Academic literature on the topic 'Relay Selection rule'
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Journal articles on the topic "Relay Selection rule"
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Sultan, Kiran, Ijaz Mansoor Qureshi, Muhammad Atta-ur Rahman, Bassam A. Zafar, and Muhammad Zaheer. "CSI Based Multiple Relay Selection and Transmit Power Saving Scheme for Underlay CRNs Using FRBS and Swarm Intelligence." International Journal of Applied Metaheuristic Computing 10, no. 3 (July 2019): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijamc.2019070101.
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In this article, a multiple relay selection (MRS) scheme for signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) enhancement is proposed for underlay relay-assisted cognitive radio networks (RCRNs). A secondary source-destination pair experiencing deep fading on direct path is assisted by amplify-and-forward (AF) relays in an underlay mode. In this energy-constrained scenario, the aim is to maximize the secondary network's end-to-end SNR through an intelligent power-saving method incorporated with MRS. In contrast to the prior relay selection (RS) schemes, the relay-selection factor is the difference of SNR of the source-relay link and corresponding relay-destination link for each relay along with its corresponding interference channel coefficient. The difference factor aims to achieve the SNR upper bound while performing minimum power amplification, eventually resulting in interference mitigation as well. The proposed algorithm has been implemented using Fuzzy Rule Based System (FRBS), Artificial Bee Colony (ABC) and Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) and their performance has been compared through simulations.
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Paek, Min-Jae, Yu-Jin Na, Won-Seok Lee, Jae-Hyun Ro, and Hyoung-Kyu Song. "A Novel Relay Selection Scheme Based on Q-Learning in Multi-Hop Wireless Networks." Applied Sciences 10, no. 15 (July 30, 2020): 5252. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10155252.
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In wireless communication systems, reliability, low latency and power are essential in large scale multi-hop environment. Multi-hop based cooperative communication is an efficient way to achieve goals of wireless networks. This paper proposes a relay selection scheme for reliable transmission by selecting an optimal relay. The proposed scheme uses a signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) based Q-learning relay selection scheme to select an optimal relay in multi-hop transmission. Q-learning consists of an agent, environment, state, action and reward. When the learning is converged, the agent learns the optimal policy which is a rule of the actions that maximize the reward. In other words, the base station (BS) knows the optimal relay to select and transmit the signal. At this time, the cooperative communication scheme used in this paper is a decode-and-forward (DF) scheme in orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) system. The Q-learning in the proposed scheme defines an environment to maximize a reward which is defined as SNR. After the learning process, the proposed scheme finds an optimal policy. Furthermore, this paper defines a reward which is based on the SNR. The simulation results show that the proposed scheme has the same bit error rate (BER) performance as the conventional relay selection scheme. However, this paper proposes an advantage of selecting fewer relays than conventional scheme when the target BER is satisfied. This can reduce the latency and the waste of resources. Therefore, the performance of the multi-hop transmission in wireless networks is enhanced.
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Li, Jialun, Shuai Chang, Xiaomei Fu, Liang Zhang, Yishan Su, and Zhigang Jin. "A Coalitional Formation Game for Physical Layer Security of Cooperative Compressive Sensing Multi-Relay Networks." Sensors 18, no. 9 (September 4, 2018): 2942. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s18092942.
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Cooperative relaying is an effective technology to improve the capacity of physical-layer security, in which the relay helps forward the received signal to the destination. In this paper, a cooperative compressive sensing and amplify-and-forward (CCS-AF) scheme, which combines the compressive sensing theory and amplify-and-forward strategy, is proposed to increase the secrecy capacity. To optimize the secrecy performance, a coalition formation algorithm based on coalitional game theory of optimal relay selection is proposed to maximize the secrecy capacity. Different to maximizing the individual utility based on the traditional pareto order, the max-coalition order rule is newly defined to guide the coalitional formation. Simulation results indicate that with the proposed algorithm, part of the relays could form a coalition to forward the information and the proposed algorithm could significantly improve the secrecy capacity of cooperative multi-relay networks.
