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1

Hedvall, Eila. "Relativizers : A Comparative Study of Two Translations." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för kultur och kommunikation, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-91919.

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In this comparative study, relativizers have been examined in two versions of the Bible: the King James Bible Version from 1611 and the New King James Bible Version from 1990. The hypothesis of this investigation was that, as the English language has undergone noticeable changes from the year 1611, the changes might also concern the usage of relativizers. Thus, the aim was to analyse how the use of relativizers has changed and try to find out reasons for these changes. To examine this, The Gospel According to Luke in both Bible versions was studied, because it is the longest of the 27 books of the New Testament. During this study, all the relativizers were sought out and counted. The results showed that in particular, there were remarkable discrepancies concerning the frequency of the relativizers who, which and that. In the King James Bible Version the relativizers which and that have a high frequency of occurrences, whereas the relativizer who does not appear as frequently. In the light of several examples, the usage of the relativizers was discussed and it has been found that the discrepancies depend on different factors. The most obvious difference in the usage of relativizers is that the relativizer which has both human and non-human antecedents in the King James Bible Version, whereas there is a clear distinction in the usage of who and which in the New King James Bible.
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2

Vo, Thi Anh Ngoc. "Subordination relative en vietnamien : éléments de comparaison avec le français." Thesis, Toulouse 2, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012TOU20151.

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Cette thèse propose une description du vietnamien en comparaison avec le français autour du phénomène de la relativisation, dans le cadre de la linguistique typologique et contrastive. Elle s’articule en deux parties. La première traite des questions préliminaires et du cadre typologique. Il s’agit de présenter quelques traits dominants de la langue vietnamienne, langue isolante, par rapport au français, langue flexionnelle, en passant en revue certaines notions de base en linguistique générale telles que sujet/sujet grammatical, thème/rhème, phrase/proposition et subordination/subordonnant. La notion de subordination sera ensuite introduite dans le cadre typologique adopté (Creissels 2006) pour la présentation de la relativisation translinguistique ainsi que pour l’analyse des relatives en français et en vietnamien. La seconde partie est consacrée à l’étude contrastive des relatives en français et en vietnamien, et cela, avec un double objectif. Le premier est de dégager, aux niveaux morphosyntaxique et fonctionnel, les propriétés de la relativisation en examinant la structure syntaxique du nom de domaine, les stratégies de relativisation, la Hiérarchie d’Accessibilité à la relativisation ainsi que les types de relatives. Le second est de mettre en évidence les particularités du fonctionnement du vietnamien par rapport au français, et plus spécifiquement, la relation minimale (Lemaréchal 1997) entre un nom et une relative et la polyfonctionnalité du relativiseur mà. Cette étude, qui se veut contribuer à la typologie de la relativisation, fournit une description systématique de la subordonnée relative dans une perspective typologique, et jamais une telle étude n’a été entreprise, à notre connaissance, en linguistique vietnamienne
This thesis proposes a description of Vietnamese in comparison with French around the phenomenon of relativization in the frame of typological and contrastive linguistics. It is divided into two parts. The first part specifies the preliminary matters and typological framework. It presents some salient features of the Vietnamese language, an isolating language, compared to the French inflected language. It reviews some basic concepts in general linguistics such as subject / grammatical subject, theme / rheme, sentence / clause and subordination / subordinator. The notion of subordination is then introduced into the typological framework adopted (Creissels 2006) for the presentation of crosslinguistic relativization as well as for the analysis of relative clauses in French and in Vietnamese. The second part is devoted to the constrative study of the relative clauses in French and in Vietnamese with two objectives. The first objective is to identify the properties of relativization at the morphosyntactic and functional levels by examining the syntactic structure of the head noun, the strategies of relativization, the Accessibility Hierarchy for relativization and the typology of relative clauses. The second objective is to highlight the peculiarities of the functioning of Vietnamese compared with French, and more specifically, the Minimum relationship (Lemaréchal 1997) between a head noun and a relative clause and the polyfunctionality of the relativiser mà. This study, which aims at contributing to the typology of relativization, provides a systematic description of the relative subordination in a typological perspective, and never such a study has been undertaken, to our knowledge, in Vietnamese linguistics
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3

Nakamura, Masanori 1966. "Move a, scope, and relativized minimality." Thesis, McGill University, 1992. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=56651.

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This thesis deals with two aspects of operators within the framework of Government and Binding theory; (i) how they are assigned their scope, and (ii) how they are licensed. In an attempt to answer these questions, the relation of Move $ alpha$ (such as scrambling, NP-movement, and wh-movement) to the scope of operators and the licensing of wh-elements, negative polarity items, and adverbs are examined. It is argued that scope assignment is dictated by the Scope Principle and the Empty Category Principle. It is also argued that licensing of operators is determined by the Feature-Dependent Item Criterion. These principles and criterion make use of the concept of Government Theory Compatibility, which is built into Relativized Minimality. It is suggested that this concept should be characterized in terms of a set of lexical features. The approach advocated here accounts for the interpretive and distributional behavior of operators without recourse to parameterization of LF principles.
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4

Loizelet, Julien Chruściel Piotr T. "Problèmes globaux en relativité générale." S. l. : S. n, 2008. http://theses.abes.fr/2008TOUR4006.

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5

Gourgoulhon, Éric. "Etude numerique d'effondrements gravitationnels en relativite generale." Paris 7, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992PA077074.

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Afin de simuler des effondrements gravitationnels d'etoiles, un code numerique a ete developpe pour l'integration des equations de la relativite generale qui regissent l'evolution d'un fluide parfait et d'un flot de neutrinos autogravitants en symetrie spherique. La technique numerique employee est une methode pseudo-spectrale de decomposition des fonctions d'espace sur les polynomes de tchebychev. Par comparaison avec une solution analytique exacte des equations d'einstein, on montre qu'une telle methode est bien plus precise que celles traditionnellement utilisees dans ce domaine (differences finies). Cette precision a permis d'etudier numeriquement le developpement de l'instabilite qui affecte une etoile a neutrons au voisinage de la masse maximale, en passant progressivement du regime lineaire des modes acoustiques au regime non lineaire de l'effondrement en trou noir. Le principal resultat d'interet observationnel est la determination du flux de neutrinos emis par les processus urca hors equilibre, lors de l'effondrement en trou noir d'une etoile a neutrons ayant accrete de la matiere (par exemple depuis un compagnon) au-dela de la masse maximale
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6

Lévesque, Simon. "Non-localité quantique, relativité et formalisme temps-multiple /." Thèse, Trois-Rivières : Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, 2007. http://www.uqtr.ca/biblio/notice/resume/30033956R.pdf.

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7

Cook, Jacob. "Ordinal analysis of set theories : relativised and intuitionistic." Thesis, University of Leeds, 2015. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/9484/.

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In the early 1980s, the forum of ordinal analysis switched from analysing subsystems of second order arithmetic and theories of inductive definitions to set theories. The new results were much more uniform and elegant than their predecessors. This thesis uses techniques for the ordinal analysis of set theories developed over the past 30 years to extract some useful information about Kripke Platek set theory, KP and some related theories. First I give a classification of the provably total set functions of KP, this result is reminiscent of a classic theorem of ordinal analysis, characterising the provably total recursive functions of Peano Arithmetic, PA. For the remainder of the thesis the focus switches to intuitionistic theories. Firstly, a detailed rendering of the ordinal analysis of intuitionistic Kripke-Platek set theory, IKP, is given. This is done in such a way as to demonstrate that IKP has the existence property for its verifiable ⌃ sentences. Combined with the results of [40] this has important implications for constructive set theory. It was shown in [42] that sometimes the tools of ordinal analysis can be applied in the context of strong set-theoretic axioms such as power set to obtain a characterisation of a theory in terms of provable heights of the cumulative hierarchy. In the final two chapters this machinery is applied to ‘scale up’ the earlier result about IKP to two stronger theories IKP(P) and IKP(E). In the case of IKP(E) this required considerable new technical legwork. These results also have important applications within constructive set theory.
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8

Johansson, Christine. "The relativizers Whose and Of which in present-day English : description and theory /." Uppsala : Uppsala university, 1995. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb35768806q.

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9

Monteiro, Isabela Liberato Gesteira. "A possibilidade de relativizar a proibição da tortura no cenário da bomba-relógio." reponame:Repositório Institucional da UFC, 2016. http://www.repositorio.ufc.br/handle/riufc/25324.

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MONTEIRO, Isabela Liberato Gesteira. A possibilidade de relativizar a proibição da tortura no cenário da bomba-relógio. 2016. 105 f. Monografia (Graduação em Direito) - Faculdade de Direito, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, 2016.
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The aim of this paper is to make an analysis of international treaties and laws, foreign and internal, that deal about the definition and the legal framework of the crime of torture. It focuses on the use of this method on critical cases in order to obtain information, as exemplified by the ticking-bomb scenario, in which some states believe the use of torture is justified, through coercive advanced interrogation and the so-called " light torture " in order to save the lives of victims. It analyzes the balance between the lives of potential victims and respect for the dignity of the suspect, establishing the concept of human dignity more in tune with the absolute prohibition of torture, regardless of the configuration of the exceptional cases. It faces the possibility of forming the state of justifying necessity in case of application of torture in exceptional situations. It performs a retrospective of the use of torture at various times in history, especially in periods of political and social instability, as in military dictatorships, civil wars and the current era of terrorism. Finally, it concludes that is impossible to relativize the use of torture, even in the ticking-bomb scenario, due to the difficulty in aggregating all the necessary requirements for that case, and the need to honor the Convention's provisions Against Torture and Human Dignity, which do not foresee any possibility of exception.
O objeto deste trabalho é efetuar uma análise dos tratados internacionais e legislações estrangeiras e internas, que versem acerca da definição e do enquadramento jurídico do crime de tortura. Debruça-se sobre a utilização desse método com o fim de obter informações em casos críticos, como o exemplificado pelo cenário da bomba-relógio, no qual alguns Estados justificam o recurso à tortura, por meio dos interrogatórios avançados coercitivos e da denominada “tortura light”, a fim de salvar a vida das vítimas. Analisa a ponderação entre a vida das possíveis vítimas e o respeito à dignidade do suspeito, estabelecendo-se o conceito de dignidade da pessoa humana mais afinado com a proibição absoluta da tortura, independentemente da configuração dos casos excepcionais. Enfrenta a possibilidade de conformar o estado de necessidade justificante no caso da aplicação da tortura nas situações de exceção. Realiza a retrospectiva do uso da tortura em diversos momentos da história e, em especial, nos períodos de instabilidade política e social, como nos regimes militares, guerras civis e na atual era do terrorismo. Por fim, conclui-se pela impossibilidade de relativização da tortura, ainda que configurado o cenário da bomba-relógio, em decorrência da dificuldade em se agregar todos os requisitos necessários ao seu enquadramento, além da necessidade de atender aos preceitos da Convenção contra a Tortura e da Dignidade da Pessoa Humana, a qual não prevê nenhuma hipótese de exceção.
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10

Pierseaux, Yves. "La structure fine de la théorie de la relativité restreinte /." Paris ; Montréal (Québec) : l'Harmattan, 1999. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb37050978s.

