2015, and 2017. These elections have taken place against a background of concern arising from the low turnout of voters, reaching its nadir in 2001 when less than 60 per cent of the electorate participated. Yet, in recent years, competition for the support of volatile voters has been complicated by issues like devolution to Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland—not to mention the question of EU membership, which cut across long-established party lines and has helped to raise political passions to unprecedented levels. Apart from its analysis of electoral campaigns and outcomes, the book describes the most relevant developments between elections (including the EU referendum of 2016) which help to explain the dilemmas facing the system of liberal democracy in contemporary Britain.
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Ataria, Yochai, Shogo Tanaka, and Shaun Gallagher, eds. Body Schema and Body Image. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198851721.001.0001.
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Body schema refers to the system of sensory-motor functions that enables control of the position of body parts in space, without conscious awareness of those parts. Body image refers to a conscious representation of the way the body appears—a set of conscious perceptions, affective attitudes, and beliefs pertaining to one’s own bodily image. In 2005, Shaun Gallagher published an influential book entitled ‘How the Body Shapes the Mind’. This book not only defined both body schema (BS) and body image (BI), but also explored the complicated relationship between the two. The book also established the idea that there is a double dissociation, whereby body schema and body image refer to two different, but closely related, systems. Given that many kinds of pathological cases can be described in terms of body schema and body image (phantom limbs, asomatognosia, apraxia, schizophrenia, anorexia, depersonalization, and body dysmorphic disorder, among others), we might expect to find a growing consensus about these concepts and the relevant neural activities connected to these systems. Instead, an examination of the scientific literature reveals continued ambiguity and disagreement. This volume brings together leading experts from the fields of philosophy, neuroscience, psychology, and psychiatry in a lively and productive dialogue. It explores fundamental questions about the relationship between body schema and body image, and addresses ongoing debates about the role of the brain and the role of social and cultural factors in our understanding of embodiment.
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Hechtman, Lily, ed. Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190213589.001.0001.
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The book provides a comprehensive summary of the best known and most highly respected well-controlled long-term prospective follow-up studies in Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). These studies followed children with ADHD and matched controls into young adulthood (mean age 20–25 years) and middle age (mean age 41 years). They explore a wide variety of clinically relevant outcome areas, such as education, occupation, emotional and psychiatric functioning, substance use and abuse, sexual behavior, and legal problems. One chapter focuses particularly on the outcome of girls with ADHD. The book also explores possible predictors of adult outcome. A whole chapter is devoted to treatment (medication and psychosocial) as a predictor of outcome. In addition to treatment, predictors explored include characteristics of the child (e.g., IQ, severity of initial ADHD symptoms, initial comorbidity) and characteristics of the family (e.g., socioeconomic status, single parenthood, parental pathology, and family functioning). A summary chapter explores the impact and importance of these predictors in various outcome areas, such as education, occupation, emotional/social functioning, antisocial behavior, substance use and abuse, and risky sexual and driving behaviors. Professionals and the general public will come away with a clear view of what can happen to children with ADHD as they proceed through adolescence and adulthood. The book also addresses important prognostic and predictive factors in treatment approaches to ensure better long-term outcome in patients with ADHD.
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Bhopal, Raj S. Summarizing, presenting, and interpreting epidemiological data: Building on incidence and prevalence. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198739685.003.0008.
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Basic epidemiological data on disease occurrence and population structure can be manipulated and presented in many ways. Epidemiological summary measures, broadly, estimate absolute or relative frequency of outcomes. Usually, relative measures are more useful in causal enquiry while absolute measures are better in health planning and policy. These measures, usually in association with risk factor prevalence data, allow estimation of the risk attributable to a risk factor in those exposed and in the entire population. Avoidable mortality (and morbidity) refers to the potential to avoid death (or morbidity) from a number of specified causes if the best possible health care actions were taken. Years of life saved measures help to measure the impact of avoidable mortality in the population. Epidemiological data on diseases can be combined with other information, such as socio-economic circumstances, social values and attitudes, and behaviours relevant to health, to build up a community health profile.
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Harris, Randy Allen. The Linguistics Wars. 2nd ed. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199740338.001.0001.