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Zhou, Yi, Huanhuan Li, Chenhao Shi, Ning Lu, and Nan Cheng. "A Fuzzy-Rule Based Data Delivery Scheme in VANETs with Intelligent Speed Prediction and Relay Selection." Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing 2018 (August 8, 2018): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/7637059.
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Data delivery in vehicular networks (VANETs) is a challenging task due to the high mobility and constant topological changes. In common routing protocols, multihop V2V communications suffer from higher network delay and lower packet delivery ratio (PDR), and excessive dependence on GPS may pose threat on individual privacy. In this paper, we propose a novel data delivery scheme for vehicular networks in urban environments, which can improve the routing performance without relying on GPS. A fuzzy-rule-based wireless transmission approach is designed to optimize the relay selection considering multiple factors comprehensively, including vehicle speed, driving direction, hop count, and connection time. Wireless V2V transmission and wired transmissions among RSUs are both utilized, since wired transmissions can reduce the delay and improve the reliability. Each RSU is equipped with a machine learning system (MLS) to make the selected relay link more reliably without GPS through predicting vehicle speed at next moment. Experiments show the validity and rationality of the proposed method.
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Zhou, Ninghao, Jinfeng Hu, and Jia Hou. "Research on Energy Efficiency of NOMA–SWIPT Cooperative Relay Network Using GS-DinkelBach Algorithm." Sensors 21, no. 17 (August 25, 2021): 5720. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21175720.
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In order to improve the energy efficiency (EE) performance of cooperative networks, this study combines non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) with simultaneous wireless information and power transfer (SWIPT) technologies to construct a cooperative relay network composed of one base station (BS), multiple near users, and one far user. Based on the network characteristics, a time-division resource allocation rule is proposed, and EE formulas regarding direct-link mode and cooperative mode are derived. Considering user selection and decoding performance, to obtain the optimal EE, this study utilizes a DinkelBach iterative algorithm based on the golden section (GS-DinkelBach) to solve the EE optimization problem, which is affected by power transmitted from the BS, achievable rates under three communication links, and quality of service (QoS) constraints of users. The simulation results show that the GS-DinkelBach algorithm can obtain precise EE gains with low computational complexity. Compared with the traditional NOMA–SWIPT direct-link network model and the relay network model, the optimal EE of the established network model could be increased by 0.54 dB and 1.66 dB, respectively.
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Das, Priyanka, Neelesh B. Mehta, and Gagandeep Singh. "Novel Relay Selection Rules for Average Interference-Constrained Cognitive AF Relay Networks." IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications 14, no. 8 (August 2015): 4304–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/twc.2015.2419221.
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Wang, Xiufeng, Mingcheng Qu, Gang Cui, Moshe Yan, Nwe Nwe Htay Win, Saif ur Rehman, and Chunmeng Wang. "Regular-hexagon-equilateral-triangle area grouping–based broadcast protocol for safety message in urban vehicular ad hoc networks." International Journal of Distributed Sensor Networks 13, no. 1 (January 2017): 155014771668382. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1550147716683829.