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11

Danielsson, Joseph. "Tid och relativitet : Utmaningen från den Speciella relativitetsteorin för Presentism." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Institutionen för idé- och samhällsstudier, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-140288.

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Denna uppsats tar upp två filosofers argumentation kring konflikten mellan Presentism och denspeciella relativitetsteorin: D. H. Mellor och Theodore Sider. Utifrån detta ges ett försvar avPresentism i ljuset av speciella relativitetsteorin och Mellor´s och Sider´s argument. Försvaretgår ut på att visa att denna konflikt inte innebär inkompatibilitet. Möjligheten att försvaraPresentism genom att påpeka olika tolkningar av speciella relativitetsteorin som empirisktlikvärdiga ges.
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12

Lapraz-Severino, Françoise. "Relativité et communication dans les "Voyages de Gulliver" de Jonathan Swift." Lille 3 : ANRT, 1988. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb376070211.

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13

Valtat, Jean-Christophe. "Culture et figures de la relativité Le Temps retrouvé, Finnegans Wake /." Paris : H. Champion, 2004. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb39145153p.

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14

Lapraz-Severino, Françoise. "Relativite et communication dans les "voyages de gulliver" de jonathan swift." Nice, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987NICE2015.

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Cette etude est double. Dans la premiere partie, est conduite une analyse des differents avatars de la relativite : physique - dimensionnel et esthetique-, social, moral, diachronique, scientifique et ontologique. Suit un examen de la transcription litteraire de ce theme : d'abord les structures conceptuelles, de bipolarite, d'ambiguite, d'emboitement et la diversite, puis le lexique - jeu de certains substantifs choisis, des prepositions, des adverbes - et la syntaxe; enfin, la symbolique, essentiellement le voyage et la maladie, les images et les accessoires de la relativite : de survie, du marin, ou neutres. Dans la deuxieme partie, il est traite de la communication. Une progression mene des langages verbaux, a savoir les idiomes nationaux, reels ou imaginaires, et les jargons, en passant par les langages universels, mathematiques, musique, choses, jusqu'aux langages par signes, a savoir le corps, l'habitat, la cour. Un chapitre est consacre a la permanence de la communication realisee dans l'ecriture et a ses intermittences. Il est montre pour conclure que le decryptage de l'information permet une lecture biogra- phique du livre a travers l'organisation structurelle et spatio-temporelle des peripeties. Les recoupements des deux themes sont signales et exploites
This study is twofold. In the first part, the various avatars of relativity are analysed : physical (size and aesthetics), social moral, diachronic, scientific, and ontological. There follows an investigation of the literary transcription of the theme : first, the conceptualizing structures of duality, ambiguity, proportionality, diversity, then the lexicon - chosen nouns, prepositions, adverbs - and the syntax ; finally, the symbolism, as expressed by the voyage and disease, the imagery, and the emblems of relativity : survival, seafaring and neutral props. In the second part, communication is the subject. A progression leads from verbal languages, i. E. National - real or imaginary - idioms, and jargons, through universal language - mathematics, music, things-, down to languages by signs : body, housing, the court. A chapter is devoted to the safeguarding of communication realized by writing, and to its spasms. It is shown, to conclude, that decoded information allows a biographical reading of the book based on an evaluation of the structural organisation of the events as well as their location and timing. Places where the two themes interlock are pointed and commented upon
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15

Galal, Mohamed. "Etude dans les espaces-temps de dimension arbitraire : Tenseurs de Bel et Robinson. Equations de spin élevé." Paris 6, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986PA066674.

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Depuis 1921, date a laquelle kaluza elabora une theorie unitaire pentadimensionnelle, qui realisait une unification des champs gravitionnel et electromagnerique; les essais de construire une theorie unitaire, au sein d'une structure geometrique pour l'univers de dimension superieure a quatre, se sont multiplies. Cette voie a ete confirmee par l'apparition de la theorie de supergravite. Des lors, il fallait regarder tous les parametres de la relativite generale classique dans des varietes pseudoriemanniennes de dimension arbitraire. Ce travail s'inscrit dans cette demarche. Nous avons generalise les tenseurs de bel et robinson en dimension arbitraire. Nous avons precise que ces tenseurs sont distincts, ils coincident, si, et seulement si, l'espace est d'einstein de dimension quatre. Nous avons trouve que ces deux tenseurs sont conservatifs quelle que soit la dimension de l'espace. Cela represente la premiere partie du travail. Dans la deuxieme partie, nous avons trouve les conditions d'integrabilite d'un systeme de deux equations de type de dirac, pour un spin eleve en utilisant l'isomorphisme entre l'algebre exterieur et l'algebre de clifford
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16

Suchan, Berthold. "Die Stabilität der Welt : eine Wissenschaftsphilosophie der Kosmologischen Konstante /." Paderborn : Mentis, 1999. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb39965563w.

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17

Poujade, Olivier. "Iteration post-Newtonienne du champ de gravitation d'un systeme isole en Relativite Generale." Phd thesis, Université Paris-Diderot - Paris VII, 2002. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00002179.

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Pour extraire l'empreinte laissee par le passage d'une onde gravitationnelle dans le signal bruite d'un des futurs detecteurs (VIRGO/LIGO), il est necessaire de connaitre avec une grande precision la forme de cette onde. Or, les equations de la Relativite Generale (RG), qui regissent cette forme, sont d'une grande complexite et ne sont pas solubles analytiquement pour des systemes dynamiques tels que les binaires d'etoiles a neutrons. Celles ci representent pourtant les sources les plus prometteuses de rayonnement gravitationnel. On a donc recours a des methodes d'approximation. Dans cette these nous avons etudie l'approximation post-Newtonienne (developpement perturbatif en puissance de 1/c) dans le cadre de la RG. Dans un premier temps nous avons etudie cette approximation d'un point de vue general afin de demontrer un theoreme qui permet d'affirmer que, sous certaines hypotheses, le developpement post-Newtonien du champ de gravitation d'une source isolee auto-gravitante peut etre itere a tout les ordres en 1/c, ce qui n'avait jamais ete fait jusqu'a present. Nous avons montre que ce developpement se raccorde a tous les ordres a une solution exterieur, valable notamment a l'infini, et satisfaisant aux conditions d'absence de radiation rentrante. Dans un deuxieme temps, sous l'impulsion de Luc Blanchet et en collaboration avec Gilles Esposito-Farese, je me suis interesse au probleme de l'energie post-Newtonienne a l'ordre 1/c^6 d'un systeme binaire de corps compacts etendus. Nous nous interessons notamment au probleme du calcul d'un coefficient indetermine a l'ordre 3PN du a une incompletude des methodes de regularisation. Pour lever cette indetermination, nous nous sommes interesses au calcul de cette meme energie pour des corps etendus lorsque l'on tient compte de la structure interne. Nous presentons dans cette these les raisons possibles de l'indetermination, la methode et les problemes poses par l'extension finie des corps.
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Bartels, Andreas. "Kausalitätsverletzungen in allgemeinrelativistischen Raumzeiten /." Berlin : [BRD] : Duncker und Humblot, 1986. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb36625218g.

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19

Leygnac, Cédric Clément Gérard. "Trous noirs non asymptotiquement plats." Villeurbanne : Université Claude Bernard, 2004. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/docs/00/04/70/17/PDF/tel-00006633.pdf.

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Delay, Erwann. "Analyse sur les variétés non-compactes, applications à la géométrie riemannienne et à la relativité générale." Villeurbanne : HAL, 2006. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/docs/00/06/17/78/PDF/hdr.pdf.

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21

Pissondes, Jean-Claude. "Des invariants quadratiques aux invariants projectifs, covariance d'echelle en theorie de la relativite d'echelle." Paris 6, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998PA066292.