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This book centers on a key rupture in the field of linguistics as a hegemony by the theories of Noam Chomsky appeared to be taking hold, a rupture in the 1960s that began a flowering of alternate approaches to Chomsky's framework, but also reoriented his framework markedly. The rupture was between Generative Semantics, which pushed to include more and more meaning in linguistic theory, and Interpretive Semantics, which resisted that push, putting more and more weight on syntactic structure. But in many ways the dispute can be reduced to George Lakoff, the most prominent voice on the more-meaning side, and Chomsky on the more-syntax side. Chomsky is a big personality, quiet and understated but always gesturing at monumental, revolutionary implications for his ideas, and always bringing great numbers of linguists along with him whenever he chases after those implications, stirring up psychology, philosophy, computer science, and other fields in the bargain. Lakoff is also big personality, anything but quiet or understated, equally comfortable gesturing at grand revolutions, equally happy to stir things up. They drive the story, but the story is about theories, data, and various technical developments, set among social currents that range from military industrial politics to the counterculture. All of these factors show up in the book, with a cast of other remarkable and influential characters. Noam Chomsky is unquestionably the most influential linguist of the twentieth century—many people claim of any century—whose work and personal imprint remains powerfully relevant today, so the book culminates with an analysis of Chomsky’s influence and legacy.
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Minkenberg, Michael. Religion and the Radical Right. Edited by Jens Rydgren. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190274559.013.19.
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Religion is on the rise again in the West and specifically “secular” Europe, mostly due to the influx of new religions via migration, new political conflicts, and the growing (re)assertion of the Christian heritage among domestic actors. This chapter discusses the extent to which religions provide an ideological component of the radical right, what kind of religion is at play, and whether and how religion can be used to explain the radical right’s successes. It looks at religion in the development and organizational profile of major radical right actors, explores the relevance of religion in the far right, and places the radical right trajectory into a larger context of societal and political change. It concludes that religion functions as a relevant context factor and frame for political mobilization, even in secularized societies, against the perceived threat of rapid sociocultural change and its (alleged) agents and protagonists.
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Santibañez Gruber, Rosa Maria, and Antonia Caro González, eds. DEUSTO Social Impact Briefings No. 4 (2019). University of Deusto, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.18543/dsib-4(2020).
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This fourth edition of the DSIB presents the main results of the research carried out under four broad-based projects jointly developed by researchers and actors involved in topics of great social relevance such as responsible gambling, Cooperative-Intelligent transport Systems, gender dimension of alcohol addiction and support and care for victims of trafficking for sexual exploitation. This issue comprises the following four briefings: 1. What would sports betting advertising be like if it were handled more responsibly? will analyse the structure of sports betting advertising, in an attempt to understand whether such advertising could become a public health issue. This briefing examines different works that have led to scientific publications and presents their main conclusions as well as the major recommendations for gambling companies and regulators. 2. How can artificial intelligence reduce road traffic accidents and prevent congestion? This briefing seeks to present the benefits of the TIMON system for optimising traffic management and urban transport network operations in cities, directly supporting transport managers in their decision-making processes for transport operations. 3. Gender inequalities in matters of drug addiction: how does alcoholism really affect women? aims to study the phenomenon of drug dependence from a gender perspective. This involves identifying what kind of socio-cultural and psychological representations are involved in women, according to their gender role, so that they develop a series of risk factors for them, both for the beginning of consumption and in its continuity. In addition, the research team proposes guidelines for a specialized care for women in this area, in order to increase the effectiveness of required interventions. 4. Key points for supporting and accompanying victims and survivors of human trafficking for sexual exploitation is intended as a working document for specialists involved in the prevention and detection of cases and in support and care for victims. It seeks to fill the current gaps and meet the needs of women victims of trafficking providing a better response to their situations.
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Duggan, Marian, ed. Revisiting the “Ideal Victim”. Policy Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1332/policypress/9781447338765.001.0001.
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Revisiting the ‘Ideal Victim’ is a collection of academic responses to the late Nils Christie’s (1986) seminal piece on the ‘ideal victim’ in which he addressed the socially constructed concept of an idealised form of victim status or identity. Highlighting the complex factors informing the application or rejection of victim status, Christie foregrounded the role of subjective and objective perspectives on personal and societal responses to victimisation. In sum, the ‘ideal victim’ is: “a person or category of individuals, who – when hit by crime – most readily are given the complete and legitimate status of being a victim” (1986: 18, original italics). This concept has become one of the most frequently cited themes of victimological (and, where relevant, criminological) academic scholarship over the past thirty years. In commemoration of his contribution, this volume analyses, evaluates and critiques the current nature and impact of victim identity, experience, policy and practice in light of Christie’s framework. Demonstrating how the very notion of what constitutes a ‘victim’ has undergone significant theorisation, evaluation and reconceptualization in the intervening three decades, the academic contributors in this volume excellently showcase the relevance of this ‘ideal victim’ concept to a range of contemporary victimological issues. In sum, the chapters critically evaluate the salience of Christie’s concept in a modern context while demonstrating its influence over the decades..
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Merkel, Wolfgang, Raj Kollmorgen, and Hans-Jürgen Wagener, eds. The Handbook of Political, Social, and Economic Transformation. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198829911.001.0001.