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Road-based directional broadcast protocols are proposed in the literatures to offset efficiency of message dissemination of traditional broadcast protocol in urban vehicular ad hoc networks. However, these protocols cannot provide enough reliability and efficiency for vehicles’ misclassification at intersection or on straight road. Therefore, we present regular-hexagon-equilateral-triangle area grouping–based broadcast protocol for urban vehicular ad hoc networks. The area covered by relay node is averagely divided using regular-hexagon-equilateral-triangle, and vehicles are grouped according to the area that they reside. The algorithm for constructing regular-hexagon-equilateral-triangle is proposed. We adopt same vehicles’ grouping method at intersection and on straight road, and no neighbor list is maintained to identify road intersection. We design waiting time formula to calculate time for node forwarding message. It is ruled that node with waiting time dropping to zero first is defined as the relay node, and this relay node transmits message. So there is only one relay node which forwards message in each group. It also rules in regular-hexagon-equilateral-triangle area grouping–based broadcast protocol that each relay node forwards the same message only once, therefore, it limits redundant message retransmission. Using the vehicles’ grouping method and selection strategy of relay node as mentioned above, the proposed protocol enables message to be transmitted in different directions along different roads at the same time. Simulation indicates that our protocol has a better performance
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Phedorenko, Oleksandr, Andrey Fedorenko, and Katherine Pershina. "THE FORMATION OF AN ELECTRICAL DOUBLE LAYER IN ACID AND NEUTRAL WATER SOLUTIONS ON THE 3-5 dm METALS." Ukrainian Chemistry Journal 87, no. 2 (March 19, 2021): 87–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.33609/2708-129x.87.02.2021.87-94.
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The rate-limiting steps of the electrolysis of water solution, taking into account hydrogen evolution overpotential were considered. A functional relationship between the electrical resistivity of 3–5 dm metals and their quantization energy of atomic electrons, as well as the coordination of metal atoms and hydrogen compounds, has been revealed. The rule of selecting effective metals for cathodes has been validated. Based on these rules, a reduction-relay mechanism of the hydrogen migration process in the electrical double layer in the electrochemical reduction of TiO2+ ions to Ti3+ and Fe3+ to Fe2+ in sulfuric acid process solutions for the production of pigment titanium dioxide was proposed. The method of the multistage electrochemical reduction of Fe3+ and [TiO2+ * nH2O] in process solutions for the production of titanium dioxide was design based on this study.
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A., HADAI. "Overview of calculation verification methods of current transformers which work in relay protection circuits." Journal of Electrical and power engineering 27, no. 2 (November 28, 2022): 25–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.31474/2074-2630-2022-2-25-34.
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Systematized existing methods of calculation verification of current transformers that work in the circuits of modern relay protection devices. The requirements of the Ukrainian rules for the arrangement of electrical installations differ from the requirements of the standard of the International Electrotechnical Commission IES 61869-2. The difference concerns the absence of contact vibration and not exceeding the maximum allowable current error of 50% in the case of an internal short circuit is a separate case of the requirements for electromechanical protections and these requirements cannot be used for microprocessor protection devices. For any relay protection device, there is no concept of the permissible value of "voltages at the current inputs". The voltage at the terminals of the secondary winding and the voltage at the "input of the relay protection device" are two completely different voltages. There are no methods for calculating errors in the case of switching on protection based on the sum of the currents. Companies producing microprocessor relay protection devices specify in their instructions individual requirements for current transformers for each individual device. Compliance with these requirements guarantees the correct operation of the relay protection even for large values of the time constant of the primary network. Leading manufacturers of microprocessor relay protection devices develop and recommend software tools for checking the correct selection of current transformers. But they are not freely available. To increase the accuracy of the calculation of the limit multiplicity, it is advisable to use complex supports of the secondary winding and load of current transformers. Depending on the initial data and conditions, the permissible load resistance can be calculated using four methods. The question of whether the allowable load of a current transformer can exceed its nominal load requires further research. The scientific novelty is consists in the systematization of existing methods of calculation verification of current transformers that work in the circles of modern relay protection devices. The practical significance of the work is that checking current transformers that are connected to microprocessor relay protection devices do not need to check the maximum permissible current error of 50%; to check the correct operation of microprocessor relay protection devices, it is advisable to use the instructions for the requirements for current transformers of device manufacturers; for a more accurate calculation of the limit multiplicity, it is advisable to use complex supports of the secondary winding and load of current transformers.
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Haskell, Yasmin. "Group Therapy for Venetian Adolescents? Giannantonio Bernardi’s “Prudence, a didactic prolusion” (Venice, 1709) and Jesuit Moral Counselling in Verse." Journal of Jesuit Studies 4, no. 2 (March 10, 2017): 186–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22141332-00402003.