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Les resultats presentes dans cette these ont pour point de depart la theorie de la relativite d'echelle, pour finalement concerner les transformations projectives complexes, ainsi que la geometrie non-commutative par certains aspects. En premier lieu, j'analyse la prescription formelle selon laquelle il serait possible de deduire des equations de la mecanique classique, des equations qui soient covariantes d'echelle, et par suite, les equations de mecanique quantique. Cette prescription consiste a remplacer dans les equations classiques, les derivees totales par une derivee covariante d'echelle. Une telle substitution est censee realiser le postulat de la theorie, selon lequel les equations de la physique doivent garder - une fois ecrites en relativite d'echelle - la meme forme, quelle que soit l'echelle a laquelle on les considere. Je montre que cette prescription donne lieu, en l'appliquant a la lettre dans les quantites et equations classiques, a des relations en fait incompatibles qui, de plus, ne redonnent pas dans un certain nombre de cas les equations quantiques qui leur correspondent. Les equations qui sont justes contiennent des termes additionnels, de sorte que, pour certaines d'entre elles, leur forme change. L'exemple le plus important d'ecart a la forme classique que je mets en evidence, concerne l'energie, et plus generalement les invariants quadratiques. Leurs contreparties renferment un terme de divergence, en plus du terme quadratique dans les vitesses. De l'expression de l'invariant relativiste, je deduis une forme possible de l'equation de dirac dans cette approche, moyennant une ecriture matricielle ou la vitesse intervient comme une connexion dans des equations de structure. De plus, en ecrivant l'invariant ci-dessus dans le cas riemannien, j'obtiens des equations du mouvement qui contiennent, en plus des termes usuels, un terme de correction geodesique. Comme autre exemple d'ecart a la forme classique, je trouve que les equations du mouvement avec champ electromagnetique renferment un terme de courant en plus du terme de force de lorentz. Ces changements dans la forme des equations, ont pour cause le fait que la regle de leibniz n'est pas satisfaite par la derivee covariante d'echelle. Celle-ci n'est donc pas une derivation. L'ecart a la regle de leibniz n'est pas insignifiant, mais peut explicitement etre relie aux relations de commutation canoniques. Pour que cette regle puisse se formuler sous sa forme usuelle, j'introduis un produit symetrique inspire du calcul stochastique. En plus de restaurer la forme de la regle de leibniz, il permet de redonner a la plupart des equations evoquees ci-dessus leur forme usuelle. Les termes additionnels se trouvent absorbes dans le produit symetrique lui-meme, permettant ainsi d'invoquer la notion de covariance d'echelle de maniere plus profonde. En allant plus loin, ces expressions fournissent un lien entre la presente approche et la geometrie non-commutative. En effet, l'introduction d'un calcul differentiel deforme, ou les fonctions et leurs differentielles ne commutent plus, donne lieu a des formules tres proches de celles rencontrees en calcul stochastique, et par consequent de nos equations. Le produit symetrique est alors relie au commutateur des fonctions et des differentielles. Enfin, j'examine les proprietes d'invariance satisfaites par l'energie non quadratique. A un premier niveau, je montre qu'elle est invariante sous une homographie particuliere sur les vitesses. Puis, je considere les mouvements dans le plan hyperbolique, en particulier dans le modele du demi-plan de poincare. Aux points fixes de l'homographie, l'energie retrouve sa forme quadratique usuelle. L'interpretation envisagee ici, consiste a assimiler le cas limite que represente la mecanique classique pour la mecanique quantique, a la limite geometrique que represente l'horizon du plan hyperbolique. A un niveau plus fondamental, la forme de l'energie fait intervenir l'invariance conforme et projective. Moyennant la parametrisation adequate, elle est en effet identique a une derivee de schwarz, et acquiert ainsi le statut d'invariant projectif. La vitesse apparait alors comme un invariant affine. Ces equations conduisent a interpreter ces quantites comme des connexions affine et projective.
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22

Walter, Scott. "Hermann minkowski et la mathematisation de la theorie de la relativite restreinte, 1905-1915." Paris 7, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996PA070108.

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Le role des mathematiciens dans la decouverte, la reception scientifique, et le developpement de la theorie de la relativite restreinte est aborde sous l'angle des contributions de hermann minkowski. L'effet produit par l'intervention de minkowski s'interprete comme une expansion de la frontiere disciplinaire des mathematiques ; en effet, minkowski a ouvert la porte de la physique relativiste aux mathematiciens. L'interpretation s'appuie sur l'analyse bibliometrique des publications en langues europeennes, ou le fait de publier sur la theorie de la relativite restreinte est mis en rapport avec la discipline et la region geographique de l'auteur, ainsi que le type de periodique l'emplacement geographique de sa redaction. Certains manuscrits de minkowski portent sur sa decouverte de la mecanique de l'espace-temps, et montrent que jusqu'a novembre 1907 la notion d'une ligne d'univers lui etait inconnue. Apres la mort de minkowski, les deplacements des corps 'rigides' dans l'espace-temps ont ete etudies par ses disciples, y compris theodor kaluza, dont l'analyse en 1910 de la geometrie riemannienne du disque tournant etait proche de la theorie de la relativite generale, decouverte deux ans plus tard par albert einstein. Le travail de c dernier, est-il suggere, sortait d'un contexte scientifique dans lequel l'emploie de la geometrie non euclidienne se banalisait. Dans cet ordre d'idees, il est montre qu'au debut du siecle la doctrine conventionnaliste de henri poincare avait seduit peu de mathematiciens de haut niveau ; et meme que plusieurs savants trouvaient dans la theorie minkowskienne la confirmation du point de vue empiriste sur la geometrie de l'espace
The role of mathematicians in the discovery, reception and development of the non-gravitational theory of relativity is studied from the angle of hermann minkowski's work. It is argued that minkowski effectively expanded the disciplinary frontier of mathematics to include the principle of relativity, thereby paving the way for mathematical engagement with the theory of relativity. This view finds support from a bibliometric analysis, in which europeanlanguage publications on non-gravitational relativity are correlated against author discipline and geographic location, as well as periodical type and site of publication. Minkowski's manuscripts shed light on his discovery of space-time mechanics, and show that prior to november, 1907, he was not in possession of the notion of a worldline in spacetime. Following minkowski's death, the extension of the concept of rigidity to space-time kinematics was attempted by his followers, including theodor kaluza, who in 1910 studied the riemannian geometry of a rigidly-rotating disk, incorporating an approach resembling that of the general theory of relativity discovered two years later by albert einstein. From the frequency with which non-euclidean geometry was encountered in the scientific literature of this period, einstein's choice of a riemannian space-time metric as the foundation of the theory of general relativity takes its place as a natural response to the elaboration of minkowskian kinematics. In this order of ideas, by the turn of the century, henri poincare's conventionalist doctrine appears to have obtained few disciples among leading continental mathematicians ; with the advent of minkowskian relativity, several scientists found a confirmation of their views on the necessity of an empirical determination of the geometry of space
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23

Dubillard, Sébastien Saue Trond. "La chimie des éléments lourds une étude par des méthodes de chimie quantique relativiste /." Strasbourg : Université Louis Pasteur, 2008. http://eprints-scd-ulp.u-strasbg.fr:8080/00000970.

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24

Dose, Titus [Verfasser], and Christian [Gutachter] Glaßer. "Balance Problems for Integer Circuits and Separations of Relativized Conjectures on Incompleteness in Promise Classes / Titus Dose ; Gutachter: Christian Glaßer." Würzburg : Universität Würzburg, 2021. http://d-nb.info/1226094074/34.

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25

Martins, Cristianne Moreira. "A imigra????o haitiana para o Brasil e a relativiza????o dos direitos trabalhistas e humanos dos haitianos." Universidade Cat??lica de Bras??lia, 2017. https://bdtd.ucb.br:8443/jspui/handle/tede/2295.

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The history has also shown and demonstrates that migratory flow occurs for a variety of reasons, such as sociocultural, economic and political issues. The problem of the present work is to show that the growing search for work is one of the major causes of displacement of the Haitians to Brazil, a fact that occurred after the earthquake of January 12, 2010. This dissertation examines some points related to the concepts of migration, immigration, emigration, foreigners, refugees and recent trends in Haitian immigration and the Brazilian labor market. Nevertheless, interviews will be analyzed on the theme and approach of the main national and international standards, taking into account the Human Rights of migrants, the Consolidation of Labor Laws, the Conventions of the International Labor Organization, the new Migration Law and the vulnerability of Haitian workers.
A hist??ria demonstrou e demonstra ainda que o fluxo migrat??rio ocorre por diversificados motivos, tais como quest??es de ordem sociocultural, econ??mica e pol??tica. A celeuma do presente trabalho ?? mostrar que a crescente busca pelo trabalho ?? uma das maiores causas de deslocamento dos haitianos para o Brasil, fato este ocorrido ap??s o terremoto de 12 de janeiro de 2010. Nesta disserta????o de mestrado s??o examinados alguns pontos relativos aos conceitos de migra????o, imigra????o, emigra????o, estrangeiro, refugiado e tend??ncias recentes da imigra????o haitiana e o mercado de trabalho brasileiro. N??o obstante, ser??o analisados dados de entrevistas sobre o tema e abordagem das principais normas nacionais e internacionais, levando em conta os direitos humanos dos migrantes, a Consolida????o das Leis do Trabalho, as Conven????es da Organiza????o Internacional do Trabalho, a nova Lei de Migra????o e a situa????o de vulnerabilidade dos trabalhadores haitianos.
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26

Priou, Denis. "Theorie de l'elasticite en relativite generale et applications a l'etude de la croute solide des etoiles a neutrons." Paris 11, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992PA112009.

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La theorie relativiste de l'elasticite construite par carter et quintana est appliquee a l'etude de la croute solide d'une etoile a neutrons en rotation rapide, dans le contexte de la relativite generale. Une configuration non-perturbee de l'etoile est definie; cette configuration est telle que la vitesse angulaire de l'etoile est supposee uniforme. Les equations du mouvement sont posees pour celle-ci. L'etoile est alors perturbee de la facon la plus generale, et les equations regissant toutes les perturbations (stationnaires et dynamiques) de la croute solide de l'etoile a neutrons sont ecrites pour cette configuration perturbee. Aucun choix de jauge n'est fait; conserver le plus longtemps possible les degres de liberte de jauge a pour effet de simplifier la comparaison avec d'autres travaux (pour lesquels divers choix de jauge ont ete faits); de plus, ecrire les equations avant de choisir une jauge permet d'effectuer a posteriori le choix qui simplifie au mieux les equations. Le tenseur impulsion-energie elastique perturbe est etudie, ainsi que le tenseur lagrangien des deformations et le tenseur des deformations a volume constant. Ces equations relativistes sont etudiees dans le cas particulier ou la vitesse angulaire de l'etoile est nulle. Deux importants types de perturbations sont plus particulierement etudies: les modes pairs (evenparity) et impairs (odd-parity). On montre comment deux travaux menes a bien par schumaker, thorne et finn, s'inserent dans le present travail. Enfin, l'approximation post-newtonienne est etudiee. Le formalisme developpe ici est general et pourrait etre applique a la construction d'une theorie post-newtonienne de tout corps auto-gravitant et en rotation, tel que la terre. Les equations du champ d'einstein ainsi que celles qui gouvernent la conservation de l'impulsion-energie sont etudiees et interpretees en termes des quantites de l'elastomecanique classique dans la limite newtonnienne
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27

Daude, Thierry. "Sur la theorie de la diffusion pour des champs de Dirac dans divers espaces-temps de la relativite generale." Phd thesis, Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux I, 2004. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00011974.