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Political, social, and economic transformation is a complex historical phenomenon. It can be adequately analysed only by a multidisciplinary approach. This Handbook brings together an international team of scholars who are specialists in their respective research fields. They introduce the most important areas, theories, and methods in transformation research. Most attention is placed on the historical and comparative dimension. Although focusing on postcommunist and other democratic transformations in our epoch, the Handbook therefore presents and discusses not only their problems, paths, and developments, it also deals with the antecedent ‘waves’, beginning with the Meiji Restoration in Japan in 1868 and its aftermath. The book is structured into six layers. Starting with basic concepts as systems, actors, and institutions (Section I), it then gives an overview of the major theoretical approaches and research methods (Sections II, III). The connection of theory and method with their application is essential. It allows special insights into the past and opens analytical avenues for transformation research in the future. Section IV then provides a historically oriented description and interpretation of particular ‘waves’ or types of societal transformation. With a clear focus on present transformations, the chapters in Section V provide a description and discussion of the problems, structures, actors, and courses of the transformations within different spheres of (civil) society, politics, law, and economics. Finally, the brief lexicographic chapters in Section VI delineate facts about particular relevant issues of societal transformation. Each of the chapters contains a concise list of the most important research literature.
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Mahmood, Zaad. Globalization and Labour Reforms. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199475278.001.0001.
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Globalization, as commonly understood, limits policy choices of a nation by creating structural and institutional constraints. This leads to an important question: are political actors still relevant in shaping policy in the interest of domestic socio-economic concerns? Locating labour as a critical political economy factor, essential for production and capable of political action, this book examines the political economy of labour reforms. Through a careful study of labour market reforms across subnational states of India, it draws attention to the continuing relevance of local politics in influencing public policy. Drawing on the evidence from the pairs of institutionally and economically alike states, Gujarat–Maharashtra and West Bengal–Andhra Pradesh, this book shows that despite pressures of convergence under conditions of globalization, reforms vary across states, depending on partisan governments, dynamics of interest group negotiations, and party competition. Using both qualitative and quantitative analyses, the book argues that ‘who governs’ matters for how globalization unfolds in any society, and that public policies continue to be nuanced, if not shaped, by politics. By analysing the labour policy in India, the book makes an important contribution to political economy research on transitional economies.
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Wilt, Joshua, and William Revelle. Extraversion. Edited by Thomas A. Widiger. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199352487.013.15.
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This chapter provides a review of extraversion, defined as a dimension of personality reflecting individual differences in the tendencies to experience and exhibit positive affect, assertive behavior, decisive thinking, and desires for social attention. Extraversion is one of five basic tendencies in the Five Factor Model (FFM) of personality. In the FFM, basic tendencies are conceptualized as including the following characteristics. They are organized hierarchically, based in biology, develop over time according to intrinsic maturation principles, are manifested in characteristic adaptations (i.e., are expressed in affective, behavioral, and cognitive tendencies), influence one’s objective biography, are reflected in the self-concept, and have both adaptive and maladaptive variants. This chapter is organized around the theory and research on extraversion relevant to each of the aforementioned characteristics.
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Redstone, Ilana, and John Villasenor. Unassailable Ideas. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190078065.001.0001.
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Colleges and universities in the United States play a profoundly important role in American society. Currently, that role is being hampered by a climate that constrains teaching, research, hiring, and overall discourse. There are three core beliefs that define this climate. First, any initiative framed as an antidote to historical societal ills is automatically deemed meritorious, and thus exempted from objective scrutiny of its potential effectiveness. However, to use a medical analogy, not all proposed cures for a disease are good cures. Second, all differences in group-level outcomes are assumed to be due entirely to discrimination, with little tolerance given to exploring the potential role of factors such as culture or preferences. Third, everything must be interpreted through the lens of identity. Non-identity-centered perspectives, regardless of how worthy they might be, are viewed as less legitimate or even illegitimate. All of these beliefs are well intentioned and have arisen in response to important historical and continuing injustices. However, they are enforced in uncompromising terms through the use of social media, which has gained an ascendant role in shaping the culture of American campuses. The result is a climate that forecloses entire lines of research, entire discussions, and entire ways of conducting classroom teaching. The book explains these three beliefs in detail and provides an extensive list of case studies illustrating how they are impacting education and knowledge creation—and increasingly the world beyond campus. The book also provides a detailed set of recommendations on ways to help foster an environment on American campuses that would be more tolerant of diverse perspectives and open inquiry. A note about Covid-19: While the production of this book was done in spring and summer of 2020, we completed the manuscript in 2019, well before the Covid-19 pandemic shuttered American college campuses in March 2020. To put it mildly, the dynamics of campus discourse are very different when dorms have been largely emptied and instruction has been moved to Zoom. Of course, at present we cannot know when students will be able to return to campus in significant numbers. That said, we are confident that our call for a culture of more open discourse in higher education will remain relevant both during the pandemic and after it has passed.