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While Jesuits composed more Latin didactic poetry than any other order or profession in the early modern period, they—perhaps surprisingly—rarely chose moral, political, or spiritual subjects for versification in this genre. One of the few exceptions to the rule is Prudentia, prolusio didascalica (Prudence, a didactic prolusion) by the Paduan-born Jesuit Giannantonio Bernardi (1670–1743), first published in Venice in 1709. Bernardi seems to have spent his whole life as a teacher, preacher, and confessor in northern Italy, apart from a stint accompanying his penitent, the Venetian envoy and future Doge, Carlo Ruzzini, to Constantinople. This paper sets Bernardi’s didactic poem in the context of some other Jesuit didactic poems of moral or spiritual counsel, especially Pierre Mambrun’s Psychourgicon: De cultura animi (La Flèche: ex officina Gervasii Laboe, 1661), as well as a selection of his other moral writings. It finds the Jesuit dimension to Bernardi’s poem more in its literary and institutional contexts and paratexts than in the bare philosophical doctrine it relays.
Books on the topic "Relay Selection rule"
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Popadyuk, Tat'yana, Irina Smirnova, Nataliya Linder, Arkadiy Trachuk, Gayk Nalbandyan, Anastasiya Karikova, Aleksandra Pogosyan, et al. Modern electrical substations. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1861116.
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The textbook provides general information about the operating modes of electrical systems and substations, methods for calculating short-circuit currents and selecting electrical equipment for substations and power grids, classification of substations is given, designs of manual control transformers, high-voltage and low-voltage substations are considered, issues of their relay protection, requirements of electrical installation rules and technical operation rules for the device and operation of substations.
It is intended for students of the training direction 13.03.02 "Electric power and electrical engineering", and can also be useful for students of secondary vocational education, masters and electrical engineers who improve their technical level on the job.
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Morsanyi, Kinga, and Denes Szucs. Intuition in Mathematical and Probabilistic Reasoning. Edited by Roi Cohen Kadosh and Ann Dowker. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199642342.013.016.
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Many people have a fragmented knowledge and understanding of the rules of mathematics and probability. As a consequence, they struggle with selecting the appropriate strategies to solve problems, and they often rely on intuitive solutions instead of normative rules. The purpose of this chapter is to introduce some typical intuitive strategies that people might apply when they solve mathematical or probability problems. Then the chapter describes the notions of primary and secondary intuitions, and gives an overview of the factors that might affect the selection of a particular intuitive strategy (such as certain individual differences variables and task characteristics). Finally, the chapter discusses the implications of these findings for researchers and educators.
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Smith, Daniel M. Dynasties and Democracy. Stanford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.11126/stanford/9781503605053.001.0001.
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Democracy is supposed to be the antithesis of hereditary rule by family dynasties. And yet “democratic dynasties” continue to persist in democracies around the world. They have been conspicuously prevalent in Japan, where more than a third of all legislators and two-thirds of all cabinet ministers in recent years have come from families with a history in parliament. Such a high proportion of dynasties is unusual and has sparked concerns over whether democracy in Japan is functioning properly. This book introduces a comparative theory to explain the causes and consequences of dynasties in democracies like Japan. Members of dynasties enjoy an “inherited incumbency advantage” in all three stages of a typical political career: selection, election, and promotion. However, the nature and extent of this advantage, as well as its consequences for elections and representation, varies by the institutional context of electoral rules and candidate selection methods within parties. In the late 1980s, roughly half of all new candidates in Japan’s long-ruling Liberal Democratic Party were political legacies. However, electoral system reform in 1994 and subsequent party reforms have changed the incentives for party leaders to rely on dynastic politics in candidate selection. A new pattern of party-based competition is slowly replacing the old pattern of competition based on localized family fiefdoms.