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Les résultats présentés dans cette thèse concernent l'étude de la
théorie de la diffusion pour des champs de Dirac dans plusieurs
espaces-temps de la relativité générale. Les méthodes complètement
dépendantes du temps développées par Enss, Sigal, Soffer, Graf,
Derezi\'nski et Gérard constituent le fil conducteur de ce
travail. Ces méthodes sont basées sur des estimations de propagation
comme les estimations de vitesse minimale (obtenues par une théorie de
Mourre) qui correspondent à une version faible du principe de Huygens
et sur l'étude d'observables asymptotiques naturelles comme les
opérateurs de vitesse asymptotiques. Dans un premier temps, on teste
ces méthodes en étudiant la propagation de champs de Dirac, massifs ou
non, perturbés par des potentiels à longue portée, en espace-temps
plat. On montre ainsi
l'existence et la complétude asymptotique des opérateurs d'onde
modifiés. Dans un deuxième temps, on s'intéresse à des situations
géométriques plus compliquées en étudiant la propagation de ces champs
à l'extérieur de trous noirs de Reissner-Nordström (à symétrie
sphérique) et de Kerr-Newman (en rotation) du point de vue
d'observateurs lointains. L'originalité de ce type d'étude réside dans
le fait que les observateurs distinguent deux régions asymptotiques
(l'horizon du trou noir et l'infini spatial) aux structures
géométriques bien différentes ce qui entraîne l'existence de deux
canaux de diffusion. Dans le cas de trous noirs à symétrie
sphérique, une décomposition sur une base d'harmoniques sphériques
permet de se ramener à un problème à une dimension d'espace, du type
espace-temps plat. La difficulté essentielle provient alors de
l'absence de symétrie sphérique des trous noirs de Kerr-Newman qui
rend impossible une telle simplification. Dans les deux cas, on montre
l'existence et la complétude asymptotique des opérateurs d'onde
(modifiés à l'infini) à l'aide des méthodes dépendantes du temps.
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28

Bispo, Edvaldo Balduino. "Estrat?gias de relativiza??o no portugu?s brasileiro e implica??es para o ensino: o caso das cortadoras." Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, 2009. http://repositorio.ufrn.br:8080/jspui/handle/123456789/16305.

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This work consists of a cognitive-functional approach of relativization strategies of Brazilian Portuguese (BP), this is, standard relatives (with preposition or without it) and non-standard relatives (copiadora and the deletion pattern), and it emphasizes the last one. We investigate the use of the relative construction strategies in spoken and written texts produced by speakers from different school levels in a specific situation: a face-to-face interviewing. Our database is the corpora Discurso & Gram?tica: a l?ngua falada e escrita na cidade do Natal e a l?ngua falada e escrita na cidade do Rio de Janeiro. We contrast the use of the standard relative to the deletion pattern in prepositional context, by considering cognitive, social and interactional motivations for the use of the deletion pattern instead of the standard one. Our research leads us to verify that the deletion pattern is fixing as the preferred relativization strategy in prepositional contexts, and, in this way, it brings out a grammaticalization process in working. For this reason, we propose to take this relative construction as a common way to structure a relative clause, in the same way we take the standard pattern. Finally, we discuss the treatment of questions related to the processes of teaching and learning of Portuguese language and some suggestions are given in terms of class activities. We expect that the development of this research may give both support for the Portuguese teachers and suggestions to improve the teaching and learning process of Portuguese language, contributing in special to the treatment of the syntax of complex clauses.
Este trabalho consiste num tratamento cognitivo-funcional das estrat?gias de relativiza??o do Portugu?s Brasileiro (PB), a saber: relativas padr?o (com e sem preposi??o) e relativas n?o-padr?o (cortadora e copiadora), com ?nfase nas cortadoras. Tomando como material de an?lise os corpora Discurso & Gram?tica: a l?ngua falada e escrita na cidade do Natal e a l?ngua falada e escrita na cidade do Rio de Janeiro, fazemos um levantamento das recorr?ncias ao uso das estrat?gias de constru??o relativa em textos orais e escritos produzidos por falantes de tr?s n?veis distintos de escolariza??o, em situa??o espec?fica de entrevista. Partindo de pressupostos te?ricos da abordagem cognitivo-funcional, comparamos o uso das relativas cortadora e padr?o em ambiente preposicionado, e utilizamo-nos de alguns princ?pios e categorias anal?ticas do funcionalismo de forma a elucidar como a recorr?ncia ? primeira estrat?gia em detrimento da segunda atende a necessidades de natureza sociointeracional e cognitiva. Al?m disso, analisamos diversos trabalhos que investigaram as estrat?gias de relativiza??o no PB tanto sincr?nica como diacronicamente, o que nos levou a constatar que a cortadora est? se fixando como a estrat?gia preferida em ambientes preposicionados, revelando, assim, um processo de gramaticaliza??o em andamento. Em virtude disso, propomos que essa estrat?gia seja considerada/tratada, no ambiente escolar, n?o como um desvio ? norma padr?o, mas como uma forma de organiza??o da ora??o relativa t?o genu?na quanto as demais, motivo pelo qual dedicamos um cap?tulo ?s poss?veis contribui??es desta pesquisa ao processo de ensino-aprendizagem da l?ngua materna e apresentamos proposta de aplica??o em sala de aula. Dessa forma, podemos acrescentar ? pesquisa em lingu?stica aplicada n?o apenas subs?dios te?ricos que fundamentar?o a forma??o e atua??o docente como tamb?m sugest?es para a melhoria de sua pr?tica pedag?gica
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29

Queiroz, Kristian Oliveira de. "Centralidade periférica e integração relativizada: uma leitura de Tefé no Amazonas." Universidade de São Paulo, 2015. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8136/tde-11122015-145315/.

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Analisar a integração territorial da região do Médio Solimões no Amazonas por meio do papel da centralidade de Tefé no contexto de uma globalização relativizada é o grande objetivo desta tese. Em primeiro lugar, apresenta-se a história dos fluxos desta região via a periodização da formação histórica da centralidade tefeense. Posteriormente se analisa as funcionalidades da centralidade tefeense sob o contexto de uma modernização incompleta com o intuito de compreender as relações de Tefé com as cidades circunvizinhas, identificando os fluxos contemporâneos mais significativos social e economicamente. Em particular, estuda-se o desempenho dos serviços e das finanças, atividades que integram fragilmente a região de Tefé ao meio técnico-científico-informacional. Trata-se esta questão a partir de seu papel como cidade intermediária concomitante às funcionalidades de uma cidade regional, contribuindo para a discussão de uma dialética do território que produz o encontro entre o velho e o novo e a coexistência de divisões do trabalho modernas e pretéritas. Esta tese fornece subsídios para a compreensão de que os fluxos da centralidade tefeense integram as cidades da sua Região de Influência. Como se realiza esta integração em um subespaço onde estes mesmos fluxos são limitados e, concomitantemente, fundamentais para a economia do município de Tefé e dos circunvizinhos? Qual o papel da centralidade de Tefé na integração e desenvolvimento regional no inexorável processo de globalização contemporânea? A hipótese que uma integração relativizada perpetue a condição de pobreza e de baixo desenvolvimento social e econômico nas cidades da região de Tefé em decorrência da manutenção de condicionantes que estabelecem uma modernização incompleta orienta a pesquisa. Esta integração relativizada ocorre em razão da existência de uma rede de telecomunicações e objetos de teleação com funcionamentos deficientes, via infraestruturas limitadas, que prejudicam a fluidez das relações e dos fluxos. Evidencia-se que fluxos virtuosos, ou seja, os que permitem uma integração territorial e que fortalecem os laços e relações que subsidiam o desenvolvimento econômico e social permitem a Tefé configurar-se como um território de todos. Ao mesmo tempo identifica-se, na região do Médio Solimões, fluxos fragmentadores ou desvirtuosos à integração e ao desenvolvimento partindo de agentes da globalização que operacionalizam de forma verticalizada atividades em benefício de uma parte reduzida da população, dado seu caráter altamente seletivo.
To analyze the territorial integration of the region of Médio Solimões in the Amazon throught the roll of Tefés centrality in the context of a relativized globalization is the main objective of this thesis. First of all, the history of this regions flows through the chronology of historical formation of the tefeense centrality is presented. Subsequently, the functionalities of the tefeense centrality are analyzed under the context of an incomplete modernization with the aim of understanding Tefés relationships with the neighboring cities, identifying the more significant contemporary flows, both socially and economically. In particular, the performance of services and finances is studied, which are activities that weakly take part in the region of Tefé in the technical-scientificinformational community. This issue is treated from its roll as an intermediary city, concomitantly to the functionalities of a regional city, and contributes to the discussion of a territory dialectic that produces the encounter between old and new and the coexistence of modern and past labor divisions. This thesis provides subsides for the better understanding that the flows of the tefeense centrality integrate the cities of its Influence Region. How does this integration takes place in a subspace where these very flows are limited and, concomitantly, fundamental to the economy of the municipality of Tefé and to the neighboring towns? What is the role of Tefés centrality in the integration and regional development in the inexorable process of contemporary globalization? The hypotheses that a relativized integration perpetuates the condition of poverty and low social and economic development in the cities of Tefés region due to maintenance of conditions that establish an incomplete modernization orient the investigation. This relativized integration occurs due to the existence of a telecommunication network and teleaction objects with malfunctions, via limited infrastructures, that can damage the fluidity of relations and flows. It is shown that virtuous flows, in other words, the ones that allow a territorial integration and that strengthen the ties and relations that subside the economic and social development enable Tefé to become a territory for all. At the same time, in the region of Médio Solimões, fragmented or non-virtuous flows of integration and development that come from globalization agents are identified and they operationalize activities in a vertical way in the interests of a reduced part of the population, given its highly selective character.
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30

Münch, Marc-Mathieu. "Le Pluriel du Beau essai sur sa genèse au XVIIIe siècle et sur l'émergence du principe de relativité dans l'esthétique littéraire : Allemagne, Angleterre, France /." Lille 3 : ANRT, 1989. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb376168367.

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31

Hamid, Fahmida. "Evaluation Techniques and Graph-Based Algorithms for Automatic Summarization and Keyphrase Extraction." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2016. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc862796/.

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Automatic text summarization and keyphrase extraction are two interesting areas of research which extend along natural language processing and information retrieval. They have recently become very popular because of their wide applicability. Devising generic techniques for these tasks is challenging due to several issues. Yet we have a good number of intelligent systems performing the tasks. As different systems are designed with different perspectives, evaluating their performances with a generic strategy is crucial. It has also become immensely important to evaluate the performances with minimal human effort. In our work, we focus on designing a relativized scale for evaluating different algorithms. This is our major contribution which challenges the traditional approach of working with an absolute scale. We consider the impact of some of the environment variables (length of the document, references, and system-generated outputs) on the performance. Instead of defining some rigid lengths, we show how to adjust to their variations. We prove a mathematically sound baseline that should work for all kinds of documents. We emphasize automatically determining the syntactic well-formedness of the structures (sentences). We also propose defining an equivalence class for each unit (e.g. word) instead of the exact string matching strategy. We show an evaluation approach that considers the weighted relatedness of multiple references to adjust to the degree of disagreements between the gold standards. We publish the proposed approach as a free tool so that other systems can use it. We have also accumulated a dataset (scientific articles) with a reference summary and keyphrases for each document. Our approach is applicable not only for evaluating single-document based tasks but also for evaluating multiple-document based tasks. We have tested our evaluation method for three intrinsic tasks (taken from DUC 2004 conference), and in all three cases, it correlates positively with ROUGE. Based on our experiments for DUC 2004 Question-Answering task, it correlates with the human decision (extrinsic task) with 36.008% of accuracy. In general, we can state that the proposed relativized scale performs as well as the popular technique (ROUGE) with flexibility for the length of the output. As part of the evaluation we have also devised a new graph-based algorithm focusing on sentiment analysis. The proposed model can extract units (e.g. words or sentences) from the original text belonging either to the positive sentiment-pole or to the negative sentiment-pole. It embeds both (positive and negative) types of sentiment-flow into a single text-graph. The text-graph is composed with words or phrases as nodes, and their relations as edges. By recursively calling two mutually exclusive relations the model builds the final rank of the nodes. Based on the final rank, it splits two segments from the article: one with highly positive sentiment and the other with highly negative sentiments. The output of this model was tested with the non-polar TextRank generated output to quantify how much of the polar summaries actually covers the fact along with sentiment.
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32

Cronhamn, Thomas. "Att språka matematiskt – en fallstudie om språkets roll i matematikundervisningen." Thesis, Malmö högskola, Lärarutbildningen (LUT), 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-34810.

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Jag har gjort en fallstudie på den matematiska språkstatusen i en gymnasieklass i Sverige. Eleverna som deltagit har fått värdera språkliga variabler av matematikämnet samt fått fyra matematikuppgifter att lösa. De har blivit ombedda att beskriva sina tankar skriftligen för att det ska framgå vilken terminologi de använder. Resultatet visar tydligt att elevernas matematiska språk är bristfälligt och att de som klarar att lösa uppgifterna bäst också använder den mest korrekta matematiska terminologin, dock utan att själva inse vikten av detta samband.Teorier inom lingvistiken och psykologin som visar på vikten av att behärska språket för att kunna utveckla tanken har en framträdande roll i arbetet, liksom Skolverkets arbete med att hitta förklaringar till svenska elevers allt sämre prestationer i TIMSS och andra internationella jämförelser av elevers matematikkunskaper.
I have made a case study on the mathematical language status in an upper secondary school in Sweden. The participating pupils were asked to value some language-variables in mathematics and were given four assignments to solve. They were asked to describe their thoughts in writing in order for me to be able to determine what terminology they are using. The result shows that the pupils' mathematical language is insufficient and the prime ones in solving the assignments also are the ones using a more correct mathematical terminology, although not realising this fact themselves. Theories from linguistics and psychology that show the importance of developing the mind has a central role in this project, along with the works of the National Swedish Agency for Education to find explanations for Swedish pupils' ever decreasing figures in TIMSS and other international comparisons on students' mathematical proficiency.
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33

Faye, Guillaume. "Contribution a la determination des equations du mouvement d'un systeme binaire d'objets compacts en relativite generale a la troisieme approximation post-newtonienne : calcul des potentiels elementaires." Paris 11, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999PA112323.

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Les systemes binaires d'objets compacts spiralants sont d'excellents candidats comme sources d'ondes gravitationnelles aptes a produire un signal detectable par les grands interferometres au sol ligo ou virgo. La precision requise sur la phase du signal theorique pour que cette detection ne soit limitee que par le bruit des detecteurs de la generation avancee est au moins d'ordre six en 1/c (c etant la vitesse de la lumiere). La connaissance de la phase passe par l'obtention des equations du mouvement des deux corps a l'approximation consideree, dite trois fois post-newtonienne. Pour ce faire, on part de l'expression generale de la metrique engendree par un systeme isole quelconque de distribution de matiere reguliere, dans une grille de coordonnees harmoniques. Cette metrique se presente comme une fonctionnelle de certains potentiels retardes. Ce sont ces derniers qu'on se propose de determiner quand les sources sont decrites par le tenseur d'energie-impulsion d'un systeme de particules ponctuelles. Les divergences dans le champ gravitationnel induites par ce traitement sont otees a l'aide d'un procede de regularisation fonde sur les parties finies d'hadamard. Pour conduire les calculs de facon univoque, on est amene a elaborer un formalisme de pseudo-fonctions adapte aux fonctions singulieres a l'emplacement des particules rencontrees dans le probleme. Les derivees distributionnelles qui en decoulent generalisent celles de la theorie de schwartz pour la classe de fonctions consideree. Certains potentiels sont obtenus dans tout l'espace, a une fonction harmonique pres fixee par raccordement au champ exterieur. Les autres, de structure plus complexe, ne sont pas calculables en tout point. On parvient neanmoins a trouver leur valeur regularisee a l'emplacement des particules. La contribution principale a l'acceleration des corps est une fonctionnelle connue des potentiels ainsi calcules au point de champ correspondant.
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34

Sjöstedt, Klas. "The 2+1 Lorentz Group and Its Representations." Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Fysikum, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-183368.

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The Lorentz group is a symmetry group on Minkowski space, and as such is central to studying the geometry of this and related spaces. The group therefore shows up also from physical considerations, such as trying to formulate quantum physics in anti-de Sitter space. In this thesis, the Lorentz group in 2+1 dimensions and its representations are investigated, and comparisons are made to the analogous rotation group. Firstly, all unitary irreducible representations are found and classified. Then, those representations are realised as the square-integrable, analytic functions on the unit circle and the unit disk, which turn out to correspond to the projective lightcone and the hyperbolic plane, respectively. Also, a way to realise a particular class of representations on 1+1-dimensional anti-de Sitter space is shown.
Lorentzgruppen är en symmetrigrupp på Minkowski-rum, och är således central för att studera geometrin i detta och relaterade rum. Gruppen dyker också därför upp från fysikaliska frågeställningar, såsom att försöka formulera kvantfysik i anti-de Sitter-rum. Denna uppsats undersöker Lorentzgruppen i 2+1 dimensioner och dess representationer, och jämför med den analoga rotationsgruppen. Först konstrueras och klassificeras alla unitära irreducibla representationer. Sedan realiseras dessa representationer som de analytiska funktioner på enhetscirkeln och enhetsskivan vars belopp i kvadrat är integrerbara. Det visar sig att denna cirkel respektive skiva svarar mot den projektiva ljuskonen respektive det hyperboliska planet. Dessutom visas att en särskild klass av representationer blir relevanta för att formulera kvantfysik i 1+1-dimensionellt anti-de Sitter-rum.
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35

Hajj-Boutros, Joseph. "Détermination des nouvelles solutions exactes d’Einstein dans le cas intérieur." Paris 6, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987PA066421.

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Ensemble de travaux réalisé dans le cadre de la théorie de la relativité générale. La métrique de l'espace-temps adoptée est à symétrie bien précise pour simplifier dans la mesure du possible les équations du champ d’Einstein. Dans le cadre de la symétrie sphérique statique et non statique, nous avons obtenu de nouvelles solutions des équations du champ (cas intérieur). Dans le cas de la symétrie plane, nous avons pu engendrer plusieurs nouvelles solutions statiques et non statiques. Nous avons mis au point de nouvelles solutions du type cosmologique. L'espace-temps utilise étant essentiellement homogène, nous avons pu étudier le caractère non isotropique de la singularité initiale. Les conditions physiques ont été respectées. Dans le cas des solutions cosmologiques nous avons pu construire un modèle rendant compte de l'évolution possible de notre univers depuis son état initial radiatif et singulier jusqu'à son état actuel. Nous avons trouvé une solution globalement régulière dans le cadre de la symétrie cylindrique. La technique du calcul utilise a consisté dans la plupart des cas à linéariser les équations du champ.
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36

Landin, Björn. "Språk, tid och tänkande : Kan inlärning av svenska som andraspråk påverka hur arabisktalande tänker om framtiden?" Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för svenska språket (SV), 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-44892.

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Syftet med föreliggande undersökning är att ta reda på huruvida vuxna andraspråkstalare av svenska, med arabiska som modersmål, uppfattar framtid som något som metaforiskt sett ligger framför eller bakom talaren. Genom en experimentell ansats och kvantitativ analys mättes tidskognitionen hos 45 deltagare som fick utföra ett experiment och fylla i en tidsfokusenkät, båda utformade av de la Fuente et al. (2014). Desutom kompletterades empirin med en språklig bakgrundsenkät. Uppsatsens hypotes säger att erfarenheten med svenska som andraspråk i någon mån påverkar individens tidskognition, där vistelsetid i Sverige och användningsfrekvens av svenska torde ha störst betydelse. Resultaten från experimentet visar att en majoritet (ca två tredjedelar) av deltagarna hanterar sin tidskognition på ett liknande sätt som målspråkstalarna och placerar framtiden framför talaren, medan minoriteten av deltagarna istället placerar dåtiden framför talaren. Resultaten från tidsfokusenkäten visar att deltagarna, oavsett tidskognition, tenderar att i högre grad fokusera på framtiden, och inte på förfluten tid. De statistiska beräkningarna påvisar ett samband med förändrad tidskognition och mängden svenskstudier. Slutsatsen man kan dra är att erfarenheten med svenska som andraspråk påverkar tidskognitionen i riktning mot målspråkstalarna: inlärare med längre svenskstudier uppvisar oftare en tidskognition i enlighet med målspråkstalarna. Hypotesen bekräftas således när det gäller att erfarenheten med svenska som andraspråk påverkar deltagarnas tidskognition, men refuseras vad gäller vilken specifik faktor det är som ligger bakom.
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37

Top?r, Klayton Augusto Martins. "Novos dilemas da jurisdi??o penal na persecu??o do crime de lavagem de dinheiro : o aux?lio direto na coopera??o jur?dica internacional e a relativiza??o da cl?usula da reserva de jurisdi??o." Pontif?cia Universidade Cat?lica do Rio Grande do Sul, 2014. http://tede2.pucrs.br/tede2/handle/tede/4958.