Book chapters on the topic "Relay Selection rule"
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Yamamoto, Claudio Haruo, Maria Cristina Ferreira de Oliveira, and Solange Oliveira Rezende. "Visualization to Assist the Generation and Exploration of Association Rules." In Post-Mining of Association Rules, 224–45. IGI Global, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-60566-404-0.ch012.
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Miners face many challenges when dealing with association rule mining tasks, such as defining proper parameters for the algorithm, handling sets of rules so large that exploration becomes difficult and uncomfortable, and understanding complex rules containing many items. In order to tackle these problems, many researchers have been investigating visual representations and information visualization techniques to assist association rule mining. In this chapter, an overview is presented of the many approaches found in literature. First, the authors introduce a classification of the different approaches that rely on visual representations, based on the role played by the visualization technique in the exploration of rule sets. Current approaches typically focus on model viewing, that is visualizing rule content, namely antecedent and consequent in a rule, and/or different interest measure values associated to it. Nonetheless, other approaches do not restrict themselves to aiding exploration of the final rule set, but propose representations to assist miners along the rule extraction process. One such approach is a methodology the authors have been developing that supports visually assisted selective generation of association rules based on identifying clusters of similar itemsets. They introduce this methodology and a quantitative evaluation of it. Then, they present a case study in which it was employed to extract rules from a real and complex dataset. Finally, they identify some trends and issues for further developments in this area.
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Dennenmoser, Stefan, John H. Christy, and Martin Thiel. "Rhythms and Reproduction." In Reproductive Biology, 472–502. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190688554.003.0017.
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Reproductive rhythms can be found in numerous crustacean species. This chapter reviews the temporal scales of rhythms and how these rhythms are entrained and maintained by external cues and endogenous clocks. The occurrence and synchrony of rhythms vary along latitudinal and depth gradients, which may depend on the availability of zeitgebers (e.g., temperature and photoperiod), changing selective pressures such as predation risk, and variability in larval development rates that affect the timing and synchrony of reproductive rhythms. Commonly observed rhythms are reproductive migrations and synchronized larval release, which are often timed to reduce predation risk for newly hatched larvae. In crustaceans, reproductive rhythms rarely evolve under pure density-dependent selection for synchrony. Pure density dependence is common in marine broadcast-spawning invertebrates like corals, which rely on accumulation of gametes in time and space to ensure fertilization. Instead, (density-independent) selection for synchrony with environmental cycles that track changes in factors affecting fitness such as energy expenditure, predation risk, or food availability seems to be the rule, although some exceptions may exist. In contrast to natural selection, the possible contribution of sexual selection on reproductive rhythms has rarely been considered. Selection for enhanced mating possibilities should favor reproductive synchrony, but deviations from synchrony will affect the operational sex ratio and influence sexual selection. Finally, the chapter discusses the possibility of sexual conflict over reproductive timing between males and females and explores circumstances under which synchronous reproductive rhythms might be abandoned.
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Nowak, Martin A., and Karl Sigmund. "How populations cohere: five rules for cooperation." In Theoretical Ecology. Oxford University Press, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199209989.003.0005.