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The criminal jurisdiction is one of the main instruments of the democratic rule of law, essential for preservation of the rights and guarantees of citizens. However, before the phenomenon of globalization, it is undeniable the relativization of the clause of reservation of jurisdiction. This is because the Criminal Law also suffered strong influences of the phenomenon of globalization, notably the expansion of criminal organizations outside the national boundaries of the States, especially the crime of money laundering, having in mind that the main objective of this organized crime. Thus, such phenomena - globalization and transnational crime - led to an increased use of persecutory mechanisms of international legal cooperation in criminal matters. In this scenario, it is imperative the recognition of the respect for public order clause, the skill and due process, especially regarding the reservation of jurisdiction clause in international cooperation which has within it a probationary substrate, such as limits to the process cooperacional. Finally, incumbent emphasize that this research is linked to the area of concentration on violence and criminal system and the research line is Legal-Criminal Contemporary Systems.
A jurisdi??o penal ? um dos principais instrumentos do Estado Democr?tico de Direito, essencial para preserva??o dos direitos e das garantias fundamentais do cidad?o. Contudo, diante do fen?meno da globaliza??o, ? ineg?vel a relativiza??o da cl?usula da reserva de jurisdi??o. Isso porque, o Direito Penal tamb?m sofreu fortes influ?ncias do fen?meno da globaliza??o, notadamente pela expans?o das organiza??es criminosas para al?m dos limites nacionais dos Estados, provocando a forma??o de redes criminosas transnacionais, destacando-se o crime de lavagem de dinheiro, tendo em vista ser o grande objetivo dessa criminalidade organizada. Assim, tais fen?menos a globaliza??o e a criminalidade transnacional provocaram um aumento da utiliza??o de mecanismos persecut?rios de coopera??o jur?dica internacional em mat?ria penal. Nesse cen?rio, ? imprescind?vel o reconhecimento da cl?usula de respeito ? ordem p?blica e ? especialidade e do devido processo legal, principalmente o respeito ? cl?usula da reserva de jurisdi??o, nas medidas de coopera??o internacional que tenham em seu bojo um substrato probat?rio, como limites ao processo cooperacional.
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38

Silva, L?gia Maria da. "Ora??es relativas no portugu?s brasileiro em perspectiva hist?rica." Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, 2015. http://repositorio.ufrn.br/handle/123456789/20705.

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Neste trabalho, focalizamos as estrat?gias de relativiza??o, em corpus diacr?nico do Portugu?s Brasileiro (PB). Em linhas gerais, objetivamos investigar o uso das relativas em perspectiva hist?rica no PB, focalizando motiva??es cognitivas e interacionais implicadas e a correla??o com as tradi??es discursivas. A perspectiva te?rica que fundamenta o nosso estudo ? a da Lingu?stica Funcional de vertente norte-americana, inspirada em Talmy Giv?n, Sandra Thompson, Paul Hopper, Joan Bybee, Elizabeth Traugott, M?rio Martelotta, Ang?lica Furtado da Cunha, entre outros, conjugada a contribui??es das Tradi??es Discursivas, com base em autores como Kabatek, Koch e Oesterreicher. Quanto ? metodologia, a nossa pesquisa ? eminentemente qualitativa, no sentido de que busca elucidar motiva??es discursivo-pragm?ticas e cognitivas relacionadas ao uso das estrat?gias de relativiza??o no PB; e tem suporte quantitativo, no que se refere ao aspecto mensur?vel dos dados e caracteriza??o do objeto de estudo e sua frequ?ncia de uso. Para esta investiga??o, utilizamo-nos dos corpora do projeto Para a Hist?ria do Portugu?s Brasileiro (PHPB), de modo mais espec?fico, das cartas particulares, oficiais, de leitor e de redator escritas entre os s?culos XVIII e XX, de quatro estados: Minas Gerais, Paran?, Pernambuco e Rio de Janeiro. Os resultados desta pesquisa revelam a varia??o no dom?nio da relativiza??o, tendo em vista o aumento do percentual de relativas cortadoras no corpus desta investiga??o, ainda que a ocorr?ncia dessa estrat?gia esteja mais restrita ?s cartas particulares. Al?m disso, verificamos fatores de natureza cognitiva como redu??o do custo cognitivo e economia relacionados ? ocorr?ncia da relativa cortadora, principalmente, nas cartas particulares; aspectos como a necessidade de expressividade e clareza relacionados ao uso, mesmo que pouco frequente, da copiadora, principalmente nas cartas oficiais; e fatores de ordem comunicativa como a esfera p?blica de circula??o de parte das cartas da amostra, como nas cartas de redator e do leitor, e o distanciamento entre os interlocutores implicados mais diretamente no uso das relativas padr?o da nossa amostra.
In this study, we focus on the relativization strategies, in diachronic corpus of Brazilian Portuguese (BP). Generally speaking, we aim to investigate the use of the relative in a historical perspective on BP, focusing on semantic-cognitive and discursive-pragmatic motivations involved and the correlation with the discursive traditions. The theoretical perspective underlying our study is the North-American Functional Linguistics, inspired by Talmy Giv?n, Sandra Thompson, Paul Hopper, Joan Bybee, Elizabeth Traugott, Mario Martelotta, Angelica Furtado da Cunha, among others, combined with contributions of Discursive Traditions, based on authors such as Kabatek, Koch and Oesterreicher. As for the methodology, our research is eminently qualitative, in the sense that it seeks to elucidate semantic-cognitive and discursive-pragmatic motivations related to the use of relativization strategies in BP; and it has quantitative support, with respect to measurable data aspect and characterization of the object of study and its frequency of use. For this investigation, we use the corpora of the project Para a Hist?ria do Portugu?s Brasileiro (PHPB), more specifically, the particular, official, reader and redactor letters written between the eighteenth and twentieth centuries, from four states: Minas Gerais, Paran?, Pernambuco and Rio de Janeiro. The results of this research reveal the variation in relativization strategies, in view of the increase in the relativa cortadora (prepositional chopping strategy) percentage in the corpus of this investigation, even though the occurrence of this strategy is more restricted to private letters. In addition, we found factors of cognitive nature such as reduction in cognitive cost and economy related to the occurrence of that relative strategy, principally in private letters; aspects such as the need for expressiveness and clearness related to the use, even if infrequent, of the relativa copiadora (resumptive strategy), especially in official letters; and factors of communicative order such as the public sphere of circulation of the sample letters, as in the redactor and reader letters, and the gap between the parties most directly involved in the use of the standard relative of our sample.
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39

Boulouet, Henri. "Systémique Relativisée : essences des conceptualisations relativisées du Réel." Thesis, Valenciennes, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014VALE0020/document.

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La notion de ‘système’ est omni présente dans nos conceptualisations du Réel et dans l’élaboration de nos projets. L’incapacité de lui conférer pourtant une définition généralement et scientifiquement acceptable questionne les traits les plus profonds de la conceptualisation classique, ceux qui fondent les langages courants, les grammaires et la logique classique. Ces traits sont rigidement liés à la croyance que ce que nous connaissons est ce qui existe ‘vraiment’, tel que nous le connaissons. Or cette croyance est démentie par la microphysique où il apparaît que nous engendrons nos connaissances de fond en comble, aussi bien les ‘entités’ que nous examinons, que les qualifications de celles-ci. La Méthode de Conceptualisation Relativisée (MCR) de M. Mugur-Schächter établit que ces processus d’engendrement sont soumis à des relativisations dont l’explicitation précise les significations et permet de maîtriser les finalités. Il est frappant de percevoir à quel point MCR dissout les ambiguïtés intrinsèques à la notion de système. Mais cette mise au clair implique au préalable la mise en évidence des relativisations qui agissent dans la genèse conceptuelle-factuelle des notions fondamentales de persistance, de continuité, d’état et de causalité. Elle entraine la redéfinition relativisée des concepts de loi de probabilité, d’entropie et de complexité. Le résultat est dénommé Systémique Relativisée (SR). Il possède le caractère d’un infra-cadre méthodologique au développement de méthodes technico-scientifiques spécifiquement adéquates à des domaines d’application particuliers, telle l’Ingénierie Système Relativisée, appliquée à la conception d’artefacts à buts utilitaires
The idea of ‘system’ is pervasive in our descriptions and in our projects. The impossibility to come up with a generally and scientifically valid definition of this idea touches the most profound features of the classical conceptualization, those that underlie the current languages, the grammars and the classical logic. These features are rigidly tied with the belief that what we know is what ‘really’ exists, such as we know it. But this belief is refuted by microphysics, where it appears that that we create our knowledge entirely, as much the ‘entities’ that we examine as the qualifications of these entities. The Method of Relativized Conceptualisation of M. Mugur-Schächter establishes that the processes of creation of knowledge are subjected to relativizations, and that making them explicit clarifies the involved significances and permit to dominate the finalities. It is surprising to perceive to what a point the relativizations required by the method winds up the ambiguities commonly tied up to the idea of system. But such a clarification requires first to bring into light the relativizations acting in the conceptual-factual genesis of such basic concepts as persistence, continuity, state or causality. It brings about the relativized redefinitions of the concepts oflaw of probability, of entropy and of complexity. The global result is called Relativised Systemic (RS). It possesses the character of a methodological infra-frame for the design of technical-scientific constructivist methods, specifically appropriate for particular domains of application, such as the Relativised System Engineering method (RSE), dedicated to the design of utilitarian artefacts
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40

Delestage, Charles-Alexandre. "L’expérience émotionnelle ou la performance des programmes de télévision : l’horizon de pertinence comme déterminant de la construction de sens par le spectateur." Thesis, Valenciennes, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018VALE0026/document.

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La question de la qualité des programmes de télévision est une problématique récurrente tant pour les producteurs de contenu que pour le législateur, qui en a confié le contrôle dans la loi a une institution publique, le CSA. Cependant, la notion même de qualité dans ce contexte est ambiguë, et les outils permettant de l’évaluer sont souvent réduits à la vérification du respect d’obligations contractuelles avec les diffuseurs de contenus. Le seul outil universellement utilisé reste la mesure d’audience, souvent remise en cause depuis sa première utilisation en France dans les années 80. Le téléspectateur, principal intéressé de cette démarche qualité, n’est donc considéré que dans son nombre par cette démarche statistique. Cette étude propose de changer de paradigme pour placer le téléspectateur au cœur de l’évaluation des produits audiovisuels. A partir d’une perspective aux confluents de l’énaction de Francisco Varela et de la méthode de conception relativisée de Mioara Mugur-Schächter, l’étude de l’expérience émotionnelle apporte un regard nouveau et original sur la conception de spectateur dans un cadre d’évaluation des programmes. En s’intéressant a la façon dont le téléspectateur guide sa propre perception en fonction de son histoire personnelle, de sa façon d’interpréter son environnement et de l’influence des émotions dans la construction de sa relation à l’audiovisuel, les travaux menés permettent de replacer le téléspectateur comme acteur de l’évaluation. Les entretiens réalisés démontrent ainsi l’individualité de chaque spectateur dans son approche de l’audiovisuel et la construction de critères d’évaluations qui lui sont propres, mais permettant de définir un protocole a multiples niveaux utilisable comme indicateur de la qualité de la relation à l’audiovisuel dans un contexte plus large
The quality of television programs is a running problem for the content producers as well as the legislator in France, whom gave monitoring in the law to a public institution, the CSA. However, the very concept of quality in that context is ambiguous, and tools allowing oversight are often reduiced to the verification of owed legal duties with the content providers. The only tool universally used is the audience rating, yet often challenged since its first usage in France in the 1980s. The viewer, having a leading interest in this quality process, is only considered in its numbers by such a statistic approch. This study proposes to initiate a paradigm shift in order to place the viewer in the heart of the audiovisual product’s evaluation. Around the theories of enaction by Francisco Varela and the method of relativized conceptualization of Mioara Mugur-Schachter, the study of the emotionnal experience casts a new and original light on the conception of the viewer in a program evaluation setup. By focusing on the way the viewer guides its own perception through its personal history, its manner to interpret its environment and the influence of emotion in the construction of its relation to audiovisual products, the work exposed in this dissertation allows to place the viewer as an actor of the evaluation. The interviews carried out proove the individuality of each viewer in its personnal approach of audiovisual and the construction of criterias of its own, yet allows to define a multi-layered protocol usable as an indicator of the relation’s quality to audiovisual content in a broader context
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41

Karoji, Hiroshi. "Contribution a l'etude des champs de vitesse dans les superamas de galaxies." Paris 6, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988PA066655.

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La place de la loi de hubble est retracee dans la theorie de la relativite generale. Les apex dans le superamas local sont etudies: 2 echantillons independants de galaxies sont examines. Une methode de representation a 2 dimensions du champ de vitesses est decrite. La forme de la variation du rapport de hubble deduite a l'aide de cette methode est caracterisee par de nombreuses asperites plutot que par un gradient regulier. Les implications de ce resultat sont discutees. Les variations du rapport de hubble sont etudiees dans les directions des superamas de galaxies exterieurs au notre
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42

Silva, J?ssica Carneiro da. "As ora??es relativas no portugu?s falado em Feira de Santana-BA." Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana, 2018. http://tede2.uefs.br:8080/handle/tede/691.

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Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior - CAPES
This paper makes a sociolinguistic analysis of the use of strategies of Relativization in the popular and standard norms of the spoken Portuguese in Feira de Santana-BA, based on the theoretical-methodological contribution of the Variationist Sociolinguistics, based on Weinreich, Labov and Herzog (2006 [1968]). For the methodological treatment of the analysis, the relative clauses are subdivided in non-prepositional strategies ? the gap-leaving variant and the resumptive pronoun strategy? and prepositional strategies ? the pied piping variant, the PP-chopping strategy, the PP-chopping strategy with resumptive and the where and when relatives. The focus of this research is the covariation between the pied piping strategy (subscribed by the traditional grammar) and the PP-chopping strategy (considered an innovative strategy in the Brazilian Portuguese), having as corpus real speech data extracted from 24 interviews (12 of the standard norm and 12 of the popular norm) of the project The Portuguese language of the Bahia semiarid region ? Phase 3: samples of the spoken languagein Feira de Santana-Ba, headquartered in the Nucleus of Portuguese Language Studies (NELP). Starting from the theoretical assumptions of the theory of variation and linguistic change, this study brings a reflection on the Brazilian Portuguese (PB) socio-history, highlighting the linguistic contact, the late urbanization and schooling of Brazil, the irregular linguistic transmission, the hypothesis of approach between the popular and standard norms of PB and the socio-history of the urban center of Feira de Santana-BA, emphasizing its commercial characteristics, the migratory factor and its geographical position. The data were investigated based on linguistic and social variables in order to answer which linguistic and sociocultural factors act in the variable use of the PP-chopping relative and the pied piping strategy and if there is an approximation or a distancing of the standard and popular norms in regards to the use of these strategies in the Portuguese of Feira de Santana. The results confirm the syntactic change attested by Tarallo (1983), by evidencing the majority use of the PP-chopping relative by the feirense speakers in both standard and popular norms, allowing to the contestation that there is an approximation of the norms in the spoken Portuguese in of Feira de Santana, confirming what Lucchesi (2001) and Mattos and Silva (2004) ratified about the Brazilian Portuguese.
Esta disserta??o faz uma an?lise sociolingu?stica do uso das estrat?gias de relativiza??o nas normas culta e popular do portugu?s falado em Feira de Santana-BA, apoiando-se no aporte te?rico-metodol?gico da Sociolingu?stica Variacionista, com base em Weinreich, Labov e Herzog (2006 [1968]). Para o tratamento metodol?gico da an?lise, subdividem-se as ora??es relativas em estrat?gias n?o preposicionadas ? relativa com lacuna e relativa com lembrete ? e preposicionadas ? relativa pied piping, relativa cortadora, relativa cortadora com lembrete e relativas de onde e quando. O foco desta investiga??o ? a covaria??o entre a relativa pied piping (abonada pela gram?tica tradicional) e a relativa cortadora (considerada uma estrat?gia inovadora do portugu?s brasileiro), tendo como corpus dados reais de fala extra?dos de 24 entrevistas (12 da norma culta e 12 da norma popular) do projeto A l?ngua portuguesa do semi?rido baiano ? Fase 3: amostras da l?ngua falada em Feira de Santana-Ba, sediado no N?cleo de Estudos da L?ngua Portuguesa (NELP). Partindo dos pressupostos te?ricos da teoria da varia??o e da mudan?a lingu?stica, pontua-se uma reflex?o sobre a s?cio-hist?ria do portugu?s brasileiro (PB), evidenciando o contato lingu?stico, as tardias urbaniza??o e escolariza??o do Brasil, a transmiss?o lingu?stica irregular, a hip?tese de aproxima??o entre as normas culta e popular do PB e a s?cio-hist?ria do munic?pio de Feira de Santana-BA, enfatizando suas caracter?sticas comerciais, o fator migrat?rio e sua posi??o geogr?fica. Os dados foram investigados com base em vari?veis lingu?sticas e sociais buscando responder quais fatores lingu?sticos e socioculturais atuam no uso vari?vel da relativa cortadora e da pied piping e se h? uma aproxima??o ou um distanciamento das normas culta e popular no que se refere ao uso dessas estrat?gias no portugu?s feirense. Os resultados confirmam a mudan?a sint?tica atestada por Tarallo (1983) ao evidenciar uso majorit?rio da relativa cortadora pelos falantes feirenses tanto na norma culta quanto na norma popular, permitindo constatar que h? uma aproxima??o das normas no portugu?s feirense, ratificando o que dizem Lucchesi (2001) e Mattos e Silva (2004) sobre o PB.
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Hadj, Henni Ahmed. "isolation des photons de grande impulsion transverse dans les collisions proton+proton à 200 GeV dans l'expérience PHENIX au RHIC." Phd thesis, Université de Nantes, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00137654.

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Les collisions d'ions lourds ultra-relativistes permettent d'atteindre des conditions expérimentales extrêmes afin de mettre en évidence un nouvel état de la matière. Cet état, qui aurait prévalu au premier instant de notre univers d'après la théorie du Big Bang, est appelé Plasma de Quarks et de Gluons (PQG). L'expérience PHENIX, un des points d'interaction du collisionneur RHIC au Laboratoire National Brookhaven (USA), a pour objectif d'étudier les traces laissées par le PQG. Les photons insensibles à l'interaction forte représentent alors pour les physiciens un des outils privilégiés de prospection. Les photons gardent donc intacte toute information provenant de la collision. En outre ils sont émis durant toutes les phases de la réaction, phase de formation, phase d'équilibre, phase mixte PQG/hadrons, phase de gaz hadronique jusqu'à l'hadronisation complète du système (freeze-out). La difficulté réside dans la séparation de toutes ces sources. Dans ce mémoire, ce sont les photons directs à valeurs élevées en impulsion transverse émis par processus partoniques durs qui nous intéresse. Dans ce domaine en impulsion, le bruit dû à d'autres sources photoniques (notamment la décroissance électromagnétique du pion neutre) est diminué. Le travail de cette thèse se focalise sur des systèmes légers p+p qui permettrons une comparaison à des systèmes plus lourds Au+Au où la formation du PQG est supposée. Également une nouvelle méthode (SICA, Spectroscopic Isolation Cut Analysis) de différentiation des diverses sources photoniques est présentée. Le résultat principal, en plus d'autres spectres en impulsion transverse, est une nouvelle référence pour le taux de production de photons directs dans les collisions p+p à 200 GeV. Le spectre extrait par SICA est comparé aux résultats d'autres analyses de la sonde photonique ainsi qu'aux calculs pQCD.
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44

McQuistan, Michael. "Relativized character degree problems." 2005. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/63754374.html.

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45

MacLachlan, Barbara Gayle. "Children's use of comprehension strategies in interpreting relativized constructions." 1987. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/17931114.html.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1987.
Typescript. Vita. eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 105-108).
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46

Koudelková, Simona. "Teorie jazykového relativizmu, možnosti a meze překladu." Master's thesis, 2009. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-273324.