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Subsequent chapters in this volume deal with populations as dynamic entities in time and space. Populations are, of course, made up of individuals, and the parameters which characterize aggregate behavior—population growth rate and so on— ultimately derive from the behavioral ecology and life-history strategies of these constituent individuals. In evolutionary terms, the properties of populations can only be understood in terms of individuals, which comes down to studying how life-history choices (and consequent genefrequency distributions) are shaped by environmental forces. Many important aspects of group behavior— from alarm calls of birds and mammals to the complex institutions that have enabled human societies to flourish—pose problems of how cooperative behavior can evolve and be maintained. The puzzle was emphasized by Darwin, and remains the subject of active research today. In this book, we leave the large subject of individual organisms’ behavioral ecology and lifehistory choices to texts in that field (e.g. Krebs and Davies, 1997). Instead, we lead with a survey of work, much of it very recent, on five different kinds of mechanism whereby cooperative behavior may be maintained in a population, despite the inherent difficulty that cheats may prosper by enjoying the benefits of cooperation without paying the associated costs. Cooperation means that a donor pays a cost, c, for a recipient to get a benefit, b. In evolutionary biology, cost and benefit are measured in terms of fitness. While mutation and selection represent the main forces of evolutionary dynamics, cooperation is a fundamental principle that is required for every level of biological organization. Individual cells rely on cooperation among their components. Multicellular organisms exist because of cooperation among their cells. Social insects are masters of cooperation. Most aspects of human society are based on mechanisms that promote cooperation. Whenever evolution constructs something entirely new (such as multicellularity or human language), cooperation is needed. Evolutionary construction is based on cooperation. The five rules for cooperation which we examine in this chapter are: kin selection, direct reciprocity, indirect reciprocity, graph selection, and group selection. Each of these can promote cooperation if specific conditions are fulfilled.
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"Automobile Exterior Color Design Development Model." In Examining a New Automobile Global Manufacturing System, 372–93. IGI Global, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-8746-1.ch018.
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The idea of global quality competition in the auto industry has made developing body colors that best match the exterior design of vehicle models a critical factor in terms of product strategy, as color selection has the ability to affect consumer purchasing behavior. The rapid global advancement currently underway brings with it increasingly diverse and complex personal values and subjective impressions, which are difficult to fully grasp. In this chapter, the author has concluded that traditional design processes, which are implicit and rely heavily on designer intuition and experience-based rules of thumb, must be reformed. To achieve this, the author has created the Automobile Exterior Color Design Development Model (AECD-DM) partnering of auto-maker and paint-maker. Specifically, to affect purchasing customer behavior, the author has developed the AECD-DM to body color development at a specific company and has obtained the given results.
Conference papers on the topic "Relay Selection rule"
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Colombo, Giorgio, Stella Gabbiadini, Daniele Regazzoni, and Caterina Rizzi. "Design Procedure and Rules to Configure Lower Limb Prosthesis." In ASME 2011 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2011-47651.
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Modular lower limb prosthesis is composed by custom-fit parts, such as the socket containing the residual limb, and standard components available on market, such as knee or foot. For both custom and standard parts the support offered by existing design tools is not efficient or integrated enough and, as a result, most prosthetists do not use computer-aided tools and still rely only on their personal expertise. This paper presents an approach to design and configure complete lower limb prosthesis for transfemoral and transtibial amputees, using patient’s digital data (e.g., residual limb model acquired by MRI) and specification sheets of components. The ultimate goal is to realise a virtual laboratory where the technicians can design lower limb prosthesis guided step by step by the system. We have identified key patient’s characteristics guiding the prosthetist during the four main steps of the production process: acquiring patient’s data, socket modelling, standard components selection and prosthesis assembly and check. The developed innovative framework integrates different tools to guide the technicians during each design task providing specific knowledge and rules. Thus, it allows a quicker and easier definition of the virtual prosthesis, on which virtual test could be performed (e.g., pressure distribution on residual limb, gait evaluation) in order to be able to realize the definitive prosthesis at the first attempt. The results have been evaluated and validated with the technical staff of a certified orthopaedic laboratory.
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Gunawan, Alvaro, Ji Ruan, and Xiaowei Huang. "A Graph Neural Network Reasoner for Game Description Language." In 19th International Conference on Principles of Knowledge Representation and Reasoning {KR-2022}. California: International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/kr.2022/46.
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General Game Playing (GGP) aims to develop agents that are able to play any game with only rules given. The game rules are encoded in the Game Description Language (GDL). A GGP player processes the game rules to obtain game states and expand the game tree search for an optimal move. The recent accomplishments of AlphaGo and AlphaZero have triggered new works in extending neural network approaches to GGP. In these works, the neural networks are used only for optimal move selection, while the components dealing with GDL still use logic-based methods. This motivates us to explore if a neural network based method would be able to approximate the logical inference in GDL with a high accuracy. The structured nature of logic tends to be a difficulty for neural networks, which rely heavily on statistical features. Inspired by the recent works on neural network learning for logical entailments, we propose a neural network based reasoner that is able to learn logical inferences for GDL. We present three key contributions: (i) a general, game-agnostic graph-based representation for game states described in GDL, (ii) methods for generating samples and datasets to frame the GDL inference task as a neural network based machine learning problem and (iii) a GNN based neural reasoner that is able to learn and infer various game states with a high accuracy and has some capability of transfer learning across games.
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Yanagisawa, Hideyoshi, Kyosuke Tagashira, and Tamotsu Murakami. "A Method for Extraction of Causal Relations Between Product Design Attributes and Sensory Responses Considering Diversity of Evaluators’ Visual Attention." In ASME 2010 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2010-28310.
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In the design of kansei (emotional) quality, one of the important issues is to extract causal relations between physical design attributes and the customer’s emotional responses. Without such relations, a designer has to rely on his/her own sense that may be different from the customer’s. In this paper, we propose a new method for extraction of logical rules consisting of combinations of design attributes that explain a customer’s emotional judgment towards product appearance. In the method, we apply a reduct calculation in rough set theory to derive alternatives of causal rules between design attributes and emotional judgments, and use the customer’s eye gaze features for refining the rules. We extract two types of visual attentions (VA), i.e., a single visual attention (SVA) and a combinational visual attention (CVA), by using the proposed gaze features. To demonstrate the effectiveness of the method, we conducted a sensory evaluation experiment using a car-interior design as a case study. In the experiment, multiple participants evaluated impressions of multiple design samples by selecting from a set of words. During the experiment, we recorded the participants’ eye gaze movements as coordinates on a screen, and asked them to vocalize aloud what they were thinking. After an evaluation of each design sample, we conducted a retrospective interview. From the results, we confirmed that the estimated SVA and CVA significantly covered the vocalized thoughts and statements made in the retrospective interview. The estimated VA reduced 53% of the erroneous causal rules and improved the quality of the rules. We found a case where two participants making the same emotional judgments have implicitly different points of view when evaluating the same design sample. Most conventional causality analysis has been unsuccessful in finding such diversity of points of view.
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Maradey Lázaro, Jessica Gissella, Helio Sneyder Esteban Villegas, and Braulio José Blanco Caballero. "Finite Element Analysis (FEA) for Optimization the Design of a Baja SAE Chassis." In ASME 2018 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2018-87564.
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The chassis is one of the main components of the vehicle, which provides not only support and stiffness but also gives the vehicle its shape. Its design is a challenge for the mechanical engineer: to achieve an optimum resistance-weight ratio which can ensure the safety of the pilot. To optimize its design, engineers can rely on the Finite Element Analysis (FEA) an ideal method to predict the behavior of the chassis to the different loads (Mechanical Effort, fatigue, movement) and effects (Vibration, heat, fluid flow, transfer of heat) given in real environments. This analysis is able to describe if a product may break, wear out or, otherwise, it will work as expected. Additionally, it allows the variation of the geometry and materials used so that the most suitable one can be selected for the application in study. This article aims to show the preliminary design of the chassis (Simplified 3D model using CAD) taking into account the rules of the SAE competition and its optimization by using the FEA analysis and also taking into account its geometry. Static load analysis will start by selecting the appropriate mesh size and having as criteria that Von Mises stress should be less than the yield point of the selected material. Likewise, the deformation of the members that make up the chassis should not put at risk the safety of the pilot. Moreover, a Modal Analysis of the chassis to verify the natural frequencies and vibration modes is also made. The result of this research provides a design approach for the validation (theory vs simulation) and optimization of the chassis to ensure better performance as well as to facilitate the manufacture of its parts and assembly.