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Zastánci Teorie jazykového relativismu (Humboldt, Sapir, Whorf atd.) tvrdí, že v každém jazyce je obsažena specifická vize světa. Pouze prostřednictvím mateřského jazyka chápeme okolní svět, jeho objekty, vlastnosti a vztahy mezi nimi. Jazyk odráží objektivní realitu a ovlivňuje naše chápání světa. A protože se jazyky od sebe liší, je relativní i naše chápání světa. Kolik existuje jazyků, tolik je i různých světů. Problém jazykové relativity se týká nejen lingvistiky, ale zasahuje i do několika dalších vědních oborů. Pro formulování hypotézy o jazykovém relativismu byly proto podstatné také poznatky z etnografie a etnologie, sociologie, psychologie a filozofie. Jedná se tedy o téma multidisciplinární. Studium několika cizích jazyků podněcuje jejich vzájemné srovnávání. Také pokusy o převod sdělení z jednoho jazyka do druhého překladatele a lingvisty přivádějí k úvahám o možnostech a mezích translace. Domníváme se, že v současné době, kdy se angličtina stává univerzálním dorozumívacím jazykem planety, vzrůstá potřeba kvalitního překladu textů. I na první pohled nepatrná nepřesnost významu může mít dalekosáhlé negativní důsledky. Převod sdělení z jednoho jazyka do druhého je tedy téma na nejvyšší míru aktuální.
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47

Shinagawa, Daisuke. "The syntactic distribution of relativizers and the development of -enye relative constructions in Sheng." 2019. https://ul.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A70974.

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This paper deals with structural variation in Sheng at the syntactic level by focusing on its relative constructions. Although numeral linguistic studies of Sheng have been published since the beginning of this century (Githiora 2002, Mbaabu & Nzuka 2003, Ferrari 2004, Ogechi 2005, Bosire 2006, 2008, Shinagawa 2006, 2007, Beck 2015, among others), their grammatical descriptions tend to be rather limited to the domain of morphology and the syntactic uniqueness of Sheng has scarcely been brought within the scope of precise linguistic analysis. This paper thus aims to describe the syntactic variation, or structural fluidity, found in relative constructions in Sheng and clarify the syntactic distribution of multiple relativizers. Based on these facts and analyses, the developmental process of the -enye construction, which is widely used in other Swahili contact varieties as well, will be further investigated especially from the perspectives of intra-Bantu language contact and cross- Bantu typology.
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48

Dose, Titus. "Balance Problems for Integer Circuits and Separations of Relativized Conjectures on Incompleteness in Promise Classes." Doctoral thesis, 2021. https://doi.org/10.25972/OPUS-22220.

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This thesis is divided into two parts. In the first part we contribute to a working program initiated by Pudlák (2017) who lists several major complexity theoretic conjectures relevant to proof complexity and asks for oracles that separate pairs of corresponding relativized conjectures. Among these conjectures are: - \(\mathsf{CON}\) and \(\mathsf{SAT}\): coNP (resp., NP) does not contain complete sets that have P-optimal proof systems. - \(\mathsf{CON}^{\mathsf{N}}\): coNP does not contain complete sets that have optimal proof systems. - \(\mathsf{TFNP}\): there do not exist complete total polynomial search problems (also known as total NP search problems). - \(\mathsf{DisjNP}\) and \(\mathsf{DisjCoNP}\): There do not exist complete disjoint NP pairs (coNP pairs). - \(\mathsf{UP}\): UP does not contain complete problems. - \(\mathsf{NP}\cap\mathsf{coNP}\): \(\mathrm{NP}\cap\mathrm{coNP}\) does not contain complete problems. - \(\mathrm{P}\ne\mathrm{NP}\). We construct several of the oracles that Pudlák asks for. In the second part we investigate the computational complexity of balance problems for \(\{-,\cdot\}\)-circuits computing finite sets of natural numbers (note that \(-\) denotes the set difference). These problems naturally build on problems for integer expressions and integer circuits studied by Stockmeyer and Meyer (1973), McKenzie and Wagner (2007), and Glaßer et al. (2010). Our work shows that the balance problem for \(\{-,\cdot\}\)-circuits is undecidable which is the first natural problem for integer circuits or related constraint satisfaction problems that admits only one arithmetic operation and is proven to be undecidable. Starting from this result we precisely characterize the complexity of balance problems for proper subsets of \(\{-,\cdot\}\). These problems turn out to be complete for one of the classes L, NL, and NP
Diese Arbeit gliedert sich in zwei Teile. Im ersten Teil liefern wir Beiträge zu einem Arbeitsprogramm, das von Pudlák (2017) initiiert wurde, welcher einige bedeutsame komplexitätstheoretische, für das Gebiet der Proof Complexity relevante Vermutungen untersucht und nach Orakeln fragt, die Paare von entsprechenden relativierten Vermutungen separieren. Unter diesen Vermutungen sind: - \(\mathsf{CON}\) und \(\mathsf{SAT}\): coNP (resp., NP) enthält keine vollständigen Probleme, die P-optimale Beweissysteme haben. - \(\mathsf{CON}^{\mathsf{N}}\): coNP enthält keine vollständigen Probleme, die optimale Beweissysteme haben. - \(\mathsf{TFNP}\): Es existieren keine vollständigen Total Polynomial Search Problems (auch bekannt unter dem Namen Total NP Search Problems). - \(\mathsf{DisjNP}\) und \(\mathsf{DisjCoNP}\): Es gibt keine vollständigen disjunkten NP-Paare (coNP-Paare). - \(\mathsf{UP}\): UP enthält keine vollständigen Probleme. - \(\mathsf{NP}\cap\mathsf{coNP}\): \(\mathrm{NP}\cap\mathrm{coNP}\) enthält keine vollständigen Probleme. - \(\mathrm{P}\ne\mathrm{NP}\) Wir konstruieren einige der Orakel, nach denen Pudlák fragt. Im zweiten Teil untersuchen wir die Berechnungskomplexität von Balance Problemen für \(\{-,\cdot\}\)-Schaltkreise, welche endliche Teilmengen natürlicher Zahlen berechnen (es bezeichnet \(-\) die Differenz von Mengen). Diese Probleme bauen in natürlicher Weise auf Probleme für Integer Expressions und Integer Circuits auf, welche von Stockmeyer und Meyer (1973), McKenzie und Wagner (2007) sowie Glaßer et al. (2010) untersucht wurden. Wir beweisen, dass das Balance Problem für \(\{-,\cdot\}\)-Schaltkreise unentscheidbar ist. Dies ist das erste natürliche Problem für Integer Circuits oder verwandte Constraint Satisfaction Probleme, das nur eine arithmetische Operation erlaubt und als unentscheidbar bewiesen worden ist. Von diesem Resultat ausgehend wird die Komplexität von Balance Problemen für echte Teilmengen von \(\{-,\cdot\}\) präzise charakterisiert. Es stellt sich heraus, dass jedes dieser Probleme vollständig für eine der Klassen L, NL und NP ist
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49

Novotný, Tomáš. "Zákaz mučení v mezinárodním právu ve světle proměn mezinárodních hrozeb." Master's thesis, 2012. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-308301.

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Resumé Aj The purpose of my thesis is to provide a detailed view of prohibition of torture in contemporary practice of States. De iure is the absolute prohibition of torture unquestionable. However situation de facto is more complicated. States are very inventive in finding ways of circumventing this absolute prohibition. Their justification for circumventing the prohibition of torture may be called various things, such as diplomatic assurances, extraordinary rendition, interpretation of the definition of torture, national security, etc. Due to the limited scope of this work, I have selected the approaches of those States, which I find most worrisome and I will address them by presenting the practice of these individual States. This thesis has focused on an approach of certain European States, USA and Israel in their attempts to circumvent the absolute prohibition of torture. All examples support the topic of this thesis, however in different contexts. The thesis is composed of three core chapters. Chapter One deals with the legal status of the prohibition of torture. Chapter Two affirms the absolute prohibition of torture by case - law of ECtHR in cases Chahal v UK and Saadi v Italy. Chapter Three is subdivided into three parts. Part one reveals disturbing willingness of German courts as well as German...
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50

Grain, Julien. "Relativite Generale et champs quantiques: quelques aspects de physique des trous noirs et de cosmologie en gravite de Lovelock, espaces de Sitter et dimensions supplementaires." Phd thesis, 2006. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00104399.

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A l'aune d'une possible unification de la Mecanique Quantique et de la Relativite Generale, le processus d'evaporation des trous noirs est sans nul doute l'un des phenomenes privilegies pour avoir acces a des effets de gravite quantique. Apres une rapide presentation de la theorie de la gravitation d'Einstein et d'une possible extension sous forme de serie de Taylor en courbure scalaire, l'evaporation de Hawking est abordee en se focalisant sur le calcul des facteurs de corps gris, i.e. de la probabilite tunnel qu'une particule issue de la brisure des fluctuations du vide s'echappe definitivement de l'attraction gravitationnelle du trou noir. J'ai developpe une methode analytique semi-classique pour l'etude de la dynamique de champs scalaires se propageant en espace-temps statique et a symetrie spherique, ainsi qu'une methode numerique pour la determination exacte des facteurs de corps gris pour des champs de spin s=0, 1/2 et 1. Ces methodes ont ete appliquees au cas de trous noirs de Schwarzschild en theorie de Lovelock a l'ordre deux (theorie de Gauss-Bonnet) et avec dimensions supplementaires, pour ainsi aboutir a une evaluation exacte des spectres rayonnes, etape necessaire pour la verification des quatres principes de la thermodynamique des trous noirs. Dans le cadre des scenarii branaires de type Arkani-Hamed, Dimopoulos & Dvali (ADD), abaissant l'echelle de Planck a l'ordre du TeV et ouvrant ainsi la possibilite de production de trous noirs par collision de particules dans le cosmos ou aupres des futurs collisionneurs, les possibilites de contraindre le Lagrangien gravitationnel a l'aide du mecanisme d'evaporation des trous noirs ont ete abordees: les modeles ADD ne sont pas en contradiction avec les donnees cosmologiques et de rayonnement cosmique et il serait possible de distinguer la presence ou non d'un terme de Gauss-Bonnet dans le Lagrangien d'Einstein-Hilbert. La question des inhomogeneites primordiales aux petites echelles de longueur ainsi que celle de la matiere noire sont aussi abordees dans cette these, respectivement a la lumiere des trous noirs primordiaux et des theories a dimensions supplementaires.
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